abacha pres

Along the way, Fellowship-affiliated congressmen seem depressingly eager to embrace strongmen under the pretense of Jesus’s name. Senator James Inhofe tells the Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha that he “loves him.” Representative Mark Siljander travels to Libya, where he asks Qaddafi for forgiveness for the U.S. bombing that killed his daughter. (Siljander was later sentenced to a year in prison for accepting stolen funds from a charity with ties to terrorism.)wiki
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Nigerian Army</a> officer and politician who served as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="List of heads of state of Nigeria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">de facto President</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Nigeria</a> from 1993 to 1998.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">[</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">1]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Early_life_and_education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Early life and education</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Military_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Military career</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Participation_in_coups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Participation in coups</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Seizure_of_power" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Seizure of power</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Presidency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Presidency</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Human_rights_abuses" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Human rights abuses</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Corruption_allegations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2Corruption allegations</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Death" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Death</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Legacy</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#False_representation_of_name" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1False representation of name</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#Recovery_of_stolen_funds" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.2Recovery of stolen funds</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#U.S.forfeiture_of_Abacha_for$480_million" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.3U.S. forfeiture of Abacha for $480 million</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early life and education[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kanuri</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Borno</a>, Abacha was born and brought up in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano,Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano, Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kano, Nigeria</a>. He attended the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Defence_Academy" title="Nigerian Defence Academy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigerian Military Training College</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Officer_Cadet_School" title="Mons Officer Cadet School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mons Officer Cadet School</a> before being commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in 1963.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Bio-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Military career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Abacha was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">commissioned</a> in 1963 after he had attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Officer_Cadet_School" title="Mons Officer Cadet School" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Mons Officer Cadet School</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Aldershot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">England</a>. Before then, he had attended the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Military_Training_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Military Training College" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Nigerian Military Training College</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna" title="Kaduna" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Kaduna</a>.<h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Participation in coups[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Participation in coups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Abacha's military career is distinguished by a string of successful coups. He is by some records the most successful coup plotter in the history of Nigeria's military. Abacha, then a 2nd Lieutenant with the 3rd Battalion in Kaduna, took part in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">July 1966 Nigerian counter-coup</a> from the conceptual stage.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Siollun-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> He may have been a participant in the Lagos or Abeokuta phases of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">coup the previous January</a> as well.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]He was also a prominent figure in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Nigerian coup d'état" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1983 Nigerian coup d'état</a> which brought General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Muhammadu Buhari</a> to power in 1983, and the August 1985 coup which removed Buhari from power.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] When General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ibrahim Babangida</a> was named President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigeria</a> in 1985, Abacha was named Chief of Army Staff. He was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Defence Minister of Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Minister of Defence</a> in 1990.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-eb-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>In 1993, Abacha became the first Nigerian soldier to attain the rank of a full General without skipping a single rank.<h2 style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Seizure of power</h2>On 17 November 1993, Abacha overthrew the short-lived transitional government of Chief <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan" title="Ernest Shonekan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ernest Shonekan</a>. In September 1994, he issued a decree that placed his government above the jurisdiction of the courts, effectively giving him absolute power. Another decree gave him the right to detain anyone for up to three months without trial.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Presidency[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The Abacha administration became the first to record unprecedented economic achievements:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-premiumtimes-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> he oversaw an increase in the country's foreign exchange reserves from $494 million in 1993 to $9.6 billion by the middle of 1997, reduced the external debt of Nigeria from $36 billion in 1993 to $27 billion by 1997, brought all the controversial privatization programs of the Babangida administration to halt, reduced an inflation rate of 54% inherited from Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida to 8.5% between 1993 and 1998, all while the nation's primary commodity, oil was at an average of $15 per barrel.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-premiumtimes-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Human rights abuses</h3>Abacha's government was accused of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">human rights</a> abuses, especially after the hanging of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogoni" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ogoni</a> activist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Arnold789-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[8]</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oputa_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oputa Commission (page does not exist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Oputa Commission</a> (only one of several executions of Ogoni activists opposed to the exploitation of Nigerian resources by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">multinational</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">petroleum</a> company, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" title="Royal Dutch Shell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Royal Dutch Shell</a> Group); <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshood_Abiola" title="Moshood Abiola" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Moshood Abiola</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> were jailed for treason, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Wole Soyinka</a> charged in absentia with treason.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-eb-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[5]</a> His regime suffered opposition externally by pro-democracy activists. He however supported the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Economic Community of West African States</a> and sent Nigerian troops to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Liberia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sierra Leone</a> to help restore democracy to those countries.Despite being repeatedly condemned by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">US State Department</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a> Abacha did have a few ties to American politics. In 1997, Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Inhofe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">James Inhofe</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="US Republican Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">R</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Oklahoma</a>) travelled to Nigeria to meet with Abacha as a representative of the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family(Christian_political_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Family (Christian political organization)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Family</a>", a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_evangelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian evangelism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">evangelical Christian</a> politicians and civic leaders. Abacha and the Family had a business and political relationship from that point until his death.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[11]</a> Abacha also developed ties with other American political figures such as Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Carol Moseley Braun</a>, Rev. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jesse Jackson</a> and Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Louis Farrakhan</a>. Several African American political leaders visited Nigeria during his reign and Farrakhan supported his administration.<h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Corruption allegations</h3>During Abacha's regime, he and his family reportedly stole a total of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">£</a>5 billion from the country's coffers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> In 2004, Abacha was listed as the fourth most corrupt leader in history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> During a service marking the 10th year anniversary of the death of the dictator, several former Nigerian heads of state, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gen. Muhammadu Buhari</a>, refuted claims that Abacha looted the country, claiming such accusations are "baseless".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a>Abacha's national security adviser, Alhaji <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaila_Gwarzo" title="Ismaila Gwarzo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ismaila Gwarzo</a>, played a central role in the looting and transfer of money to overseas accounts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> His son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abacha" title="Mohammed Abacha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mohammed Abacha</a> and best friend Alh. Mohammed M. Sada were also involved.A preliminary report published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalam_Abubakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulsalam Abubakar" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Abdulsalam Abubakar</a> transitional government in November 1998 described the process. Sani Abacha told Ismaila Gwarzo to provide fake funding requests, which Abacha approved. The funds were usually sent in cash or travellers' cheques by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Central Bank of Nigeria</a> to Gwarzo, who took them to Abacha's house. Mohammed Sada then arranged to launder the money to offshore accounts. But several calls for the prosecution of MM.Sada were turned down by the Olusegun Obasanjo presidency even after being indicted by the Justice Oputa lead Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission (popularly known as Oputa Panel).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> An estimated $1.4 billion in cash was delivered in this way.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a>In March 2014, the United States Department of Justice revealed that it had frozen more than $458 million believed to have been illegally obtained by Abacha and other corrupt officials.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Death</h2>Early in 1998, Abacha announced that elections would be held in August of the same year, with a view toward handing power to a civilian government on 1 October. It soon became apparent, though, that Abacha had no intention of permitting an honest election; by April he had strong-armed the country's five parties into endorsing him as the sole presidential candidate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[22]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[23]</a>Abacha died in June 1998 while at the presidential villa in Abuja. He was buried on the same day, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Muslim</a> tradition, without an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">autopsy</a>. This fueled speculation that he may have been executed extrajudicially by way of being poisoned by political rivals via prostitutes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Abacha_Profile-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[24]</a> The government identified the cause of death as a sudden <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">heart attack</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[25]</a> It is reported that he was in the company of two Indian prostitutes<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[26]</a> imported from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Dubai</a>. It is thought that the prostitutes laced his drink with a poisonous substance, making Abacha feel unwell around 4:30am. He retired to his bed and was dead by 6:15am.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[27]</a>After Abacha's death, Maj. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Abdulsalami Abubakar</a>, Nigeria's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff(Nigeria)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Chief of Defence Staff</a>, was sworn in as the country's head of state. Abubakar had never before held public office and was quick to announce a transition to democracy, which led to the election of President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>.Abacha was married to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Abacha" title="Maryam Abacha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maryam Abacha</a> and had seven sons and three daughters.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a> He left fifteen grandchildren: eight girls and seven boys.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Legacy[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Abacha's legacy is mixed. His administration oversaw <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group" title="Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ECOMOG</a> military successes in West Africa that raised Nigeria's military profile.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-TheIndependent-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> In February 2014, during Nigeria's centenary celebrations, the Nigerian government honoured Abacha for his contributions to the country’s development<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> though <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wole Soyinka</a> who was similarly honored by the administration of President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Goodluck Jonathan</a> criticized the honor bestowed on Abacha by rejecting the honor, noting it as the 'canonization of terror'.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Punch-NG-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> Soyinka further noted that by honouring Abacha, the government of Goodluck Jonathan had gathered "a century’s accumulated degeneracy in one preeminent symbol, then place[d] it on a podium for the nation to admire, emulate and even – worship".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Punch-NG-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> Abacha was largely unpopular in southern Nigeria because of his administration's human rights abuses, execution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Saro_Wiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Saro Wiwa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ken Saro Wiwa</a>, resulting in Nigeria attaining a pariah status internationally.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-NYT-Commonwealth-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-Falola-Heaton-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">False representation of name[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: False representation of name" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The names of Abacha, his wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Abacha" title="Maryam Abacha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maryam</a>, and son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abacha" title="Mohammed Abacha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mohammed</a> are often used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance fee fraud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">advance fee fraud</a> (419) scams; he is identified in scam letters as the source for money that does not exist.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-NewYorker-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Recovery of stolen funds[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recovery of stolen funds" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>After Abacha's death, the Obasanjo government implicated Abacha and his family in a wholesale looting of Nigeria's coffers. The late dictator's son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abacha" title="Mohammed Abacha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mohammed Abacha</a>, continues to maintain that all the assets in question were legitimately acquired.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a> In 2002, Abacha's family purportedly agreed to return $1.2 billion that was taken from the central bank.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">U.S. forfeiture of Abacha for $480 million[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U.S. forfeiture of Abacha for $480 million" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>On 7 August 2014, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) announced the largest forfeiture in the DOJ's history: the return of $480 million to the Nigerian government.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-DOJ-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a> Assistant Attorney General Caldwell noted that "rather than serve his country, General Abacha used his public office in Nigeria to loot millions of dollars, engaging in brazen acts of kleptocracy".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-DOJ-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a> “With this judgment, we have forfeited $480 million in corruption proceeds that can be used for the benefit of the Nigerian people. Through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleptocracy_Asset_Recovery_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative</a>, the Department of Justice’s Criminal Division denies kleptocrats like Abacha the fruits of their crimes, and protects the U.S. financial system from money laundering. In coordination with our partners in Jersey, France and the United Kingdom, we are helping to end this chapter of corruption and flagrant abuse of office.”<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-DOJ-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a>According to the DOJ forfeiture, the assets returned to the Nigerian government represented proceeds of corruption during and after the military regime of General Abacha. The complaint alleges that General Abacha, his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abacha" title="Mohammed Abacha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mohammed Sani Abacha</a>, their associate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Atiku_Bagudu" title="Abubakar Atiku Bagudu" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Abubakar Atiku Bagudu</a> and others embezzled, misappropriated and extorted billions of dollars from the government of Nigeria and others, then laundered their criminal proceeds through U.S. financial institutions and the purchase of bonds backed by the United States. As alleged in the complaint, General Abacha and others systematically embezzled billions of dollars in public funds from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Central Bank of Nigeria</a> under a false national security imperative. The complaint further alleged that Abacha and his conspirators withdrew the funds in cash and then moved the money overseas through U.S. financial institutions. General Abacha and his finance minister also allegedly caused the government of Nigeria to purchase Nigerian government bonds at vastly inflated prices from a company controlled by Bagudu and Mohammed Abacha, generating an illegal windfall of more than $282 million. In addition, Abacha and his associates allegedly extorted more than $11 million from a French company and its Nigerian affiliate in connection with payments on government contracts. Funds involved in each of these schemes were allegedly laundered through the United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_note-DOJ-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Paden, John N. (2005) Muslim Civic Cultures and Conflict Resolution, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brookings Institution</a> Press. p. 240. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-6817-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-6817-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-8157-6817-6</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-Bio-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Bio_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115132729/http://www.saniabacha.com/index1.php?getpage=biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Biography"</a>. Sani Abacha. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saniabacha.com/index1.php?getpage=biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=Sani+Abacha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saniabacha.com%2Findex1.php%3Fgetpage%3Dbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Siollun-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Siollun_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966–1976). Algora. p. 97. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875867090" title="Special:BookSources/9780875867090" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9780875867090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Politics+and+Violence%3A+Nigeria%27s+Military+Coup+Culture+%281966%E2%80%931976%29&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Algora&rft.isbn=9780875867090&rft.aulast=Siollun&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Oyewole, A. (1987) Historical Dictionary of Nigeria, Scarecrow Press. p. 385. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1787-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-1787-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-8108-1787-X</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-eb-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-eb_5-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-eb_5-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9389478" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. eb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eb.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9389478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/07/world/nigerian-military-ruler-assumes-absolute-power.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Nigerian Military Ruler Assumes Absolute Power"</a>. AP. 7 September 1994 – via The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Military+Ruler+Assumes+Absolute+Power&rft.date=1994-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F09%2F07%2Fworld%2Fnigerian-military-ruler-assumes-absolute-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-premiumtimes-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-premiumtimes_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-premiumtimes_7-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156004-why-we-honoured-abacha-nigerian-government.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Why we honoured Abacha – Nigerian government – Premium Times Nigeria"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Why+we+honoured+Abacha+%E2%80%93+Nigerian+government+%E2%80%93+Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2F156004-why-we-honoured-abacha-nigerian-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Arnold789-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Arnold789_8-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Arnold, Guy (2005). Africa: A Modern History. London: Atlantic Books. p. 789. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843541769" title="Special:BookSources/9781843541769" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9781843541769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=789&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843541769&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/11/09/braun" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Return of the ugly American"</a>. salon.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+ugly+American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F1999%2F11%2F09%2Fbraun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/politics/2010/11/doug-coe-inhofe-siljander-c-street" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Junkets for Jesus"</a>. Mother Jones.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Junkets+for+Jesus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2F11%2Fdoug-coe-inhofe-siljander-c-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=121755993" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"A Different Perspective On 'The Family' And Uganda"</a>. NPR.org. 22 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=A+Different+Perspective+On+%27The+Family%27+And+Uganda&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Ftranscript%2Ftranscript.php%3FstoryId%3D121755993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/19/world/late-nigerian-dictator-looted-nearly-500-million-swiss-say.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Late Nigerian Dictator Looted Nearly $500 Million, Swiss Say"</a>. The New York Times. 19 August 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Late+Nigerian+Dictator+Looted+Nearly+%24500+Million%2C+Swiss+Say&rft.date=2004-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F08%2F19%2Fworld%2Flate-nigerian-dictator-looted-nearly-500-million-swiss-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Introduction to Political Corruption"</a> (PDF). transparency.org. London. 25 March 2004. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transparency.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Political+Corruption&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F4459%2F26786%2Ffile%2FIntroduction_to_political_corruption.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919105217/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on 2010-09-19. Retrieved 2010-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisdayonline.com%2Fnview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988">? id=113628</li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/news/article03//indexn2_html?pdate=090608&ptitle=Abacha%20served%20Nigeria%20well,%20say%20Buhari,%20Abdulsalami" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"TV and Internet Bundles - American Main Street"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TV+and+Internet+Bundles+-+American+Main+Street&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardiannewsngr.com%2Fnews%2Farticle03%2F%2Findexn2_html%3Fpdate%3D090608%26ptitle%3DAbacha%2520served%2520Nigeria%2520well%2C%2520say%2520Buhari%2C%2520Abdulsalami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922043005/http://www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/download_gcr/download_gcr_2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/download_gcr/download_gcr_2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2007-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fpublications%2Fgcr%2Fdownload_gcr%2Fdownload_gcr_2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Elizabeth Olson (January 26, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/news/26iht-swiss.2.t_3.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Swiss Freeze A Dictator's Giant Cache"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2011-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Swiss+Freeze+A+Dictator%27s+Giant+Cache&rft.date=2000-01-26&rft.au=Elizabeth+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F01%2F26%2Fnews%2F26iht-swiss.2.t_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFPieth2008" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Pieth, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Twdt0VF-ML8C&pg=PA44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Recovering stolen assets</a>. Peter Lang. pp. 43–44. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-03911-583-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-03911-583-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3-03911-583-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+stolen+assets&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=3-03911-583-9&rft.aulast=Pieth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwdt0VF-ML8C%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Lewis, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGvSopqOnx0C&pg=PA178" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Growing apart: oil, politics, and economic change in Indonesia and Nigeria</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 178. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06980-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06980-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-472-06980-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+apart%3A+oil%2C+politics%2C+and+economic+change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-472-06980-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGvSopqOnx0C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/us-freezes-458m-hidden-nigerian-ex-leader-20143664513203928.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"US freezes $458m hidden by Nigerian ex-leader"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+freezes+%24458m+hidden+by+Nigerian+ex-leader&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.au=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2014%2F03%2Fus-freezes-458m-hidden-nigerian-ex-leader-20143664513203928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/washingtondc/press-releases/2014/u.s.-forfeits-more-than-480-million-stolen-by-former-nigerian-dictator-in-largest-forfeiture-ever-obtained-through-a-kleptocracy-action" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"FBI — U.S. Forfeits More Than $480 Million Stolen by Former Nigerian Dictator in Largest Forfeiture Ever Obtained Through a Kleptocracy Action"</a>. FBI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI&rft.atitle=FBI+%E2%80%94+U.S.+Forfeits+More+Than+%24480+Million+Stolen+by+Former+Nigerian+Dictator+in+Largest+Forfeiture+Ever+Obtained+Through+a+Kleptocracy+Action&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fwashingtondc%2Fpress-releases%2F2014%2Fu.s.-forfeits-more-than-480-million-stolen-by-former-nigerian-dictator-in-largest-forfeiture-ever-obtained-through-a-kleptocracy-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/10/world/new-nigeria-chief-pledges-a-return-to-civilian-rule.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"NEW NIGERIA CHIEF PLEDGES A RETURN TO CIVILIAN RULE"</a>. The New York Times. 10 June 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NEW+NIGERIA+CHIEF+PLEDGES+A+RETURN+TO+CIVILIAN+RULE&rft.date=1998-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F06%2F10%2Fworld%2Fnew-nigeria-chief-pledges-a-return-to-civilian-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/109265.stm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"BBC News – Nigeria – Abacha dies at 54"</a>. bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Nigeria+%E2%80%93+Abacha+dies+at+54&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F109265.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Abacha_Profile-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Abacha_Profile_24-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/2651/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"General Sani Abacha Profile"</a>. Africa Confidential. Retrieved 19 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Sani+Abacha+Profile&rft.pub=Africa+Confidential&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa-confidential.com%2Fwhos-who-profile%2Fid%2F2651%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Weiner, Tim (11 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/11/world/us-aides-say-nigeria-leader-might-have-been-poisoned.html?scp=8&sq=abacha&st=cse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"U.S. Aides Say Nigeria Leader Might Have Been Poisoned"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Aides+Say+Nigeria+Leader+Might+Have+Been+Poisoned&rft.date=1998-07-11&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F07%2F11%2Fworld%2Fus-aides-say-nigeria-leader-might-have-been-poisoned.html%3Fscp%3D8%26sq%3Dabacha%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Malhotra, Jyoti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19980821/23350964.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Did Indian girls see Nigerian dictator die?"</a>. The Indian Express. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Did+Indian+girls+see+Nigerian+dictator+die%3F&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+Jyoti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpressindia.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fie%2Fdaily%2F19980821%2F23350964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Osahon, Naiwu (28 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/37233/1/general-sani-abacha-adapted-from-naiwu-osahons-boo.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"GENERAL SANI ABACHA (Adapted from Naiwu Osahon's book, The Viper's Den)"</a>. The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nigerian+Voice&rft.atitle=GENERAL+SANI+ABACHA+%28Adapted+from+Naiwu+Osahon%27s+book%2C+The+Viper%27s+Den%29&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft.aulast=Osahon&rft.aufirst=Naiwu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenigerianvoice.com%2Fnvnews%2F37233%2F1%2Fgeneral-sani-abacha-adapted-from-naiwu-osahons-boo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040408102654/http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/africa/abacha.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">""Newsmaker Profiles: Sani Abacha Nigerian President""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/africa/abacha.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on April 8, 2004. Retrieved 2014-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Newsmaker+Profiles%3A+Sani+Abacha+Nigerian+President%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fresources%2Fnewsmakers%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fabacha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988">, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" title="CNN" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CNN</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-TheIndependent-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-TheIndependent_29-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kirk-Greene, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-general-sani-abacha-1163944.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Obituary: General Sani Abacha"</a>. The Independent (UK). Retrieved 23 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+General+Sani+Abacha&rft.aulast=Kirk-Greene&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-general-sani-abacha-1163944.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Usman, Talatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/156004-why-we-honoured-abacha-nigerian-government.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Premium times"</a>. premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 2014-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=premiumtimesng.com&rft.atitle=Premium+times&rft.aulast=Usman&rft.aufirst=Talatu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2F156004-why-we-honoured-abacha-nigerian-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Punch-NG-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Punch-NG_31-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Punch-NG_31-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Okpi, Allwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302111720/http://www.punchng.com/news/sharing-centenary-award-with-abacha-an-insult-soyinka/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Sharing centenary award with Abacha, an insult"</a>. The Punch (Nigeria). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punchng.com/news/sharing-centenary-award-with-abacha-an-insult-soyinka/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Punch+%28Nigeria%29&rft.atitle=Sharing+centenary+award+with+Abacha%2C+an+insult&rft.aulast=Okpi&rft.aufirst=Allwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punchng.com%2Fnews%2Fsharing-centenary-award-with-abacha-an-insult-soyinka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-NYT-Commonwealth-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-NYT-Commonwealth_32-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/world/commonwealth-suspends-nigeria-over-executions.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Commonwealth Suspends Nigeria Over Executions"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Suspends+Nigeria+Over+Executions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F11%2F12%2Fworld%2Fcommonwealth-suspends-nigeria-over-executions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Falola-Heaton-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-Falola-Heaton_33-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Falola & Heaton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&pg=PR19&lpg=PR19&dq=nigeria+as+a+pariah+state+abacha&source=bl&ots=ETDHqMf0QM&sig=4DJTvfSgBx78AW0lsWzeFXv0CJc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIiuLBhai_xwIVScyACh34Sw0f#v=onepage&q=nigeria%20as%20a%20pariah%20state%20abacha&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">A History of Nigeria</a>. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. xix. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139472036" title="Special:BookSources/9781139472036" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9781139472036</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+2008&rft.isbn=9781139472036&rft.au=Falola+%26+Heaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXygZjbNRap0C%26pg%3DPR19%26lpg%3DPR19%26dq%3Dnigeria%2Bas%2Ba%2Bpariah%2Bstate%2Babacha%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DETDHqMf0QM%26sig%3D4DJTvfSgBx78AW0lsWzeFXv0CJc%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIiuLBhai_xwIVScyACh34Sw0f%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dnigeria%2520as%2520a%2520pariah%2520state%2520abacha%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-NewYorker-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-NewYorker_34-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Zuckoff, Mitchell. "The Perfect Mark." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/15/060515fa_fact?currentPage=3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>, page 3.</li><li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://server-wg.de:8080/nigeria/inhalt_a_z.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Who wants to be a millionaire?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615044858/http://server-wg.de:8080/nigeria/inhalt_a_z.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 2006-06-15 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>. – An online collection of Nigerian scam mails</li><li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Norris, Floyd (21 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/21/weekinreview/ideas-trends-a-nigerian-miracle.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Ideas & Trends; A Nigerian Miracle"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ideas+%26+Trends%3B+A+Nigerian+Miracle&rft.date=2002-04-21&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F21%2Fweekinreview%2Fideas-trends-a-nigerian-miracle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Easterly, William. (2002) The Elusive Quest for Growth, MIT Press. p. 245. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-55042-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-55042-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-262-55042-3</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }The Worldwatch Institute. (2003) Vital Signs 2003, The Worldwatch Institute. p. 115. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32440-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32440-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-393-32440-0</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-DOJ-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-DOJ_39-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-DOJ_39-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-DOJ_39-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha#cite_ref-DOJ_39-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-forfeits-over-480-million-stolen-former-nigerian-dictator-largest-forfeiture-ever-obtained" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"U.S. Forfeits Over $480 Million Stolen by Former Nigerian Dictator in Largest Forfeiture Ever Obtained Through a Kleptocracy Action"</a>. The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=U.S.+Forfeits+Over+%24480+Million+Stolen+by+Former+Nigerian+Dictator+in+Largest+Forfeiture+Ever+Obtained+Through+a+Kleptocracy+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fus-forfeits-over-480-million-stolen-former-nigerian-dictator-largest-forfeiture-ever-obtained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sani_Abacha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em; line-height: 13.09px; display: table; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; display: table-row;"><img alt="flag" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigeria portal</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; display: table-row;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Biography portal</a></li></ul></div><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-13294" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Works by or about Sani Abacha</a> in libraries (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WorldCat</a> catalog)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/sani_abacha/index.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Sani Abacha collected news and commentary"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sani+Abacha+collected+news+and+commentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fa%2Fsani_abacha%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASani+Abacha" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/06/98/nigeria/109265.stm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Abacha dies at 54</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BBC News</a>, 8 June 1998</li></ul><table class="wikitable succession-box" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); margin: 0.5em auto; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse; clear: both;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="border-width: 5px 1px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(207, 156, 101) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177); border-image: initial; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;">Military offices</th></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 290.375px;">Preceded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ibrahim Babangida</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 390.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chief of the Army Staff</a>
1985–1990</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 289.375px;">Succeeded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihu_Ibrahim" title="Salihu Ibrahim" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Salihu Ibrahim</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="border-width: 5px 1px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 255) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177); border-image: initial; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;">Political offices</th></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 290.375px;">Preceded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan" title="Ernest Shonekan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ernest Shonekan</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 390.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council of Nigeria</a>
1993–1998</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 289.375px;">Succeeded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Abdulsalami Abubakar</a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 290.375px;">Preceded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jerry Rawlings</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 390.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States</a>
1996–1998</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 289.375px;">Succeeded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Abdulsalami Abubakar</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Nigeria" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1358px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 1350px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" style="float: right; user-select: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; 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border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1210px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/80884465" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">WorldCat Identities</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136560830" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">136560830</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000056058114" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">0000 0000 5605 8114</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n97013294" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">n97013294</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07647724X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">07647724X</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/80884465" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">80884465</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); 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display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Kano" title="Category:People from Kano" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">People from Kano</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigerian_Muslims" title="Category:Nigerian Muslims" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigerian Muslims</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kanuri_people" title="Category:Kanuri people" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kanuri people</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Heads of state of Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Heads of state of Nigeria</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigerian_generals" title="Category:Nigerian generals" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigerian generals</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigerian_Army_officers" title="Category:Nigerian Army officers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigerian Army officers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Participants_in_the_1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="Category:Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Participants_in_the_1983_Nigerian_military_coup" title="Category:Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Participants_in_the_August_1985_Nigerian_military_coup" title="Category:Participants in the August 1985 Nigerian military coup" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Participants in the August 1985 Nigerian military coup</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Participants_of_coups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Participants of coups in Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Participants of coups in Nigeria</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Leaders_who_took_power_by_coup" title="Category:Leaders who took power by coup" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Leaders who took power by coup</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Defence_ministers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Defence ministers of Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Defence ministers of Nigeria</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_Nigerian_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Nigerian politicians" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">20th-century Nigerian politicians</a></li></ul></div></div><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/heres-where-paul-manafort-did-business-corrupt-dictators-1061470">https://www.newsweek.com/heres-where-paul-manafort-did-business-corrupt-dictators-1061470</a>no lnx pix
WORLDHERE’S WHERE PAUL MANAFORT DID BUSINESS WITH CORRUPT DICTATORSBY CRISTINA MAZA ON 8/7/18 AT 3:11 PM
Manafort Trial: Rick Gates Testifies He Committed Crimes With Former Trump Campaign Aide
As the trial against Paul Manafort enters its sixth day, many observers are focusing on his work for Russian and Ukrainian oligarchs and politicians. However, he has had a long history of dealing with unsavory foreign leaders during his decades-long career as a political lobbyist.
Prosecutors in Virginia’s federal court claim that President Donald Trump’s former campaign manager avoided paying taxes on millions of dollars he made working for a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine—the Party of Regions of former President Viktor Yanukovych.
Much has been made of Manafort’s connections to figures like Yanukovych, who fled Ukraine for Russia after being ousted from power by a pro-Western uprising in 2014, and Oleg Deripaska, a Russian oligarch whom Manafort offered to brief on the Trump campaign. After all, Manafort’s allegedly illegal activities were revealed after special counsel Robert Mueller began investigating potential links between Russia and the Trump campaign.
Manafort has previously worked in other continents. His first lobbying firm Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly, which he ran with fellow Trump aid and political consultant Roger Stone, has been nicknamed the "torturers’ lobby" for having represented so many political leaders involved in human rights abuses.
“Last year, Kenya received $38 million in U.S. foreign aid, and spent over $1.4 million on Washington lobbyists to get it. Nigeria received $8.3 million and expended in excess of $2.5 million. Whom did both countries call upon to do their bidding before the U.S. government? The lobbying firm of Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly Public Affairs Co., which received $660,000 from Kenya in 1992-1993 and $1 million from Nigeria in 1991,” details a report from the Center for Public Integrity published in the early 1990s.
166202411-594x594Former Nigerian President General Sani Abacha (right) and his Gambian counterpart attend a summit. Former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort worked for Abacha.

“Former Reagan political operative Paul Manafort oversees foreign accounts; his partner, Charles R. Black, was a senior political strategist in the 1992 Bush-Quayle campaign. Their firm's fees to represent Nigeria, Kenya, the Philippines and Angola's UNITA rebel group in 1991 totaled more than $3 million. All four receive U.S. aid and abuse human rights,” the report continued.
The lobbying firm’s work with dictators predates the 1990s, however. Established in 1980, Manafort’s lobbying firm began working for the regime of Ferdinand Marcos, a kleptocratic dictator from the Philippines, in 1985. During the two decades Marcos was in power, around 34,000 people were tortured while he amassed a fortune of at least $10 billion, worth around $22 billion in today's money. His regime paid Manafort’s company almost $1 million a year, or around $2.2 million today. 
Later, in 1998, Nigeria’s former president, the Army Officer Sani Abacha, turned to Manafort’s team to help clean up his public image. Manafort personally handled his account, according to reports. The U.N. noted that Abacha’s regime “carried out widespread repression of human rights advocates, pro-democracy activists, journalists and critics of his government,” and that “extrajudicial killings, torture, assassinations, imprisonment and general harassment of critics and opponents were the hallmark of his administration.”
Meanwhile, former Democratic Senator Bill Bradley, of New Jersey, accused Manafort’s lobbying firm of having lengthened the civil war in Angola by supporting Jonas Savimbi. The firm helped secure support in Washington for Savimbi’s National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which was trying to oust a Marxist government from power in the 1980s. According to Human Rights Watch, UNITA “used terror as a policy, to obtain supplies and coerce and intimidate civilians. Indiscriminate killings, mutilation of limbs or ears, and beatings were used by rebels to punish suspected government sympathizers or as a warning against betraying UNITA.”
57643400-594x594Indonesian students hold a rally as they protest against the decision to drop the graft case against former dictator Suharto (right), in front of the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, Indonesia, on May 18, 2006. Former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort worked for Suharto.BAY ISMOYO/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
Manafort has also worked for Indonesian military leader and former president Suharto—who has been described as one of the most brutal and corrupt leaders of the 20th century—and for Somalia’s dictatorial leader Siad Barre, whose regime committed widespread atrocities in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Generally, these brutal leaders shared one thing in common: a fierce opposition to communism. Support for figures fighting communist movements was generally in line with the foreign policy goals of the Republican Party at the time. Nevertheless, Manafort’s decision to work with Russians and pro-Russian politicians in the former Soviet Union was a notable departure from his party’s priorities.
According to one of his former employees, Manafort’s work has been characterized by his lack of moral compass and motivation for money and influence. 
“I told Manafort it didn’t seem like a promising strategy to march into a murderous dictator’s office and point out to him and his lieutenants that he had a public relations problem. ‘Are we sure we want this guy as a client?’ I asked, in a garish display of naïveté,” K. Riva Levinson, who worked for Manafort early in her career, wrote in an op-ed last year.
“Manafort sounded annoyed, as if I had asked the right question at the wrong time. He waved off my concerns as he settled into his large leather armchair in his spacious corner office overlooking the Potomac River, the walls adorned with photos of past presidents, senators, congressmen and other notables,” Levinson described.<div>
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