Rep. of Congo

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</div><div>https://YYY.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/07/us-republican-donors-offshore-paradise-papers</div><div>
</div><div>...The Paradise Papers show the lengths to which the major Republican donor, hedge fund manager and “vulture capitalist” will go to extract debt from one of the world’s poorer countries.</div><div>The leaked documents contain a paper trail relating to one of Singer’s subsidiaries as it pursued entities in Congo-Brazzaville to try to retrieve debt it had bought at a knockdown price.The practice of distressed-debt acquisitions is a Singer speciality. The leaked documents add new texture to the pursuit of the Republic of the Congo by the hedge fund manager, who gave $1m to Trump’s inaugural fund.Kensington International Ltd, a Cayman-Islands-based subsidiary of Singer’s Elliott Management, had bought $57m of debts owed by the Congo-Brazzaville government after it borrowed money in the 1980s.The debt was to be repaid at 8% interest – a good deal as long as the company could eventually retrieve the money. When it failed to do so, Kensington secured a ruling from a court in London in 2003 that increased the amount Congo-Brazzaville owed it to about $100m.When the government of Denis Sassou Nguesso did not pay up, Kensington pursued the case in the British Virgin Islands, to the bemusement of a judge who wondered why a Cayman Islands company was pursuing the debt through a different jurisdiction.In the course of fierce courtroom struggles, representatives of the Republic of the Congo government accused Singer’s company of hiding behind a small offshore subsidiary to shield itself from criticism of its relentless pursuit of one of the world’s poorer nations. Singer’s executives countered that oil was being spirited out of the country illegally to enrich members of Sassou Nguesso’s family.Congo-Brazzaville agreed to settle its debt in November 2007 for an undisclosed sum. Singer’s company did not respond to specific questions on its activities, though it did point to positive media reports on its work in Africa.</div><div>=</div><div>...=<h1 class="widgetheadline h1" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="widgetheadline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/congo-basin-rainforest-deforestation-2618692110.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; line-height: 31px;">Congo Basin Rainforest Could Be Gone by 2100</a></h1><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body js-update-url css-listicle-body-2618692110" data-elid="2618692110" data-authors="Mongabay" data-headline="Congo Basin Rainforest Could Be Gone by 2100" style="margin: 10px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="body-description"><div class="widgetbrief">By Morgan Erickson-DavisAfrica's Congo Basin is home to the second largest <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/rainforests" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">rainforest</a> on the planet. But according to a new study, this may soon not be the case. It finds that at current rates of <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/deforestation" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">deforestation</a>, all primary forest will be gone by the end of the century.The study was conducted by researchers at the University of Maryland (UMD) in the U.S. who analyzed satellite data collected between 2000 and 2014. Their results were published Wednesday in <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaat2993" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Science Advances</a>. It reveals that the Congo Basin lost around 165,000 square kilometers (approximately 64,000 square miles) of forest during their study period.</div><div class="js-appear-on-expand" style="transition: all 350ms ease 0s; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; opacity: 0;"><div class="widgetshow-more with-primary-color js-keep-reading js-page-view-and-reload-embeds" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 15px; float: left; padding: 7px; font-weight: 600; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"></div></div></div><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1;">...But why? Is it due to industrial pressure like in South America and Southeast Asia where the majority of deforestation has been done for soy, <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/palm-oil" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">palm oil</a> and other commodity crops? Or commercial logging, which is razing forests on the <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/chinese-demand-wiping-out-forests-in-the-solomon-islands-new-report/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Solomon Islands</a> and <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2018/08/high-risk-that-chinas-timber-from-png-is-illegal-new-report/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Papua New Guinea</a>?Not so much, according to this newest study. It reveals that the dominant force behind rising Congo deforestation, driving more than 80 percent of the region's total forest loss, is actually small-scale clearing for subsistence <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/agriculture" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">agriculture</a>. The researchers write that most of it is done by hand with simple axes.According to the authors, the preponderance of small-scale deforestation of Congo rainforest is due largely to poverty stemming from political instability and conflict in the region. The Congo Basin rainforest is shared by six countries: Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of the Congo (RoC) and Gabon. Of these, the DRC holds the largest share of Congo forest—60 percent—and is home to more people than the other five combined. The DRC, along with CAR, has a human development index in the bottom 10 percent, meaning that lifespans, education levels and per capita GDP there are among the lowest in the world....<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1;">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1;"></div><div>
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</div><div>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba</div><div>
</div><div>Pascal Lissouba (born November 15, 1931) was the first democratically elected President of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republic of the Congo</a> from August 31, 1992 to October 15, 1997. He was overthrown by the current President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1997 civil war</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3000001907349px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3000001907349px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#Early_life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#Political_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Political career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#Unrest_and_civil_war" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Unrest and civil war</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#Exile_and_trial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 Exile and trial</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 References</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Lissouba&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>He was born in Tsinguidi, south-west Congo, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banzabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banzabi (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Banzabi</a>. He gained his education at the Lycee Felix Faure in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice" title="Nice" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nice</a> (1948–52), the École Supérieure d'Agriculture in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tunis</a>and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Paris</a> (1958–61).<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Political career<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Lissouba&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Political career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Initially he was a civil servant, working in the Department of Agriculture (1961–63). But his abilities brought him to become Minister of Agriculture (1963–66) and then Prime Minister (1963–66) under President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alphonse Massamba-Débat</a>. When Massamba-Débat was overthrown in 1968 Lissouba remained in government under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi" title="Marien Ngouabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Marien Ngouabi</a> and although he was suspended from political activity from 1969 to 1971 he was on the Central Committee of the Congolese Workers Party in 1973. In 1977 he was implicated for involvement in the assassination of Ngouabi and arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1977.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>] He was released in 1979 but had to live in exile in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">France</a> from 1979 to 1990. In France he was a professor at the University of Paris and then worked for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">UNESCO</a> in Paris and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nairobi</a>. When President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> was forced to move the Congo towards democracy in 1991 Lissouba returned and was elected President in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,1992" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 1992" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">August 1992 elections</a>. He secured 36% of the vote as head of the left-wing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Union_for_Social_Democracy" title="Pan-African Union for Social Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Pan-African Union</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Union_for_Social_Democracy" title="Pan-African Union for Social Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"> for Social Democracy</a> (Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale, UPADS). In the run-off with second placed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kolelas" title="Bernard Kolelas" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Bernard Kolelas</a>, Lissouba got 61% of the votes.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Unrest and civil war<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Lissouba&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Unrest and civil war" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>However conflict soon broke out in 1993 when a coalition of opposition groups and their militias accused Lissouba of rigging the elections. Widespread civil war was averted when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gabon</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Organisation of African Unity</a> intervened, but sporadic fighting continued until January 1995.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]Fighting broke out again in June 1997 when Lissouba engaged militias loyal to former President Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_Labor_Party" title="Congolese Labor Party" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Congolese Labor Party</a> (PCT) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brazzaville</a>, accusing the former president of an attempted coup. Sassou Nguesso, however, was able to escape and stage a counterattack.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#cite_note-French_1997a-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> Thus began a 4-month <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">civil war</a> that destroyed or damaged much of the capital. In early October 1997, Angolan troops invaded Congo on the side of Sassou. Most of Brazzaville fell to rebel and Angolan forces on October 14, 1997, and Lissouba fled; within two days the capital was under the control of forces loyal to Sassou Nguesso and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Pointe-Noire</a> fell with little resistance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#cite_note-French_1997b-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[2]</a> Sassou Nguesso proclaimed himself President on October 25, 1997, but Militia forces loyal to Lissouba continued a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">guerrilla</a> war, the vital <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Ocean_Railway" title="Congo-Ocean Railway" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Congo-Ocean Railway</a> from the coastal city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Pointe-Noire</a> was cut, and Brazzaville was heavily damaged before a cease-fire was agreed in December 1999.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Exile and trial<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Lissouba&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Exile and trial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Since being overthrown, Lissouba lived in exile in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">London</a>. He was intending to return to the Congo for the 2002 elections, but in December 2001 he was put on trial in Brazzaville, in absentia, and convicted to 30 years labor work for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason" title="Treason" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">treason</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">corruption</a>, related to a $150m oil deal with the American company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Occidental Petroleum</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#cite_note-BBC_2001-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[3]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Lissouba&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republic of the Congo Civil War</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Union_for_Social_Democracy" title="Pan-African Union for Social Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pan-African Union for Social Democracy</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Lissouba&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-size: 12.6000003814697px; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-French_1997a-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#cite_ref-French_1997a_1-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }Howard W. French (1997-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E4DD103CF933A25755C0A961958260" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">"Army Fights Rebel Force To Control Brazzaville"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-15.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APascal+Lissouba&rft.au=Howard+W.+French&rft.aulast=Howard+W.+French&rft.btitle=Army+Fights+Rebel+Force+To+Control+Brazzaville&rft.date=1997-06-10&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C05E4DD103CF933A25755C0A961958260&rft.pub=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-French_1997b-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#cite_ref-French_1997b_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }Howard W. French (1997-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05E2DA153FF935A25753C1A961958260" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">"Rebels, Backed by Angola, Take Brazzaville and Oil Port"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-16.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APascal+Lissouba&rft.au=Howard+W.+French&rft.aulast=Howard+W.+French&rft.btitle=Rebels%2C+Backed+by+Angola%2C+Take+Brazzaville+and+Oil+Port&rft.date=1997-10-16&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E05E2DA153FF935A25753C1A961958260&rft.pub=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-BBC_2001-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba#cite_ref-BBC_2001_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1732822.stm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">"Congolese ex-leader guilty of treason"</a>. BBC News. 2001-12-29. Retrieved 2008-12-15.</li><li id="cite_note-BBC_2001-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
</li></ol></div></div><div>==</div></div></div>