bund silver shirt pelley

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</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">Silver Legion of America, commonly known as the Silver Shirts, was an underground American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fascist</a> organization founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Dudley Pelley</a> that was headquartered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Asheville, North Carolina</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> and announced publicly on January 30, 1933. The group was effectively dissolved on December 8, 1941 when police called for the open arrest of any individuals associated with the group.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1History</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2In popular culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">History</h2>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White-supremacist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white-supremacist</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">antisemitic</a> group<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-americainwwii.com-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> modeled after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hitler's</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownshirts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownshirts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brownshirts</a>, the paramilitary Silver Legion wore a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver(color)" title="Silver (color)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">silver</a> shirt with a blue tie, along with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_hat" title="Campaign hat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">campaign hat</a> and blue <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">corduroy</a> trousers with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggings#Military_use" title="Leggings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">leggings</a>. The uniform shirts bore a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet(color)" title="Scarlet (color)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">scarlet</a> letter L over the heart: an emblem meant to symbolize Loyalty to the United States, Liberation from materialism, and the Silver Legion itself. The blocky <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">slab serif</a> L-emblem was in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">typeface</a> similar to the present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell(typeface)" title="Rockwell (typeface)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rockwell Extra Bold</a>. The organizational flag was a plain silver field with such a red L in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton(flag)" title="Canton (flag)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">canton</a> at the upper left.By 1934, the Silver Shirts claimed to have about 15,000 members<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a>. Circa 1935, a Nazi agent befriended mining fortune heiress Jessie Murphy, convincing her to contribute cash, and the use of her ranch, recently purchased from screen cowboy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Will Rogers</a>, to the fascist movement. The Silver Shirts began construction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch" title="Murphy Ranch" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Murphy Ranch</a>, situated on a secluded, 55-acre (22 ha) site in the Los Angeles hills, meant to serve as a fortified world headquarters after the expected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">fascist</a> global conquest.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-dailymail1-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Silver Shirt leader Pelley called for a "Christian Commonwealth" in America that would combine the principles of racism, nationalism, and theocracy, while excluding Jews and non-whites such as African-Americans<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>. He claimed he would save America from Jewish communists just as "Mussolini and his Black Shirts saved Italy and as Hitler and his Brown Shirts saved Germany."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> Pelley ran for president of the United States in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1936 election</a> on a third-party ticket under the Christian Party banner. Pelley hoped to seize power in a "silver revolution" and set himself as dictator of the United States. He would be called "the Chief" just like other fascist world leaders who had similar titles such "The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuhrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuhrer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fuhrer</a>" for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Adolf Hitler</a> and "II Duce" for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Benito Mussolini</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> However, the presidency remained in the hands of incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democrat</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. By around 1938, the Silver Legion's membership was down to about 5,000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>After the Japanese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on Sunday, December 7, 1941, local police occupied the "world headquarters" bunker compound and detained members of the 50-man caretaker force.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-dailymail1-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> The declaration of war on the United States by Nazi Germany and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kingdom of Italy</a> led to the rapid decline of the Silver Legion.On January 20, 1942, Pelley was sentenced to serve two to three years in prison by Superior Court Judge F. Don Phillips, in Asheville, North Carolina, for violating terms of probation of a 1935 conviction for violating North Carolina security laws. The same sentence had been suspended pending good behavior, but the court found that during that period Pelley had published false and libelous statements, published inaccurate reports and advertising, and supported a secret military organization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">In popular culture</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A fictionalized depiction of the Silver Shirts forms a large part of the plot in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Letter" title="The Night Letter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Night Letter</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Spike" title="Paul Spike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paul Spike</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The character of Berzelius "Buzz" Windrip, loosely modeled after Silver Legion founder William Dudley Pelley, was elected U.S. president in 1936 and became the dictator of America in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Can't Happen Here" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">It Can't Happen Here</a>, a cautionary novel by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sinclair Lewis</a>. Some literary scholars contend that the Windrip character was modeled after Louisiana politician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Huey Long</a>, who was not associated with the Silver Shirts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Silver Shirts are also a British political movement in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harry Turtledove's</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Empire(Harry_Turtledove)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Empire (Harry Turtledove)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Empire</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_Accounts" title="Settling Accounts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Settling Accounts</a> series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">alternate history</a> novels. They are likely an analog of the real-world <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">British Union of Fascists</a>, because <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oswald Mosley</a> is a prominent leader.</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Silver Shirts appear in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lee_Burke" title="James Lee Burke" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James Lee Burke</a>'s novel Dixie City Jam, a novel in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Robicheaux" title="Dave Robicheaux" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dave Robicheaux</a> series.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Silver Legion of America is a political party in the video game <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_of_Iron_IV" title="Hearts of Iron IV" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Hearts of Iron IV</a>. The in-game USA can turn into the Silver Legion-led Free American Empire if a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">fascist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">coup</a> occurs or if the player changes their ideology.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Legion_of_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Authoritarianism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Party(United_States,1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Fleischhauer" title="Ulrich Fleischhauer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ulrich Fleischhauer</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">German American Bund</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_uniform" title="Political uniform" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Political uniform</a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Legion_of_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Notes<div class="reflist" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/THR-SS1.PDF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" overflow-wrap="overflow-wrap" break-word="break-word">http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/THR-SS1.PDF</a> "The Silver Shirts: Their History, Founder, and Axtivities". August 24, 1933</li><li id="cite_note-americainwwii.com-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-americainwwii.com_2-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Van Ells, Mark D. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americainwwii.com/articles/americans-for-hitler/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Americans for Hitler"</a>. americainwwii.com. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+for+Hitler&rft.pub=americainwwii.com&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Van+Ells&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americainwwii.com%2Farticles%2Famericans-for-hitler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holocaustonline.org/silver-shirts/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Silver Shirts"</a>. Holocaust Online. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Online&rft.atitle=Silver+Shirts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholocaustonline.org%2Fsilver-shirts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-dailymail1-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-dailymail1_4-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-dailymail1_4-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116684/Hitlers-Los-Angeles-bunker-planned-run-Nazi-empire-war.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Heil Hollywood: The Los Angeles bunker from which Hitler planned to run Nazi empire after the war"</a>. Daily Mail. London. 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Heil+Hollywood%3A+The+Los+Angeles+bunker+from+which+Hitler+planned+to+run+Nazi+empire+after+the+war&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2116684%2FHitlers-Los-Angeles-bunker-planned-run-Nazi-empire-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schultz, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/william-dudley-pelley-1885-1965/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"William Dudley Pelley (1885-1965)"</a>. North Carolina History Project. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+History+Project&rft.atitle=William+Dudley+Pelley+%281885-1965%29&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthcarolinahistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fwilliam-dudley-pelley-1885-1965%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-gangsters-in-america" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Jews in America: Jewish Gangsters"</a>. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+America%3A++Jewish+Gangsters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjewish-gangsters-in-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/clarke/1934/01/pelley.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Pelley's Silver Shirts"</a>. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelley%E2%80%99s+Silver+Shirts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Fclarke%2F1934%2F01%2Fpelley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bernstein, Arnie (October 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistoryreader.com/modern-history/6-things-may-known-nazis-america/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"6 Things You May Not Have Known About Nazis in America"</a>. The History Reader. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Reader&rft.atitle=6+Things+You+May+Not+Have+Known+About+Nazis+in+America&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Arnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoryreader.com%2Fmodern-history%2F6-things-may-known-nazis-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Associated Press, “Pelley of Silver Shirts Must Serve Prison Term,” The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 21 January 1942, Volume 48, page 1.</li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Can't Happen Here" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">It Can't Happen Here</a></li></ol></div></div>Further reading<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Allen, Joe "'It Can't Happen Here?': Confronting the Fascist Threat in the US in the Late 1930s," International Socialist Review, Part One: whole no. 85 (Sept.-Oct. 2012), pp. 26–35; Part Two: whole no. 87 (Jan.-Feb. 2013), pp. 19–28.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Atwood, Sarah (Winter 2018–2019). "'This List Not Complete': Minnesota's Jewish Resistance to the Silver Legion of America, 1936–1940". Minnesota History. 66 (4): 142–155. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554803" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">26554803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=%27This+List+Not+Complete%27%3A+Minnesota%27s+Jewish+Resistance+to+the+Silver+Legion+of+America%2C+1936%E2%80%931940&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=142-155&rft.date=2018%2F2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26554803&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver+Legion+of+America" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ribuffo, Leo Paul The Old Christian Right: The Protestant Far Right from the Great Depression to the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Spivak, John L. Secret Armies: The New Technique of Nazi Warfare. New York: Modern Age Books, 1939.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Werly, John The Millenarian Right: William Dudley Pelley and the Silver Legion of America. PhD dissertation. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syracuse University</a>, 1972.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Yeadon, Glen. The Nazi Hydra in America. Joshua Tree, CA: Progressive Press, 2008.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Legion_of_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181512/http://img225.imageshack.us/img225/392/silverlegionpg63.png" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Photo of a Silver Legion of America meeting in the 1930s:</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Holocaust Chronicle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/89.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust, page 89</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=6070" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The American Jewish Committees' archive on the Silver Shirts:</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/murphy-ranch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Atlas Obscura article on Rustic Canyon's Murphy Ranch</a></li></ul>Archives<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=SilverShirtLegionofAmericaWashingtonStateDivision3242.xml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Silver Shirt Legion of America Washington State Division Records.</a> 1933-1940. 0.37 cubic feet (3 reels microfilm). At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.</a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1358px; 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box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1358px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: -1px auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="width: 1350px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753311|Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); width: 113.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753311" title="Edit this at Wikidata" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1210px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10123505-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">10123505-7</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n87836050" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">n87836050</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156033329" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">156033329</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/156033329" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">156033329</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: none;">Antisemitism in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clothes_in_politics" title="Category:Clothes in politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Clothes in politics</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1933" title="Category:Organizations established in 1933" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Organizations established in 1933</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_disestablished_in_1941" title="Category:Organizations disestablished in 1941" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1941_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1941 disestablishments in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1941 disestablishments in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Far-right_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Far-right politics in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Far-right politics in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley</a></div><div>
</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output">William Dudley Pelley (March 12, 1890 – June 30, 1965) was an American writer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">spiritualist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fascist</a> political activist.He came to prominence as a writer, winning two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Henry_Award" title="O. Henry Award" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">O. Henry Awards</a> and penning screenplays for Hollywood films. His 1929 essay "Seven Minutes in Eternity" marked a turning point in Pelley's career, earning a major response in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Magazine" title="The American Magazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The American Magazine</a> where it was published as a popular example of what would later be called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">near-death experience</a>. His experiences with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mysticism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">occultism</a> drifted towards the political, and in 1933 Pelley founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Silver Legion of America</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fascist</a>, para-military league. He ran for president of the U.S. in 1936 as the candidate for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Party(1930s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Party (1930s)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christian Party</a>.He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sedition</a> in 1942, and released in 1950.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> Upon his death, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> assessed him as "an agitator without a significant following".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><div class="toclimit-2"><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;" /></div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#Early_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Early career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#Spiritualism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Spiritualism</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#Political_activism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Political activism</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#Later_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Later life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7External links</a></li></ul></div></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Early life[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lynn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Massachusetts</a>, William Dudley Pelley grew up in poverty, the son of William George Apsey Pelley and his wife, Grace (née Goodale). His father was initially a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Southern Methodist Church</a> minister, later a small businessman and shoemaker.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Early career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Largely self-educated, Pelley became a journalist and gained respect for his writing skills; his articles eventually appeared in national publications like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chicago Tribune" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Chicago Tribune</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>Two of his short stories received <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Henry" title="O. Henry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">O. Henry</a> awards: "The Face in the Window" in 1920 and "The Continental Angle" in 1930.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> He was hired by the Methodist Centenary to study Methodist missions around the world. He joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Red Cross</a> in Siberia, where he helped the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">White Russians</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Russian Civil War</a>. His opposition to Communism grew, and he began to subscribe to the theory of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish Communism</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> Upon returning to the United States in 1920, Pelley wrote novels and short stories in addition to his journalism,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> and went to Hollywood, where he became a screenwriter, writing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney,Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lon Chaney, Sr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lon Chaney</a> films <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_in_the_Dark" title="The Light in the Dark" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Light in the Dark</a> (1922) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shock(1923_film)" title="The Shock (1923 film)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Shock</a> (1923).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a>Pelley became disillusioned with the film industry. What he regarded as unfair treatment by Jewish studio executives increased his antisemitic inclinations. He moved to New York, and then to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Asheville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">North Carolina</a> in 1932, and began publishing magazines and essays detailing his new religious system, the "Liberation Doctrine".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Spiritualism[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spiritualism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In May 1928, Pelley gained notoriety when he claimed he had an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">out-of-body experience</a> in which he travelled to other planes of existence devoid of corporeal souls. He described his experience in an article titled "My Seven Minutes in Eternity", published in book form in 1933 as Seven Minutes in Eternity: With the Aftermath,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> originally probably appearing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Magazine" title="The American Magazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The American Magazine</a> in the late 1920s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> In later writings, he described the experience as "hypo-dimensional".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> He wrote that during this event, he met with God and Jesus, who instructed him to undertake the spiritual transformation of America. He later claimed that the experience gave him the ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitation(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">levitate</a>, see through walls, and have out-of-body experiences at will. His <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">metaphysical</a> writings greatly boosted his public visibility. Some of the early members of the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascended_Master_Teachings" title="Ascended Master Teachings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ascended Master Teachings</a> religion, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22I_AM%22_Activity" title="" i="I" am="AM" activity="Activity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">"I AM" Activity</a>, were recruited from the ranks of Pelley's organization, the Silver Legion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> Pelley's religious system was a mixture of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy(Blavatskian)" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">theosophy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" title="Spiritualism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">spiritualism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rosicrucianism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">pyramidism</a>. He considered it to be a perfected form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christianity</a>, in which "Dark Souls" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jews</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communists</a>) represented the forces of evil.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Political activism[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political activism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>When the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great Depression</a> struck America in 1929, Pelley became active in politics. After moving to Asheville, Pelley founded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Galahad</a> College in 1932. The college specialized in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_courses" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondence courses" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">correspondence courses</a> on "Social Metaphysics" and "Christian Economics". He also founded Galahad Press, which he used to publish various political and metaphysical magazines, newspapers, and books. On January 30, 1933, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Adolf Hitler</a> became <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">chancellor of Germany</a>. Pelley, an admirer of Hitler,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Legion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Silver Legion</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">antisemitic</a> organization whose members, known as Silver Shirts and Christian Patriots, wore Nazi-style silver uniform shirts. Their insignia was a scarlet L, emblazoned on their flags and uniforms. Biographer Scott Beekman noted that Pelley was "...one of the first Americans to create an organization celebrating the work of Adolf Hitler."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Pelley traveled throughout the United States, holding recruitment rallies, lectures, and public speeches. He founded Silver Legion chapters in almost every state in the country.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> Membership peaked at 15,000 in 1935, dropping to below 5,000 by 1938.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> His political ideology consisted of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-Communism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">antisemitism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">patriotism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white supremacy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">corporatism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">isolationism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">British Israelism</a>, themes which were the primary focus of his numerous magazines and newspapers, which included Liberation, Pelley's Silvershirt Weekly, The Galilean and The New Liberator. He became fairly well known as the 1930s went on.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sinclair Lewis</a> mentioned him by name in his novel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Can't Happen Here" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">It Can't Happen Here</a> (1935) about a fascist takeover in the U.S. Pelley is praised by the leader of the fictional movement as an important precursor.Pelley opposed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Deal</a>. He founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Party(United_States,1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christian Party</a> in 1935, and ran an unsuccessful campaign <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">as candidate for president in 1936</a>, winning only 1,600 votes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> He engaged in a long dispute with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States House of Representatives</a>' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dies Committee</a>, predecessor to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>. In 1940, federal marshals conducted a raid on Pelley's headquarters in Asheville, and they arrested his followers and seized his property.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Despite serious financial and material setbacks within his organization, which resulted from lengthy court battles, Pelley continued to oppose Roosevelt, especially as diplomatic relations between the United States and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Empire of Japan</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nazi Germany</a> became strained in the early 1940s. Pelley accused Roosevelt of being a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/warmonger" class="extiw" title="wikt:warmonger" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">warmonger</a> and advocated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">isolationism</a>. Roosevelt enlisted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">J. Edgar Hoover</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">FBI</a> to investigate Pelley. Subsequently, the FBI interviewed subscribers to Pelley's newspapers and magazines.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-Life-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Although the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941 led Pelley to disband the Silver Legion, he continued to attack the government in his magazine, Roll Call,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> which alarmed Roosevelt, Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Francis Biddle</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>. After stating in one issue of Roll Call that the devastation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pacific Fleet</a> at Pearl Harbor was worse than the government claimed, Pelley was arrested at his new base of operations in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesville,Indiana" title="Noblesville, Indiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Noblesville, Indiana</a>, and in April 1942, he was charged with 12 counts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">high treason</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sedition</a>. One charge was dropped, but he was tried in Indiana and convicted of the other 11 charges, mostly for making seditious statements and for obstructing military recruiting and fomenting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">insurrection</a> within the military. Pelley was sentenced to 15 years in prison. After serving eight years, he was paroled and released in 1950.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> While still incarcerated, he was one of 30 defendants in the "Mass Sedition Trial" of Nazi sympathizers, which resulted in a mistrial after the death of the judge, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C.Eicher" title="Edward C. Eicher" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edward C. Eicher</a>, in November 1944.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Later life[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In his final years, Pelley dealt with charges of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">securities fraud</a> that had been brought against him while he was living in Asheville.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a>The terms of Pelley's parole stipulated that he remain in central Indiana, and desist from all political activity.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-anb-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> He developed an elaborate, religious philosophy called "Soulcraft", based on his belief in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UFOs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">extraterrestrials</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> publishing Star Guests in (1950). One of his associates, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hunt_Williamson" title="George Hunt Williamson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Hunt Williamson</a>, had several articles published in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">science fiction</a> magazines. Pelley died at his home in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesville,Indiana" title="Noblesville, Indiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Noblesville</a> on June 30, 1965.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Notes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 27em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=36433421" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Agnes Marion Henderson-Pelley"</a>. FindAGrave. April 27, 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agnes+Marion+Henderson-Pelley&rft.pub=FindAGrave&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffg.cgi%3Fpage%3Dgr%26GRid%3D36433421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-anb-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">e</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">f</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">g</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">h</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">i</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-anb_2-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">j</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"William Dudley Pelley". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American National Biography</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Dudley+Pelley&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-nytobit-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-nytobit_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-nytobit_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-nytobit_3-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/07/02/96704144.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"William Dudley Pelley, 75, dies; Founded fascist Silver Shirts."</a> The New York Times, July 2, 1965. Retrieved: May 9, 2016.</li><li id="cite_note-Life-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">e</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">f</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-Life_4-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">g</a> <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Beekman, Scott (2005-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=LDQRUDaivdAC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">William Dudley Pelley: A Life in Right-Wing Extremism and the Occult</a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 2–3, 80–81, 87, 94, 162, 174, 206. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0819-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0819-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-8156-0819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Dudley+Pelley%3A+A+Life+in+Right-Wing+Extremism+and+the+Occult&rft.pages=2-3%2C+80-81%2C+87%2C+94%2C+162%2C+174%2C+206&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2005-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0819-6&rft.aulast=Beekman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLDQRUDaivdAC%26pg%3DPA81%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">William Dudley Pelley (August 4, 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1929/08/04/page/68/article/the-continental-angle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"The Continental Angle"</a>. Retrieved September 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Continental+Angle&rft.date=1929-08-04&rft.au=William+Dudley+Pelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1929%2F08%2F04%2Fpage%2F68%2Farticle%2Fthe-continental-angle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0671163/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"IMDb profile:William Dudley Pelley.'</a> IMDb. Retrieved: May 9, 2016.</li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/THR-SS2.PDF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"William Dudley Pelley"</a> (PDF). ajcarchives.org. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajcarchives.org&rft.atitle=William+Dudley+Pelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2FTHR-SS2.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Abella" title="Alex Abella" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Abella</a> and Gordon 2002, p. 241.</li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7966465" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"William Dudley Pelley"</a>. FindAGrave. October 9, 2003. Retrieved September 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Dudley+Pelley&rft.pub=FindAGrave&rft.date=2003-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffg.cgi%3Fpage%3Dgr%26GRid%3D7966465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Lobb, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mille.org/publications/winter2000/lobb.PDF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Fascist apocalypse: William Pelley and millennial extremism."</a> Department of History, Syracuse University, November 1999. Retrieved: May 8, 2015.</li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801236,00.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Strange doings in Noblesville."</a> Time Magazine, January 27, 1941.</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Baum, Steven; Cohen, Florette; Jacobs, Steven; Kressel, Neil (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dSZzCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA76&dq=Pelley%20dealt%20with%20charges%20of%20securities%20fraud&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Antisemitism in North America: New World, Old Hate</a>. 26. Brill Publishers. p. 76. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004307148" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">10.1163/9789004307148</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004307148" title="Special:BookSources/9789004307148" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>9789004307148</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+in+North+America%3A+New+World%2C+Old+Hate&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004307148&rft.isbn=9789004307148&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Florette&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Steven&rft.au=Kressel%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdSZzCwAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPA76%26dq%3DPelley%2520dealt%2520with%2520charges%2520of%2520securities%2520fraud%26pg%3DPA76%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/william-dudley-pelley-1885-1965/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"William Dudley Pelley (1885-1965)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Dudley+Pelley+%281885-1965%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthcarolinahistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fwilliam-dudley-pelley-1885-1965%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Dudley+Pelley" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Bibliography</h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Abella, Alex and Scott Gordon. Shadow Enemies. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2002, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-722-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-722-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1-58574-722-X</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Beekman, Scott. William Dudley Pelley: A Life in Right-wing Extremism and the Occult. Syracuse University Press, 2005. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0819-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0819-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-8156-0819-5</a>.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dudley_Pelley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pelley%2C%20William%20Dudley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pelley%2C%20William%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pelley%2C%20W%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Dudley%20Pelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Dudley%20Pelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Dudley%20Pelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pelley%2C%20William%20Dudley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pelley%2C%20William%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pelley%2C%20W%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pelley%2C%20W%2E%20Dudley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Dudley%20Pelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Dudley%20Pelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20D%2E%20Pelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pelley%2C%20William%20Dudley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pelley%2C%20William%20D%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221890-1965%22%20AND%20Pelley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Works by or about William Dudley Pelley</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Internet Archive</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0671163/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">William Dudley Pelley</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IMDb</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainx.com/news/2004/0128pelley.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Jon Elliston, "New Age Nazi: The Rise and Fall of Asheville's Flaky Fascist", Mountain Xpress, January 28, 2004</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greaterglory00pelliala" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Greater Glory, a novel by Pelley at archive.org</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fognovel00pelliala" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Fog, a novel by Pelley at archive.org</a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="font-weight: normal; float: left; text-align: left; margin-right: 0.5em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" display="display" inline="inline" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" line-height="line-height" inherit="inherit" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1936 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><abbr title="View this template" style="border: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; background: none transparent; box-shadow: none; padding: 0px;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1936 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="border: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; background: none transparent; box-shadow: none; padding: 0px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:1936_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="border: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; background: none transparent; box-shadow: none; padding: 0px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(1932_←)1936_United_States_presidential_election(→_1940)" style="margin: 0px 4em;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">1932 ←</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">1936 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">→ 1940</a>)</div></th></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501730|Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1358px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: -1px auto 0px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253);"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="width: 1350px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501730|Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); width: 113.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501730" title="Edit this at Wikidata" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1210px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14127309x" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">cb14127309x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14127309x" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">(data)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131648772" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">131648772</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000109385718" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">0000 0001 0938 5718</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83065963" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">n83065963</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20061110008&CON_LNG=ENG" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">js20061110008</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NTA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p302315500" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">302315500</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SNAC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6c27npd" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">w6c27npd</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/135567637" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">135567637</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/116406399" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">116406399</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/116406399" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">116406399</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); 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background: none;">People from Noblesville, Indiana</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Massachusetts" title="Category:Screenwriters from Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Screenwriters from Massachusetts</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Indiana" title="Category:Screenwriters from Indiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Screenwriters from Indiana</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_North_Carolina" title="Category:Screenwriters from North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Screenwriters from North Carolina</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Asheville,North_Carolina" title="Category:Writers from Asheville, North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Writers from Asheville, North Carolina</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>=</div></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output">Murphy Ranch is a ranch built in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustic_Canyon,Los_Angeles" title="Rustic Canyon, Los Angeles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rustic Canyon, Los Angeles</a> in the 1930s by Winona and Norman Stephens,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-rivera1990-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> who were sympathizers of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semitic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-semitic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white supremacist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Silver Legion of America</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> The owner of record in 1933 was Jessie M. Murphy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-rivera1990-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> Designed as a base for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nazi</a> activities in the U.S.,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> it was intended to be capable of being self-sustaining for long periods. The compound had a water storage tank, a fuel tank, a bomb shelter, and various outbuildings and bunkers. The estate's main gate was designed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Williams(architect)" title="Paul Williams (architect)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paul Williams</a>, a well-known African-American architect in the Southern California area.On Monday, December 8, 1941, the day after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Japanese</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, local police occupied the compound and detained members of the 50-strong caretaker force.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-dailymail1-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>As of 1990, it was abandoned and in a state of disrepair, and covered in graffiti.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_note-rivera1990-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> The site is currently owned by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Los Angeles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">city of Los Angeles</a>. In early 2016, many of the ranch buildings were demolished, as they were deemed unsafe. A few buildings remain, including the power house, an all-concrete building that once contained the diesel generators. All entryways have been sealed.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1In popular culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#Gallery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Gallery</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">In popular culture[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Ranch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In popular culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The ruins of Murphy Ranch are featured in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kadrey" title="Richard Kadrey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Kadrey</a>'s "Sandman Slim"-series novel Killing Pretty.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Gallery</h2><div>
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nazism in the United States</a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References</h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Almendrala, Anna (March 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/19/hitler-bunker-los-angeles-murphy-ranch_n_1363362.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Hitler Bunker In Los Angeles: Murphy Ranch Reveals An Alternate Universe"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Huffington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Hitler+Bunker+In+Los+Angeles%3A+Murphy+Ranch+Reveals+An+Alternate+Universe&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.au=Almendrala%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F03%2F19%2Fhitler-bunker-los-angeles-murphy-ranch_n_1363362.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurphy+Ranch" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-rivera1990-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-rivera1990_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-rivera1990_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-rivera1990_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rivera, John (November 18, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-18/local/me-6808_1_rustic-canyon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Nazi Sympathizers' L.A. Utopia Is Now a Ruin"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+Sympathizers%27+L.A.+Utopia+Is+Now+a+Ruin&rft.date=1990-11-18&rft.au=Rivera%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1990-11-18%2Flocal%2Fme-6808_1_rustic-canyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurphy+Ranch" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morton, Ella (February 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2014/02/27/murphy_ranch_in_rustic_canyon_los_angeles_is_an_abandoned_nazi_compound.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Murphy Ranch, the Abandoned Nazi Compound in the Hills of L.A."</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Slate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Murphy+Ranch%2C+the+Abandoned+Nazi+Compound+in+the+Hills+of+L.A.&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.au=Morton%2C+Ella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fatlas_obscura%2F2014%2F02%2F27%2Fmurphy_ranch_in_rustic_canyon_los_angeles_is_an_abandoned_nazi_compound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurphy+Ranch" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/murphy-ranch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Rustic Canyon's Murphy Ranch"</a>. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2014-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rustic+Canyon%27s+Murphy+Ranch&rft.pub=Atlas+Obscura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fmurphy-ranch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurphy+Ranch" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-dailymail1-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Ranch#cite_ref-dailymail1_5-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Staff (March 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116684/Hitlers-Los-Angeles-bunker-planned-run-Nazi-empire-war.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Heil Hollywood: The Los Angeles bunker from which Hitler planned to run Nazi empire after the war"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daily Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Heil+Hollywood%3A+The+Los+Angeles+bunker+from+which+Hitler+planned+to+run+Nazi+empire+after+the+war&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2116684%2FHitlers-Los-Angeles-bunker-planned-run-Nazi-empire-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurphy+Ranch" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Ranch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hikingwithdean.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Guided historical hikes to Murphy Ranch</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://californiathroughmylens.com/murphys-ranch-abandoned-nazi-camp-in-santa-monica/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Photographic tour of the Murphy Ranch by Josh McNair</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://la.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/what_really_happened_at_rustic_canyons_rumored_nazi_ranch.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">What Really Happened at Rustic Canyon's Rumored Nazi Ranch?</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernhiker.com/2012/07/10/hiking-murphy-ranch/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">A description of the hiking route to Murphy Ranch and additional history by Casey Schreiner</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New Yorker</a>, September 25, 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/25/the-nazi-sites-of-los-angeles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"The Nazi Sites of Los Angeles"</a>, by Dana Goodyear</li></ul><table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 165.844px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Murphy%27s_Farm" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Murphy's Farm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Murphy's Farm</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoldenGateBridge.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Stub icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg/40px-GoldenGateBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="24" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg/60px-GoldenGateBridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg/80px-GoldenGateBridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="687" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td><td>This article about a California building or structure is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Ranch&action=edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">expanding it</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none none; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Fascism in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fascism in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unused_buildings_in_California" title="Category:Unused buildings in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Unused buildings in California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ranches_in_California" title="Category:Ranches in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ranches in California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Westside(Los_Angeles_County)" title="Category:Westside (Los Angeles County)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Westside (Los Angeles County)</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1930s_establishments_in_California" title="Category:1930s establishments in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1930s establishments in California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:California_building_and_structure_stubs" title="Category:California building and structure stubs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">California building and structure stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>==</div></div>