prop 99
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Proposition 99</b> is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative" title="Initiative" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">initiative</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute" title="Statute" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">statute</a> which appeared on the November 8th, 1988<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">California</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="General election" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">general election</a> ballot, as the <i>Tobacco Tax and Health Protection Act</i>. It was passed by a majority vote of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency" title="Constituency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">electorate</a>. Its primary effect is to impose a 25-cent per pack state <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise" title="Excise" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">excise tax</a> on the sale of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">tobacco</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettes" title="Cigarettes" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">cigarettes</a> within California, with approximately equivalent excise taxes similarly imposed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_sale" title="Retail sale" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">retail sale</a> of other commercial tobacco products, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigars" title="Cigars" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">cigars</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">chewing tobacco</a>. Additional restrictions placed on the sale of tobacco include a ban on cigarette <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machines" title="Vending machines" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">vending machines</a>in public areas accessible by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor(law)" title="Minor (law)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">juveniles</a>, and a ban on the individual sale of single cigarettes. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue#Government_revenue" title="Revenue" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Revenue</a> generated by the act was earmarked for various environmental and health care programs, and anti-tobacco advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_99(1988)#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A detailed history of Proposition 99 and its success in reducing smoking is in the book<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&brand=ucpress" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">Tobacco War</a>. In its first 15 years (through 2004), the program reduced heart disease deaths and lung cancer incidence and reduced California health care costs by an estimated $86 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_99(1988)#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#252525" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_99(1988)</span></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Preferred Citation: Glantz, Stanton A., and Edith D. Balbach </span><cite style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tobacco War: Inside the California Battles. </cite><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Berkeley: University of California Press, c2000 2000. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft167nb0vq/</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&brand=ucpress</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e31&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110); text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Epigraph</font></a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e44&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e44&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e44&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Preface</font></a></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf" /></font><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e135&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>1. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e135&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e135&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Introduction</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e447&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>2. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e447&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Beginnings: The Nonsmokers' Rights Movement</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e1258&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>3. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1258&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1258&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Proposition 99 Emerges</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e1955&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>4. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1955&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1955&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Beating the Tobacco Industry at the Polls</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e3079&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>5. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e3079&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3079&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Moving to the Legislature</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e3873&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>6. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e3873&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3873&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Proposition 99's First Implementing Legislation</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e4827&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>7. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e4827&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4827&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Implementing the Tobacco Control Program</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e5681&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>8. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e5681&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5681&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">The Tobacco Industry's Response</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e6212&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>9. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e6212&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e6212&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">The Battle over Local Tobacco Control Ordinances</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e7313&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>10. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e7313&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e7313&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Continued Erosion of the Health Education Account: 1990-1994</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e8843&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>11. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e8843&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e8843&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Battles over Preemption</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e11065&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>12. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e11065&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e11065&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">The End of Acquiescence</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e12100&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>13. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e12100&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e12100&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">The Lawsuits</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e12710&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>14. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e12710&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e12710&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Doing It Differently</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e14164&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>15. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e14164&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e14164&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Political Interference in Program Management</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e15903&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>16. </b><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e15903&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e15903&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">Lessons Learned</a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf" /></font><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15" align="center"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=0&toc.id=d0e16504&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img src="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/icons/eschol/i_expand.gif" border="0" alt="expand section" /></font></a></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e16504&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e16504&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Appendix A</font></a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e16601&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Appendix B Important California Tobacco Control Events</font></a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:xtf="http://cdlib.org/xtf"><tbody><tr><td width="1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td width="15"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="700"><a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e16756&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=ucpress" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">About the Authors</font></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><h2 class="normal" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Beginnings: The Nonsmokers' Rights Movement</font></h2><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the early 1970s a few people had the radical idea that nonsmokers should not have to breathe secondhand tobacco smoke. At that time it was considered impolite to ask people not to smoke. Smoking was not only acceptable; it was the norm. The executive director of the California division of the American Lung Association was a chain-smoker, and the American Heart Association distributed ashtrays and packs of cigarettes at its board meetings. Offering someone a cigarette was a way to open social discourse. Even the most ardent nonsmokers' rights advocates were only seeking nonsmoking sections in public places. No one dared even think of a smoke-free society.</font></p><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Finding little support from the mainstream health organizations like the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and American Lung Association, nonsmokers' rights activists formed a loose network of grassroots organizations with various names, the most common being Group Against Smoking Pollution or GASP. The nonsmokers' rights activists viewed smoking and the tobacco industry as a social, environmental, and political problem; in contrast, the medical establishment—including most of the voluntary health organizations—viewed smoking as a medical problem in which individual patients (smokers) were to be treated (by telling them to stop smoking). The establishment's approach did not mesh easily with the tobacco control advocates' policy-oriented approach.</font></p><hr class="pb" style="color: rgb(221, 221, 221); height: 1px; margin-top: 18.6875px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div align="center" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">― <span class="run-head" style="color: gray;">8</span> ―</font></div><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While the medical and health establishments did not take the nonsmokers' rights movement seriously, the tobacco industry did. The industry recognized the issue of secondhand smoke as a major threat to the social support network that it had spent decades building around tobacco use. As early as 1973, the tobacco industry clearly identified the emerging nonsmokers' rights movement as a problem: “More and more, smoking is being pictured as socially unacceptable. The goal seems [to be] the involvement of others—non-smokers, children, etc.—in addition to health and government organizations. The main thrust of these zealots seems to be that `smoking is not a personal right because it hurts others; that smoking harms non-smoking adults, children, and even the yet unborn.'”<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.1#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">1</a>]</sup></font></p><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By 1978, the industry recognized the full dimensions of the threat represented by the nonsmokers' rights movement. A research report prepared by the Roper Organization for the Tobacco Institute (the tobacco industry's political arm) concluded:</font></p><blockquote style="margin: 18.6875px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 2.92188px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The original Surgeon General's report, followed by this first “hazard” warning on cigarette packages, the subsequent “danger” warning on cigarette packages, the removal of cigarette advertising from television and the inclusion of the “danger” warning in cigarette advertising, were all “blows” of sorts for the tobacco industry. They were, however, blows that the cigarette industry could successfully weather because they were all directed against the smoker himself.</font></p><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 2.92188px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The anti-smoking forces' latest tack, however—on the passive smoking issue—is another matter. <i>What the smoker does to himself may be his business, but what the smoker does to the non-smoker is quite a different matter. …</i> Nearly six out of ten believe that smoking is hazardous to the nonsmokers' health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of nonsmokers believe it; nearly half of all smokers believe it.</font></p><p class="padded" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 2.92188px; margin-bottom: 2em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>This we see as the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred.</i><sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.2#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">2</a>]</sup> [emphasis added]</font></p></blockquote><p class="padded" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The nonsmokers' rights movement was growing and having some significant legislative successes. In 1973 the Arizona Legislature ended smoking in elevators, libraries, theaters, museums, concert halls, and buses. In 1975 Minnesota mandated separate smoking areas in restaurants, meeting rooms, and workplaces, in addition to the types of restrictions put in place in Arizona.<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.3#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">3</a>]</sup> The Minnesota law was the last time that clean indoor air legislation would pass without vigorous opposition from the tobacco industry.</font></p><hr class="pb" style="color: rgb(221, 221, 221); height: 1px; margin-top: 18.6875px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div align="center" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">― <span class="run-head" style="color: gray;">9</span> ―</font></div><h3 class="normal" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Berkeley Ordinance</font></h3><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the spring of 1973, lawyer and legal editor Peter Hanauer went to a meeting of Berkeley GASP after his wife saw a meeting notice on a community bulletin board. Hanauer recalled, “It was a fairly ineffective group at the time. I mean, we were busy grinding out leaflets and trying to get a few new members here and there.”<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.4#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">4</a>]</sup> While there were thoughts about some greater level of activism—two of the founders, Irene and Dave Peterson, had created a foundation to provide legal representation to people who were affected by secondhand smoke in the workplace—not much happened until they were joined by Paul Loveday, a former professional basketball player turned lawyer. Loveday brought a clear vision and strong leadership to the group and soon became president of GASP. The aggressive Loveday and studious Hanauer, who was elected treasurer, were the “odd couple” that became the backbone of the nonsmokers' rights movement in California.</font></p><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Encouraged by the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act, GASP, led by Loveday, Hanauer, and Tim Moder, a chemist who turned his home into the group's headquarters,<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.3#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">3</a>]</sup> decided to persuade the Berkeley City Council to pass an ordinance restricting smoking in public indoor spaces and requiring separate sections for smokers and nonsmokers in restaurants. Although they wanted a statewide law, they knew there was little chance of success without some preliminary steps. Passing a local law would show that nonsmoking sections were possible and would give them some experience in writing legislation. The proposed ordinance was introduced in the Berkeley City Council in April 1976.</font></p><p class="padded" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After a year-long campaign, which included numerous city council meetings as well as meetings with restauranteurs and local merchants, the Berkeley City Council passed the ordinance by a 9-0 vote in April 1977. The Berkeley victory illustrated an important lesson for Hanauer: “At the local level, as we discovered over the years, we could beat the tobacco industry, because their lobbyists could not defeat grassroots organizations who had the ears of their neighbors and friends who were on the city council.”<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.4#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">4</a>]</sup></font></p><h3 class="normal" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Proposition 5</font></h3><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Their Berkeley success encouraged Loveday and Hanauer to try to get the California Legislature to pass a state clean indoor air law. The tobacco</font></p><hr class="pb" style="color: rgb(221, 221, 221); height: 1px; margin-top: 18.6875px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div align="center" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">― <span class="run-head" style="color: gray;">10</span> ―</font></div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">industry, having learned its lesson in Minnesota, vigorously and successfully blocked GASP's attempt to replicate the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act in California. The bill did not even get out of committee.</font></span><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After failing in the legislature, Loveday and Hanauer decided to take the issue directly to the voters through California's initiative process. The initiative, known as the California Clean Indoor Air Act, made smoking illegal in all public places unless they were specifically exempted. It required that partitions be erected in offices and public places, including restaurants, to separate smokers and nonsmokers. Violators were to be fined fifty dollars. In an effort to write an enforceable and reasonable law, Loveday and Hanauer included some exemptions, such as tobacco shops. Since the drug laws were not being enforced at rock concerts, they exempted rock concerts. This exemption, while reasonable from an intellectual point of view, was to become a major issue in the campaign. The idea of protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke was popular; polls (including those commissioned by the tobacco industry) showed support by a 3-1 margin.</font></p><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Putting a proposed law before California voters as a statutory initiative requires proponents to collect valid signatures of 5 percent of the number who voted in the previous gubernatorial election,<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.5#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">5</a>]</sup> which meant collecting 300,000 signatures in 1977. While most initiative campaigns rely on paid signature gatherers, the Proposition 5 advocates did not have that luxury because they had very little money. Moder became the paid campaign coordinator, working out of his house with his own printing press. By using campaign workers who were almost all volunteers, advocates qualified the initiative at a cost of only $50,000, the least amount of money per signature ever spent to qualify a statewide initiative.<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.4#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">4</a>]</sup> The initiative appeared on the November 1978 ballot as Proposition 5.</font></p><p class="normal" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Loveday and Hanauer formed a new organization to run the campaign, Californians for Clean Indoor Air. While nominally a coalition of many health and environmental groups, GASP provided the backbone of support. Loveday and Hanauer approached the voluntary health agencies for support, expecting them to be enthusiastic, but came away disappointed. Only the American Cancer Society (ACS) expressed interest in the initiative, and that interest was tempered. According to Hanauer,</font></p><blockquote style="margin: 18.6875px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 2.92188px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We did get the ear of Ray Weisberg, who was then the chair of the Public Affairs Committee of the California Cancer Society. He agreed with us…that the way to really get smoking reduced was to make it socially unacceptable. This was our whole rationale. We not only felt that eliminating smoking in</font></p><hr class="pb" style="color: rgb(221, 221, 221); height: 1px; margin-top: 17.5625px;" /><div align="center"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">― <span class="run-head" style="color: gray;">11</span> ―</font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">public places and the workplace was good for nonsmokers but that it also reduced smoking in the long run. Of course, the tobacco industry agreed with us. We wished some of the health agencies had agreed with us as much as the industry did. It took a long time. The Cancer Society came around mainly because of Ray Weisberg, but the other agencies at that time were very slow in responding and gave sort of token support.<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.4#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">4</a>]</sup></font><p /></blockquote><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The voluntary health agencies, particularly the ACS in California, supported the campaign with some money but were not heavily involved in collecting signatures or conducting the campaign. Weisberg also convinced the California Medical Association (CMA) and the American Lung Association (ALA) to support the initiative, which made Proposition 5 appear more mainstream. The CMA put its name on the letterhead but, according to Hanauer, “wouldn't lift a finger during the whole campaign.”<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.4#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">4</a>]</sup> The CMA sent the “Yes on Prop 5” campaign a seven-dollar invoice for some photocopying it had done for the campaign, which Hanauer refused to pay.<sup class="ref" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 0;">[<a href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0vq&chunk.id=d0e1002&toc.id=d0e447&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=en2.4#X" target="top" style="color: rgb(28, 55, 110);">4</a>]</sup></font></p><p class="padded" style="text-indent: 4%; margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to Weisberg, the other important recruit to the campaign was Stanton Glantz, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco. Glantz, a Ph.D. in applied mechanics and engineering economics, conducted research on the function of the heart and was an expert in statistics. Glantz, who combined a background in political activism with his scientific training, would serve as the campaign's technical expert. Unlike some scientists, he was willing to do public battle with the tobacco industry.</font></p><h3 class="normal" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Tobacco Industry Joins the Battle</font></h3><p class="noindent" style="margin-top: 3.10938px; margin-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The tobacco industry mobilized against Proposition 5 before it was even written. According to Ernest Pepples, vice president for law at Brown and Williamson Tobacco, the industry began planning its strategy...</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>