Bronx

=<div>
</div><div>uber history</div><div>
<div><a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-844">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-844</a></div><div>
</div><div>brooklyn</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1509">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1509</a></div><div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="" style="background: none;">New York City</a> encompasses five <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County(United_States)" title="County (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">county</a>-level administrative divisions called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough" title="Borough" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">boroughs</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manhattan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens" title="Queens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Queens</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Bronx</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Staten Island</a>. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#County" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">county</a>, the primary administrative subdivision within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(state)" title="New York (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York State</a>. Queens and The Bronx are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively.Boroughs have existed since the consolidation of the city in 1898, when the city and each borough assumed their current boundaries. However, the boroughs have not always been coextensive with their respective counties. Before 1914, the borough of The Bronx had been earlier in the southern part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,New_York" title="Westchester County, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Westchester County</a> which had then been annexed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York County</a> in two stages in 1874 and 1895—finally, in 1914 the county was created to match the borough. Before 1899, the County of Queens included an eastern part, which was split-off during the consolidation to become <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,New_York" title="Nassau County, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nassau County</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#Terminology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Terminology</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Background</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#Changes_after_1898" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Changes after 1898</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#Description_of_the_boroughs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Description of the boroughs</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#Governance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Governance</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#Sixth_borough" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Sixth borough</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">7References

</li></ul></div></div><div>-</div><div>The Bronx is the northernmost of the five <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">boroughs of New York City</a>, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.state" title="U.S. state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S. state</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(state)" title="New York (state)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">New York</a>. It is south of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,New_York" title="Westchester County, New York" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Westchester County</a>; northeast and east of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Manhattan</a>, across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Harlem River</a>; and north of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens" title="Queens" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Queens</a>, across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River" title="East River" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">East River</a>. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-density-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>The Bronx has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,471,160 in 2017.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-BronxQuickFacts-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">population density</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-density-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> It is the only borough predominantly on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. mainland</a>.The Bronx is divided by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx River</a> into a hillier section in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">west</a>, and a flatter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">eastern</a> section. East and west street names are divided by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Avenue" title="Jerome Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jerome Avenue</a>—the continuation of Manhattan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fifth Avenue</a>. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-ultan-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-courtstart-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-blooming-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery(Bronx,New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Van Cortlandt Park</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pelham Bay Park</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York Botanical Garden</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx Zoo</a> in the borough's north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land deliberately reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan.The name "Bronx" originated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Bronck" title="Jonas Bronck" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jonas Bronck</a>, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Netherland</a> colony in 1639.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Faroeislands-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> The native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lenape</a> were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ireland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Germany</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italy</a>) and later from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Caribbean</a> region (particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Haiti</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jamaica</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dominican Republic</a>), as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African American</a> migrants from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">southern United States</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Latin music</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hip hop</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rock</a>.The Bronx contains the poorest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional districts of the United States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">congressional district in the United States</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">15th</a>, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income, and middle-income neighborhoods such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Riverdale</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldston,Bronx" title="Fieldston, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Fieldston</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil,Bronx" title="Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Spuyten Duyvil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylerville,Bronx" title="Schuylerville, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Schuylerville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham_Bay,Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Bay, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Pelham Bay</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham_Gardens,Bronx" title="Pelham Gardens, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Pelham Gardens</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Park,Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Morris Park</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Club,Bronx" title="Country Club, Bronx" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Country Club</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Barone-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Stat_Abst-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> The Bronx, particularly the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">South Bronx</a>, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson" title="Arson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">arson</a>. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a>
<div class="toclimit-3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Etymology_and_naming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Etymology and naming</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Early_names" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.1Early names</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Use_of_definite_article" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.2Use of definite article</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2History</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Before_1914" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Before 1914</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#After_1914" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2After 1914</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Revitalization" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.3Revitalization</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Geography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Geography</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Location_and_physical_features" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1Location and physical features</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Parks_and_open_space" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2Parks and open space</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Neighborhoods" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3Neighborhoods</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Adjacent_counties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.4Adjacent counties</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Transportation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Transportation</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Roads_and_streets" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Roads and streets</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Mass_transit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2Mass transit</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Demographics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Demographics</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Race,ethnicity,language,and_immigration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.1Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Population_and_housing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.2Population and housing</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Individual_and_household_income" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.3Individual and household income</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Government_and_politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Government and politics</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Local_government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1Local government</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Representatives_in_the_U.S.Congress" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.2Representatives in the U.S. Congress</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Votes_for_other_offices" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.3Votes for other offices</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Economy</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Shopping_districts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1Shopping districts</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8Education</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Educational_attainment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.1Educational attainment</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#High_schools" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.2High schools</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Colleges_and_universities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.3Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Culture_and_institutions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9Culture and institutions</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Founding_of_hip-hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.1Founding of hip-hop</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Sports" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.2Sports</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Off-Off-Broadway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.3Off-Off-Broadway</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.4Arts</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Maritime_heritage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.5Maritime heritage</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Community_celebrations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.6Community celebrations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Press_and_broadcasting" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.7Press and broadcasting</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10In popular culture</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Film_and_television" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.1Film and television</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#In_literature" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.2In literature</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#In_songs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.3In songs</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12References</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12.1Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Citations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12.2Citations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12.3Further reading</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13External links</a></li></ul></div></div><table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" border="1" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); margin: 1em; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse; float: right; text-align: right;"><thead><tr><th colspan="7" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: tan; text-align: center;"><div style="position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">New York City's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">five boroughs</a><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; margin: 0px 5px;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" display="display" inline="inline" line-height="line-height" inherit="inherit" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NYC_boroughs" title="Template:NYC boroughs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><abbr title="View this template" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NYC_boroughs" title="Template talk:NYC boroughs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:NYC_boroughs&action=edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr style="background: rgb(222, 222, 187);"><th colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center;">Jurisdiction</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center;">Population</th><th colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center;">Land area</th><th colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center;">Density</th></tr><tr style="background: rgb(239, 239, 204); font-style: italic;"><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">Borough</th><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">County</th><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">Estimate
(2017)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></th><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">square
miles</th><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">square
km</th><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">persons /
sq. mi</th><th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; background: transparent; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal;">persons /
sq. km</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Manhattan</a></div></td><td bgcolor="f9f9f9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">New York</div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1,664,727</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">22.83</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">59.13</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">72,033</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">27,826</td></tr><tr style="background: lemonchiffon;"><td bgcolor="gold" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The Bronx</div></td><td bgcolor="ffee88" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Bronx</div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1,471,160</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">42.10</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">109.04</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">34,653</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">13,231</td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="ffee77" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Brooklyn</a></div></td><td bgcolor="f9f9f9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Kings</div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2,648,771</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">70.82</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">183.42</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">37,137</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14,649</td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="orange" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens" title="Queens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Queens</a></div></td><td bgcolor="f9f9f9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Queens</div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2,358,582</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">108.53</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">281.09</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">21,460</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8,354</td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="plum" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Staten Island</a></div></td><td bgcolor="f9f9f9" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Richmond</div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">479,458</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">58.37</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">151.18</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8,112</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3,132</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221);"><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">City of New York</a></div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8,622,698</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">302.64</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">783.83</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">28,188</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10,947</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(state)" title="New York (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">State of New York</a></div></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">19,849,399</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">47,214</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">122,284</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">416.4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">159</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="7" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: auto; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Sources: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">[15]</a> and see individual borough articles</div></td></tr></tbody><tfoot /></table><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Etymology and naming[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and naming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Early names[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bronx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early names" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 252px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronx1867.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronx1867.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Map of the Bronx in 1867</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronx1867.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Bronx was called Rananchqua</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-NYPL-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> by the native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Siwanoy</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> band of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lenape</a> (also known historically as the Delawares), while other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Native Americans</a> knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-ellis-p55-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> It was divided by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquahung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquahung" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Aquahung</a> River.The origin of the person of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Bronck" title="Jonas Bronck" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jonas Bronck</a> (<abbr title="circa" style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;">c.</abbr> 1600–43) is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komstad" title="Komstad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Småland</a>, Sweden, who arrived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Netherland</a>during the spring of 1639.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Van_Rensselaer_1909_161-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Hansen_1950-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Burrows-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a> Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx and built a farm named "Emmanus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_Haven,Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mott Haven</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> He leased land from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dutch West India Company</a> on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harlem</a> (on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manhattan Island</a>), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harlem River</a> and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_River" title="Bronx River" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx</a> [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-Hansen_1950-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> The American poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bronk" title="William Bronk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Bronk</a> was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></div><div></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx</a></div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div> South Bronx is an area of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">borough</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the Bronx</a>. As the name implies, the area comprises neighborhoods in the southern part of the Bronx, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concourse,Bronx" title="Concourse, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Concourse</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_Haven,Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mott Haven</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Melrose</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Morris,Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Port Morris</a>. The South Bronx is known for its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop#Culture" title="Hip hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hip hop culture</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">graffiti</a>.
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Boundaries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Boundaries</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2History</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#1950s:Demographic_shift" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.11950s: Demographic shift</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#1960s:Start_of_decay" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.21960s: Start of decay</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#1970s:%22The_Bronx_is_burning%22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.31970s: "The Bronx is burning"</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Revitalization_and_current_concerns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.4Revitalization and current concerns</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Arts_and_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Arts and culture</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Birthplace_of_hip-hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1Birthplace of hip-hop</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Education</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Transportation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Transportation</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Notable_natives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Notable natives</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7In popular culture</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Movies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1Movies</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.2Music</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Television" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.3Television</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Literature" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.4Literature</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9References</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.1Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.2Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#Pictorial_works" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.3Pictorial works</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Boundaries[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The geographic definitions of the South Bronx have evolved and are disputed but certainly include the neighborhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_Haven,Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mott Haven</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Melrose</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Morris,Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Port Morris</a>. The neighborhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,Bronx" title="Belmont, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Belmont</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill,Bronx" title="Castle Hill, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Castle Hill</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotona_Park_East,Bronx" title="Crotona Park East, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Crotona Park East</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbridge,Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Highbridge</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunts_Point,Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hunts Point</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood,Bronx" title="Longwood, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Longwood</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisania,Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morrisania</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundview,Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Soundview</a> are sometimes considered part of the South Bronx.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a>The South Bronx is part of New York's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">15th Congressional District</a>. The South Bronx is served by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NYPD</a>'s 40th,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> 41st,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> 42nd,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> 44th,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> and 48th<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> Precincts.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">History[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bronx" title="Timeline of the Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Timeline of the Bronx</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:976SimpsonSt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:976SimpsonSt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Building in the South Bronx built in 1909 and located on Simpson Street</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:976SimpsonSt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The South Bronx was originally called the Manor of Morrisania, and later </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisania" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrisania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morrisania</a>. It was the private domain of the powerful and aristocratic Morris family, which includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lewis Morris</a>, signer of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Declaration of Independence</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gouverneur Morris</a>, the penman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Constitution</a>. The Morris memorial is at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Ann%27s_Episcopal_Church(Bronx)" title="St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Bronx)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">St. Ann's Church of Morrisania</a>. Morris' descendants own land in the South Bronx to this day.As the Morrises developed their landholdings, an influx of German and Irish immigrants populated the area. Later, the Bronx was considered the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish</a> Borough," and at its peak in 1930 was 49% Jewish.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> Jews in the South Bronx numbered 364,000 or 57.1% of the total population in the area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> The term was first coined in the 1940s by a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Social worker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">social workers</a> who identified the Bronx's first pocket of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">poverty</a>, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Morris,Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Port Morris</a> section, the southernmost section of the Bronx.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1950s: Demographic shift[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1950s: Demographic shift" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War II</a>, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white flight</a> accelerated and migration of ethnic and racial minorities continued, the South Bronx went from being two-thirds non-Hispanic white in 1950 to being two-thirds black or Puerto Rican in 1960.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> Originally denoting only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_Haven,Bronx,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott Haven, Bronx, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mott Haven</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,Bronx,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Melrose, Bronx, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Melrose</a>, the South Bronx extended up to the Cross Bronx Expressway by the 1960s, encompassing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunts_Point,Bronx,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunts Point, Bronx, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hunts Point</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisania,Bronx,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrisania, Bronx, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morrisania</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbridge,Bronx,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Highbridge, Bronx, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Highbridge</a>.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1960s: Start of decay[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960s: Start of decay" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macombs_Road-1964.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macombs_Road-1964.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Macombs Road in </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Heights,Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morris Heights</a>, circa 1964</div></div></div>The South Bronx is a place for working-class families. Its image as a poverty-ridden area developed in the latter part of the 20th century. There were several factors contributing to the decay of the South Bronx: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white flight</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">landlord</a> abandonment, economic changes, crime, demographics and also the construction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cross Bronx Expressway</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Caro-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cross Bronx Expressway</a>, completed in 1963, was a part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Moses</a>’ urban renewal project for New York City. The expressway is now known to have been a factor in the extreme urban decay seen by the borough in the 1970s and 1980s. Cutting through the heart of the South Bronx, the highway displaced thousands of residents from their homes, as well as several local businesses. The neighborhood of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tremont,Bronx" title="East Tremont, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">East Tremont</a>, in particular, was completely destroyed by the Expressway. Others have argued that the construction of such highways has not harmed communities.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Caro-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-CrossBronx-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>The already poor and working-class neighborhoods were further disadvantaged by the decreasing property value, in combination with increasing vacancy rates. Racially-charged tensions (coinciding with the contemporaneous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Civil Rights Movement</a>) further contributed to middle-class flight and the decline of many South Bronx neighborhoods. Following the implementation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">desegregation busing</a> policies, parents who worried about their children attending the demographically-adjusted schools began to relocate to the suburbs, where de facto segregation often persisted via restrictive housing covenants, selective lending and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">redlining</a>. As early as the late 1960s, some neighborhoods were considered undesirable by homeowners, precipitating a population decline. Postwar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rent control</a> policies have also been proposed by one author as a contributing factor; in this milieu, building owners had little motivation to keep up their properties.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-CrossBronx-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Lindsay</a> (who served from 1966 to 1973) suggested that socioeconomic factors (including low educational attainment and high unemployment) limited housing options for the remaining low-income tenants, prompting the reduced upkeep by landlords.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> In either case, while desirable housing options were scarce, vacancies further increased. In the late 1960s, by the time the city decided to consolidate welfare households in the South Bronx, its vacancy rate was already the highest of any place in the city.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-vacancy-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">1970s: "The Bronx is burning"[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s: " the="The" bronx="Bronx" is="is" burning="burning" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Burned-out building, Charlotte Street</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">By the 1970s, significant poverty reached as far north as </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fordham Road</a>. Around this time, the Bronx experienced some of its worst instances of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">urban decay</a>, with the loss of 300,000 residents and the destruction of entire city blocks' worth of buildings. The media attention brought the South Bronx into common parlance nationwide.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a>The phrase "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_and_Gentlemen,the_Bronx_Is_Burning" title="Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx Is Burning" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Bronx is burning</a>," attributed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Cosell" title="Howard Cosell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Howard Cosell</a> during Game 2 of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_World_Series" title="1977 World Series" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1977 World Series</a> featuring the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York Yankees</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Los Angeles Dodgers</a>, refers to the arson epidemic caused by the total economic collapse of the South Bronx during the 1970s. During the game, as ABC switched to a generic helicopter shot of the exterior of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yankee Stadium</a>, an uncontrolled fire could clearly be seen burning in the ravaged South Bronx surrounding the park. Many believe Cosell intoned, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> However, review of the game footage shows he never in fact said this. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York Post</a>, the words used by the two broadcasters during the game were later "spun by credulous journalists" into the now ubiquitous phrase "Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning" without either of the two announcers actually having phrased it that way.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a>The early 1970s saw South Bronx property values continue to plummet to record lows. A progressively <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicious cycle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">vicious cycle</a> began where large numbers of tenements and multi-story, multi-family apartment buildings (left vacant by white flight) sat abandoned and unsaleable for long periods of time, which, coupled with a stagnant economy and an extremely high unemployment rate, produced a strong attraction for criminal elements such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gangs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">street gangs</a>, which were exploding in number and beginning to support themselves with large-scale <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dealing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">drug dealing</a> in the area. The abandoned property also attracted large numbers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatters" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatters" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">squatters</a> such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">indigent</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addicts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">drug addicts</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentally_ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally ill" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mentally ill</a>, who further lowered the borough's quality of living.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a>As the crisis deepened, the nearly bankrupt city government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Abraham Beame</a> levied most of the blame on unreasonably high rents levied by white landlords, and began demanding they convert their rapidly emptying buildings into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_8_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 8 housing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Section 8 housing</a>, which paid a per capita stipend for low-income or indigent tenants from Federal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">HUD</a> funds rather than from the cash-strapped city coffers. However, the HUD rate was not based on the property's actual value and was set so low by the city it left little opportunity or incentive for honest landlords to maintain or improve their buildings while still making a profit. HUD regulations also made it virtually impossible to evict tenants engaging in destructive or illegal behavior. The result was a disastrous acceleration of both the speed and northward spread of the cycle of decay in the South Bronx as formerly desirable and well-maintained middle-to-upper class apartments in midtown (most notably along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Concourse(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grand Concourse</a>) were progressively vacated by white flight and either abandoned altogether or converted into federally funded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_room_occupancy" title="Single room occupancy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">single room occupancy</a> "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flophouse" title="Flophouse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">welfare hotels</a>" run by absentee <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumlord" title="Slumlord" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">slumlords</a> to house predominantly single-parent Section 8 families and young, unemployed, recently immigrated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hispanic</a> males.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a>The massive citywide spending cuts also left the few remaining building inspectors and fire marshals unable to enforce living standards or punish code violations. This encouraged slumlords and absentee landlords to neglect and ignore their property and allowed for gangs to set up protected enclaves and lay claim to entire buildings, which then spread crime and fear of crime to nearby unaffected apartments in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">domino effect</a>. Police statistics show that as the crime wave moved north across the Bronx, the remaining white tenants in the South Bronx (mostly elderly Jews) were preferentially targeted for violent crime by the influx of young, minority criminals because they were seen as easy prey; this became so common that the street slang terms "crib job" (meaning how elderly residents were as helpless as infants) and "push in" (meaning what would now be called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">home invasion robbery</a>) were coined specifically in reference to them.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a>Property owners who had waited too long to try to sell their buildings found that almost all of the property in the South Bronx had already been redlined by the banks and insurance companies. Unable to sell their property at any price and facing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default(finance)" title="Default (finance)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">default</a> on back property taxes and mortgages, landlords began to burn their buildings for their insurance value. A type of sophisticated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_collar_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="White collar criminal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white collar criminal</a> known as a "fixer" sprung up during this period, specializing in a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">insurance fraud</a> that began with buying out the property of redlined landlords at or below cost, then selling and reselling the buildings multiple times on paper between several different fictitious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell companies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">shell companies</a> under the fixer's control, artificially driving up the value incrementally each time. Fraudulent "no questions asked" fire insurance policies would then be taken out on the overvalued buildings and the property stripped and burnt for the payoff. This scheme became so common that local gangs were hired by fixers for their expertise at the process of stripping buildings of wiring, plumbing, metal fixtures, and anything else of value and then effectively burning it down with gasoline. Many finishers became extremely rich buying properties from struggling landlords, artificially driving up the value, insuring them and then burning them; often, the properties were still occupied by subsidized tenants or squatters at the time, who were given short or no warning before the building was burnt down, and they were forced to move to another slum building, where the process would usually repeat itself. The rate of unsolved fatalities due to fire multiplied sevenfold in the South Bronx during the 1970s, with many residents reporting being burnt out of numerous apartment blocks one after the other.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a>Local South Bronx residents themselves also burned down vacant properties in their own neighborhoods. Much of this was reportedly done by those who had already worked stripping and burning buildings for pay: the ashes of burned down properties could be sifted for salable scrap metal. Other fires were caused by unsafe electrical wiring, fires set indoors for heating, and random vandalism associated with the general crime situation. Flawed HUD and city policies also encouraged local South Bronx residents to burn down their own buildings. Under the regulations, Section 8 tenants who were burned out of their current housing were granted immediate priority status for another apartment, potentially in a better part of the city. After the establishment of the (then) state-of-the-art <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-op_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Co-op City</a>, there was a spike in fires as tenants began burning down their Section 8 housing in an attempt to jump to the front of the 2–3 year long waiting list for the new units.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a> HUD regulations also authorized lump-sum aid payments of up to $1000 to those who could prove they had lost property due to a fire in their Section 8 housing; although these payments were supposed to be investigated for fraud by a HUD employee before being signed off on, very little investigation was done and some HUD employees and social services workers were accused of turning a blind eye to suspicious fires or even advising tenants on the best way to take advantage of the HUD policies. On multiple occasions, firefighters were reported to have shown up to tenement fires only to find all the residents at an address waiting calmly with their possessions already on the curb.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a>By the time of Cosell's 1977 commentary, dozens of buildings were being burnt in the South Bronx every day, sometimes whole blocks at a time and usually far more than the fire department could keep up with, leaving the area perpetually blanketed in a pall of smoke. Firefighters from the period reported responding to as many as 7 fully involved structure fires in a single shift, too many to even bother returning to the station house between calls (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Smith(firefighter)" title="Dennis Smith (firefighter)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Report from Engine Company 82</a>). The local police precincts—already struggling and failing to contain the massive wave of drug and gang crime invading the Bronx—had long since stopped bothering to investigate the fires, as there were simply too many to track.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> During this period, the NYPD's 41st Precinct station house at 1086 Simpson Street became famously known as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Apache,The_Bronx" title="Fort Apache, The Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Apache, The Bronx</a>" as it struggled to deal with the overwhelming surge of violent crime, which for the entirety of the 1970s and 1980s made South Bronx the murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault and arson capital of America. By 1980, the 41st was renamed "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_House_on_the_Prairie" class="mw-redirect" title="The Little House on the Prairie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Little House on the Prairie</a>",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> as fully 2⁄3 of the 94,000 residents originally served by the precinct had fled, leaving the fortified building as one of the few structures in the neighborhood (and the sole building on Simpson Street) that had not been abandoned or burnt out.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 282px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_H.U.D.Patricia_Harris,Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx.-NARA-176392.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_H.U.D.Patricia_Harris,Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx.-NARA-176392.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">President </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jimmy Carter</a> in the South Bronx, 1977.</div></div></div>In total, over 40% of the South Bronx was burned or abandoned between 1970 and 1980, with 44 census tracts losing more than 50% and seven more than 97% of their buildings to arson, abandonment, or both.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Flood-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a> The appearance was frequently compared to that of a bombed-out and evacuated European city following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War II</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-vacancy-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a>On October 5, 1977, U.S. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jimmy Carter</a> paid an unscheduled visit to Charlotte Street, while in New York City for a conference at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">headquarters of the United Nations</a>. Charlotte Street at the time was a three-block devastated area of vacant lots and burned-out and abandoned buildings. The street had been so ravaged that part of it had been taken off official city maps in 1974. Carter instructed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Patricia Roberts Harris</a>, head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a>, to take steps to salvage the area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Fernandez-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> Progress did not come quickly; three years later, in 1980, presidential candidate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a> paid a visit to Charlotte Street, declaring that he had not "seen anything that looked like this since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">London</a> after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the Blitz</a>".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a>The 1987 novel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities" title="The Bonfire of the Vanities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Bonfire of the Vanities</a>, by the American writer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tom Wolfe</a>, presented the South Bronx as a nightmare world, not to be entered by middle or upper-class whites.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Revitalization and current concerns[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revitalization and current concerns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlotte_Street-Bronx.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlotte_Street-Bronx.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Ranch-style houses on the formerly devastated Charlotte Street, </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotona_Park_East,Bronx" title="Crotona Park East, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Crotona Park East</a></div></div></div>Beginning in the late 1980s, parts of the South Bronx started to experience <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">urban renewal</a> with rehabilitated and brand new residential structures, including both subsidized multifamily townhomes and apartment buildings.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyslope(Bronx,New_York)" title="Sunnyslope (Bronx, New York)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bright Temple A.M.E. Church</a> was listed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1983.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nris-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> Over 1 billion US dollars were spent on rebuilding the area through the 1990s, with 19,000 apartments having been refurbished and more than 4,500 new houses having been built for the working class. More than fifty abandoned apartment buildings on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Deegan_Expressway" title="Major Deegan Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Major Deegan Expressway</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cross Bronx Expressway</a> were renovated for residential use. Over 26,500 people moved into the area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-nytimes_1q-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> On Charlotte Street, prefabricated ranch-style houses were built in the area in 1985,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a> and the area had changed so significantly that the Bronx borough historian could not locate where Carter had stopped to survey the scene. As of 2004, houses on the street were worth up to a million dollars.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Fernandez-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a><div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Art deco</a> apartment buildings on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Concourse(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grand Concourse</a>, where a historic district is under consideration</div></div></div>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_County_Courthouse" title="Bronx County Courthouse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx County Courthouse</a> has secured landmark status, and efforts are underway to do the same for much of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Concourse(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Grand Concourse</a>, in recognition of the area’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Art Deco</a> architecture. In June 2010, the city Landmarks Preservation Commission gave consideration to the establishment of a historic district on the Grand Concourse from 153rd to 167th Street. A final decision was expected in the coming months.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Dolnick-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a>Construction of the new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yankee Stadium</a> has stirred controversy over plans which, along with the new billion-dollar field, include new athletic fields, tennis courts, bicycle and walking paths, stores, restaurants, and a new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Metro-North Railroad</a> station at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankees%E2%80%93_East_153rd_Street(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankees – East 153rd Street (Metro-North station)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">East 153rd Street</a>. During baseball season, the station helps ease overcrowding on the subway.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-autogenerated2-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a>There is hope that these developments also will help to generate residential construction. However, the new park comes at a price: a total of 22 acres (89,000 m2) in Macombs Dam and John Mullaly Parks were sacrificed to build it. In April 2012, Heritage Field, a 50.8 million dollar ballpark, was built atop the grounds of the original Yankee Stadium.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a>The population of the South Bronx is currently increasing.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a> However, one out of two residents lives in poverty, and drug trafficking, gang activity, and prostitution are all still common throughout the South Bronx. Its precincts have recorded high violent crime rates and are all considered to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City Police Department</a> "impact zones."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Arts and culture[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arts and culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Bronx's P.L.A.Y.E.R.S. Club Steppers performing at the 2007 </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Greene Park</a> Summer Literary Festival in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brooklyn</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></div></div></div>Since the late 1970s, the South Bronx has been home to a renewed grassroots art scene. The arts scene that sprouted at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Moda" title="Fashion Moda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fashion Moda</a> Gallery, founded by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Viennese</a> artist, Stefan Eins, helped ignite the careers of artists like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Keith Haring</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Holzer" title="Jenny Holzer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jenny Holzer</a>, and 1980s break dancers like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rock Steady Crew</a>. It generated enough enthusiasm in the mainstream media for a short while to draw the art world's attention.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Academy_of_Arts_and_Dance" title="Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance</a> was located in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bank_Note_Company_Building" title="American Bank Note Company Building" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Bank Note Company Building</a> in the South Bronx neighborhood of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunts_Point,Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hunts Point</a> before relocating to St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Westchester Square.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a>Modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">graffiti</a> is prominent in the South Bronx, and is home to many of the fathers of graffiti art such as Tats Cru. The Bronx has a very strong graffiti scene despite the city's crackdown on illegal graffiti. However, graffiti in the Bronx began to occur in the early 1970s and managed to travel to different boroughs via the New York City subway system. The rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hip-hop music</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rap</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">breakdancing</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">disc jockeying</a> helped put the South Bronx on the musical map in the late 1970s. The South Bronx is also known worldwide as the birthplace of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hip-hop culture</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-:0-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Castillo-Garstow_2005_244-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Rojas_2007_68-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Allatson,Paul_2007-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Schloss,Joseph_G.2009-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Hip_Hop_2006-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a> In addition, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Museum_of_the_Arts" title="Bronx Museum of the Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx Museum of the Arts</a> is located on the Grand Concourse.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Birthplace of hip-hop[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birthplace of hip-hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 152px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1520_Sedwick_Ave.,Bronx,New_York1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1520_Sedwick_Ave.,Bronx,New_York1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1520_Sedgwick_Avenue" title="1520 Sedgwick Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1520 Sedgwick Avenue</a>, Recognized as a long-time "haven for working-class families," in 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> reported that it is the "accepted birthplace of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop#History" title="Hip hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hip hop</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-A_Museum_Quest_Spins_On_and_On-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hip hop</a> is a broad conglomerate of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">artistic</a> forms that originated as a specific street <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">subculture</a> within South Bronx communities during the 1970s in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Castillo-Garstow_2005_244-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Rojas_2007_68-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Allatson,Paul_2007-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Schloss,Joseph_G.2009-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-Hip_Hop_2006-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a> Hip hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Block parties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">block parties</a> became increasingly popular in New York City, particularly among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African American</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Latin Americans</a> residing in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bronx</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a> Block parties incorporated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">DJs</a> who played popular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">genres</a> of music, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk" title="Funk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">funk</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">soul music</a>. For example, many DJs played music by the artist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James Brown</a>. Some songs played at these South Bronx house parties included "Give it Up or Turn it Loose" by James Brown and "Get Ready" by Rare Earth.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-:0-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a> Due to the positive reception, DJs began isolating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">percussive</a> breaks, or small portions of a song, often without vocals, which were easy to dance to, of popular songs. DJ Kool Herc is known for generating the technique to produce these percussive breaks, which is known as merry-go-rounding. Merry-go-rounding when DJs would "use the two turntables in a typical DJ setup not as a way to make a smooth transition between two records, but as a way to switch back and forth repeatedly between two copies of the same record."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a>The technique of percussive breaks was then common in Jamaican <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">dub music</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-dub_music-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a> and was largely introduced into New York by immigrants from Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">DJ Kool Herc</a>, who is generally considered the father of hip-hop. Upon this, a technique known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay(Jamaican)" title="Deejay (Jamaican)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jamaican toasting</a>, or the act of speaking over a beat which later became rapping, was introduced by DJ Kool Herc in the South Bronx at this point of time as well.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1520_Sedgwick_Avenue" title="1520 Sedgwick Avenue" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1520 Sedgwick Avenue</a> is a 102-unit<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">apartment building</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Heights,Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morris Heights</a> neighborhood in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Bronx</a> borough of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City</a>. Recognized as a long-time "haven for working-class families," in 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> reported that it is the "accepted birthplace of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="History of hip hop" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hip hop</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-A_Museum_Quest_Spins_On_and_On-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a> As hip-hop grew from throughout the Bronx, 1520 was a starting point where Clive Campbell, later known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">DJ Kool Herc</a>, presided over parties in the community room at a pivotal point in the genre's history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a> DJ Kool Herc is credited with helping to start hip hop and rap music at a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_concert" title="House concert" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">house concert</a> at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue on August 11, 1973.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a> At the concert he was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">DJing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emcee" class="mw-redirect" title="Emcee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">emceeing</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">recreation room</a> of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-PBS-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a> Sources have noted that while 1520 Sedgwick Avenue was not the actual birthplace of hip-hop—the genre developed slowly in several places in the 1970s—it was verified to be the place where one of the pivotal and formative events occurred that spurred hip hop culture forward.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a> During a rally to save the building, DJ Kool Herc said, "1520 Sedgwick is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bethlehem</a> of Hip-Hop culture."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a>...</div><div>
</div><div>==</div></div></div>