resource curse
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1119 belated</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">--> centralized power and corruption
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DRC congo kabila mobuto</font></div><div><div style=""><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">omg wtf? </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">seems like bizarroworld but rudy, perry? igor and parnas fruman all trying to do energy side deals // resource curse?!</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>“Erik Prince, a major Republican donor and founder of controversial security firm Blackwater,</b> has been referred to the U.S. Treasury Department for possible sanctions violations tied to his recent trip to Venezuela for a meeting with a top aide of President <b>Nicolas Maduro,</b>” according to the AP.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>WaPo also reported that Rudy Giuliani was involved in a back-channel negotiation with Maduro</b> that would “reopen resource-rich Venezuela to business.” The effort, according to the report, “provides another example of how Giuliani used his private role to insert himself into foreign diplomacy, alarming administration officials confused about whose interests he was representing.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">*</font></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div></div><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Rachel Maddow pinpoints the root of all evils: The fossil fuel industry</b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Jill Dougherty </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">October 3, 2019 at 10:35 PM EDT</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jill Dougherty is a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington and a Centennial fellow at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. She covered the White House and State Department for CNN and served for nine years as CNN’s Moscow bureau chief.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fulminating comes easy to Rachel Maddow. What sets her apart from other serial fulminators is that she does it with facts — and sardonic wit.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Her new book, “Blowout,” takes on the fossil fuel industry or, as one person she cites puts it, the “excrement of the devil.” This is not — and who would expect it from Maddow? — an “on the one hand, on the other hand” type of journalistic endeavor. She states her thesis at the outset: The oil and gas industry “is the most consequential, the most lucrative, the most powerful, and the least-well-governed major industry in the history of mankind.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At its heart, this book is a tale of two countries, the United States and Russia, and how, as Maddow sees it — individually and together — they have been warped by a rapacious fossil fuel industry. In her view, almost everything comes back, in the end, to the industry. It’s the “key ingredient in the global chaos and democratic downturn we’re now living through,” she says. The industry is so rich, so “ginormous,” so intertwined with every aspect of our lives and the lives of everyone on Earth that, if you follow the dots, it explains how almost everything in the world works — ultimately, she warns, it will “fatally injure the whole freaking planet.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The book’s title is a technical term for that horrifying moment when, if pressure in an oil or gas well builds and control systems fail, the fuel races back up to the rig and explodes in a fireball. “Blowout” reads like Maddow’s MSNBC monologues, piling outrage on top of outrage, peppered with breathless asides warning of Armageddon: “Hey, in the quest for American energy independence, maybe a few of us have to take one for the team — line up your pets, line up your eighth graders.” You can almost see that finger jab as she drives home the point.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maddow’s tale ties together fracking in Oklahoma, Russian “sleeper” spies, the debauched son of the president of Equatorial Guinea, “earthquake swarms,” poisoned pets, the hacker Guccifer, Moammar Gaddafi’s death, a secessionist movement in Texas, but wait, there’s more! Fossil fuels are the world’s cheap high, an international addiction, Maddow argues, creating “such large, up-front, sweat-free gains for connected elites that no one wants to do anything else but chase the oil jackpot.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>One of her most outrageous examples is Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, wayward son of Equatorial Guinea’s president-for-life Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</b>. Ensconced in a $30 million mansion in Malibu, Calif., he owned houses around the world, a fleet of luxury cars and a massive yacht, and liked to treat his girlfriends to an afternoon of shopping, giving them $80,000 in $100 bills, forked over from a Nike shoe box stuffed with cash. Oil, you see, had been discovered off the coast, and as a result, a Global Witness report showed, the tiny nation’s oil revenue soared from just <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">$2.1 million in 1993 to $3.9 billion in 2007. Meanwhile, the report said, 77 percent of the population lived in poverty.</span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In tracing the industry and its impact on our lives, Maddow begins at the beginning, in 1859, with the discovery of “rock oil” and, a few years later, John D. Rockefeller’s founding of Standard Oil. She takes the story up to today’s inventions — hydraulic fracking and horizontal drilling — that have revolutionized extraction and helped launch America on its road to “energy independence.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An inseparable part of America’s fossil fuel history, Maddow points out, are the federal and state tax breaks for the industry, what she calls the “longest running welfare program in the nation’s history.” This spawned a symbiotic relationship, as the fossil fuel industry began to feed on the body politic, eventually creating its own “corporate shadow foreign policy.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The ultimate victims, Maddow says, continue to be average Americans across the country, in thrall to an industry that gives them jobs but threatens their health, even their lives, all the while undermining democracy.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Russia, without strong democratic institutions, comes off even worse, beset with “<b>the Resource Curse</b>” — abundant energy resources that create enormous cashflows but that crowd out more stable and diversified roads to economic development. The result: “poor governance and high corruption [that result in] devastating economic, health and environmental consequences at the local level, and high incidences of conflict and war.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The culprit, as Maddow sees it, is President Vladimir Putin. Early in his presidency he targeted energy resources as the path to return Russia to its rightful place on the world stage after the ignominious demise of the Soviet Union. That was a worthy goal, and during the George W. Bush administration, when relations with America were more hopeful, Putin calculated that Russia could become an important energy supplier to the United States.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It didn’t end up that way. Putin’s efforts to restore Russia, Maddow writes, “no longer depend on capacity and know-how. They depend on cheating. Putin and his minions cheat at the financial markets. They cheat at the Olympics. They cheat at their own fake democracy. They cheat other people out of their democracies.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maddow devotes a large section of “Blowout” to Russia, but it’s not what you might expect from an American writing about America’s nemesis. Yes, there’s an entire chapter devoted to Russian “illegals” — undercover intelligence agents living in the United States as Americans, including Anna Chapman, “billed as a modern seductress worthy of Mata Hari.” And there’s Rex Tillerson, former head of ExxonMobil, who signed a strategic alliance deal between his company and the Russian energy giant Rosneft, and who went on to become President Trump’s secretary of state. And there’s Igor Sechin, head of Rosneft and a member of Putin’s inner circle, described with Maddow’s inimitable style: “When Sechin did smile, he looked like a fairy-tale ogre who had just swallowed a small tasty child.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Her description of Carter Page, foreign policy adviser to then-candidate Donald Trump, is a close second: “The wheels in Page’s head didn’t turn with a great deal of velocity, but they exhibited real stamina.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Maddow goes deeper, deftly describing the sad truth that Russia and its citizens paid a steep price for Putin’s overreliance on energy: “Now in his twentieth year running the show, Vladimir Putin presides over a metaphysical unforced error: the tragic scuppering of one of the potentially great nations in the world.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maddow’s sources include some of the best writers on contemporary Russia, including Masha Gessen, Mikhail Zygar, Karen Dawisha, Nina Khrushcheva and Anna Nemtsova. She includes a quote from the world leader who probably knows Putin better than anyone, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who grew up in East Germany and speaks Russian: “I understand why he has to do this — to prove he’s a man. He’s afraid of his own weakness. Russia has nothing, no successful politics or economy. All they have is this.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are a lot of bad guys in this book. But there are a few good ones, too. Like Austin Holland, head seismologist for the Oklahoma Geological Survey, who, under great pressure from the industry and its supporters to stop his research, found that disposal of wastewater from fracking was, indeed, linked to an astounding increase in earthquakes in the state. Eventually, he left his position and headed for New Mexico and a job with the U.S. Geological Survey.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The real heroes, Maddow says, are the teachers, students and parents in Oklahoma, fed up with the fracking and the earthquakes — more than 100 measuring a magnitude of 3.0 or higher in the state in February 2016 alone — and the tax breaks for the oil and gas industry, even as spending per student plummeted by 24 percent over eight years. Thanks to their protests, the state legislature eventually raised taxes on the industry and put more controls on wastewater.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maddow doesn’t think the fossil fuel industry is going away anytime soon, although she says it will eventually: “Coal is dead. As dead as whale oil and kerosene and every other fuel source we once believed we couldn’t live without. Oil and gas are dead, too — only they don’t look sick yet.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The world, she says, must figure out how to get along without them. And, although it seems hard to believe after more than 350 pages of horrors that the industry has inflicted on the environment and geopolitics around the world, Maddow claims that “this is a doable, winnable fight here at home.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In “Blowout,” just like in her MSNBC monologues, Maddow doesn’t shy away from hyperbole: “Democracy either wins this one or disappears.” But we readers have to ask ourselves — is it really hyperbole?</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Blowout</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Rachel Maddow</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Crown.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">406 pp. $30</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/</font></a></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hmmn</font></p><div class="blah" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em; display: grid; grid-template-areas: " a="a" b="b" grid-template-columns="grid-template-columns" fr="fr" px="px"><div class="l-articlecontainercontainer" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: none; width: 736px; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex-grow: 1; align-self: start; grid-area: 1 / 1 / auto / span 1;"><section class="l-articlesection s-cms-content" itemprop="articleBody" id="article-section-0" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 64px; line-height: 1.4;"><div class="moreOnNJBox" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="moreOnNJBoxHeader" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mORE FROM THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS</font></div><ul class="moreOnNJBoxList" style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 1em; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.cfr.org/egypt/egypt-headed-islamist-rule/p28074/?cid=oth_partner_site-atlantic" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'1',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Is Egypt Headed for Islamist Rule?</font></a></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 1em; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.cfr.org/africa/defuse-sudan-conflict/p28072/?cid=oth_partner_site-atlantic" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'2',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How to Defuse Sudan Conflict</font></a></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 1em; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.cfr.org/americas/salvador-declaration/p28061/?cid=oth_partner_site-atlantic" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'3',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Salvador Declaration</font></a></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 1em; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.cfr.org/africa/fp-africas-forever-wars/p27995/?cid=oth_partner_site-atlantic" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'4',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FP: Africa's Forever Wars</font></a></li></ul><hr style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background: rgb(211, 220, 230); border: 0px;" /></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Am<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">ong the many frustrations in development, perhaps none looms larger than the <b>"resource curse."</b> Perversely, the worst development outcomes--measured in poverty, inequality, and deprivation--are often found in those countries with the greatest natural resource endowments. Rather than contributing to freedom, broadly shared growth, and social peace, rich deposits of oil and minerals have often brought tyranny, misery, and insecurity to these nations. Fortunately, as my colleague Terra Lawson-Remer points out in a new <a href="http://www.cfr.org/resource_curse_policy_memo" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'5',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">CFR memo</a>, all is not lost. There are concrete steps the international community can take to help break this curse<span id="more-2072" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></font></p><div data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-mobile.html" data-native="standard,gift" data-pos="boxinjector-m" class=" ad-boxinjector-m-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">First, a<b> few facts. The correlation between energy dependence and authoritarianism is clear. "There are twenty-three countries in the world that derive at least 60 percent of their exports from oil and gas and not a single one is a real democracy,</b>" <a target="blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Spirit-Democracy-Societies-Throughout/dp/080507869X" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'6',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">observes</a> Larry Diamond of Stanford University.</span> There are numerous hypotheses to account for this correlation, as I note in my book, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a target="blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/Weak-Links-Fragile-International-Security/dp/019975151X" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'7',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Weak Links: Fragile States Global Threats and International Security</a></em>. </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Most obviously, easy resource revenues eliminate a critical link of accountability between government and citizens, by reducing incentives to tax other productive activity and use the revenue to deliver social services effectively. The same revenues also generate staggering wealth that facilitates corruption and patronage networks. Together, they consolidate the power of entrenched elites and regime supporters, sharpening income inequality and stifling political reform. The history of the oil-rich Arab Middle East has long been a case in point--with<b> Saudi Arabia being exhibit A.</b></font></p></div></section></div><aside class="l-rail l-rail--right l-rail--1" role="complementary" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex-basis: 300px; flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 300px; grid-area: 1 / 2 / span 1 / auto;"><div class="u-dynamic-content js-dynamic-content is-rendered lazyloaded" data-include="/api/2.0/articles/256508/related-articles/?page_size=3 module:theatlantic/js/lacroix/components/recirc-content" data-insert="false" data-section="side" data-source="curated" data-title="More Stories" data-currentinclude="" style="box-sizing: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.5s ease 0s;"><section class="c-recirc-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; left: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: static; right: auto; width: auto;"><div class="c-recirc-contentitems" style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow: auto hidden; white-space: nowrap; width: auto;"><ul class="c-recirc-contentlist" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; flex-direction: column;"><li class="c-recirc-item c-recirc-item--" id="recirc-item-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(211, 220, 230); display: flex; padding: 16px 0px; position: relative; white-space: normal; width: auto; flex-direction: row-reverse; justify-content: space-between;"><div class="c-recirc-itemcontent" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex-grow: 1;" /></li></ul></div></section></div></aside></div><div data-section="full" data-pos="boxinjector-d" data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-desktop.html" data-native="standard,gift" class=" ad-boxinjector-d-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="blah" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.2em; display: grid; grid-template-areas: " a="a" b="b" grid-template-columns="grid-template-columns" fr="fr" px="px" margin-top="margin-top" em="em"><div class="l-articlecontainercontainer" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: none; width: 736px; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex-grow: 1; align-self: start; grid-area: 1 / 1 / auto / span 1;"><section class="l-articlesection s-cms-content" itemprop="articleBody" id="article-section-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 64px; line-height: 1.4;"><div data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-mobile.html" data-native="standard,gift" data-pos="boxinjector-m" class=" ad-boxinjector-m-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Natural resource revenues have also been linked to slow economic growth rates, inequality, and poverty.</b> One culprit may be the so-called "Dutch disease," whereby resource revenues raise a country's exchange rate, hurting competitiveness in non-resource sectors. Other factors may include the volatility associated with commodity prices, which can have especially negative impacts on weak-state economies; and the underdevelopment of agricultural and manufacturing sectors during boom periods in resource-based economies. And even when oil abundance produces high growth, it often benefits only a few corrupt elites rather than translating into higher living standards for most of the population. Oil-rich Angola is a case in point. Despite having one of the world's highest growth rates from 2005 to 2010, averaging some 17 percent annually, its score on the <a target="blank" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'8',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">human development index</a> remained a miserable 0.49, and its infant mortality rate was lower than the sub-Saharan African average.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Finally, the very presence of oil and gas resources within developing countries exacerbates the risk of violent conflict. </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The list of civil conflicts fought at least in part for control of oil and gas resources is long. A partial list would include Nigeria, Angola, Burma, Papua New Guinea (Bougainville), Chad, Pakistan (Balochistan), and of course Sudan</span>. <a target="blank" href="http://ces.univ-paris1.fr/membre/Poncet/SciencesPo/Macro/Fearon_Laitin.pdf" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'9',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Econometric studies</a> confirm that the risk of civil war greatly <a target="blank" href="http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/4/563.abstract" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'10',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">increases</a> when countries depend on the export of primary commodities, particularly fossil fuels. At least three factors could explain this correlation. First, the prospect of resource rents may be an incentive to rebel or secede. Second, wealth from resources may enable rebel groups to finance their operations. Third, the high levels of corruption, extortion, and poor governance that accompany resource wealth often generate grievances leading to rebellion.</font></p><div data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-mobile.html" data-native="standard,gift" data-pos="boxinjector-m" class=" ad-boxinjector-m-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Given this sorry picture, can anything be done? In fact, the past decade has seen a raft of international initiatives designed to combat corruption and improve governance in resource-rich nations. The <a data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'11',r'None'" style="text-decoration-line: underline; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative</a> works to improve revenue management in some thirty resource-rich countries. The <a target="blank" href="http://www.opengovpartnership.org/" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'12',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Open Government Partnership</a> co-chaired by the United States and Brazil, aims to fight corruption by securing concrete national action plans to fight corruption from governments. The <a target="blank" href="http://www.publishwhatyoupay.org/" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'13',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Publish What You Pay</a> and Publish What You Lend campaigns call on transnational corporations and banks to publicize their payments and loans to local authorities. The <a target="blank" href="http://www.equator-principles.com/" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'14',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Equator Principles</a> seek to ensure that private bank investments do not exacerbate environmental and social risks. The World Bank-sponsored <a data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'15',r'None'" style="text-decoration-line: underline; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Stolen Assets Recovery</a> (StAR) Initiative assists successor governments in tracking down the wealth looted by deposed autocrats<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. Finally, the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/wallstreetreform-cpa.pdf" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'16',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">Dodd-Frank Act of 2011</a> mandates annual reports by U.S. extractive industry companies to the SEC disclosing payments to host governments.</span></font></p></div></div></section></div><aside class="l-rail l-rail--right l-rail--2" role="complementary" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-basis: 300px; flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 300px; grid-area: 1 / 2 / span 1 / auto; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-direction: normal; flex-direction: column; -webkit-box-pack: center; justify-content: center;"><div data-section="side" data-pos="native-rr" data-template="hippo/components/ads/rail.html" data-native="standard,gift" class=" ad-native-rr-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></aside></div><div data-section="full" data-pos="boxinjector-d" data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-desktop.html" data-native="standard,gift" class=" ad-boxinjector-d-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="blah" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; display: grid; grid-template-areas: " a="a" b="b" grid-template-columns="grid-template-columns" fr="fr" px="px" margin-top="margin-top" em="em"><div class="l-articlecontainercontainer" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: none; width: 736px; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex-grow: 1; align-self: start; grid-area: 1 / 1 / auto / span 1;"><section class="l-articlesection s-cms-content" itemprop="articleBody" id="article-section-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 64px; line-height: 1.4;"><div data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-mobile.html" data-native="standard,gift" data-pos="boxinjector-m" class=" ad-boxinjector-m-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While<b> each of these steps is worthwhile, such a piecemeal, fragmented approach suffers from inherent limitations.</b> These initiatives are largely voluntary, and thus unenforceable. They are not universal (and in many cases lack participation from critical emerging economies). And they are riddled with loopholes.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The secret to improving governance in resource rich countries, Lawson-Remer <a href="http://www.cfr.org/resource_curse_policy_memo" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'17',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">argues</a>, is to improve cooperation among three groups: "capital-exporting countries, international financial institutions, and private sector companies." To advance this overall goal, she calls on the United States to work with likeminded countries in major multilateral frameworks (including the Group of Eight, Group of Twenty, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Financial Stability Board) to forge consensus on four priorities.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">First, the donor community should extend the International Finance Corporation's recently updated <b>transparency requirements for extractive industries to all bilateral development finance. </b>Second, the international community should work to build demand for accountability in resource-rich countries by providing <b>grants to local civil society actors, so that they are in a position to monitor revenue flows. </b>Third, major financial centers should agree to harmonize transparency requirements for extractive industries in the biggest stock exchanges, building on the Dodd-Frank legislation. Finally, the financial institutions that subscribe to the Equator Principles should "establish independent monitoring mechanisms" to ensure that their membership is actually living by these standards, rather than paying them mere lip service.</font></p><div data-template="hippo/components/ads/article-mobile.html" data-native="standard,gift" data-pos="boxinjector-m" class=" ad-boxinjector-m-wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This basket of initiatives, if implemented, could give developing countries a fighting chance to ward off the resource curse. The fate of such proposals, like so much in global economic governance today, will depend on whether they can win support from governments and corporations not only in the OECD world, but also within the dynamic emerging economies that are driving today's global growth. Finally, given the difficulty of winning global endorsement for all of these initiatives separately, the United States should push them as a package.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This article originally appeared at <a href="http://blogs.cfr.org/patrick/2012/04/27/exorcising-the-resource-curse-some-innovative-ideas/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+spatrick+%28Stewart+M.+Patrick+The+Internationalist%29&utm_content=Google+Reader/?cid=oth_partner_site-atlantic" data-omni-click="r'article',r'',d,r'intext',r'18',r'None'" style="transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; box-sizing: inherit;">CFR.org,</a> an Atlantic partner site.</font></span></p></div></div></section></div></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAAegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAAegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAAegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAAegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Opacity in oil states: Can open data bend the curve of ...</a></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://sunlightfoundation.com › 2016/10/07 › opacity-in-oil-states-can-op...</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?ei=IX4TXu-5IojSsAX735SoBA&q=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&oq=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i10i160l4.1533.16068..17719...2.1..0.625.10641.0j12j7j11j2j4......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j33i22i10i29i30j33i10i299.hj32sbPedYQ&ved=0ahUKEwivzu76zu_mAhUIKawKHfsvBUUQ4dUDCAs&uact=5#" id="am-b0" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q7B0wAHoECAMQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QqR8wAHoECAMQBA" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:kEGKPRsi4GYJ:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:kEGKPRsi4GYJ:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/%2B%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAAegQIAxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAAegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAAegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.57;">Oct 7, 2016 - </span>While petro-<span style="font-weight: bold;">states</span> earn a windfall from the <span style="font-weight: bold;">natural resource</span>, it's hard to .... The “<wbr /><span style="font-weight: bold;">resource curse</span>” of <span style="font-weight: bold;">failed</span> transparency does not affect all <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span>-producing countries, however. Norway <span style="font-weight: bold;">ranks</span> fifth on the <span style="font-weight: bold;">list</span> of the most transparent nations at the ... In Norway, government and citizen partnership in <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil and gas</span> is ...</font></span></a></font></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAAegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">=</font></span></a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAAegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">=</font></a></font></div></div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMAl6BAgBEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/10/07/opacity-in-oil-states-can-open-data-bend-the-curve-of-corruption/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAAegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAJegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAJegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAJegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAJegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAJegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Lifting the Natural Resource Curse - Global Policy Forum</a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://www.globalpolicy.org › water-in-conflict</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?ei=IX4TXu-5IojSsAX735SoBA&q=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&oq=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i10i160l4.1533.16068..17719...2.1..0.625.10641.0j12j7j11j2j4......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j33i22i10i29i30j33i10i299.hj32sbPedYQ&ved=0ahUKEwivzu76zu_mAhUIKawKHfsvBUUQ4dUDCAs&uact=5#" id="am-b9" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q7B0wCXoECAEQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAJegQIARAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Ecuador is rich in <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span> but <span style="font-weight: bold;">ranks</span> as one of the most corrupt countries in Latin ... But like many other countries rich in <span style="font-weight: bold;">natural resources</span>, Iraq has <span style="font-weight: bold;">failed</span> to benefit from its <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span> ... In addition, putting a stop to the <span style="font-weight: bold;">national resource curse</span> would serve U.S. ... about payments to government, as a condition of stock exchange <span style="font-weight: bold;">listing</span>.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMAp6BAgEEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/40112.html+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAJegQIARAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAKegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAKegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAKegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAKegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAKegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Failed States - Global Policy Forum</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
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Within this <span style="font-weight: bold;">power</span> vacuum, people fall victim to competing factions and crime, and ... has not had a functioning central government since 1991 and it is <span style="font-weight: bold;">ranked</span> today .... states, challenging the common assumption of the "<span style="font-weight: bold;">resource curse</span>" that <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span> ...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_6" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q2Z0BMAp6BAgEEAc"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMAt6BAgFEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations-a-states/failed-states.html+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzAKegQIBBAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="sFZIhb b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[PDF]</font></span><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjALegQIBRAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjALegQIBRAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjALegQIBRAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjALegQIBRAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/statefailureandstateweaknessinatimeofterror.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjALegQIBRAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States - Wilson Center</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
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overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">lyzes the <span style="font-weight: bold;">nature</span> of state weakness and advances reasons why some weak states .... roughly <span style="font-weight: bold;">rank</span> ordered, establishes a set of criteria according to which modern .... larly, <span style="font-weight: bold;">failed states</span> with vast <span style="font-weight: bold;">natural resources</span>—exhibit overall worsening GDP ... maximize their own fortunes and their own political and economic <span style="font-weight: bold;">power</span>, there.</font></span></font></font></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q2Z0BMAt6BAgFEAo"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMAx6BAgCEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; 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text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAMegQIAhAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAMegQIAhAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAMegQIAhAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">The Resource Curse - Natural Resource Governance</a></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://resourcegovernance.org › sites › default › files › nrgi_Resource-Curse</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?ei=IX4TXu-5IojSsAX735SoBA&q=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&oq=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i10i160l4.1533.16068..17719...2.1..0.625.10641.0j12j7j11j2j4......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j33i22i10i29i30j33i10i299.hj32sbPedYQ&ved=0ahUKEwivzu76zu_mAhUIKawKHfsvBUUQ4dUDCAs&uact=5#" id="am-b12" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q7B0wDHoECAIQBA" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QqR8wDHoECAIQBQ" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAMegQIAhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAMegQIAhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAMegQIAhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Many <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span>-, gas- and mineral-rich countries have <span style="font-weight: bold;">failed</span> to reach their full potential as ... Political scientists and economists argue that <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span>, mineral <span style="font-weight: bold;">and gas</span> wealth is distinct ... rich <span style="font-weight: bold;">states</span> to instigate or be targets of international conflict, has been ...</font></span></a></font></font></font><div class="TXwUJf" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAMegQIAhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Missing: <s>list</s> <s>rank</s></font></a></font></font></font></div></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_7" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q2Z0BMAx6BAgCEAg"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMA16BAgGEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:I9E2hNbCFLgJ:https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/nrgi_Resource-Curse.pdf%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAMegQIAhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjANegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjANegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjANegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjANegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjANegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Why Natural Resources Are a Curse on Developing Countries ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://www.theatlantic.com › international › archive › 2012/04 › why-nat...</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?ei=IX4TXu-5IojSsAX735SoBA&q=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&oq=list+rank+failled+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i10i160l4.1533.16068..17719...2.1..0.625.10641.0j12j7j11j2j4......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j33i22i10i29i30j33i10i299.hj32sbPedYQ&ved=0ahUKEwivzu76zu_mAhUIKawKHfsvBUUQ4dUDCAs&uact=5#" id="am-b13" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q7B0wDXoECAYQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; 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position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LB5GcA_WOCMJ:https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/+&cd=14&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:LB5GcA_WOCMJ:https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/%2B%26cd%3D14%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDANegQIBhAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzANegQIBhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.57;">Apr 30, 2012 - </span>Why <span style="font-weight: bold;">Natural Resources</span> Are a <span style="font-weight: bold;">Curse</span> on Developing Countries and How to Fix It ... in my book, Weak Links: Fragile <span style="font-weight: bold;">States</span> Global Threats and International Security. ... China Turns to a <span style="font-weight: bold;">Failed</span> Plan to Quell Hong Kong's Protests · Timothy McLaughlin. Finally, the very presence of <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil and gas resources</span> within ...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font><div class="TXwUJf" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/+list+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QHzANegQIBhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Missing: <s>rank</s> | Must include: </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=list+%22rank%22+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q5t4CMA16BAgGEAk" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">rank</a></font></font></font></font></font></div></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_10" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q2Z0BMA16BAgGEAo"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMA56BAgJEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/09/30/oil-curse-remedial-role-for-oil-industry-pub-61445" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/09/30/oil-curse-remedial-role-for-oil-industry-pub-61445&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAOegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/09/30/oil-curse-remedial-role-for-oil-industry-pub-61445" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/09/30/oil-curse-remedial-role-for-oil-industry-pub-61445&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAOegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Oil Curse: A Remedial Role for the Oil Industry - Carnegie ...</font></a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font></font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://carnegieendowment.org › 2015/09/30 › oil-curse-remedial-role-for-oi...</cite></font></font></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.57;">Sep 30, 2015 - </span>The political and economic dysfunction known as the “<span style="font-weight: bold;">oil curse</span>” is a ... But, though well-meaning, these efforts have <span style="font-weight: bold;">failed</span>—so far—to make a .... While the civil war in the new <span style="font-weight: bold;">country</span> has its origins in the struggle for <span style="font-weight: bold;">power</span> between ethnic ... by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Natural Resource</span> Governance Institute's (NRGI's) <span style="font-weight: bold;">Resource</span> ...</font></span></font></font><div class="TXwUJf" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Missing: <s>list</s> | Must include: <a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22list%22+rank+failed+state+oil+energy+curse+resource+natural&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q5t4CMA56BAgJEAU" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">list</a></font></font></font></div></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_15" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q2Z0BMA56BAgJEAY"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAoQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMA96BAgKEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="sFZIhb b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[PDF]</font></span><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAPegQIChAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAPegQIChAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAPegQIChAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAPegQIChAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAPegQIChAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Conceptualising the Causes and Consequences of Failed ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.57;">Related articles</a></font></font></font></font></font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the idea that abundance of <span style="font-weight: bold;">natural resources</span>, and in particular <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil</span>, causes poor .... political or geographical demands for shared <span style="font-weight: bold;">power</span> or autonomy that ... In order to <span style="font-weight: bold;">rank</span> the severity of <span style="font-weight: bold;">state failure</span>, Rotberg suggests that there is a .... The full <span style="font-weight: bold;">list</span> of fragile <span style="font-weight: bold;">states</span> as categorized by DFID is available in the annex to the report. 9.</font></span></font></font></font></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_16" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8Q2Z0BMA96BAgKEAs"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFSgAMBB6BAgIEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAQegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAQegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAQegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAQegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QFjAQegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Few resource-rich countries properly manage their natural ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:G9WRpvsyqBoJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:G9WRpvsyqBoJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-resources-mining-governance/few-resource-rich-countries-properly-manage-their-natural-resources-report-idUSKBN19J282%2B%26cd%3D17%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QIDAQegQICBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.57;">Jun 28, 2017 - </span>... per cent of the world's major mining, <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil and gas</span>-producing countries <span style="font-weight: bold;">fail</span> to adequately govern the way they extract and manage <span style="font-weight: bold;">natural resources</span>, according to an ... <span style="font-weight: bold;">Resource</span> Governance Institute (NRGI), while Norway <span style="font-weight: bold;">ranked</span> top, ... help commodity-rich nations avoid the pitfalls of the “<span style="font-weight: bold;">resource curse</span>”, ...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by N SHAXSON - </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?uact=5&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=9162065680836312153" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fuact%3D5%26um%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26cites%3D9162065680836312153&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QzgIwEXoECAcQCA" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.57;">Cited by 200</a> - <a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?uact=5&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:WbwLqzEyJn9EWM:scholar.google.com/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fuact%3D5%26um%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26q%3Drelated:WbwLqzEyJn9EWM:scholar.google.com/&ved=2ahUKEwjg8OWr0u_mAhULQ6wKHX8rDM8QzwIwEXoECAcQCQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.57;">Related articles</a></font></font></font></font></font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">a tendency for them not only to <span style="font-weight: bold;">fail</span> to harness their <span style="font-weight: bold;">resources</span> for <span style="font-weight: bold;">national</span> devel- ... instance, has the world's greatest dierence— places in a <span style="font-weight: bold;">list</span> of countries— ... See e.g. Carlos Leite and Jens Weidmann, 'Does Mother <span style="font-weight: bold;">Nature</span> corrupt? ... Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria, for example, <span style="font-weight: bold;">oil and gas</span> now account for between.</font></span></font></font></font></div></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>