White-Stevens, R

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</font></div><div><h1 class="gb-volume-title" dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rachel Carson: A Biography</font></h1><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span class="addmd" style="margin-left: 2px; left: -5px; position: relative; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By Arlene Rodda Quaratiello</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a name="top" /><a name="top" /><a name="top" /><a name="top" /></font><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a name="top" /></font><table width="940" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" valign="top"><table cellpadding="12" width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><table width="540" border="0" cellspacing="12"><tbody><tr><td><font font=""><font><font color="#000000"><font /></font></font></font><p><font font=""><font font=""><font font=""><font font=""><font font=""><font font=""><font font=""><font><font color="#000000"><font><b>The chemical industry’s attack and the birth of the environmental movement
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<b><i>Silent Spring</i> was published in 1962</b> amid an avalanche of publicity, both positive and negative. CBS aired an hour-long special about the book, although two corporate sponsors withdrew their publicity. Carson became a national celebrity, introducing an entire country to the idea that human beings would benefit by living <i>with</i> and appreciating our natural surroundings, rather than simply viewing them as resources to be looted for profit. Such radical ideas, though, did not go unchallenged. Carson was the target of a vicious slander campaign funded lavishly by the chemical industry.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <i>Time </i>magazine, which in 1962 derided the book as being full of “oversimplifications and downright errors,”</span> recently described the campaign against her:</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p /><blockquote><i>Silent Spring</i>…gored corporate oxen all over the country<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. Even before publication, Carson was violently assailed by threats of lawsuits and derision, including suggestions that this meticulous scientist was a “hysterical woman” unqualified to write such a book. A huge counterattack was organized and led by Monsanto, Velsicol, American Cyanamid—indeed, the whole chemical industry—duly supported by the Agriculture Department as well as the more cautious in the media.<sup>5</sup></span><p /></blockquote><font><font>Many of the attacks were unabashedly sexist in tone. The <i>New Yorker </i>published one such letter:</font></font><p><font><font /></font></p><blockquote><font><font>Miss Rachel Carson’s reference to the selfishness of insecticide manufacturers <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">probably reflects her communist sympathies…</span>. As for insects, isn’t it just like a woman to be scared to death of a few little bugs! As long as we have the H-bomb everything will be O.K. P.S. She’s probably a peace nut too.<sup>6</sup></font></font><p><font><font /></font></p></blockquote><font><font><font><font><font>Carson was hounded by the press and subject to personal attacks on her competence as a scientist, her marital status (she never married), and her looks. She used the royalties from her bestselling books to buy an isolated cottage on the Maine seashore, where she continued to fight her cancer and sketched out what she hoped would be her next book. She passed away two years after <i>Silent Spring</i>’s publication (from a type of cancer that her own research helped to link to pesticide exposure).<sup>7</sup><font><font /></font></font></font></font></font></font><p><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Although she was not there to defend her ideas, they had already sparked the birth of the environmental movement. The public’s trust in the chemical industry had been broken, and environmental stories were big news, particularly as the ensuing years saw the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1963, as well as an epidemic of birth defects caused by the popular morning sickness drug thalidomide. The Vietnam War, in particular, carried the movement forward, as society radicalized:...</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">
</p><p>http://www.isreview.org/issues/57/feat-rachelcarson.shtml</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></a></div><div><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wow roleplay sim:</font></a></div><div><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></a></div><div><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/profile.htm</font></a></div><div><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></a></div><div><a name="top"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/white-stevens.htm</font></a></div><div><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a name="top"><b>Stevens is a chemist at Rutgers University and Assistant Director of the Agricultural Research Division of American Cyanimid,</b> a producer of chemical pesticides. He has been an outspoken critic of Carson, well exemplified by his recent appearance on <i>CBS Reports</i>. Consider also the work of colleague </a><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/jukes.htm">Thomas Jukes</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Be sure to review Chaps. 1,2,3,7,(13),15 in <i>Silent Spring</i>. You should be able to comment on <b>Carson's credibility</b>, the <b>benefits of pesticides</b>, [lack of]<b>harm to non-target species</b>(?), <b>food safety</b>(?), and the <b>balance and control of nature</b>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);" /><hr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);" /><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bibliography</font></i></p><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);" /><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>CBS Reports</i>. "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring." [audio recording]. See <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/CBS-cd.htm">Guide</a>.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">White-Stevens, Robert. 1963. <i>Croplife: A Business Paper for the Farm Chemical Industry</i>.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW7-14-62.htm">"The Chemicals Around Us."</a> [viewpoint]<i>Chemical Week</i> (July 14, 1962): 5.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW7-28-62.htm">"Nature is for the Birds."</a> [viewpoint] <i>Chemical Week</i> (July 28, 1962): 5.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Darby, William J. 1962. <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/darby1962.htm" target="resources">"Silence, Miss Carson"</a>.<i>Chem. & Eng. News</i> (Oct. 1): 62-63. 
=</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">White-Stevens, Robert (ed.). 1971. <i>Pesticides in the Environment</i>, Part 2. New York: Marcel Decker. [Note the date -- valid for orientation, but not yet published in 1963.]</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">White-Stevens, Robert. 1972. "A Perspective on Pesticides." <i>USGA Green Section Record</i> 10(4, July-Aug.): 17-21. URL:<a href="http://turf.lib.msu.edu/1970s/1972/720717.pdf">turf.lib.msu.edu/1970s/1972/720717.pdf</a> [Nov. 12, 2006]. Open <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/white-stevens1972.pdf">copy here</a>.</font></li></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>   Advisory Committee on Pesticides</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Project Profile || Background || Resources || Evaluation  </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roles [ Persons giving testimony to the Committee ] -- see as list</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jerome Wiesner</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">President's Science Advisor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">P. Rothberg</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">President, <b>Monsanto</b> Corp.:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);">Rothberg is President of </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Monsanto Chemical Corporation (manufacturers of DDT).</span><span style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"> [You may represent other pesticide manufacturers. Consider also Louis McLean</span><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/mclean.htm" style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);">, General Secretary, Velsicol Co. (manufacturers of chlordane and heptachlor).]</a></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Be sure to review Chaps. 1-3,7,10-13 of <i>Silent Spring</i>. You should be able to comment on the <b>benefits of pesticides</b>, <b>health/food safety</b>(?), and <b>indiscriminate use</b>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);" /><hr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);" /><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bibliography</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);" /><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/monsanto1962.pdf" target="resources">"The Desolate Year."</a> <i>Monsanto Magazine</i> 42 (#4, Oct., 1962): 4-9.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graham, <i>Since Silent Spring</i>, p.56, also p.49, 163-64, 259 on Louis McLean.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lear, <i>Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature</i>, pp. 416-17.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW7-14-62.htm">"The Chemicals Around Us."</a> [viewpoint] <i>Chemical Week</i> (July 14, 1962): 5.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW7-28-62.htm">"Nature is for the Birds."</a> [viewpoint] <i>Chemical Week</i> (July 28, 1962): 5.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW8-11-62.pdf">"Reponse to Criticism."</a> <i>Chemical Week</i> (Aug. 11, 1962): 42.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW10-6-62.pdf">"Bracing for Broadside."</a> <i>Chemical Week</i> (Oct. 6, 1962): 23.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Darby, William J. 1962. <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/darby1962.htm" target="resources">"Silence, Miss Carson"</a>.<i>Chem. & Eng. News</i> (Oct. 1): 62-63.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Consider also the books by Lavine & Zimmerman, Leary & Fishbein, and Whorton about early DDT use.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">----</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 238);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></li></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">LaMont Cole</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ecologist<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edwin Diamond</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">science writer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robert L. Rudd</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">zoologist</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robert White-Stevens</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">chemist, American Cyanamid Corp.</font></div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">George Wallace</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">zoologist<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roland C. Clement</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Audubon Society</font></div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Clarence Cottam</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Welder Wildlife Foundation<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Walter H. Larrimer</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">USDA Insect Control Div.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Murray Bookchin</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">libertarian, socialist<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mitchell R. Zavon</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Industrial Medicine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">George Larrick</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commissioner, Food & Drug Administration<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ira L. Baldwin<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Orville Freeman</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Secretary, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Extension Roles [some sources may be incomplete ]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robert Bushman Murphy </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ornithologist<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Luther Terry</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Surgeon General<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Samuel Simmons</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Public Health Service<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">George Decker</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Illinois Natural History Survey<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roy Barker</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Illinois Natural History Survey</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ira Gabrielson</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wildlife management<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tom Gill</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">forestry<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Thomas Jukes</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">chemist, American Cyanamid Co.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William J. Darby</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Vanderbilt School of Medicine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Louis McLean</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Velsicol Corp.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A.W.A. Brown</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William A. Brown</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">economic entomologist</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Simulation assembled by Douglas Allchin. || last revised November 7, 2009</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/roles.htm">http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/roles.htm</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">zoominfo scrape:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div class="personWebRefContainer_1791820738" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"><div class="referenceItem" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="blueLink" href="http://www.anglicanjournal.com/nc/other/news-items/c/sliders/article/earth-stewardship-means-having-regard-for-insects-too-10678//abp/141.html" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Highlighting this dichotomy in an address ...</a>
www.anglicanjournal.com, 18 April 2012 <a class="smaller" href="http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=6198116228&page_url=//www.anglicanjournal.com/nc/other/news-items/c/sliders/article/earth-stewardship-means-having-regard-for-insects-too-10678//abp/141.html&page_last_updated=2012-04-19T14:59:48&firstName=Robert&lastName=White-Stevens" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[cached]</a></font><div class="referenceText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><e><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Highlighting this dichotomy in an address at last November's synod of the diocese of Toronto, Scharper juxtaposed film clips of Carson explaining her critique with clips of her adversary, biochemist </span><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Dr. Robert White-Stevens</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a researcher for the chemical company </span><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">American Cyanamid</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, who said her proposals would take society back to a dark age overrun by pests and vermin.</span></font></e></div></div></div><div class="personWebRefContainer_1803184118" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"><div class="referenceItem" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="blueLink" href="http://www.pophistorydig.com/?p=11132" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">The Pop History Dig » â€œPower in the Penâ€Silent Spring: 1962</a>
www.pophistorydig.com <a class="smaller" href="http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=6242530868&page_url=//www.pophistorydig.com/?p=11132&page_last_updated=2014-02-05T02:11:55&firstName=Robert&lastName=White-Stevens" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[cached]</a></font><div class="referenceText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One scientist from <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">American Cyanamid</span>, <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">Robert White-Stevens</span>, stated: "If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth.</font><div class="nonSequential" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">White-Stevens</span> made 28 such speeches by the end of 1962, charging, among other things, that <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">Silent</span> Spring was "littered with crass assumptions and gross misrepresentations" and that Carson was "a fanatic defender of the cult of the balance of nature."</font><div class="nonSequential" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><e><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Robert White-Stevens</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, the American Cyanamid scientist who had already been speaking on </span><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Silent Spring</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> around the country, also</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> appeared on camera during the "CBS Reports" show.</span></e><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <pro>He</pro> was interviewed in a laboratory setting, in white lab coat surrounded by beakers and other lab equipment. </span></font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"When pesticides, registered pesticides, are used in accordance with label instructions and recommendations, then there is no danger to either man or to animals and wildlife," <pro>he</pro> stated at one point.</font><div class="nonSequential" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the telecast, with Carson and <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">White-Stevens</span> cast as the primary focal points, Carson came across as the more rational messenger, and certainly not the "hysterical woman" she was portrayed to be by some of her critics.</font></div></div></div><div class="personWebRefContainer_1254733389" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 15.6000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="referenceItem" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="blueLink" href="http://www.isreview.org/issues/57/feat-rachelcarson.shtml" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">International Socialist Review</a>
www.isreview.org, 29 Jan 2008 <a class="smaller" href="http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=-1995729467&page_url=//www.isreview.org/issues/57/feat-rachelcarson.shtml&page_last_updated=2011-02-04T03:53:10&firstName=Robert&lastName=White-Stevens" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[cached]</a></font><div class="referenceText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1962, <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">Robert White-Stevens</span>, then assistant director of the Agricultural Research Division of <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">American Cyanamid</span>, argued that:</font></div></div></div><div class="personWebRefContainer_1885400066" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 15.6000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="referenceItem" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="blueLink" href="http://www.crispinhull.com.au/2012/12/01/how-to-save-us-from-climate-change-doomsayers/" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">How to save us from climate-change doomsayers | Crispin Hull</a>
www.crispinhull.com.au, 1 Dec 2012 <a class="smaller" href="http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=6517460930&page_url=//www.crispinhull.com.au/2012/12/01/how-to-save-us-from-climate-change-doomsayers/&page_last_updated=2014-01-15T11:58:11&firstName=Robert&lastName=White-Stevens" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[cached]</a></font><div class="referenceText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><e><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For example, biochemist and former chemical industry spokesman <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">Robert White-Stevens</span> stated, "If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth."</font></e></div></div></div><div class="personWebRefContainer_1886355932" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"><div class="referenceItem" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="blueLink" href="http://www.autismfile.com/science-research/what-we-can-learn-from-silent-spring" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><name>Dr. Robert White-Stevens</name>, an ...</a>
www.autismfile.com, 13 Dec 2012 <a class="smaller" href="http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=6519805863&page_url=//www.autismfile.com/science-research/what-we-can-learn-from-silent-spring&page_last_updated=2012-12-13T19:18:16&firstName=Robert&lastName=White-Stevens" target="blank" rel="NOFOLLOW" style="color: rgb(2, 110, 178); outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[cached]</a></font><div class="referenceText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><e style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Robert White-Stevens</span>, an American Cyanamid biochemist, aggressively defended pesticides in a national speaking tour, accusing Carson of "gross distortions of the actual facts, completely unsupported by scientific experimental evidence and general practical experience in the field.</font></e><div class="nonSequential" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Equal time</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> was allotted to Carson and her critics, including </span><span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">White-Stevens</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font><div class="nonSequential" style="border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Judging from the comments emailed to Stephanapoulos's web- site after wards that performance back- fired badly, just as the bombastic <span class="refName" style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Robert White-Stevens</span> alienated the viewers of CBS Reports.</font></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><table cellpadding="10"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><p><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Jukes </span>is a nutrition chemist at American Cyanamid, a chemical manufacturer. Consult with you colleague, <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/white-stevens.htm">Robert White-Stevens</a>.</p><p>Be sure to review Chaps. 1-3, 7, 11-13 in <i>Silent Spring</i>. You should be able to comment on <b>Carson's credibility</b>,<b>benefits and harms of pesticides</b> and on the<b>control/balance of nature</b>.</p><hr /><p><i>Bibliography</i></p><p /><li>Jukes, Thomas. 1962. <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/jukes1962.htm">"A Town in Harmony."</a> <i>Chemical Week</i> 40(Aug. 18): 5.</li><li>Jukes, Thomas. 1963. "People and Pesticides." <em>American Scientist</em> 51(Sept.).</li><li><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW7-14-62.htm">"The Chemicals Around Us."</a> [viewpoint] <i>Chemical Week</i> (July 14, 1962): 5.</li><li><a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/CW7-14-62.html">"Nature is for the Birds."</a> [viewpoint] <i>Chemical Week</i>(July 28, 1962): 5.</li><li>Darby, William J. 1962. <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/darby1962.htm" target="resources">"Silence, Miss Carson"</a>. <i>Chem. & Eng. News</i> (Oct. 1): 62-63.</li><li>Bean, William B. 1963. "The Noise of <i>Silent Spring</i>."<i>Archives of Internal Medicine</i> 112:62-65.</li><li><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Stare, Frederick T. 1963. "Some comments on <i>Silent Spring</i>." <i>Nutrition Reviews</i> (Jan.) </span>
</li><li>Jukes, Thomas. 1971. <a href="http://www1.umn.edu/ships/pesticides/library/jukes1971.pdf">"D.D.T., Human Health and the Environment."</a> <i>Environmental Affairs</i> 1(Nov.): 534-564. [Note the late date, although the style and theme of Jukes' criticisms did not change much.]</li></td></tr></tbody></table><p><font size="-1"><em>last revised November 19, 2008</em></font></p><hr /><p /></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Thomas Hughes Jukes</b> (August 26, 1906 – November 1, 1999) was a British-American biologist known for his work in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">nutrition</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">molecular evolution</a>, and for his public engagement with controversial scientific issues, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DDT</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">vitamin C</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">creationism</a>. He was the co-author, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lester_King" title="Jack Lester King" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jack Lester King</a>, of the 1969 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science(journal)" title="Science (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><i>Science</i></a> article "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Darwinian_Evolution" title="Non-Darwinian Evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Non-Darwinian Evolution</a>" which, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoo_Kimura" title="Motoo Kimura" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Motoo Kimura</a>'s earlier publication, was the origin of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">neutral theory of molecular evolution</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jukes was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,England" title="Hastings, England" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hastings, England</a>, but moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Toronto</a> in 1924. In 1933, he earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Toronto</a>. He spent the next decade in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of California</a> system, first as a postdoctoral fellow at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley" title="UC Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">UC Berkeley</a>, then as Instructor and Assistant Professor a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">t <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Davis" title="UC Davis" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">UC Davis</a>. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">At Davis, he helped determine the relationships among the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_complex_vitamins" title="B complex vitamins" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">B complex vitamins</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> through experiments on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">chickens</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. He then left academia to work for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cyanamid" title="American Cyanamid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">American Cyanamid</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'s </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lederle_Laboratories" title="Lederle Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Lederle Laboratories</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, where he helped established that </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid" title="Folic acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">folic acid</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is a vitamin and discovered that feeding </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">livestock</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> a continual supply of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">antibiotics</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> significantly enhances growth (a practice that has become widespread in the meat industry).</span><sup id="cite_ref-content.cdlib.org_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; unicode-bidi: embed; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_note-content.cdlib.org-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Following the rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">molecular biology</a>, Jukes returned to UC Berkeley, where he spent the rest of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-content.cdlib.org_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_note-content.cdlib.org-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> Independently of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoo_Kimura" title="Motoo Kimura" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Motoo Kimura</a>, Jukes (with Jack King) proposed in 1969 that the evolution of proteins is primarily driven by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">genetic drift</a> acting on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutations" title="Mutations" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">mutations</a> that are neither beneficial nor deleterious—the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution" title="Neutral theory of molecular evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">neutral theory of molecular evolution</a>. Despite the provocative paper ("Non-Darwinian Evolution"), he was not a prominent participant in the ensuing "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralist-selectionist_debate" title="Neutralist-selectionist debate" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">neutralist-selectionist debate</a>"; defense of the neutral theory was primarily left to others, especially Kimura. In 1971, Jukes was one of the founders of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Molecular_Evolution" title="Journal of Molecular Evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Journal of Molecular Evolution</a></i>; his subsequent work with molecular evolution focused especially on the origin and evolution of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">genetic code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After returning to Berkeley, he also became heavily involved in a number of public scientific controversies, and was a gifted polemicist. In the 1960s, he fought against the introduction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">creationism</a> into the California public schools. Following the rise of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">environmental movement</a>, he fought against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DDT</a> bans, citing lack of evidence for detrimental effects to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ecosystems</a>. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Between 1975 and 1980 he was one of the only scientists ever to have a regular column in the journal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><i>Nature</i></a>, which he used to denounce a variety of what he considered pseudoscience, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">expressing "his deep suspicion that categorical statements of scientific 'fact' are usually exaggerations." He was one of the most prominent critics of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Linus Pauling</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'s claims about the benefits of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_megadosage" title="Vitamin C megadosage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">vitamin C megadosage</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and a frequent critic of other nutrition-based health and treatment claims, such as for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">homeopathy</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and the supposed cancer cure </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetrile" title="Laetrile" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Laetrile</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; unicode-bidi: embed; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Thomas Jukes died of pneumonia, leaving his wife Marguerite, two daughters, one daughter-in-law, and seven grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-content.cdlib.org_1-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_note-content.cdlib.org-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_H.Jukes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-size: 12.6000003814697px; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-content.cdlib.org-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_ref-content.cdlib.org_1-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1; font-size: 10.0799999237061px;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_ref-content.cdlib.org_1-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1; font-size: 10.0799999237061px;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_ref-content.cdlib.org_1-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1; font-size: 10.0799999237061px;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb1r29n709&doc.view=content&chunk.id=div00029&toc.depth=1&brand=calisphere&anchor.id=0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">Thomas H. Jukes, Integrative Biology: Berkeley</a>, <i>University of California: In Memoriam, 2000</i>, pp. 109-111. Accessed May 16, 2007.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text">James F. Crow, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/154/3/955" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">Thomas H. Jukes (1906-1999)</a>", <i>Genetics</i>, Vol. 154 (March 2000), pp. 955-956</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Jukes#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maddox" title="John Maddox" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John Maddox</a>, "Obituary: Thomas Hughes Jukes (1906-1999)", <i>Nature</i>, Vol. 402, p. 478 (December 2, 1999)</span></li></ol></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>