global tel-link

=<div><div>no lnx</div><div>
</div><div>How a trend toward cost-cutting in prisons reveals the cruel impulse to profit from human misery</div><div>
</div><div>Written by Filter December 16, 2019</div><div>by Rory Fleming</div><div>
</div><div>The general idea of US prison policy seems to be to make life as miserable as possible for people behind bars without violating bedrock constitutional principles from the 1700s. On first glance, recent moves toward technological “updates”—in the form of “free” tablets to enable incarcerated people to read—appear to buck that trend. But prison accountability specialists say we should take heed of how this move represents a mix of cost-cutting for prison agencies, profiteering on human misery, and a conspiracy to get prisoners to stop reading.</div><div>
</div><div>The West Virginia Division of Corrections and Rehabilitation (DRC) is the most recent prison to take the plunge, opting for prisoners to pay a nickel per minute to read e-books on the devices provided. Given that people make less than $1 an hour for their labor behind bars, it’s a prohibitive cost for many. But the contract between GTL (Global TelLink Corporation) and the DCR makes sure to award the prison agency a 5 percent commission on fees.</div><div>
</div><div>Michelle Dillon at the Human Rights Defense Center told Filter that the West Virginia DRC has pointed to the Inmate Benefit Fund to justify charging people for public domain books, echoing earlier claims that similar phone fees are not going back to the prisons themselves. Records show that the same fund is also being used to pay for the employment of people in prison, and for portable toilets, showerheads, microwaves, copiers, fans, religious meals, clocks, and even electricity.</div><div>
</div><div>In general terms, national momentum appears to be moving in a positive direction on prisoners working to empower themselves through education. Even the Trump administration supports bringing back Pell Grant eligibility for higher education loans to people in prison. (Pell Grants were taken away from prisoners as a result of the 1994 crime bill that presidential candidate Joe Biden has been slammed for supporting.)</div><div>
</div><div>But prison agencies at both the state and federal are well-known for thwarting even the most tepid criminal justice reform legislation—unless compliance is forced by law with no discretion afforded to them. The US judiciary, up to the Supreme Court level, generally gives prison chiefs carte blanche to abuse their wards at will. Financial and data-collection exploitation of prisoners and their loved ones is already common regarding e-visits and phone calls.</div><div>
</div><div>Short of explicit legislation to guarantee free access, tablets-only rules will further exploit prisoners financially—and reduce access both to important educational materials and to the recreational reading that may mitigate the misery of life behind bars.</div><div>
</div><div>Besides the profit motive, prisons have numerous incentives for adopting the tablet system. They are harder to get physically creative with than books, as Deputy Warden Troy Schultz of the North Dakota State Penitentiary noted in 2015: “In the past we had cassette players and CD players. The motors from these were used to make tattoo guns. There’s less material for staff to search through now.”</div><div>
</div><div>Adopting a tablets-only policy can also shield guards from embarrassment and bad press when they smuggle drugs into prisons. In Pennsylvania, Department of Corrections Secretary John Wetzel recently shut down paper book donation charities, citing alleged drug smuggling by friends and family of prisoners. An outcry later caused Wetzel, an alleged prison “reformer” who claims he wants more humane, Norweigan-style prisons, to reverse course. Shortly thereafter, it was exposed that his own employees had created the issue.</div><div>
</div><div>Racism obviously factors into the denial of reading materials for incarcerated people. US prisoners are too often lorded over by racist guards (some in West Virginia were recently photographed giving a Nazi salute). With a population that is roughly 3.6 percent Black, West Virginia has a wildly disproportionate 28 percent of Black prisoners.</div><div>
</div><div>There is a similar story in Pennsylvania, where 12 percent of the state population but 46 percent of prisoners are Black. Secretary Wetzel’s entire reputation as a “reformer” and “thought leader” in prison policy hinges on his claims that he runs an “evidence-based” prison system. Having a research and statistics division led by someone with a doctorate permits Wetzel to evade questions about barely putting a dent in the number of people subject to solitary confinement from 2014 to 2017, complaining that a prison closure would be bad for staff, and propagandizing that the installation of a few couches makes one of his prisons like a “Little Scandinavia.”</div><div>
</div><div>Sadly, Wetzel’s data chief, Dr. Krisofer “Bret” Bucklen, has previously declared crime “genetic.” Screenshots of Dr. Bucklen’s Twitter account from years ago show him laughing at jokes declaring Michelle Obama a transgender ape, as well as him boasting of his close friendship with blacklisted criminologist Brian Boutwell. Boutwell believes Black people have inherently lower IQs and a higher propensity for crime, including violent crime. In one of his shocking academic articles, Boutwell wrote that higher arrest and incarceration rates for Black boys and men were “completely accounted for after including covariates for self-reported lifetime violence and IQ.”</div><div>
</div><div>If someone like Bucklen wants to believe that imprisoned people are naturally unintelligent and less capable, keeping them from reading is excellent confirmation bias. But such a person should not be surprised when he or she is called a racist. Anti-literacy policy has long and appalling history in the US; laws in the 1800s forbade free people from teaching Black slaves how to read and write.</div><div>
</div><div>What is happening today comes from comparable impulses. Prison officials in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and other states prioritize maintaining order at the cost of creating a maximally degraded prison population.</div><div>
</div><div>They do not want the self-actualization of more people like Reginald Dwayne Betts, who was imprisoned as a Black teenage boy and went on to become a Yale Law School-educated attorney and world-renowned poet. Neither do they even want it for white prisoners, like Shon Hopwood, a former bank robber-turned-Georgetown Law Professor. Betts’ and Hopwood’s individual manifestations of greatness despite soul-crushing conditions undermine a prison system organized around both control and failure of current and former prisoners.</div><div>
</div><div>There is no way any prisons chief in the country can deny this indictment without facing copious evidence against their position. They all know. Some might own up to it when asked, like when North Dakota Director of Corrections Leann Bertsch cried during a Norweigan prison tour and told a deputy, “We’re hurting people.”</div><div>
</div><div>Citing politics as an insurmountable obstacle to meaningful change, as Director Bertsch and Secretary Wetzel both did to Maurice Chammah at The Marshall Project, is cynical and lazy. While authorties cannot release people earlier for reading books, like Brazil’s penal system does, they can at least aggressively push their legislatures on decarceration initiatives. They can cite cost as the reason, if they need to. They can make reading free for all and readjust budgets by laying off unnecessary employees.</div><div>
</div><div>We should demand that they do all of the above.</div><div>
</div><div>This article was originally published by Filter, a magazine covering drug use, drug policy and human rights. Follow Filter on Facebook or Twitter.</div><div> =kpfa strike 919 80% phone GTL Global Tel Link 2.50/ min but 2/day wage?also sells prison security inmate mgmt sys ?! offender tracking = ankle bracelt?
http://www.gtl.net/=wiki flagged
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output">Global Tel Link (GTL), formerly known as Global Telcoin, Inc. and Global TelLink Corporation, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Reston, Virginia</a>-based telecommunications company, founded in 1980, that provides <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmate_Calling_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Inmate Calling Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Inmate Calling Service</a> (ICS) through an "integrated information technology solutions" for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Correctional facilities" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">correctional facilities</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-BusinessWeek_2017-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[2]</a> which includes inmates payment and deposit, facility management, and "visitation solutions".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-BusinessWeek_2017-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[2]</a> The company's CEO is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_D.Oliver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian D. Oliver (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Brian D. Oliver</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-BusinessWeek_2017-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[2]</a> By 2015, GTL controlled 50% of the Inmate Calling Services' $1.2 billion telecommunications industry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-HuffingtonPost_2015-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#Board_of_directors" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">1Board of directors</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">2History</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#Controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">3Controversies</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#Litigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4Litigation</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#Reception" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5Reception</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">7External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Board of directors[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Tel_Link&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Board of directors" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>According to Bloomberg, in 2017, Brian D. Oliver was Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Jeffrey Haidinger was President and Chief Operating Officer (COO), and Steve Yow was Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Anthony R. Bambocci was Chief Marketing Officer and Executive Vice President, and Matthew Caesar was Senior Vice President of Engineering and Development.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-Bloomberg_GTL_2017-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[4]</a> Board members included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_D.Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh D. Evans (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Hugh D. Evans</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramzi_M.Musallam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramzi M. Musallam (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Ramzi M. Musallam</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas_Capital" title="Veritas Capital" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Veritas Capital</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_C.Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey C. Weber (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Jeffrey C. Weber</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DC_Capital_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DC Capital Partners (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">DC Capital Partners</a>, LLC.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-Bloomberg_GTL_2017-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[4]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">History[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Tel_Link&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>GTL was founded in 1980 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Mobile, Alabama</a> under the name Global Telcoin, Inc. The company changed its name in 1999 to Global TelLink Corporation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-BusinessWeek_2017-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[2]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private-equity" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-equity" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Private-equity</a> firms <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas_Capital" title="Veritas Capital" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Veritas Capital</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Goldman Sachs</a> purchased GTL from Gores Equity LLC for $345 million.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-private_equity_2012-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[5]</a>:23 In October 2011, GTL was sold for $1 billion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[6]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Controversies</h2>GTL, along with other similar entities such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securus_Technologies" title="Securus Technologies" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Securus Technologies</a> and the wealthy private-equity firms that own them, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas_Capital" title="Veritas Capital" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Veritas Capital</a>, have been criticized by advocacy groups, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Bloomberg Business, and some lawmakers, for charging overly high prices in their monopoly in communication with incarcerated individuals. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) has tried unsuccessfully for many years to cap the price of phone calls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 102);">[</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">7]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Litigation[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Tel_Link&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Litigation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The company has faced a number of class action lawsuits for violating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Communications Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;">Federal Communications Act</a>. The plaintiffs claim that the company uses its position to establish high rates and pays kickbacks to facilities which award it the contract.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[8]</a> In March 2016, the FCC ruled that Global TelLink could be limited on its prison call costs.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-Ina_Fried-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;">Mississippi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;">Attorney General</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hood" title="Jim Hood" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;">Jim Hood</a> filed a lawsuit against Global Tel Link for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket(crime)" title="Racket (crime)" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;">racketeering</a>, stating that the company was "involved in a conspiracy, scheme and/or enterprise that included bribery, kickbacks, misrepresentations, fraud, concealment, money laundering and other wrongful conduct."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[10]</a> The suit alleged that GTL had paid "consulting fees" to an agent of the company, which were used in exchange for Mississippi Department of Corrections public contracts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[11</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 102);">]</a> Global Tel Link paid $2.5 million to settle the bribery lawsuit involving former Corrections Commissioner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Epps" title="Chris Epps" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Chris Epps</a> in August 2017.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[12]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Reception[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Tel_Link&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>GTL came under scrutiny for entering into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concession(contract)" title="Concession (contract)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">concession contracts</a> with local prisons in order to have a monopoly on the provision of inmate telecom. The FCC reported that an inmate call from GTL could cost as much as US$17.30 for a 15 minute call,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-Dezember-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a> The company claimed that these high costs were required in order to securely monitor these calls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[17]</a>In 2015, the FCC implemented a rule to cap the fees for interstate inmate phone calls at $3.75 for 15 minutes. But, in March 2016, a federal court ruled that the FCC could not cap rates on prison phone calls, but upheld its ability to cap other ancillary charges.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-Ina_Fried-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a> In June 2017, the US Court of Appeals further rolled back the FCC rule.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_note-USCA201706-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[18]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Tel_Link&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lee Fang (June 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2015/06/24/opm-contractor-veritas/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"OPM Contractor's Parent Firm Has a Troubled History"</a>. The Intercept.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=OPM+Contractor%27s+Parent+Firm+Has+a+Troubled+History&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.au=Lee+Fang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2015%2F06%2F24%2Fopm-contractor-veritas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-BusinessWeek_2017-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2017_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2017_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2017_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2017_2-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">d</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4611589" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Company overview"</a>. BusinessWeek. February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+overview&rft.pub=%27%27BusinessWeek%27%27&rft.date=2017-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D4611589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-HuffingtonPost_2015-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_2015_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFWalsh2015" class="citation" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Walsh, Ben (June 10, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/10/prison-phone-profits_n_7552464.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Prisoners Pay Millions To Call Loved Ones Every Year. Now This Company Wants Even More"</a>, Huffington Post, retrieved September 29, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Prisoners+Pay+Millions+To+Call+Loved+Ones+Every+Year.+Now+This+Company+Wants+Even+More&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F06%2F10%2Fprison-phone-profits_n_7552464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Bloomberg_GTL_2017-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-Bloomberg_GTL_2017_4-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-Bloomberg_GTL_2017_4-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=4611589" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">People</a>, Company Overview of Global TelLink Corporation, Bloomberg LP, February 6, 2017, retrieved February 6, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People&rft.series=Company+Overview+of+Global+Tel%2ALink+Corporation&rft.pub=%27%27Bloomberg+LP%27%27&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fpeople.asp%3FprivcapId%3D4611589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-private_equity_2012-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-private_equity_2012_5-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2012/feb/15/private-equity-firms-profit-handsomely-from-prison-phone-services/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Private Equity Firms Profit Handsomely from Prison Phone Services</a>, Prison Legal News, February 15, 2012, retrieved February 5, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Equity+Firms+Profit+Handsomely+from+Prison+Phone+Services&rft.pub=%27%27Prison+Legal+News%27%27&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonlegalnews.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fprivate-equity-firms-profit-handsomely-from-prison-phone-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Williams2015" class="citation" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Timothy Williams (March 31, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/us/steep-costs-of-inmate-phone-calls-are-under-scrutiny.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The High Cost of Calling the Imprisoned</a>, The New York Times, retrieved February 5, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+High+Cost+of+Calling+the+Imprisoned&rft.pub=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.au=Timothy+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fus%2Fsteep-costs-of-inmate-phone-calls-are-under-scrutiny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFAnn_E.Marimow" class="citation" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ann E. Marimow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/fcc-made-a-case-for-limiting-cost-of-prison-phone-calls-not-anymore/2017/02/04/9306fbf8-e97c-11e6-b82f-687d6e6a3e7c_story.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">FCC made a case for limiting cost of prison phone calls, but not anymore</a>, Washington: The Washington Post</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FCC+made+a+case+for+limiting+cost+of+prison+phone+calls%2C+but+not+anymore&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=%27%27The+Washington+Post%27%27&rft.au=Ann+E.+Marimow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fpublic-safety%2Ffcc-made-a-case-for-limiting-cost-of-prison-phone-calls-not-anymore%2F2017%2F02%2F04%2F9306fbf8-e97c-11e6-b82f-687d6e6a3e7c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Melissa LaFreniere (June 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/58518-global-tellink-class-action-claims-unfair-rates-inmates/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Global TelLink Class Action Alleges Unfair Rates for Inmates"</a>. Top Class Actions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Class+Actions&rft.atitle=Global+Tel%2ALink+Class+Action+Alleges+Unfair+Rates+for+Inmates&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.au=Melissa+LaFreniere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopclassactions.com%2Flawsuit-settlements%2Flawsuit-news%2F58518-global-tellink-class-action-claims-unfair-rates-inmates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Ina_Fried-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-Ina_Fried_9-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-Ina_Fried_9-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ina Fried (March 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recode.net/2016/3/7/11586754/court-ruling-puts-cheaper-prison-calls-on-hold" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Court Ruling Puts Cheaper Prison Calls on Hold"</a>. Recode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recode&rft.atitle=Court+Ruling+Puts+Cheaper+Prison+Calls+on+Hold&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.au=Ina+Fried&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recode.net%2F2016%2F3%2F7%2F11586754%2Fcourt-ruling-puts-cheaper-prison-calls-on-hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gates, Jimmie E. (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/08/epps-bribery-civil-lawsuit/97645586/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Mississippi AG files lawsuits in Epps bribery case"</a>. The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clarion-Ledger&rft.atitle=Mississippi+AG+files+lawsuits+in+Epps+bribery+case&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.au=Gates%2C+Jimmie+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionledger.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2Fepps-bribery-civil-lawsuit%2F97645586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Girardeau, Tripp (7 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikenstandard.com/news/lawsuit-lurks-over-aiken-county-jail-s-new-contract-for/article_e106eaec-1baa-11e7-a813-8f23e8f7e59c.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Lawsuit lurks over Aiken County jail's new contract for inmate call service"</a>. Aiken Standard. Retrieved 23 April2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aiken+Standard&rft.atitle=Lawsuit+lurks+over+Aiken+County+jail%27s+new+contract+for+inmate+call+service&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.au=Girardeau%2C+Tripp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aikenstandard.com%2Fnews%2Flawsuit-lurks-over-aiken-county-jail-s-new-contract-for%2Farticle_e106eaec-1baa-11e7-a813-8f23e8f7e59c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/mississippi/articles/2017-08-15/prison-phone-firm-pays-mississippi-25m-over-bribery-case" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Prison Phone Firm Pays Mississippi $2.5M Over Bribery Case"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prison+Phone+Firm+Pays+Mississippi+%242.5M+Over+Bribery+Case&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-states%2Fmississippi%2Farticles%2F2017-08-15%2Fprison-phone-firm-pays-mississippi-25m-over-bribery-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2017/08/15/epps-lawsuit-settled-2-5-m/568119001/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"2nd company settles in lawsuit in Chris Epps' prison bribery case, AG says"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2nd+company+settles+in+lawsuit+in+Chris+Epps%27+prison+bribery+case%2C+AG+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionledger.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2017%2F08%2F15%2Fepps-lawsuit-settled-2-5-m%2F568119001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Dezember-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-Dezember_14-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ryan Dezember (April 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304626304579507832617352424?cb=logged0.34201950619971133" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"American Securities Puts Prison-Phone Operator GTL on Block"</a>. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 June2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=American+Securities+Puts+Prison-Phone+Operator+GTL+on+Block&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft.au=Ryan+Dezember&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304626304579507832617352424%3Fcb%3Dlogged0.34201950619971133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Joshua Brustein (December 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-17/serial-podcasts-2-500-phone-bill-and-the-prison-pay-phone-racket" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Serial's $2,500 Phone Bill and the Prison-Calling Racket"</a>. Bloomberg Business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft.atitle=Serial%27s+%242%2C500+Phone+Bill+and+the+Prison-Calling+Racket&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.au=Joshua+Brustein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014-12-17%2Fserial-podcasts-2-500-phone-bill-and-the-prison-pay-phone-racket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ashley Nicole Black (February 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attn.com/stories/941/who-profits-from-prisoners" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Here are 6 Companies That Get Rich off Prisoners"</a>. attn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=attn&rft.atitle=Here+are+6+Companies+That+Get+Rich+off+Prisoners&rft.date=2015-02-21&rft.au=Ashley+Nicole+Black&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attn.com%2Fstories%2F941%2Fwho-profits-from-prisoners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jones/Ap, Dow (2006-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/business/04cards.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Phone Card Issuers Must Pay Access Fees"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Phone+Card+Issuers+Must+Pay+Access+Fees&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft.aulast=Jones%2FAp&rft.aufirst=Dow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F04%2Fbusiness%2F04cards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-USCA201706-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link#cite_ref-USCA201706_18-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">US Court of Appeals For the District of Colombia Circuit (2017-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/C62A026B396DD4C78525813E004F3BC5/$file/15-1461-1679364.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: url(">"Global Tel*Link v. FCC No 15-1461 Opinion"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Tel%2ALink+v.+FCC+No+15-1461+Opinion&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft.au=US+Court+of+Appeals+For+the+District+of+Colombia+Circuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadc.uscourts.gov%2Finternet%2Fopinions.nsf%2FC62A026B396DD4C78525813E004F3BC5%2F%24file%2F15-1461-1679364.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+Tel+Link" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links</h2><ul data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gtl.net/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Official website</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_company_headquarters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Telecommunications company headquarters in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Telecommunications company headquarters in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Reston,Virginia" title="Category:Companies based in Reston, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Companies based in Reston, Virginia</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_1980" title="Category:Companies established in 1980" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Companies established in 1980</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1980_establishments_in_Alabama" title="Category:1980 establishments in Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">1980 establishments in Alabama</a></li></ul></div></div>note 18 appeal
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

Argued February 6, 2017 Decided June 13, 2017

No. 15-1461

GLOBAL TEL*LINK,

PETITIONER

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AND UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA,

RESPONDENTS

CENTURYLINK PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS, INC., ET AL.,

INTERVENORS

Ceffing team red:
Mithun Mansinghani, Deputy Solicitor General, Office of

the Attorney General for the State of Oklahoma, argued the

cause for State and Local Government Petitioners. With him

on the briefs were E. Scott Pruitt, Attorney General, Patrick R.

Wyrick, Solicitor General, Nathan B. Hall, Assistant Solicitor

General, James Bradford Ramsay, Jennifer Murphy,

Christopher J. Collins, Mark Brnovich, Attorney General,

Office of the Attorney General for the State of Arizona,

Dominic E. Draye, Deputy Solicitor General, Leslie Rutledge,

Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State

of Arkansas, Lee Rudofsky, Solicitor General, Nicholas Bronni,

Deputy Solicitor General, Danny Honeycutt, Karla L. Palmer,

Tonya J. Bond, Joanne T. Rouse, Derek Schmidt, Attorney

General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Kansas,

Jeffrey A. Chanay, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Chris

Koster, Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for

the State of Missouri, J. Andrew Hirth, Deputy General

Counsel, Brad D. Schimel, Attorney General, Office of the

Attorney General for the State of Wisconsin, Misha Tseytlin,

Solicitor General, Daniel P. Lennington, Deputy Solicitor

General, Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General, Office of the

Attorney General for the State of Indiana, Thomas M. Fisher,

Solicitor General, Jeff Landry, Attorney General, Office of the

Attorney General for the State of Louisiana, Patricia H. Wilton,

Assistant Attorney General, Adam Paul Laxalt, Attorney

General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of

Nevada, and Lawrence VanDyke, Solicitor General. Jared

Haines, Assistant Solicitor General, Office of the Attorney

General for the State of Oklahoma, David G. Sanders,

Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for

the State of Louisiana, and Dean J. Sauer, Attorney, Office of

the Attorney General for the State of Missouri, entered

appearances...team blueLori Swanson, Attorney General, Office of the Attorney

General for the State of Minnesota, Kathryn Fodness and

Andrew Tweeten, Assistant Attorneys General, Eric T.

Schneiderman, Attorney General, Office of the Attorney

General for the State of New York, Robert W. Ferguson,

Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State

of Washington, Karl A. Racine, Attorney General, Office of the

Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Lisa Madigan,

Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State

of Illinois, Maura Healey, Attorney General, Office of the

Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

and Hector Balderas, Attorney General, Office of the Attorney

General for the State of New Mexico were on the brief for minnesota 
Opinion for the court filed by Senior Circuit Judge

EDWARDS.

Concurring opinion filed by Senior Circuit Judge

SILBERMAN.

Opinion filed by Circuit Judge PILLARD, dissenting as to

Sections II.B through II.F and concurring in part.

Before: PILLARD, Circuit Judge, and EDWARDS and

SILBERMAN, Senior Circuit Judges.

EDWARDS, Senior Circuit Judge: The Communications

Act of 1934 (“1934 Act”) authorized the Federal

Communications Commission (“Commission” or “FCC”) to

ensure that interstate telephone rates are “just and reasonable,”

47 U.S.C. § 201(b), but left regulation of intrastate rates

primarily to the states. In the Telecommunications Act of 1996

(“1996 Act”), Congress amended the 1934 Act to change the

Commission’s limited regulatory authority over intrastat</div><div>=...<div>Though there are several small, privately owned providers that offer telecommunication services in detention and correctional facilities, the market is largely dominated by giants like Securus Technologies, Global Tel Link and <a href="https://www.talton.com/" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none;">Talton Communications</a>, which services all ICE-operated facilities.A <a href="https://www.ice.gov/doclib/foia/contracts/hscedm-09-c-00009taltoncommunications.pdf" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">five-year contract</a> between Talton and ICE that expired in 2014 says most facilities that hold immigrant detainees must have at least one working phone for every 25 detainees, and often only allow for outgoing calls.“Generally, detainees or the persons they call are responsible for the costs of telephone calls,” the contract reads, but phone services should be “reasonably priced,” with rates and surcharges comparable to what the “general public” pays. Indigent detainees – normally those with $15 or less in their commissary account – can “request a call to immediate family or others in personal or family emergencies or for a compelling need (to be interpreted liberally).”The Talton contract is posted on a federal government website, but information on the company’s phone rates appears to be whited out. A Talton spokesperson referred questions to ICE.Lawyers and advocates working with immigrants detained since the “zero tolerance” policy went into effect say costs and procedures vary from facility to facility, but they have heard that charges range from 10 to 25 cents per minute for domestic calls. For detainees who earn $1 to $3 per day in exchange for participating in “<a href="https://www.ice.gov/doclib/detention-standards/2011/5-8.pdf" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">voluntary work programs</a>,” a 15-minute phone call could easily exceed a day’s paycheck.The companies are generating revenue on the backs of “people who are incarcerated or detained, largely people with very few resources,” said Bianca Tylek, founder of the New York-based Corrections Accountability Project, which seeks to eliminate financial interests in prisons and jails and is part of the Urban Justice Center. “At the same time, they are charging exorbitant rates.”ICE houses detained immigrants in local jails, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-prisons-exclusive/exclusive-us-sending-1600-immigration-detainees-to-federal-prisons-idUSKCN1J32W1" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">federal prisons</a> or privately operated facilities, like the IAH Secure Adult Detention Center outside Houston, which is run by Management and Training Corporation. Though the agency cannot accept commissions on services it pays for, state and local facilities ICE contracts with to house immigrant detainees can. The payment structure of some publicly available contracts – for facilities not operated by ICE – contain provisions guaranteeing hefty commission rates that critics like Tylek liken to kickbacks.CenturyLink Public Communications, a communications company that does not service federal detention or correctional facilities, charged inmates held in Texas Department of Criminal Justice facilities <a href="https://www.prisonphonejustice.org/media/phonejustice/Texas%20-%20rates%20May%202017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">26 cents per minute for calls as of last year</a>, and pays a 40 percent commission of their profits to the state of Texas. In Harris County, where a Securus subsidiary serves local jails and other government facilities, the company gives 70 percent of their profits from calls back to the county. When it bid to service Harris County in 2010, Securus also added a $1-million enticement — a “signing bonus” it said it would deposit in county coffers if awarded the contract.“They can pay million-dollar signing bonuses, give away 70 percent of their phone revenue, and still make immense profit margins,” Tylek said. “If nothing else, it tells you that the high cost of calls is not related to providing the service, but rather to paying the government and padding their bottom line.”A spokesperson for CenturyLink said the 40 percent rate paid to the Texas Criminal Justice department is “dictated by state statute as a means to provide funding for the State of Texas Victims of Crime Fund.”A Securus spokesperson said: “Our services allow incarcerated individuals to communicate with loved ones while providing multiple layers of technology that help corrections officials investigate and solve crimes, prevent criminal activity and protect public safety.” The spokesperson said the company, which does not hold contracts with ICE, has an average call rate of 17 cents per minute that “covers the cost of hardware, equipment and servicing, while also contributing to inmate welfare funds and local budgets that provide critical public services. We’re proud to receive consistently high ratings from users of our services.”Harris County officials did not respond to requests for comment and could not be reached.<h3 dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 1.3; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Complicating reunification</h3>
 Internet communication revolution is being mirrored, in funhouse form, inside American correctional facilities. Companies that have historically focused on prison phone services that connect prisoners to loved ones and lawyers are now branching into video chats.Earlier this month, Securus, one of the two biggest prison phone companies, bought JPay, a company that started as a money transfer service for prisoners and has since expanded into video visitation. This comes less than a year after Securus's main competitor, Global Tel-Link, acquired another provider of prison video chats, Renovo. Now critics fear that the wider rollout of video calling could eliminate in-person prison visitation and cause skyrocketing costs for prisoners and their families.The prison phone industry is already facing increased scrutiny of its cost structure. In September 2013, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released an analysis of prison phone rates. It found that inmates and their loved ones have been forced to "subsidize everything from inmate welfare to salaries and benefits, states' general revenue funds, and personnel training" to pay for calls. About 40 percent of the fees go to prison phone companies, according to the Prison Policy Initiative (PPI), an advocacy and research organization focused on criminal justice.The FCC put temporary caps on interstate calls in 2013, decreasing rates for a 15-minute call from over $17 to a maximum of $3.75. It's considering more fundamental reform, like standardized lower rates nationwide, which would significantly dent the revenues of companies like Securus and Global Tel-Link. (Securus Chief Executive Richard Smith told Bloomberg in January 2014 that the company would "continue to fight for prisons and jails to fight for the prices that they deem are necessary to support their own prisons and jails.") It is expected to issue a decision within months. PPI says it's unlikely that the FCC will issue rules for video chats. .. Prison phone companies appear to be prioritizing video visitation. Securus, for instance, currently offers the service at 140 county jails nationwide, according to its website. PPI estimates that about 500 jails and prisons in 43 states and Washington, D.C., are experimenting with video visitation.Prisons use two types of video chat. In one, visitors sit at a bank of video terminals and chat with inmates in the same building, which is generally free. In the other, prisoners or their families pay to communicate remotely through Internet chat.Companies often offer both services as part of a single contract. But they push the latter option because it translates directly into revenue, according to advocates and officials at correctional facilities. And according to the PPI, video visitation is being used not to supplement in-person visitation, but to eliminate it completely. While state prisons are unlikely to do this, about three-quarters of county jails with video visitation have gotten rid of in-person visits. The group says that Securus is unique, because its standard contracts require that facilities eliminate face-to-face visits. Because JPay's clients are state prisons, PPI says it's worried the merger will cause practices that are common at the county level to move to the states.Securus has defended its push for remote video chats. As part of its bid for a contract with Dallas County, Texas, the company argued that changes to the system's current visitation practices were necessary to sustain its business. "The capital required upfront is significant and without a migration from current processes to remote visitation, the cost cannot be recouped nor can the cost of telecom be supported," the company wrote. Securus also argues that remote visitation is a better deal for inmates' families, once transportation costs and other factors are considered. "Family members can avoid crowded waiting areas, personal searches, and stressful situations by staying home," it writes on its website.$20 FOR 20 MINUTESSecurus's contracts generally set a rate of $20 per 20-minute session for remote video calling, plus fees, surcharges, and taxes, although the company doesn't always charge that much, according to rates posted on its website. JPay, by contrast, charges about 30 cents per minute, and prisons that use JPay aren't barred from continuing in-person visits, according to Peter Wagner, the executive director of the Prison Policy Initiative. He says he's concerned that Securus's increased market power will turn its policies into the industry standard. "[JPay's] customer service was pretty good, some of their pricing was reasonable, and they actually responded to public pressure and would push states to improve existing contracts," he said. "That is the complete opposite of how Securus operates." Securus and JPay both declined to comment for this article.In Denton County, Texas, Securus in 2013 entered a contract in which the company would exclusively provide fee-based phone, instant mail, calling card, debit, and other services to inmates detained at the local jail. The prison eliminated in-person visits four months later. A class-action lawsuit filed last month in Denton County court by family members of inmates at Denton County Jail accuses Securus of compelling the county to eliminate in-person visitation. Securus is "the sole provider of every available visitation service in Denton County," the lawsuit reads, and thus "has no incentive to provide a satisfactory experience for those compelled to submit to their terms."Securus may have no direct competitors in Denton County, but nationwide it's a two-company race between Securus and Global Tel-Link. The companies regularly end up on opposite sides of lawsuits; each has sued the other for patent infringement and for issuing allegedly defamatory press releases. Global Tel-Link is currently challenging nine of Securus's patents at the U.S. Patent and Trade Office.Global Tel-Link jumps at the chance to paint its main competitor as the industry's troublemaker. David Henion, the company's vice president for video visitation sales, points out that none of Global Tel-Link's contracts require facilities to do away with in-person visitation."[Securus's practices are] going to taint the whole landscape," he says. "There's going to be a kind of stigma around video visitation, as a negative way that big companies are trying to get money from the poor."BANNING FACE-TO-FACEBut Global Tel-Link's clients often ban face-to-face visits once they start using video visitation. The Prison Policy Initiative identified 26 county jails that contract with the company, and has determined that video visitation led to the elimination of face-to-face visits in nine out of 10 cases the group has closely examined. It's not clear in every instance why that's happened, and Global Tel-Link says jails have eliminated face-to-face visitation without coercion. "We don't mandate it," says Henion. "If the facility finds that, policy-wise, that's what they're going to do, that's what they're going to do."Jailers don't always need to be coaxed into eliminating visiting hours. The county jail in Peoria, Ill., is one of Global Tel-Link's clients. Historically, jail officials have had a tough time managing visiting hours, says Brian Asbell, the county's superintendent of corrections. During visiting sessions, several hundred people would pack into the lobby, waiting for 15-minute visits with friends and family. Fights were common, says Asbell, and visitors were often arrested themselves. In 2010, Peoria replaced in-person visits with video visits from Renovo, which was later purchased by Global Tel- Link. The jail extended visiting hours after implementing video visitation, and was able to move visitors through with fewer problems. "In my tenure it's one of the best decisions we did," Asbell says. "I love it, as a former detective. They're all recorded, too. You have that as a means of investigation."Administrators and public officials are making similar decisions in jails nationwide, but critics say their options are being narrowed by companies looking to maximize returns. Paul Wright, an ex-convict and editor of prisoner-rights newspaper Prison Legal News, says the companies are gaining more power over prison policies with each new business they expand into. "These companies already have a kickback model established with their prison phone contracts. So it's easy to leverage those contracts into video visitation, money transfer, access to email and other information — whatever," Wright says. "What we're looking at isn't a monopoly but an oligopoly. And these companies will do whatever they can to increase their share."===</div></div></div>