Aquino, Cory

<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Caleb Valdez:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Corazon "Cory" Aquino.  She was the eleventh president of the Philippines, known as a revolutionary (her election came at a time of political/social unrest and dissatisfaction with the current government. She became the face of People Power in the Philippines, and her name was the one the crowds chanted during EDSA [a peaceful protest/uprising in which millions of Filipinos rallied around the government buildings/camp that military rebels had seized, effectively blocking out any physical intervention from Marcos's government]), and for restoring a democratic government after Marcos' dictatorship. (Sadly, she did not succeed in clearing out the widespread corruption in the political system).</div><div>
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">These are the people I have chosen (for now) from her network:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. (Cory's husband, the foremost leader of the political parties in opposition toward Marcos. Arrested and imprisoned during the martial law period as a political threat. He and his family allowed to move to the US in 1980, and upon his return to the PI in 1983, right as he stepped onto the airport runway, he was shot in the head and killed, allegedly under the orders of high-ranking military officials at the time [allegedly under the orders of Marcos himself, but that's probably just conspiracy theories]. This is what flung Cory into the political arena, with many calling for her to take up her husband's mantle and run for president in the 1986 elections.)</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">María Corazón Cojuangco y Sumulong de Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009), popularly known as Cory Aquino, was a Filipino politician who served as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of Presidents of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">11th</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">President of the Philippines</a>. Aquino was the most prominent figure of the 1986 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">People Power Revolution</a>, which toppled the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines(1965-1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965-1986)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">20-year</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">authoritarian</a> rule of President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_E.Marcos" title="Ferdinand E. Marcos" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a> and restored democracy to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippines</a>. She was named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Time</a> magazine's "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Woman of the Year</a>" in 1986. Prior to this, she had not held any other elective office.A self-proclaimed "plain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homemaker" title="Homemaker" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">housewife</a>",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#cite_note-fb-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[1]</a> she was married to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Senator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,Jr." title="Benigno Aquino, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno Aquino, Jr.</a>, the staunchest critic of President Marcos. She emerged as leader of the opposition after her husband <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benigno_Aquino,Jr." title="Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">was assassinated</a> on August 21, 1983 upon returning to the Philippines from exile in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States</a>. In late 1985, Marcos called for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">snap elections</a>, and Aquino ran for president with former senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Salvador Laurel</a> as her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice-President of the Philippines" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vice-President</a>. After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election,1986" title="Philippine presidential election, 1986" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">elections</a> were held on February 7, 1986, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa" title="Batasang Pambansa" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Batasang Pambansa</a> proclaimed Marcos and his running mate, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Arturo Tolentino</a>, as the winners amidst allegations of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">electoral fraud</a>, with Aquino calling for massive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">civil disobedience</a> actions. Defections from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Armed Forces</a> and the support of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">local Catholic hierarchy</a> led to the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and secured Aquino's accession on February 25, 1986.As President, Aquino oversaw the promulgation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Constitution" title="1987 Constitution" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1987 Constitution</a>, which limited the powers of the Presidency and re-established the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral" title="Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">bicameral</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Congress</a>. Her administration gave strong emphasis and concern for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">civil liberties</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">human rights</a>, and on peace talks to resolve the ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPP-NPA-NDF_rebellion" title="CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Communist insurgency</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" title="Islamic insurgency in the Philippines" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Islamist secession movements</a>. Her economic policies centred on restoring economic health and confidence and focused on creating a market-oriented and socially responsible economy.Aquino faced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9390_Philippine_coup_attempts" title="1986–90 Philippine coup attempts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">several coup attempts</a> against her government and various natural calamities until the end of her term in 1992. She was succeeded as President by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V.Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, and returned to civilian life while remaining public about her opinions on political issues.In 2008, Aquino was diagnosed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer" title="Colon cancer" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">colon cancer</a> from which she died on August 1, 2009. She was survived by her son,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno Aquino III</a>, who has been President of the Philippines since June 30, 2010. Throughout her life, Aquino was known to be a devout Roman Catholic, and was fluent in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">French</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_in_the_Philippines" title="English in the Philippines" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">English</a> aside from her native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tagalog</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Kapampangan</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Personal_life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1Personal life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#1986_Presidential_campaign" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">21986 Presidential campaign</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Accession_as_President" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1Accession as President</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Presidency" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3Presidency</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Constitutional_and_political_reforms" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.1Constitutional and political reforms</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Ministerial_Cabinet.281986-1987.29.5B14.5D" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.2Ministerial Cabinet (1986-1987)[14]</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Cabinet.281987-1992.29.5B14.5D" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.3Cabinet (1987-1992)[14]</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Socio-economic_programs_and_policies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.4Socio-economic programs and policies</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Economic_management" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.4.1Economic management</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Agrarian_reform" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.4.2Agrarian reform</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Natural_disasters_and_calamities" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.5Natural disasters and calamities</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Electrical_power_grid_inadequacy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.6Electrical power grid inadequacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Influence_in_1992_presidential_campaign" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.7Influence in 1992 presidential campaign</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Post-presidency_and_continued_political_activism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4Post-presidency and continued political activism</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Activities_and_drives" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.1Activities and drives</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Political_causes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.1.1Political causes</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#International_engagements" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.1.2International engagements</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Charitable_and_social_initiatives" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.1.3Charitable and social initiatives</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Illness_and_death" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5Illness and death</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Wake_and_funeral" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.1Wake and funeral</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Reaction" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.2Reaction</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Local_reaction" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.2.1Local reaction</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#International_reaction" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.2.2International reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Honors" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6Honors</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7In popular culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">8Legacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Awards_and_achievements" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">9Awards and achievements</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Honorary_doctorates" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">10Honorary doctorates</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Foreign_Orders" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">11Foreign Orders</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Ancestry" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">12Ancestry</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">13References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#Literature" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">14Literature</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">15External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Personal life[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corazon_Aquino&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>As a young girl, Aquino spent her elementary days at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Scholastica%27s_College_Manila" title="St. Scholastica's College Manila" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">St. Scholastica's College</a> in Manila, where she graduated on top of her class and batch as valedictorian. For high school, she transferred to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_College(Philippines)" title="Assumption College (Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Assumption Convent</a> for her first year of high school. Afterwards, she went to the United States, the Assumption-run <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenhill_Academy" title="Ravenhill Academy" class="mw-redirect" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ravenhill Academy Philadelphia</a>. The next year Cory transferred to and graduated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_School(Manhattan)" title="Notre Dame School (Manhattan)" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Notre Dame Convent School</a> in New York City.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#cite_note-coryaquino-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a> There she continued her college education in the US. She went on to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Mount_Saint_Vincent" title="College of Mount Saint Vincent" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">College of Mount Saint Vincent</a> in New York City, where she majored in Mathematics and French. During her stay in the United States, Aquino volunteered for the campaign of U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Republican</a> presidential candidate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" title="Thomas Dewey" class="mw-redirect" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Thomas Dewey</a> against then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Democratic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">U.S. President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S.Truman" title="Harry S. Truman" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harry S. Truman</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1948" title="United States presidential election, 1948" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">1948 U.S. Presidential Election</a>.Born at 9:45 PM on January 25, 1933, at San Juan de Dios Hospital in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Intramuros</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Manila</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino#cite_note-birth-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[2]</a> Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumalong Cojuangco was the fourth child of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Cojuangco" title="Jose Cojuangco" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jose Cojuangco</a> y Chichioco, Sr. and Demetria Sumulong y Sumulong. Her siblings were Pedro, Josephine, Terasita, Poe, Jr. and Maria Paz. Both Aquino's parents came from prominent clans. Her father, a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cojuangco" title="Cojuangco" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cojuangco</a> family, was a prominent Tarlac businessman and politician, and her grandfather, Melecio Cojuangco, was a member of the historic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Malolos Congress</a>. Her mother, Demetria, belonged to the Sumulong family of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Province" title="Rizal Province" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Rizal</a> who were also politically influential; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sumulong" title="Juan Sumulong" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Juan Sumulong</a>, a prominent member of the clan, ran against<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Commonwealth</a> President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L.Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Manuel L. Quezon</a> in 1941.After graduating from college, she returned to the Philippines to study law at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_University" title="Far Eastern University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Far Eastern University</a> (owned by the in-laws of her elder sister, Josephine Reyes) for one year. She married Sen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,Jr." title="Benigno Aquino, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.</a>, son of the late Speaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,Sr." title="Benigno Aquino, Sr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno S. Aquino, Sr.</a> and a grandson of General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servillano_Aquino" title="Servillano Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Servillano Aquino</a>. The couple had five children: Maria Elena (born August 18, 1955), Aurora Corazon (born December 27, 1957), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno Simeon III</a> (born February 8, 1960), Victoria Elisa (born October 27, 1961) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Aquino" title="Kris Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Kristina Bernadette</a> (born February 14, 1971).</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div>The People Power Revolution (also known as the EDSA Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986) was a series of popular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration(people)" title="Demonstration (people)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">demonstrations</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippines</a> that began in 1983 and culminated on February 22–25, 1986. The methods used amounted to a sustained campaign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">civil resistance</a> against regime violence and electoral fraud. This case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">nonviolent revolution</a> led to the departure of President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and the restoration of the country's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">democracy</a>. It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benigno_Aquino,Jr." title="Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">assassination of Filipino senator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,Jr." title="Benigno Aquino, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno Aquino, Jr.</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[5]</a> It was widely seen as a victory of the people against the 20-year running <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">authoritarian</a>, repressive<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-Halperin-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[6]</a> regime of then president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and made news headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-Gandhi-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 102);">[</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-Gandhi-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7]</a>The majority of the demonstrations took place on a long stretch of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos_Avenue" title="Epifanio de los Santos Avenue" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue</a>, more commonly known by its acronym EDSA, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Metro Manila</a> from February 22–25, 1986, and involved over two million Filipino civilians, as well as several political and military groups, and religious groups led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal(Catholicism)" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cardinal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jaime Sin</a>, the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Manila" title="Archbishop of Manila" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Archbishop of Manila</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">CBCP</a> President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal(Catholicism)" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cardinal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Vidal" title="Ricardo Vidal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ricardo Vidal</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cebu" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Archbishop of Cebu</a>. The protests, fueled by the resistance and opposition from years of corrupt governance by Marcos, culminated with the departure of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">dictator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Malacañang Palace</a> to the state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Hawaii</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Corazon Aquino</a> was proclaimed as the legitimate<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">President of the Philippines</a> after the revolution.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[8]</a>
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Background_and_history" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1Background and history</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2Assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Calls_for_election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3Calls for election</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Snap_election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4Snap election</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Vidal.27s_declaration" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5Vidal's declaration</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Events" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6Events</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Sin.27s_appeal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.1Sin's appeal</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Rising_mass_support" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.2Rising mass support</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#More_defections" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.3More defections</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#The_capture_of_Channel_4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.4The capture of Channel 4</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#AFP_holds_fire" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.5AFP holds fire</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Two_inaugurations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.6Two inaugurations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Marcos.27_departure" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.7Marcos' departure</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Aftermath" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7Aftermath</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">8Legacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Timeline" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">9Timeline</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">10See also</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Similar_events" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">10.1Similar events</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">11References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">12Bibliography</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Background and history[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_Power_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>
Marcos' second term for the presidency, however, was marred by allegations of widespread graft and corruption. The increasing disparity of wealth between the very wealthy and the very poor which made up the majority of the country's population led to the rise of crime and civil unrest around the country. These factors, including the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">New People's Army</a>, an armed revolt that called for the redistribution of wealth and land reform in the Philippines, and a bloody Muslim separatist movement in the southern island of Mindanao led by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front" style="line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none; background: none;">Moro National Liberation Front</a> or MNLF, contributed to the rapid rise of civil discontent and unrest in the Philippines.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]Ferdinand E. Marcos was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election,1965" title="Philippine presidential election, 1965" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">elected president in 1965</a>, defeating incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Diosdado Macapagal</a> by a very slim margin. During this time, Marcos was very active in the initiation of public works projects and the intensification of tax collections. Marcos and his government claimed that they "built more roads than all his predecessors combined, and more schools than any previous administration."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[9]</a> Amidst charges of vote buying and a fraudulent election, Marcos was reelected in 1969, this time defeating Sergio Osmeña, Jr.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]Marcos was barred from running for a third term as president in 1973, so on September 23, 1972, by virtue of a presidential proclamation (No. 1081), he declared <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">martial law</a>, citing rising civil disobedience as justification. Through this decree, Marcos seized emergency powers giving him full control of the Philippine military and the authority to suppress the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, and many other civil liberties. Marcos also dissolved the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Congress" title="Philippine Congress" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippine Congress</a> and shut down media establishments critical of the Marcos government. Marcos also ordered the immediate arrest of his political opponents and critics. Among those arrested were Senate President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jovito Salonga</a>, Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Diokno" title="Jose Diokno" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jose Diokno</a>, and Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." title="Benigno Aquino Jr." class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a>, the staunchest of his critics and the man who was groomed by the opposition to succeed Marcos after the 1973 elections. Marcos would also abolish the Philippines' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Commonwealth_and_Third_Republic.281935.29" title="Constitution of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1935 constitution</a> and replace it with a parliamentary-style government (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa" title="Batasang Pambansa" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Batasang Pambansa</a>) along with a new constitution written by him. With practically all of his political opponents arrested and in exile, Marcos' pre-emptive declaration of martial law in 1972, and the ratification of his new constitution through political coercion, enabled him to effectively legitimize his government and hold on to power for another 14 years beyond his first two terms as president. At a period when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cold War</a> was still a political reality, Marcos's dictatorship ensured the political support of the United States by Marcos' promise to stamp out communism in the Philippines and by assuring the United States of its continued use of military and naval bases in the Philippines.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-Celoza-10" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[10]</a>Throughout his presidency, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ferdinand Marcos</a> had set up a regime in the Philippines that would give him ultimate power over the military and the national treasury[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">citation needed</a>], as well as set up a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">personality cult</a>. Following his declaration of martial law on September 21, 1972,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[11]</a> Marcos immediately began to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">embezzle</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] money from the government and order the military to kill any political competition against him[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]. As a result[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>], the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippine economy</a> began to tumble greatly[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>], and the nation lost its competitive edge in Southeast Asia. He also ordered many stores, hotels, schools, universities, and other public places to place his Presidential picture prominently or otherwise their facilities were shut down. The media frequently "eulogized" Marcos through public service announcements and news reports. Even billboard advertisements across the country were replaced with his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">propaganda</a> messages on justifying his regime's actions. Marcos also ordered the shutdown and takeovers of businesses in the country, then put these businesses either under the government control, or under the control of Marcos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronies" title="Cronies" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">cronies</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-Celoza-10" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[10]</a>Several groups of people, however, even within the government, conspired throughout the term of the Marcos regime to overthrow him. They were led by the popular public figure, incarcerated opposition senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr., who Marcos accused of leaning to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">left-wing</a> solution. While gaining popularity amongst the Filipino people for his stance against Marcos, Aquino was eventually forced to seek exile in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States</a> for health and safety reasons. However, in 1983, Ninoy Aquino announced his plans to return to the Philippines to challenge the Marcos government.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-Celoza-10" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[10]</a>Within the military, disillusioned junior officers silently conveyed their grievances. This led to the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a> (RAM), Soldier of the Filipino People (SFP), and Young Officers Union (YOU). RAM, which was led by graduates of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy" title="Philippine Military Academy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippine Military Academy</a> Class of '71, Lt. Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gringo Honasan</a>, Lt. Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Batac" title="Victor Batac" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Victor Batac</a>, and Lt. Col. Eduardo Kapunan, found an ally and mentor in the Defense Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Juan Ponce Enrile</a>.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Assassination of Ninoy Aquino[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_Power_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assassination of Ninoy Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="note" class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benigno_Aquino,Jr." title="Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.</a></div>Despite warnings from the military and other pro-Marcos groups, Ninoy Aquino was determined to return to the Philippines. Asked what he thought of the death threats, Ninoy Aquino responded, “The Filipino is worth dying for.”[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSQUOTE" title="Wikipedia:MOSQUOTE" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">this quote needs a citation</a>]On August 21, 1983, after a three-year exile in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States</a>, Aquino was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">assassinated</a> as he was disembarking from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Taiwanese</a> commercial flight at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Manila International Airport</a> (which was later renamed in Aquino's honor).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[12]</a> His assassination shocked and outraged many Filipinos, most of whom had lost confidence in the Marcos administration. The event led to more suspicions about the government, triggering non-cooperation among Filipinos that eventually led to outright <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">civil disobedience</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[13]</a> It also shook the Marcos government, which was by then deteriorating due, in part, to Marcos' worsening health and ultimately fatal illness (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">lupus erythematosus</a>).[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]The assassination of Ninoy Aquino caused the economy of the country to deteriorate even further, and the government plunged further into debt. By the end of 1983, the country was bankrupt, and the economy contracted by 6.8%.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[14]</a>In 1984, Marcos appointed a commission, led by Chief Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Fernando" title="Enrique Fernando" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Enrique Fernando</a>, to launch an investigation into Aquino's assassination. Despite the commission's conclusions, Cardinal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jaime Sin</a>, the Archbishop of Manila, declined an offer to join the commission and rejected the government's views on the assassination. By October, Marcos appointed a second commission to investigate. The commission's final report accused the military of staging a conspiracy to assassinate Aquino, dealing another major blow to the already collapsing government.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Calls for election[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_Power_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calls for election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="note" class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election,1986" title="Philippine presidential election, 1986" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippine presidential election, 1986</a></div>On November 3, 1985, after pressures from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C." title="Washington D.C." class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Washington</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[15]</a> Marcos suddenly announced that a presidential snap election would take place the following year, one year ahead of the regular presidential election schedule, to legitimize his control over the country.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-NSM-16" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[16]</a> The snap election was legalized with the passage of Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 (National Law No. 883) by the Marcos-controlled unicameral congress called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Regular Batasang Pambansa" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Regular Batasang Pambansa</a>. The growing opposition movement encouraged Ninoy Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, to run for the presidency with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Salvador Laurel</a> as running mate for vice-president. Marcos ran for re-election, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Arturo Tolentino</a> as his running mate. The Aquino-Laurel tandem ran under the United Opposition (UNIDO) party, while the Marcos-Tolentino ticket ran under the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) party.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[17]</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div></div><div style=""><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> FORMULATIONS & FINDINGS 30 International Journal of Learning and Media / Volume 3 / Number 1</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Introduction</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="">The Philippines has a rich history of innovative and sometimes subversive mobile technology being used for both political and social ends—from the jeepney (mobile in an older sense of the word) to the mobile (in the word’s newest sense) phone. Yet, as social net-working sites (SNS) have become part of everyday life in many countries—including developing ones—the literature on SNS has focused predominantly on its social use by middle-class youth in Anglophonic con-texts (boyd and Ellison 2007; Goggin and McLelland 2008). The appropriation of SNS is global, though, and global appropriation of SNS does not imply uniformity of motivation, experience, or outcome. Around the world, SNS are being appropriated in new and surprising ways. Therefore, SNS can no longer be exclusively interpreted as spaces for socializing. As they become globally quotidian, they are also becoming sites for emerging forms of civic engagement, participation, and politics in addition to socializing, relationship management, and identity construction (Bennett 2008; Ito et al. 2008; Rheingold 2008; Bennett and Wells 2009). </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="">Many of the SNS studies that focus on socializing distinguish between “friendship-driven” and “interest-driven” forms of participation, but other forms of affective interpersonal intimacy are part and parcel of political and civic participation in this new public sphere. This is evident in the case of Manila. Manila has been heralded as the texting (or short message service, SMS) capital of the world and, not by coincidence, for its political deployment of mobile phones (Ellwood-Clayton 2003; Rafael 2003; Pertierra 2006). In the Second People Power Revolution, which led to the ouster of President Joseph Estrada, mobile phones became both a symbol and a tool of democ-racy, and texting was prominent in the political application of communications networks (Pertierra et al. 2002; Rheingold 2002; Rafael 2003; Pertierra 2006).</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style=""> As Rheingold (2002) notes, the “people power” de-ployment of mobile phones to bring down President Estrada was an example of “smart mobs”—that is, the use of technologies to merge and help harness human agency through cooperation and collaboration.  More recently, the Philippines has become the SNS capital of the world (Roumen 2009). The deploy-ment of SNS expands earlier modes of civic engagement and media seen during the 2001 ...</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">---</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">cory aquino yellow revolution (radio veritas) not cell phone?oops 1st</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution</a></div><div style="">The Second EDSA Revolution (EDSA II) was a four-day political protest from 17–20 January 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Joseph Estrada</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of Presidents of the Philippines" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">thirteenth</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">President of the Philippines</a>. Estrada was succeeded by his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Vice-President</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo</a>, who was sworn into office by then-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Chief Justice</a> Hilario Davide, Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Malacañang Palace</a>. EDSA is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">acronym</a>derived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos_Avenue" title="Epifanio de los Santos Avenue" class="mw-redirect" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue</a>, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Metro Manila</a>, namely<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Pasay</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati" title="Makati" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Makati</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Quezon City</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Caloocan</a>, with the revolution's epicentre at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">EDSA Shrine</a> church at the northern tip of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Ortigas Center</a>, a business district.Advocates described EDSA II as "popular" but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[2]</a> International reaction to the revolt was mixed, with some foreign nations including the United States immediately recognising the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, and foreign commentators describing it as "a defeat for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process_of_law" title="Due process of law" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">due process of law</a>", "mob rule", and a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">de facto</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" title="Coup d'etat" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">coup</a>".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution#cite_note-nytimes.com-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div>