sumate

<div>=</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum</a></div><div>
</div><div>The  Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">referendum</a> to determine whether <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Hugo Chávez</a>, then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">President of Venezuela</a>, should be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">recalled</a> from office. The recall referendum was announced on 8 June 2004 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electoral_Council(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">National Electoral Council</a> (CNE) after the Venezuelan opposition succeeded in collecting the number of signatures required by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">1999 Constitution</a> to effect a recall.</div>The result of the referendum was not to recall Chávez (58% no), but there have been allegations of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">fraud</a>. In 2004, a report by election observers rejected the hypothesis of fraud,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-observers-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a> but statistical evaluations released in 2006<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a> and 2011<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-specialsection-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[4]</a> disagreed. Former United States president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jimmy Carter</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_accept-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[5]</a> and his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Carter Center</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_report-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[6]</a> all groups which had observed the referendum,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-observers-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a> and other analyses<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_center_analysis-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[7]</a> denied fraud, saying the referendum was performed in a free and fair manner.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_accuse_opposition-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[8]</a> Some individuals have disputed the Center's endorsement of the electoral process in the referendum.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a> The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-:1-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-:1-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#The_petition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1The petition</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Constitutional_basis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.1Constitutional basis</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#The_signature_collection_drive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.2The signature collection drive</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Timing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.3Timing</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Campaign" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Campaign</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Claims_of_foreign_interference" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Claims of foreign interference</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Polls" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2Polls</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#The_ballot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3The ballot</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#The_day_of_the_referendum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4The day of the referendum</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Fake_recording" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Fake recording</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Exit_poll" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2Exit poll</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Result" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Result</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Disputes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Disputes</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Allegations_of_electoral_fraud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1Allegations of electoral fraud</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Process_endorsements" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.2Process endorsements</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Analyses" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.3Analyses</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">The petition</h2>The recall mechanism was introduced into Venezuelan law in 1999 under the new Constitution drafted by the National <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constituent Assembly</a> and sanctioned by the electorate in a referendum. Under its provisions, an elected official can be subjected to a recall referendum if a petition gathers signatures from 20% of the corresponding electorate. Thus, to order a presidential recall vote in 2004, 2.4 million signatures were needed - 20% of the national electorate.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Constitutional basis[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional basis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The recall referendum is provided for in two articles of the 1999 Constitution:<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Article 72: All [...] offices filled by popular vote are subject to revocation.</dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's mandate.</dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Article 233: The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; [...] recall by popular vote.</dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">[...] When the President of the Republic becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the first four years of his constitutional term of office, a new election by universal suffrage and direct ballot shall be held within 30 calendar days. Pending the election and inauguration of the new President, the Executive Vice President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic.</dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">In the cases described above, the new President shall complete the current constitutional term of office. If the President becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the last two years of his constitutional term of office, the Executive Vice President shall take over the Presidency of the Republic until the term is completed.</dd></dl><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">The signature collection drive[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The signature collection drive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 252px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-chavez_march.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-chavez_march.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">A rally in </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Caracas</a> during the recall effort in 2004.</div></div></div>In August 2003, about 3.2 million signatures were presented by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate" title="Súmate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Súmate</a>, a Venezuelan volunteer civil association, founded in 2002.These signatures were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that they had been collected prematurely; i.e., before the midpoint of the presidential term.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]In September 2003, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Economist</a> reported that the government used a "rapid reaction" squad to raid the offices of CNE (the government body overseeing the petition drive), where the petitions were stored.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>In November 2003, the opposition collected a new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced in four days. The CNE rejected the petition, saying that only 1.9 million were valid, while 1.1 million were dubious and 460,000 completely invalid.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">citation needed</a>] Reaction to the decision to reject the petition (for the second time) resulted in riots that led to nine dead, 339 arrested, and 1,200 injured.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]The petitioners appealed to the Electoral Chamber of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal of Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Venezuelan Supreme Court</a>. The court reinstated over 800,000 of the disputed signatures, bringing the total to 2.7 million[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">citation needed</a>], above the 2.4 million needed to authorise the referendum. However, about a week later, the Constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court overturned the Electoral chamber's ruling alleging that the latter did not have jurisdiction for that ruling.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">citation needed</a>]The list of signatories was subsequently collected by the government.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-Al%C3%B3_Presidente_N%C2%B0180-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a>The names of petition signers were posted publicly online in what became known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tascón List</a>. The president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Workers_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Workers Confederation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Venezuelan Workers Confederation</a> was quoted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Associated Press</a> as claiming that the Chávez government had begun dismissing petition signers from government ministries, the state oil company, the state water company, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas_Metro" title="Caracas Metro" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Caracas Metro</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public hospitals</a> and municipal governments controlled by Chávez's party.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] The Associated Press also quoted Venezuela's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Minister" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Health Minister</a> as justifying petition related layoffs by saying "all those who have signed to activate the recall referendum against President Chávez should be fired from the Health Ministry". He retracted these remarks several days later by saying that they were his own personal opinions and not a matter of public policy.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]As a compromise, the CNE set aside five days in May 2004 to allow the owners of disputed signatures to confirm that they did, in fact, back the referendum call: this was known as the reparo process. At the end of that verification effort, the total number of signatures stood at 2,436,830, according to the CNE. Thus, the target had been reached and the referendum could take place. During that time, thousands of forged ID cards and equipment to create forged ID cards were confiscated by the police. Supporters of Chávez believed that the opposition used these to forge signatures. The opposition claimed that the equipment and the ID cards were planted.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a>The CNE later admitted that 15,863 signatures of those signatures that were verified in May 2004 belonged to people who had died in 2003.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Timing[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The date chosen for the recall referendum was significant: had the recall vote been held on 19 August or later, Chávez would have been into the fifth year of his six-year term and had he been voted out, Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Rangel" title="José Vicente Rangel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">José Vicente Rangel</a> would have taken over and served out the rest of Chávez's presidency (in accordance with Article 233 of the Constitution, above). With the vote called for 15 August, Chávez was not yet into the last two years of his term in office; an unfavourable result would therefore have meant the calling of fresh presidential elections within the following 30 days. Chávez had expressed his clear intention to stand in the election, had he been recalled; the opposition factions, however, maintained that he would have been disqualified from doing so.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Campaign</h2><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation" style="margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.25em;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="[icon]" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 187.688px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">adding to it</a>. (January 2009)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>Between late May 2004, when the CNE set the referendum date, and 15 August, the date chosen, a contentious campaign took place, with both sides convinced of victory. Late on, however, with some signs that the referendum would fail, the opposition appeared to become increasingly desperate.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Claims of foreign interference[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Claims of foreign interference" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate" title="Súmate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Súmate</a> (the civial association organizing the recall effort) received a US$ $31,000 grant in September 2003 from the United States <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, an organisation funded by the United States government. The grant, earmarked for "election education", was used to promote voter education about the constitutional recall process.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a> The Chávez government prosecuted four Súmate officials for high treason and conspiracy, for accepting funds from the U.S. Congress.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[17]</a> Chávez supporters see the Súmate NED grant as an example of the U.S. intent to overthrow him.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Polls[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polls" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Although support for Chávez had been low in 2003 and early 2004, polling data showed a shift as the campaign got under way. Most polls, including those by firms linked to the opposition which had showed low support for Chávez in 2003 and early 2004, predicted a rejection of the recall in the weeks before the referendum.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-HellingerLAP328-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a>Numerous pre-referendum polls, both by opposition and by pro-Chávez groups, during the previous months and weeks predicted the No vote to win by a margin of between 5% and 31%. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenberg_Quinlan_Rosner_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research</a> Inc. and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DATOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DATOS (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">DATOS</a>, both commissioned by the opposition, found margins in favour of No by 5% and 12% respectively in June 2004;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datan%C3%A1lisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datanálisis (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Datanálisis</a> found a margin of 14% in favour of Chávez in June.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a> On 11 August, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W.Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert W. Jensen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Jensen</a> wrote that recent polls ranged from 8% to 31% for margins in favour of the No vote.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">The ballot[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The ballot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="margin: 0px 134.594px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 986px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cite</a> any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sources</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">removed</a>. (March 2010) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>The following question was put to the Venezuelan electorate:<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">¿Está usted de acuerdo con dejar sin efecto el mandato popular otorgado mediante elecciones democráticas legítimas al ciudadano Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías como presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para el actual período presidencial? ¿NO o SÍ?</dd></dl>Translated into English:<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Do you agree to revoke, for the current term, the popular mandate as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conferred on citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías through democratic and legitimate elections? NO or YES?</dd></dl>For the recall to be successful, there were three conditions:<ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A turnout of at least 25% of the country's 14.25 million registered voters.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">More anti-Chávez votes than the number who voted for him in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_presidential_election,2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela presidential election, 2000" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2000 presidential election</a> (3.76 million).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">More "yes" votes cast than "no" votes.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">The day of the referendum[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The day of the referendum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Polling stations opened at 6 am Venezuelan time on 15 August 2004. Later in the day, faced with a 70% turnout, lengthy queues of waiting voters, and delays exacerbated by the use of novel electronic voting equipment and fingerprint scanners, the electoral authorities agreed to extend the close of voting twice: a four-hour extension of the deadline that took it to 8 p.m., followed by an additional four hours announced later in the evening, which took it to midnight.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a> Former U.S. president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jimmy Carter</a>, who was in Venezuela to observe the electoral process, said of the patiently waiting Venezuelan electors, "This is the largest turnout I have ever seen." In previous presidential elections, turnout figures were at an average 55%.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-Galeano-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a>All Venezuelans aged 18 and up whose names appear on the electoral roll were eligible to vote, including those residing abroad: polling stations were set up in Venezuelan embassies and consulates abroad.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Fake recording[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fake recording" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>At 15h50 local time on 15 August, CNE rector Jorge Rodríguez and CNE president Francisco Carrasquero announced on national television that they had found an audio CD where a faked voice of Carrasquero declared that the opposition has won the referendum with a total of 11,436,086 "yes" votes, and that Chávez's mandate was thereby revoked. Since this was several hours before the closing of the polling booths, and since Carrasquero declared the recording to be fake, this appeared to be a case of attempted sabotage of the referendum. The attorney-general was called on to conduct a full inquiry into the incident and to locate and arrest those responsible for the spurious audio recording.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[29]</a>Journalist Fausto Malavé told the Venezuelan opposition press that the recording was an evident parody that had been circulating in city streets for at least two months, claiming that it was surprising that it was only brought to public attention then. He also expressed concern at the significance that was attributed to it by the CNE.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Exit poll[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exit poll" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinadora_Democr%C3%A1tica(Venezuela)" title="Coordinadora Democrática (Venezuela)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coordinadora Democrática</a> commissioned an exit poll from the American firm of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn,Schoen%26_Berland" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn, Schoen & Berland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Penn, Schoen & Berland</a>, which showed Chávez losing by a 60–40 margin. PSB used volunteers from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate" title="Súmate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Súmate</a>, a NGO which was the primary organizer of the recall referendum, and involved around 200 polling places<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-Barone-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> out of 8500. With over 20,000 responses the exit poll produced a much larger amount of data than most opinion polls (typically around 1000 responses), leading to an extremely low <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_error" title="Sampling error" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sampling error</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a>Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[33]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jimmy Carter</a> said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_accuse_opposition-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Result</h2><table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hugo Chávez</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Election</a> Results</td></tr><tr style="background: rgb(246, 246, 255);"><th>— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum,2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2004 recall referendum</a> —
Recall Hugo Chávez?
Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cne.gov.ve/referendum_presidencial2004/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">CNE data</a></th></tr><tr><td><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; margin: 1px;"><tbody><tr><th>Candidate</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td>No:</td><td>5,800,629</td><td>59%</td></tr><tr><td>Yes:</td><td>3,989,008</td><td>41%</td></tr><tr><td>Non-voting:</td><td>4,222,269</td><td>30%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>The preliminary result was announced on 16 August 2004 on national television and radio after 94% of the vote had been counted.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No:  4,991,483 = 58%</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Yes: 3,576,517 = 42%<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></li></ul>According to these early-morning results, the first condition (a quorum of 25% of the electorate) had been satisfied. The second condition (more votes against Chávez than he received in 2000) would probably be satisfied. However, the third condition (a simple majority: more people voting "yes" than "no") had clearly failed.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Disputes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disputes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Allegations of electoral fraud</h3>After the preliminary results were broadcast, the opposition Coordinadora Democrática declared that fraud had taken place, stating that its own data (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn,Schoen%26_Berland" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn, Schoen & Berland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Penn, Schoen & Berland</a> exit poll, which was performed by volunteers from Sumate, the NGO which had organized the referendum) put the "Yes" vote at 59% and the "No" vote at 40%.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-eluniv983-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a> Their exit poll showed the opposite result to the official voting data, predicting that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results showed him to have won by 20%. A poll company representative, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-Barone-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a>Coordinadora Democrática also told the press that no opposition representation was present when the votes were counted and that the physical ballots had not yet been taken into account.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-eluniv983-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a>Election observers insisted that no fraud had taken place,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-observers-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> but scholarly analyses published over the years to come disagreed. A statistical study by Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez was published in 2006 in a peer-reviewed academic statistics journal.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-corderomarquez-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a> The study used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cluster analysis</a> to review differences in vote patterns between voting certificates on the basis that voters were randomly assigned to certificates (each voting center had on average 2 or 3 certificates, typically for computerised and manual voting systems). It concluded: "[The] Venezuelan opposition has statistical evidence to reject the official results given by the CNE. The irregularities detected were observed consistently in numerous voting centers and the magnitude of the irregularities imply that the official results do not reflect the intention of voters with statistical confidence."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-corderomarquez-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a> They estimated that 56.4% had voted yes to recall Chavez, as opposed to the official result of 41%.The presence of systemic election fraud was also supported by six analyses in a special section in the November 2011 issue of Statistical Science. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Prado" title="Raquel Prado" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Raquel Prado</a> and Bruno Sansó examined the exit polls;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a> Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres examined the no-votes against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_law" title="Benford's law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Newcomb-Benford law</a>;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a> Isbelia Martin discovered anomalous patterns in telecommunications;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a> Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto I. Rigobón analyzed patterns related to exit polls; Raúl Jiménez examined the distribution of valid votes, null votes, and abstentions in each precinct;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a> while Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas reported on the anomalous relation between signatures requesting the recall, and the yes-votes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a> The section is introduced by an article written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_L.Carriquiry" title="Alicia L. Carriquiry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Alicia L. Carriquiry</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-specialsection-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a> One of the papers, by Hausmann and Rigobón, was a later version of a paper disputed by the Carter Center, and contains a response to that criticism.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a>Some individuals have disputed the Center's endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a> Fox News' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Schoen" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Schoen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Doug Schoen</a> told Michael Barone at U.S. News and World Report, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in The Wall Street Journal last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a> The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-:1-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Process endorsements</h3>The day before the polling, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter expressed confidence that the vote would proceed in a calm and orderly fashion. Carter commented that, "I might project results that will be much more satisfactory than they were in 2000 in Florida".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a>On the afternoon of 16 August 2004, Carter and OAS Secretary General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria" title="César Gaviria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">César Gaviria</a> gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the CNE. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had "found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_accept-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carter Center</a>"concluded the results were accurate."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_report-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Department of State</a> accepted that the results of the subsequent audit were "consistent with the results announced by (Venezuela's) National Electoral Council."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maisto" title="John Maisto" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Maisto</a>, U.S. Permanent Representative to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Organization of American States</a>, added that the results of the referendum "speak for themselves", saying that the quest for Venezuelan democracy "does not end with a single electoral process or referendum" and urging the "democratically elected government of Venezuela to address and recognize the legitimate concerns, rights, and aspirations of all of its citizens".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a> Regarding the recall effort, in testimony before the U.S. Senate, Maisto also pointed out that Carter had said that " 'expression of the citizen must be privileged over excessive technicalities' in resolving issues surrounding the tabulation of the signatures".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a>European Union observers did not oversee the elections, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the Chávez administration.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Analyses</h3>Economists <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann" title="Ricardo Hausmann" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ricardo Hausmann</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a> and Roberto Rigobón of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">MIT Sloan School of Management</a> performed a statistical analysis at Súmate's request, analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts, noting that the Chávez-backed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electoral_Council(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CNE</a> had "refused to use the random number generating program offered by the Carter Center for the 18 August audit and instead used its own program installed in its own computer and initialed with their own seed." They also noted that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near the computer hub on election day.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-UniversalElectionFraud-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a> According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the Wall Street Journal</a>, a computer-science professor at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Johns Hopkins University</a> said, "The Hausmann/Rigobon study is more credible than many of the other allegations being thrown around."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a> The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper with a statistical analysis in response; this stated that the audit sample data, in particular the statistical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">correlation</a> between the number of "Yes" voters and the number of petition signatories in each audited voting centre, were consistent with nationwide results, and reaffirmed the Carter Center's earlier conclusions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-carter_center_analysis-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a> drew on the Carter Center analysis and elaborated on the issue, criticising Hausmann and Rigobón's statistical model.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> Furthermore, the CEPR analysis noted that "although Hausmann and Rigobón's analysis does not require this data to be accurate, it does require that its errors be uncorrelated with those of the signatures, something that cannot be assumed without any verifiable knowledge or observation of where the data came from.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a>Javier Corrales writes in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy Magazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Foreign Policy Magazine</a> that the opposition was "shocked not so much by the results as by the ease with which international observers condoned the Electoral Council's flimsy audit of the results."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-HugoBoss-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a> The sample for the audit was selected by the government controlled National Electoral Council, and according to the opposition was not of sufficient size to be statistically reliable.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">See also</h2><div>...</div><div></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">Súmate (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Spanish</a> for "Join Up") is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Venezuelan</a> volunteer civil association founded in 2002 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">María Corina Machado</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Plaz" title="Alejandro Plaz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alejandro Plaz</a>. Súmate describes itself as a vote-monitoring group;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> it has also been described as an election-monitoring group.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Mission_and_values" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Mission and values</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2History</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Recall_referendum,2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Recall referendum, 2004</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Presidential_elections,2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Presidential elections, 2006</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Criticism</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Treason_and_conspiracy_charges" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.1Treason and conspiracy charges</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Personnel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Personnel</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Mission and values[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAmate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission and values" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Súmate is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">non-governmental organization</a> (NGO) whose stated aim is to promote the free exercise of citizen's political rights, and the discussion of matters of public interest. The group's mission is to promote, defend, facilitate, and back the political rights accorded to citizens by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constitution of Venezuela</a>.Súmate's espoused values are:<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("");" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The guarantee of civil and political freedom and rights</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Impartial and independent citizen participation in democratic processes</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Professional volunteerism with a high level of citizen participation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Organizational transparency and efficacy</li></ul>Other projects are the consolidation of a national network of volunteers; analysis of voter registration; planning and execution of parallel vote counts to strengthen confidence in electoral processes; and educational programs.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">History</h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hugo Chávez</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">was elected</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of Presidents of Venezuela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">President of Venezuela</a> in 1998. Participation was 64%, with 36% of the electorate abstaining, resulting in a Chávez victory with 35% of the total electorate. In 1999 a new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Constitution of Venezuela</a> was approved, making Chávez eligible to run for president again in 2000, for a six-year term; and again in 2006, for another six years. This could result in a Chávez presidency of 14 years, compared to the previous presidential term limit of five years. He won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2000" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">2000 election</a> with 60% of the votes cast, 33% of the total electorate, and 44% abstention.These changes were made to the Constitution and electoral processes based on elections with an overwhelmingly support for Chávez<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-gutkin-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> but unprecedented voter abstention<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>—a "poor showing"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> with most staying away from the polls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-gutkin-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><table style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em; width: 200px; border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr bgcolor="#E0E0FF"><th colspan="3" style="padding: 1px;">Hugo Chávez's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Election</a> Results</th></tr><tr bgcolor="#F6F6FF"><th colspan="3" style="padding: 1px;">— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Presidential_Elections,1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Presidential Elections, 1998" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1998 presidential election</a> —</th></tr><tr><th>Candidate</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td>Chávez:</td><td>3,673,685</td><td>56%</td></tr><tr><td>Salas:</td><td>2,613,161</td><td>40%</td></tr><tr><td>Valid votes:</td><td>6,537,304</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Abstention:</td><td>3,971,239</td><td>36%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em; width: 200px; border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr bgcolor="#E0E0FF"><th colspan="3" style="padding: 1px;">Hugo Chávez's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Election</a> Results</th></tr><tr bgcolor="#F6F6FF"><th colspan="3" style="padding: 1px;">— 1999 referendum —
Enact the new constitution?</th></tr><tr><th>Option</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td>Yes:</td><td>3,301,475</td><td>72%</td></tr><tr><td>No:</td><td>1,298,105</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Abstention:</td><td>6,041,743</td><td>56%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em; width: 200px; border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr bgcolor="#E0E0FF"><th colspan="3" style="padding: 1px;">Hugo Chávez's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Election</a> Results</th></tr><tr bgcolor="#F6F6FF"><th colspan="3" style="padding: 1px;">— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2000" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2000 presidential election</a> —</th></tr><tr><th>Candidate</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td>Chávez:</td><td>3,757,773</td><td>60%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Arias_Cardenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Arias Cardenas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arias</a>:</td><td>2,359,459</td><td>38%</td></tr><tr><td>Valid votes:</td><td>6,288,578</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Abstention:</td><td>5,120,464</td><td>44%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear: both;">Súmate was founded with an expressed goal of achieving a high level of citizen participation in Venezuelan elections. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a>, Machado and Plaz had a hurried encounter in a hotel lobby in 2001, where they shared their concern about the course that was being shaped for Venezuela. Machado said, "Something clicked. I had this unsettling feeling that I could not stay at home and watch the country get polarized and collapse.... We had to keep the electoral process but change the course, to give Venezuelans the chance to count ourselves, to dissipate tensions before they built up. It was a choice of ballots over bullets."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-SignOn-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a>According to Súmate, it is "not concerned with who governs but rather that those in power respect the rule of law."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Young-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>Súmate was originally composed of a group of professionals, but now has grown to include 30,000 volunteers from across Venezuela and all walks of life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-SignOn-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Recall referendum, 2004</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-chavez_march.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-chavez_march.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">A rally in favor of the </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2004 Venezuelan referendum</a> to recall <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hugo Chávez</a> in the capital, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Caracas</a>.</div></div></div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004</a></div>In 2003, Súmate organized a campaign to force a recall referendum revoking the remainder of the term in office of President Chávez, as provided for under Article 72 of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Constitution of Venezuela</a>, which permits citizens to request a recall if signatures are collected from 20% of the electorate.<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hugo Chávez</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Election</a> Results</td></tr><tr style="background: rgb(246, 246, 255);"><th>— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum,2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2004 recall referendum</a> —
Recall Hugo Chávez?
Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cne.gov.ve/referendum_presidencial2004/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">CNE data</a></th></tr><tr><td><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; margin: 1px;"><tbody><tr><th>Candidate</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th></tr><tr><td>No:</td><td>5,800,629</td><td>59%</td></tr><tr><td>Yes:</td><td>3,989,008</td><td>41%</td></tr><tr><td>Non-voting:</td><td>4,222,269</td><td>30%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>The recall vote was held on 15 August 2004. A record number of voters turned out but the recall was defeated with a 59% "no" vote.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carter Center</a> concluded the results were accurate,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">European Union</a> observers did not oversee the referendum, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the government.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Cordoba-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>An exit poll by US company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn,Schoen%26_Berland" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn, Schoen & Berland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Penn, Schoen & Berland</a> Associates (PSB) predicted that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results showed him to have won by 20%. Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Barone-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> PSB used Súmate personnel as fieldworkers. Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-USPoll-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jimmy Carter</a> said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>Following the recall vote, Súmate requested that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann" title="Ricardo Hausmann" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ricardo Hausmann</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a> and Roberto Rigobón of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">MIT</a> perform a statistical analysis analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts and that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near the computer hub on election day.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Cordoba-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-UniversalElectionFraud-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CEPR</a>, a left-leaning think tank<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> based in Washington, reports that other economists have called the Harvard/MIT assumptions about how the alleged fraud was conducted unlikely.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Presidential elections, 2006[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAmate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidential elections, 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Venezuelan presidential election, 2006</a></div>Súmate recommended procedures for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">primary</a>, to be held on 13 August 2006, to choose the opposition candidate for the 3 December 2006 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">presidential elections.</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Petkoff" title="Teodoro Petkoff" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Teodoro Petkoff</a>, a Chávez critic, said that Súmate's procedure was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">authoritarian</a>, comparing it to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmona_Decree" title="Carmona Decree" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carmona Decree</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> Nine other candidates agreed to the terms for holding a primary, confirming their desire to allow the citizens to choose the opposition candidate. Another candidate condemned Petkoff's remarks against Súmate, saying that Petkoff's statements didn't help the country, and explaining that the conditions for holding a primary had been previously discussed between all of the candidates, including Petkoff.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-english.eluniversal.com-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> On 9 August, Súmate announced that the 13 August primary election would not be held, since the candidates had decided to back <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rosales" title="Manuel Rosales" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manuel Rosales</a> as the single opposition candidate. Machado said that the primary "initiative accomplished its goal and that Súmate would continue working to ensure clean elections and respect for citizens' rights."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a>On 8 December 2006, Súmate announced that their count and audits of the final election results matched the official count of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electoral_Council(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Venezuelan National Electoral Council</a>, that showed a landslide victory for Hugo Chávez, highlighting that "balloting was not clean, transparent or reliable."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Castillo-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a> Machado said the Government had stacked the odds against the opposition in the pre-election period, including "a climate of collective intimidation" due to the use of fingerprint-reading machines and an unaudited register of voters, and that if irregularities had been corrected, they could have impacted the final result. She clarified that the impact could not be assessed, saying "We will know only the truth about what Venezuelans really feel, the day when clean elections are held in Venezuela."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Castillo-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Criticism</h2>Critics say that Súmate is not an impartial organization. Súmate describes itself as a civil association<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> not concerned with who governs, but the Venezuelan democracy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Young-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>Other sources describe Súmate as an election or vote-monitoring group,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-CBSWatchdog-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-DiehlWatch-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a> a civic organization or civic society,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-wp_boustany-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-HRWSumate-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-DiehlWatch-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> a voting rights organization,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> an NGO or Venezuela's largest nongovernmental organization,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-HRWSumate-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Mayor-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a> a "nongovernmental organization resisting efforts by President Hugo Chavez's to turn Venezuela into a dictatorship",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Young-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> a Venezuelan group that helped organize the recall initiative,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-USPoll-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> an organization that mobilized petitioners for the recall of Chavez,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a> a pro-democracy nonprofit group,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-WomenWorld-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a> a volunteer organization of democracy activists,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a> and a watchdog group or election watchdog organization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Mayor-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a>Juan Forero of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> referred to Súmate as an anti-Hugo Chávez election-monitoring organization,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a> and an antigovernment group.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a> The BBC has referred to Sumate at least three times as an "opposition group".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a> Venezuela’s El Universal consistently refers to Súmate as an NGO,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-english.eluniversal.com-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> but has called it an opposition NGO in the past.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-UniversalElectionFraud-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Christian Science Monitor</a> says of Machado, “a friend invited her to create a pro-democracy group”, but adds that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Birns" title="Larry Birns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Larry Birns</a>, director of the liberal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs" title="Council on Hemispheric Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a> in Washington says that Sumate's "pro-democracy pretensions are ... a front for its anti-Chávez goals".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-CSMachado-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a>Súmate and others have denounced the government for using the list of signers of the recall petition in violation of privacy and electoral laws. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Tasc%C3%B3n" title="Luis Tascón" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Luis Tascón</a>, a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Assembly</a> representing Chávez' party (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fifth Republic Movement</a> - MVR) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communist Party of Venezuela</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Táchira (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Táchira</a> state, under orders from Chávez to collect copies of signatures of the petitioners for the recall referendum, published on his website the identities of over 2,400,000 signers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-embsum-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a> Súmate alleged violation of privacy and electoral laws, considering reports that people who worked for the government were fired, denied work, or denied the issuance of official documents because of their appearance on the list.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-embsum-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Treason and conspiracy charges[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAmate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treason and conspiracy charges" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The group is funded in large part by private Venezuelan interests, but also reportedly received up to 6% of their funds via a grant from the U.S.-backed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a> in 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[45]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[46]</a> According to CBS News, Chávez branded the leaders of Súmate as conspirators, coup plotters and lackeys of the U.S. government.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-CBSWatchdog-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[25]</a> After the referendum, members of Súmate were charged with treason and conspiracy, under Article 132 of the Venezuelan Penal Code,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[47]</a> for receiving financial support for their activities from the NED. The trial has been postponed several times.The criminal charges triggered concern from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Human Rights Watch</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-HRWSumate-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[29]</a> and the NED-related <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Movement_for_Democracy" title="World Movement for Democracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">World Movement for Democracy</a>. The latter accused the Government of Venezuela of illegally "withholding case files from the defendants, using depositions of the defendants that were made before the charges against them were known, and refusing to accede to requests of the Supreme Court in the case."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[48]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Casey(diplomat)" title="Tom Casey (diplomat)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Tom Casey</a>, acting spokesman for the State Department, expressed disappointment about the court's decision to try the founders and said the charges were "without merit."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[49]</a>Over 70 democrats, including prominent world leaders, wrote to Chávez on 11 November 2004, pointing out that "proceeding against nongovernmental organizations for receiving democratic assistance is a violation of both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Democratic_Charter" title="Inter-American Democratic Charter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Inter-American Democratic Charter</a> and the Warsaw Declaration of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Democracies" title="Community of Democracies" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Community of Democracies</a>, a document your government signed along with over 100 others four years ago." The letter indicated that the prosecution, "as well as the proposal to criminalize democracy assistance from abroad" are both "clearly inconsistent with international democratic norms and constitute a grave threat to democracy." Signatories of the letter included Czech President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Václav Havel</a>, former U.S. Secretary of State <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Madeleine Albright</a>, U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John McCain</a>, former Canadian Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Kim Campbell</a>, former Nicaraguan President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Chamorro" title="Violeta Chamorro" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Violeta Chamorro</a>, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Dimitrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Filip Dimitrov" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Philip Dimitrov</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goldstone" title="Richard Goldstone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Goldstone</a>, former prosecutor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-Coalition-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a>A 2008 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Human Rights Watch</a> report highlighted SÚmate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Personnel[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAmate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personnel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Plaz is a Venezuelan engineer and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_consultant" class="mw-redirect" title="Management consultant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">management consultant</a>, who holds three master's degrees (two from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stanford University</a>), and was a Senior partner for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">McKinsey & Company</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Latin America</a>, before taking a leave of absence to co-found Súmate. Machado was hailed as "the best of womankind and the difficult times many women face around the globe" on a list of Women the World Should Know for International Women's Day.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-WomenWorld-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a>Luis Enrique Palacios and Ricardo Estévez are also charged with complicity in treason and conspiracy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_note-HRWSumate-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Notes[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAmate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/2/17/apworld/20060217075047&sec=apworld" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Rice calls Venezuela a big problem for Western Hemisphere.</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008061142/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F2%2F17%2Fapworld%2F20060217075047&sec=apworld" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 8 October 2012 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> The Star, 17 February 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Diehl, Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hacer.org/current/Vene057.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">In Venezuela, Locking Up the Vote.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106142913/http://www.hacer.org/current/Vene057.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 6 January 2011 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> Washington Post, reprinted by Hispanic American Center.</li><li id="cite_note-gutkin-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-gutkin_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-gutkin_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Gutkin, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19990426/ai_n10503023" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuelans back revising constitution.</a> The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (26 April 1999). Retrieved 2 August 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2007/07/25/2812187.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuela risk: Political stability risk.</a> Economist Intelligence Unit (25 July 2007). Retrieved 2 August 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Serge F. Kovaleski. Venezuelan Voters Make President More Powerful; The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 16 December 1999. pg. A.30</li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Serge F. Kovaleski. Venezuelans Approve Plan For Assembly; Vote Favors Chavez Wish To Rewrite Constitution; The Washington Post.Washington, D.C.: 26 April 1999. pg. A.11 "But the turnout today was a sharp contrast to the presidential election on 6 December when 65 percent of the country's registered voters cast ballots. In the capital, Caracas, where there were no reports of violence or voting irregularities, only short lines were seen at many balloting stations, where voters could pick 'yes' or 'no' on whether a constituent assembly was needed and on proposed guidelines for the election of its members."</li><li id="cite_note-SignOn-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-SignOn_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-SignOn_7-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Boustany, Nora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/660702441.html?dids=660702441:660702441&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&fmac=&date=Jul+9%2C+2004&author=Nora+Boustany&desc=Signing+On+To+Challenge+Hugo+Chavez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Signing On To Challenge Hugo Chavez.</a> The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 9 July 2004. p. A.15</li><li id="cite_note-Young-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Young_8-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Young_8-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Young_8-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> O'Grady, Mary A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hacer.org/current/Vene009.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">A Young Defender of Democracy Faces Chávez's Wrath.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808180336/http://www.hacer.org/current/Vene009.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 8 August 2006 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2005; Page A9.</li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }BBC News. (BBC, 21 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3587184.stm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Venezuelan Audit Confirms Victory"</a>. Retrieved 5 November 2005.</li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Carter Center (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2020.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report.</a> Retrieved 25 January 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-Cordoba-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Cordoba_11-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Cordoba_11-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts". Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, NY: 16 August 2004. pg. A11.</li><li id="cite_note-Barone-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Barone_12-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Barone, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_040820.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Exit polls in Venezuela".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716183631/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_040820.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. News & World Report. 20 August 2004.</li><li id="cite_note-USPoll-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-USPoll_13-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-USPoll_13-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040820102645/http://abcnews.go.com/wire/World/ap20040819_91.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">U.S. Poll Firm in Hot Water in Venezuela.</a> Associated Press. Retrieved 9 June 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jones, Bart (3 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2004c/090304/090304a.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Venezuela: Divisions harden after Chávez victory"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Catholic Reporter</a>. Retrieved 14 March2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+Divisions+harden+after+Ch%C3%A1vez+victory&rft.pub=%27%27National+Catholic+Reporter%27%27&rft.date=2004-09-03&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatcath.org%2FNCR_Online%2Farchives2%2F2004c%2F090304%2F090304a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%BAmate" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-UniversalElectionFraud-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-UniversalElectionFraud_15-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-UniversalElectionFraud_15-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Juan Francisco Alonso (6 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/09/06/en_pol_art_06A489963.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Súmate: There is a 99% probability of fraud in referendum.</a> El Universal. Retrieved 6 August 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-CEPRBlackSwan_16-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-CEPRBlackSwan_16-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Weisbrot M, Rosnick D, Tucker T (20 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/publications/venezuela_2004_09.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote.</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">permanent dead link</a>] CEPR: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>. Retrieved 30 June 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Dorell, O. (4/12/2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/retirement/2005-04-12-benefits-calculators_x.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Benefit estimates depend on who calculates them.</a> USA Today.Retrieved 30 June 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2019_June_9#Link_language_wrappers" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 June 9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">‹See Tfd›</a>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/07/07/pol_ava_07A740687.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Súmate: Las primarias se realizarán el 13 de agosto.</a> El Universal (7 July 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2019_June_9#Link_language_wrappers" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 June 9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">‹See Tfd›</a>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=32388" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Teodoro Petkoff: "No me inscribiré ni participaré en ese proceso."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718120902/http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=32388" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 18 July 2006 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>Globovision (7 July 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2019_June_9#Link_language_wrappers" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 June 9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">‹See Tfd›</a>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/07/07/pol_ava_07A740449.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Froilán Barrios condenó expresiones de Petkoff.</a> El Universal (7 July 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-english.eluniversal.com-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-english.eluniversal.com_21-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-english.eluniversal.com_21-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/07/08/en_pol_art_08A740643.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Súmate announced primaries for August 13th.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715075704/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/07/08/en_pol_art_08A740643.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 15 July 2006 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> El Universal (8 July 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/09/en_pol_art_09A762463.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Súmate: there will be no primary elections.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201202705/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/09/en_pol_art_09A762463.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 1 December 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> El Universal (8 August 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-Castillo-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Castillo_23-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Castillo_23-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Castillo, Vivian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/12/08/en_pol_art_08A813237.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"We will know the truth when we have clean elections".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525130205/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/12/08/en_pol_art_08A813237.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 25 May 2011 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> El Universal (8 December 2006). Retrieved 10 December 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-24" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2019_June_9#Link_language_wrappers" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 June 9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">‹See Tfd›</a>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.sumate.org/quienes_somos.asp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Súmate: Quienes Somos.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204134805/http://web.sumate.org/quienes_somos.asp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 4 December 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 17 August 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-CBSWatchdog-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-CBSWatchdog_25-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-CBSWatchdog_25-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/03/ap/world/mainD8E8MNGO6.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Chavez Calls Watchdog Group a Top Enemy.</a> CBS News (3 December 2005).</li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-26" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Diehl, Jackson. In Venezuela, Locking Up the Vote; The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 10 April 2006. pg. A.17</li><li id="cite_note-DiehlWatch-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-DiehlWatch_27-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-DiehlWatch_27-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Watch Venezuela; The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 21 November 2004. pg. B.06</li><li id="cite_note-wp_boustany-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-wp_boustany_28-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Boustany, Nora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/660702441.html?dids=660702441:660702441&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&fmac=&date=Jul+9%2C+2004&author=Nora+Boustany&desc=Signing+On+To+Challenge+Hugo+Chavez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Signing On To Challenge Hugo Chavez.</a> The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: 9 July 2004. p. A.15</li><li id="cite_note-HRWSumate-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-HRWSumate_29-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-HRWSumate_29-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-HRWSumate_29-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-HRWSumate_29-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/08/venezu11299.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders.</a> Retrieved 8 June 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Luhnow, David; de Cordoba, Jose. Academics' Study Backs Fraud Claim In Chavez Election. Wall Street Journal. New York, N.Y.: 7 September 2004. pg. A.18</li><li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Kraul, Chris. THE WORLD; 3 Venezuela Opposition Parties Bow Out; The anti-Chavez groups, alleging irregularities, say they won't take part in legislative elections.; Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Calif.: 30 November 2005. pg. A.3</li><li id="cite_note-Mayor-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Mayor_32-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Mayor_32-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> O’Grady, Mary Anastasia. Americas: A Young Mayor Dares to Defy the Chavistas. Wall Street Journal. New York, N.Y.: 29 July 2005. pg. A.13</li><li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-33" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Bush Doctrine, Latin-Style. Wall Street Journal. New York, N.Y.: 7 June 2005. pg. A.14</li><li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-34" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Lakshmanan, Indira A.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2004/08/19/venezuela_opposition_refuses_to_admit_defeat?mode=PF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuela opposition refuses to admit defeat.</a> Boston Globe. Boston, Mass.: 19 August 2004. pg. A.6</li><li id="cite_note-WomenWorld-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-WomenWorld_35-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-WomenWorld_35-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/symposium/symposium200603080944.asp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Women the World Should Know.</a> National Review Online (8 March 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-36" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/21/eveningnews/main1638480.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Tourists And The Two Venezuelas.</a> CBS News (21 May 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-37" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/05/ap/world/mainD8EA5BS80.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Chavez's Party Gets Big Election Victory.</a> CBS News (5 December 2005).</li><li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-38" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Forero, Juan. Venezuela's Best-Loved, or Maybe Most-Hated, Citizen. New York Times. New York, N.Y.: 19 November 2005. pg. A.4</li><li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-39" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Forero, Juan. Venezuelan Judge Orders Trial For Chavez Foe Helped by U.S. New York Times. New York, N.Y.: 8 July 2005. pg. A.2</li><li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4496586.stm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuela 'landslide' for Chavez.</a> BBC News (5 December 2005).</li><li id="cite_note-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4482636.stm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuelan opposition quit poll.</a> BBC News (29 November 2005).</li><li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4321198.stm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuela to boost poll security.</a> BBC News (7 October 2005).</li><li id="cite_note-CSMachado-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-CSMachado_43-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Ceaser, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0705/p06s01-woam.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Anti-Chávez leader under fire.</a> Christian Science Monitor (5 July 2005).</li><li id="cite_note-embsum-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-embsum_44-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-embsum_44-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Embassy of the United States, Caracas, Venezuela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2796.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005, Venezuela.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525053456/http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2796.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a>25 May 2006 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 July 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2006/08/08/en_pol_art_08A761317.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Foreign Contributions amount to 6 per cent of funds.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411130439/http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2006/08/08/en_pol_art_08A761317.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 11 April 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> El Universal (8 August 2006).</li><li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.+Res.+867:" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Expressing support for the work of the National Endowment for Democracy in Venezuela.</a> Resolution in the US House of Representatives "the National Endowment for Democracy made a grant to Sumate in the amount of $53,400 for a voter education project in Venezuela". (20 November 2004).</li><li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2005/07/07/venezuela-court-orders-trial-civil-society-leaders" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders.</a> Human Rights Watch, 7 July 2005.</li><li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }World Movement for Democracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmd.org/democracyalerts/july1504.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Democracy Activists in Venezuela Threatened.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060330020217/http://www.wmd.org/democracyalerts/july1504.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 30 March 2006 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a> (16 July 2004) Retrieved 8 June 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Embassy of the United States, Venezuela (8 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2678.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Súmate Trial Decision".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310164342/http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2678.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Archived</a> 10 March 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>Retrieved 18 June 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-Coalition-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-Coalition_50-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }National Endowment for Democracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310172138/http://www.ned.org/press/pr111104.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">International Coalition Expresses Concern for Democracy in Venezuela: Havel, Albright, McCain among signatories of letter to Chavez.</a> (11 November 2004). Retrieved 16 August 2006.</li><li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmate#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Human Rights Watch (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/venezuela0908web.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela</a> (PDF), p. 218. Accessed 24 January 2010</li></ol></div></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BAmate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("");" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumate.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Official Súmate website</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820042925/http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/08/04/en_pol_art_04A759853.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"NGO Súmate rebuts claims of illicit fundraising".</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">El Universal</a> (4 August 2006). Accessed 24 February 2010.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/08/venezu11299.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Human Rights Watch statement on trial of Súmate founders</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060330020217/http://www.wmd.org/democracyalerts/july1504.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Democracy Activists in Venezuela Threatened</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/_{foreign/hearings/2004/hrg040624p.html}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The State of Democracy in Venezuela,</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Senate</a> hearing before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on foreign relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Committee on foreign relations</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">U.S. Department of State, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/57714.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">The State of Democracy in Venezuela</a>, 1 December 2005.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310164342/http://caracas.usembassy.gov/wwwh2678.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">US Embassy statement on "conspiracy" charges against Súmate founders</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/12/08/venezuela.hunger.strike/index.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">CNN article</a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1346px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible" style="width: 1338px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" role="button" tabindex="0" style="float: right; user-select: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">hide</a><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="font-weight: normal; float: left; text-align: left; margin-right: 0.5em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" display="display" inline="inline" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" line-height="line-height" inherit="inherit" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; 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padding: 0px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="border: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; background: none transparent; box-shadow: none; padding: 0px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="margin: 0px 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253);"><div id="52nd_President_of_Venezuela(1999–2013)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of Presidents of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">52nd</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 117.375px;">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1194px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Early life</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Military career</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 1998" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Presidential election of 1998</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 117.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1194px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Cabinet</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">1999 Constitution</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2000" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Presidential election of 2000</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Presidential election of 2006</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_election,2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan presidential election, 2012" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Presidential election of 2012</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum,2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan constitutional referendum, 2007" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum,2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan constitutional referendum, 2009" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 117.375px;">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1194px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%9303" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum,2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_parliamentary_election,2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan parliamentary election, 2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Venezuelan parliamentary election, 2005</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_RCTV_protests" title="2007 RCTV protests" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">2007 RCTV protests</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 117.375px;">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1194px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" title="Boliburguesía" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Boliburguesía</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bolivarianism</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bolivarian Circles</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bolivarian missions</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chavismo</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colectivo(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Colectivos</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Economic policy</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Communal_Councils" title="Venezuelan Communal Councils" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Venezuelan Communal Councils</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 117.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1194px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bank of the South</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 117.375px;">Image</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1194px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Aló Presidente</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo:The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">El pueblo soy yo</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">¿¡Revolución!?</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_Will_Not_Be_Televised(film)" title="The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (film)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">The Revolution Will Not Be Televised</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">teleSUR</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelanalysis.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelanalysis.com" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Venezuelanalysis.com</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Venezuela Information Office</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Ray_of_a_Lie" title="X-Ray of a Lie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">X-Ray of a Lie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none none; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hugo Chávez</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civic_and_political_organizations_of_Venezuela" title="Category:Civic and political organizations of Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Civic and political organizations of Venezuela</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Referendums_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Referendums in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Referendums in Venezuela</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_2002" title="Category:Organizations established in 2002" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Organizations established in 2002</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2002_establishments_in_Venezuela" title="Category:2002 establishments in Venezuela" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2002 establishments in Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>==</div></div>