frank easterbrook hon

<div class="GGD0W3FBKT" aria-hidden="false" style="font-weight: bold; float: left; top: 3px; left: 5px; margin-right: 110px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vance Ertel v rummy</div><div style="clear: both; position: relative;"><div class="GGD0W3FBKS" aria-hidden="false" style="float: left;"><div style="clear: both;"><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">oreskes big lie fail</div><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Clinton administration proposed to address climate change through a Pigouvian tax, the so-called “BTU” tax (referring to the heat content of fuels as measured in British Thermal Units).<span class="modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop " data-mfn="3" data-mfn-post-scope="0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: initial; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;"><a role="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-describedby="mfn-content-0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; box-shadow: none;">3</a> But it was opposed—indeed, ridiculed—by a broad coalition of conservatives, including, the Chamber of Commerce, the American Petroleum Institute, and virtually every right-wing think tank in America.<span class="modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop " data-mfn="4" data-mfn-post-scope="0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: initial; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;"><a role="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-describedby="mfn-content-0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none;">4</a> The notorious Global Climate Coalition, a network of fossil fuel producers and users that in the 1990s successfully prevented the U.S. Congress from ratifying the Kyoto protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, was originally established as a committee of the National Association of Manufacturers. Even though the idea of putting a price on carbon was a mainstream economic approach to market failure, Republicans framed it as just another example of Democrats’ penchant to “tax and spend.” The Wall Street Journal mocked it as Al Gore’s “favorite tax.”<span class="modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop " data-mfn="5" data-mfn-post-scope="0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: initial; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;"><a role="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-describedby="mfn-content-0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none;">5</a>In his 1979 paper on nonmarket failure, economist Charles Wolf had slipped into his conclusion the idea that one cause of nonmarket failure was “premature but politically effective demands for government action.”<span class="modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop " data-mfn="6" data-mfn-post-scope="0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: initial; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;"><a role="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-describedby="mfn-content-0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; box-shadow: none;">6</a> In the 1990s, many Republicans picked up on this theme, arguing that it was premature to act on climate change. Even at the time, that was wrong: scientists already had a consensus that man-made climate change was under way and likely to be very costly.<span class="modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop " data-mfn="7" data-mfn-post-scope="0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: initial; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;"><a role="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-describedby="mfn-content-0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; box-shadow: none;">7</a> To act in the 1990s would have been appropriate. It would have been timely. But Clinton was unable to generate congressional support for action; Republican opposition made it clear that any proposal to put a price on carbon would be dead on arrival. In 1999, when Vice President Al Gore ran for president on a platform prioritizing climate change, journalist Gregg Easterbrook (brother of Judge Frank Easterbrook) embarrassed him on the campaign trail with a false story that his mentor—climate champion Roger Revelle—had experienced a deathbed conversion and died thinking climate change was not a serious problem.<span class="modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop " data-mfn="8" data-mfn-post-scope="0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: initial; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px;"><a role="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-describedby="mfn-content-0000000069385b1600000000164185f1_52111" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; box-shadow: none;">8</a> (He had not.)</div><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">rockin that Bork look</div><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false" style="">
<div style=""><div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">frank Hoover Easterbrook (born September 3, 1948) is an American lawyer, jurist, and legal scholar who has served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">United States circuit judge</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a> since 1985. He was the Seventh Circuit's chief judge from 2006 to 2013.<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="margin: 0px; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;">
</div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#Early_life_and_education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Early life and education</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#Early_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Early career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#Federal_judicial_service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Federal judicial service</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#Influences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Influences</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#Notable_cases" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Notable cases</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#Academic_work" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Academic work</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Early life and education[</h2>Easterbrook was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,New_York" title="Buffalo, New York" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Buffalo, New York</a>, on September 3, 1948, the son of Vimy and George Easterbrook. His younger brothers are author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Easterbrook" title="Gregg Easterbrook" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Gregg Easterbrook</a> and Neil Easterbrook, a professor at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Christian_University" title="Texas Christian University" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Texas Christian University</a>. He attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenmore_West_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenmore West High School" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Kenmore West High School</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda(town),New_York" title="Tonawanda (town), New York" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Tonawanda, New York</a>.Easterbrook attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Swarthmore College</a>, where he was elected to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Phi Beta Kappa</a> and received his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree with high honors. He then attended the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Chicago Law School</a>, where he was an editor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Chicago Law Review</a> along with future judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_H.Ginsburg" title="Douglas H. Ginsburg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Douglas H. Ginsburg</a>. He graduated in 1973 with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Juris Doctor</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif" title="Order of the Coif" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Order of the Coif</a> honors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-fjc.gov-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Early career[</h2>After law school, Easterbrook <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">clerked</a> for judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levin_Hicks_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Levin Hicks Campbell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Levin Hicks Campbell</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a> from 1973 to 1974. He then joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Solicitor General</a>'s office as an Assistant to the Solicitor General, and was promoted in 1978 to Deputy Solicitor General. The solicitor general at the time was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Bork</a>, and Easterbrook has reminisced that when he joined the Solicitor General's office, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a> noted that around the same time the SG's Office had hired three lawyers either fresh from clerkships or lacking the customary appellate experience. None of us had clerked on the Supreme Court. The Post concluded that good lawyers were no longer willing to work for the Solicitor General and attributed this to Bork's role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">firing</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Archibald Cox</a> as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Watergate</a> special prosecutor. The paper thought that dark days lay ahead for the Office with a second-rate staff. The three bottom-of-the-barrel selections were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Reich</a> (later Secretary of Labor in the Clinton Administration), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Julian_Boggs" title="Danny Julian Boggs" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Danny Boggs</a> (future Chief Judge of the Sixth Circuit), and me."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> Easterbrook was considered "one of the very top advocates appearing before the Supreme Court in his days at the bar".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-Portrait-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a>Easterbrook joined the faculty of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Chicago Law School</a> in 1978 (and is still a senior lecturer there today), and was a principal at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexecon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexecon (page does not exist)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Lexecon</a> from 1980 until his judicial appointment. Easterbrook argued 20 cases before the Supreme Court while in the Solicitor General's office and in private practice, including several landmark <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">antitrust</a> cases.<h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Federal judicial service[</h2>Easterbrook was nominated to the court by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ronald Reagan</a> on August 1, 1984, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333, 346; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Senate</a> did not act on his nomination that year, and he was renominated in Reagan's second term on February 25, 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-fjc.gov-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a>He was confirmed by the Senate on April 3, 1985, and received his commission the next day.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-fjc.gov-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Bar Association</a> gave Easterbrook a low "qualified/not qualified" rating, presumably due to his youth and relative inexperience. In 2001 this rating was claimed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">George W. Bush administration</a> as evidence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal bias" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">liberal bias</a> in the ABA in its announcement that it would no longer confer with the ABA in selecting judicial nominees.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>Among Judge Easterbrook's most prominent opinions are:<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Booksellers_v.Hudnut" class="mw-redirect" title="American Booksellers v. Hudnut" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Booksellers v. Hudnut</a> (1986)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kirchoff v. Flynn (1986)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In re Erickson (1987)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In re Sinclair (1989)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">United States v. Van Fossan (1990)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Miller v. South Bend (1990)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">United States v. Marshall (1990)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_Gacy" title="John Wayne Gacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gacy v. Welborn</a> (1993)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProCD_v.Zeidenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="ProCD v. Zeidenberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ProCD v. Zeidenberg</a> (1996)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Asher v. Baxter International Inc. (2004)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMG_Music_v.Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a> (2005)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosty_v.Carter" title="Hosty v. Carter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hosty v. Carter</a> (2005)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Doe v. Smith 429 F.3d 706 (7th Cir. 2005)</li></ul>As a young judge in one of his early opinions, Kirchoff v. Flynn, 786 F.2d 320 (CA7 1986), a lawsuit over an arrest for feeding pigeons in a park, Easterbrook used such language as "trundled to the squadrol" to describe an arrest; and states of the pigeon-feeder that she "will never be confused with the 30th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mar" title="Earl of Mar" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Earl of Mar</a>, whose hobby was kicking pigeons". He described a controversy over whether a police officer, or the plaintiff's own bird, had attacked the plaintiff as: "[Plaintiff] says that he was clobbered by a pair of handcuffs; [the officer] maintains that the [plaintiffs]' red macaw drew the blood when it landed on [plaintiff]'s head during the fracas and started pecking". In a footnote, he added "Predatory birds rarely attack large animals whose eyes they can see, 11 Harv.Med. School Health Letter 8 (Feb.1986), and perhaps William's eyes got distracted, to his macaw's glee." This may be seen either as an example of Easterbrook's deftness with language, or his penchant for engaging in self-indulgent pedantry. Either way, his opinions often exhibit nearly impenetrable language, such as in Frantz v. U.S. Powerlifting Federation, 836 F.2d 1063 (7th Cir. 1987), where he wrote, "The absence of ineluctable answers does not imply the privilege to indulge an unexamined gestalt."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Chicago Law School</a> Dean <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Levmore" title="Saul Levmore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Saul Levmore</a> stated that "Easterbrook is an important influence on legal education through his judicial opinions. Course after law school course has changed for the better as Judge Easterbrook’s opinions have made their way into the curriculum. So long as he decides cases, and decides them in a way that cuts to the heart of an issue with such skill and pressure, no area of law can be dull".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-Portrait-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a>Easterbrook had a reputation for being "hard-nosed and demanding" during oral argument.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-Portrait-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> In Schlessinger v. Salimes (1996),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> for example, he characterized the lawsuit as "goofy" and the appellant's arguments as "nutty" before issuing an order to show cause why the appellant and lawyer should not be sanctioned for a frivolous appeal. His demeanor has won him enemies in the bar. In 1994 the Chicago Council of Lawyers published an "evaluation" of the Seventh Circuit that evaluated all the judges and the court's procedures in general, but notably focused extensively on only two: Easterbrook and then-chief judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Posner</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> The evaluation of Easterbrook contained an unusual number of grievances; and the Council did not specify authorship, so the criticism is anonymous. In a section devoted to Easterbrook's judicial demeanor, the report claims he "has consistently displayed a temperament that is improper for a Circuit Judge. While Judge Easterbrook has many good qualities, there is a widespread belief that he is arrogant and intolerant with those who do not match his own intellectual level. This problem seriously interferes with the performance of his duties". The report continued to state Easterbrook "has been resoundingly and repeatedly criticized as being extremely rude to attorneys at oral argument" and that "some attorneys" said that due to the judge's demeanor they and their clients did not feel they got a fair hearing. The Council pointed to another opinion, Kale v. Obuchowski, which derided a lawyer's argument as "pettifoggery" and concluded that the appeal was "frivolous, doomed and sanctionable".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> The Council argued that even if the lawyer's conduct was sanctionable, "the language chosen does not enhance the administration of justice".[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]However, this review by the council was never repeated, lending partial support to the defenders of Easterbrook and Posner that the report was an opportunity for anonymous venting by lawyers who were unhappy with the results of Seventh Circuit decisions, in no small part thanks to the decisions of Reagan appointees Easterbrook and Posner. Posner has recently commented about the report, "You have here some anonymous people who are talking to the Chicago Council of Lawyers. How much credence should we put on these people? They can be sore losers. They can be crybabies."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>Easterbrook served as Chief Judge of the Seventh Circuit from 2006 to 2013. He is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Judicial Conference of the United States</a> and head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_council(United_States_federal_courts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial council (United States federal courts)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Judicial Council</a> for the Seventh Circuit.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-Portrait-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Influences[</h2>Easterbrook called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand" title="Learned Hand" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Learned Hand</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.</a> his "judicial heroes".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Notable cases[</h2>In December 2017, Easterbrook supported the 4–3 en banc decision to reverse an earlier federal magistrate judgment that a confession had been unlawfully coerced from 16-year-old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Dassey" title="Brendan Dassey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brendan Dassey</a>.On November 1, 2019, Easterbrook concurred in the denial of rehearing regarding an Indiana abortion law requiring parental notifications. A 3-judge panel had struck down the injunctions. Easterbrook, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_S.Sykes" title="Diane S. Sykes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Diane S. Sykes</a> who joined him, were the deciding votes to deny en banc. Easterbrook in his concurrence called on the Supreme Court to hear the case, and also pointed out its parallels with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Medical_Services_v.Gee" class="mw-redirect" title="June Medical Services v. Gee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">June Medical Services v. Gee</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a>On January 23, 2020, Easterbrook wrote a decision slamming the Justice Department for arguing that a previous decision by the Seventh Circuit in the same immigration case was wrongly decided and that the Board of Immigration Appeals could ignore the decision. Easterbrook wrote, "The Board [of Immigration Appeals] seemed to think that we had issued an advisory opinion, and that faced with a conflict between our views and those of the Attorney General it should follow the latter. Yet it should not be necessary to remind the Board, all of whose members are lawyers, that the 'judicial Power' under Article III of the Constitution is one to make conclusive decisions, not subject to disapproval or revision by another branch of government." The Court reversed the Board's decision and entered a judgment in favor of the plaintiff. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Baez-Sanchez_v.Barr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Baez-Sanchez v. Barr (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jorge Baez-Sanchez v. Barr</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a>On June 29, 2020, Easterbrook wrote the opinion to reinstate significant voting restrictions in Wisconsin, originally put into place when Republicans controlled all branches of state government early in the previous decade and which U.S. District Judge James Peterson had overturned on constitutional grounds in July 2016. Easterbrook wrote that the even though the voting restrictions are discriminatory, it was purely based upon party affiliation (the areas most impacted are heavily Democratic leaning). His conclusion that this is acceptable relies on a 2019 US Supreme Court ruling that partisan manipulation of electoral districts was also acceptable. “The changes were made because of politics,” he wrote. “This record does not support a conclusion that the legislators who voted for the contested statutes cared about race; they cared about voters’ political preferences.” He added that Democratic lawmakers could retake control of the legislature and change the laws they objected to. Barry Burden, director of the Elections Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, observed “This is an amazing conclusion that opens the doors to all kinds of partisan manipulation of election practices. It completely ignores the possibility that the party in charge might be able to alter the rules to keep itself in power, thus removing the ability of the opposing party to change the laws in the other direction.” The case was argued in 2017 and it was long a mystery why the court hadn't issued its ruling long before. Easterbrook's written opinion offered no explanation for the delay in delivering it until preparations for the 2020 national election cycle were just beginning, during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the most closely contested "battleground state" of the 2016 national election cycle.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a>On August 2, 2021, Easterbrook wrote the unanimous majority opinion upholding Indiana University's requirement for students to get the COVID-19 vaccine.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a> 10 days later, circuit justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Amy Coney Barrett</a> unilaterally affirmed Easterbrook's decision without referring the case to the whole court.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> A few months later in a similar case, the full Supreme Court would uphold vaccine requirements for health care workers in Maine.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Academic work[</h2>Easterbrook's academic work focuses on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">corporate law</a>, particularly the 1991 book The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, which he coauthored with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fischel" title="Daniel Fischel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daniel Fischel</a>. Easterbrook's article, "The Proper Role of a Target's Management in Responding to a Tender Offer", 94 Harv. L. Rev. 1161 (1981) (also coauthored with Fischel) is the most heavily cited corporate law article in legal scholarship. Easterbrook has also written articles on antitrust law and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">judicial interpretation</a>, including The Limits of Antitrust, 63 Tex. L. Rev. 1 (1984); Abstraction and Authority, 59 U. Chi. L. Rev. 349 (1992); Statutes' Domains, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 533 (1983); and Textualism and the Dead Hand, 66 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1119 (1998). Easterbrook also expressed his opinions about how US states compete with each other in the race to the bottom to win corporations, in " The Race for the Bottom of the Corporate Governance", 95 Va. L. Rev. 685 (2009).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">See also[</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">References[</h2><div class="reflist" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-fjc.gov-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-fjc.gov_1-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-fjc.gov_1-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-fjc.gov_1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/easterbrook-frank-hoover" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Easterbrook, Frank Hoover - Federal Judicial Center"</a>. fjc.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fjc.gov&rft.atitle=Easterbrook%2C+Frank+Hoover+-+Federal+Judicial+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjudges%2Feasterbrook-frank-hoover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627060929/http://howappealing.law.com/20q/2004_08_01_20q-appellateblog_archive.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"How Appealing's 20 questions site"</a>. howappealing.law.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howappealing.law.com/20q/2004_08_01_20q-appellateblog_archive.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> on 2006-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=howappealing.law.com&rft.atitle=How+Appealing%27s+20+questions+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhowappealing.law.com%2F20q%2F2004_08_01_20q-appellateblog_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Portrait-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-Portrait_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-Portrait_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-Portrait_3-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-Portrait_3-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayerbrown.com/publications/article.asp?id=2772&nid=6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Frank Easterbrook:A Portrait of the Next Chief"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Easterbrook%3AA+Portrait+of+the+Next+Chief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayerbrown.com%2Fpublications%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D2772%26nid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NR&d_origin=transcripts&z=NR&p_theme=nr&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F56F93633B2E53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"ANALYSIS: BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S DECISION TO END THE PRACTICE OF CONSULTING THE ABA ABOUT POTENTIAL NOMINEES FOR FEDERAL JUDGESHIPS BEFORE MAKING THEIR NAMES PUBLIC"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Public Radio</a>. March 23, 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ANALYSIS%3A+BUSH+ADMINISTRATION%27S+DECISION+TO+END+THE+PRACTICE+OF+CONSULTING+THE+ABA+ABOUT+POTENTIAL+NOMINEES+FOR+FEDERAL+JUDGESHIPS+BEFORE+MAKING+THEIR+NAMES+PUBLIC&rft.date=2001-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DNR%26d_origin%3Dtranscripts%26z%3DNR%26p_theme%3Dnr%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0F56F93633B2E53E%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFLiptak,Adam2009" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Liptak, Adam</a> (March 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/us/31bar.html?em" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Legal Group's Neutrality Is Challenged"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Legal+Group%27s+Neutrality+Is+Challenged&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.au=Liptak%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F31%2Fus%2F31bar.html%3Fem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060707200608/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hudnut.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut (7th Cir. 1985)"</a>. www.bc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hudnut.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2006-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bc.edu&rft.atitle=American+Booksellers+Association+v.+Hudnut+%287th+Cir.+1985%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Fbc_org%2Favp%2Fcas%2Fcomm%2Ffree_speech%2Fhudnut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Kirchoff v. Flynn, 786 F.2d 320 (7th Cir. 1986)</li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }In re Erickson, 815 F.2d 1090 (7th Cir. 1987)</li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }In re Sinclair, 870 F.2d 1340 (7th Cir. 1989)</li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }United States v. Van Fossan, 899 F.2d 636 (7th Cir. 1990)</li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Miller v. South Bend, 904 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir. 1990) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">en banc</a>) (dissenting), reversed, 501 U.S. 560 (1991)</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }United States v. Marshall, 908 F.2d 1312 (7th Cir. 1990) (en banc), affirmed under the name Chapman v. United States, 500 U.S. 453 (1991)</li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFCircuit1993" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Circuit, Seventh (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjurist.org/994/f2d/305/gacy-v-welborn-w" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Gacy v. Welborn, 994 F.2d 305 (7th Cir. 1993), Denial of appeal of serial killer John Wayne Gacy"</a>. F2d (994): 305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gacy+v.+Welborn%2C+994+F.2d+305+%287th+Cir.+1993%29%2C+Denial+of+appeal+of+serial+killer+John+Wayne+Gacy&rft.volume=F2d&rft.issue=994&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Circuit&rft.aufirst=Seventh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenjurist.org%2F994%2Ff2d%2F305%2Fgacy-v-welborn-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cite journal</a>}}</code>: ; Missing <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|author1=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_name" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=7th&navby=case&no=961730" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"FindLaw's United States Seventh Circuit case and opinions"</a>. Findlaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=FindLaw%27s+United+States+Seventh+Circuit+case+and+opinions.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3D7th%26navby%3Dcase%26no%3D961730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-15" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagocouncil.org/ccl/projects/fd_evaluations/7th_district/iintrodu.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Evaluation of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit – Chicago Council of Lawyers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+the+United+States+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+Seventh+Circuit+%E2%80%93+Chicago+Council+of+Lawyers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagocouncil.org%2Fccl%2Fprojects%2Ffd_evaluations%2F7th_district%2Fiintrodu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">permanent dead link</a>]</li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }Kale v. Obuchowski, 985 F.2d 360 (7th Cir. 1993)</li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/judge-posner-profiled-columbia-journalism-review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Judge Posner Profiled in Columbia Journalism Review</a>, law.uchicago.edu; accessed September 2, 2020.</li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7038-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Life and Career of Frank Easterbrook</a>, c-spanvideo.org; accessed April 24, 2015.</li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/e6de8db5267445bb8473b808fd24a9af" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Full appeals court won't rehear Indiana abortion law case"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Associated Press</a>. November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Full+appeals+court+won%27t+rehear+Indiana+abortion+law+case&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fe6de8db5267445bb8473b808fd24a9af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abovethelaw.com/2020/01/judge-easterbrook-goes-ballistic-on-immigration-judges-ignoring-express-order/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Judge Easterbrook Goes Ballistic on Immigration Judges Ignoring Express Order"</a>. 24 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Easterbrook+Goes+Ballistic+on+Immigration+Judges+Ignoring+Express+Order&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabovethelaw.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fjudge-easterbrook-goes-ballistic-on-immigration-judges-ignoring-express-order%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFLevine2020" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Levine, Sam (2020-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/30/wisconsin-voting-restrictions-reinstated-republican-victory" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Court reinstates Wisconsin voting restrictions in victory for Republicans"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 2020-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Court+reinstates+Wisconsin+voting+restrictions+in+victory+for+Republicans&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Fjun%2F30%2Fwisconsin-voting-restrictions-reinstated-republican-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFFiles2020" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Files, Todd Richmond, Associated Press, Emily (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wuwm.com/post/appeals-court-reinstates-some-voting-restrictions-wisconsin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Appeals Court Reinstates Some Voting Restrictions In Wisconsin"</a>. www.wuwm.com. Retrieved 2020-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wuwm.com&rft.atitle=Appeals+Court+Reinstates+Some+Voting+Restrictions+In+Wisconsin&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Files&rft.aufirst=Todd+Richmond%2C+Associated+Press%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wuwm.com%2Fpost%2Fappeals-court-reinstates-some-voting-restrictions-wisconsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/klaassen-v-trustees-of-ind-univ?utm_source=google-sitelink&q=klaassen%20v.%20indiana&PHONE_NUMBER_GROUP=C&sort=relevance&p=1&type=case&resultsNav=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Klaassen v. Trs. of Ind. Univ"</a>. casetext.com. August 2, 2021. 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August 12, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fbarrett-leaves-indiana-universitys-vaccine-mandate-in-place%2F&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fbarrett-leaves-indiana-universitys-vaccine-mandate-in-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cite web</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code></code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2021/10/court-turns-away-religious-challenge-to-maines-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Court turns away religious challenge to Maine's vaccine requirement for health care workers"</a>. SCOTUSblog. October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=Court+turns+away+religious+challenge+to+Maine%27s+vaccine+requirement+for+health+care+workers&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2021%2F10%2Fcourt-turns-away-religious-challenge-to-maines-vaccine-mandate-for-health-care-workers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook#cite_ref-26" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFEasterbrook2009" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Easterbrook, Frank H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27698024.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A9c3b29286c6083a0dfe8609060f0de67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" icon_pdf_file.png="Icon_pdf_file.png" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding="padding" px="px">"The Race for the Bottom in Corporate Governance"</a> (PDF). Virginia Law Review. 95 (4): 685–706. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27698024" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">27698024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Race+for+the+Bottom+in+Corporate+Governance&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=685-706&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27698024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Easterbrook&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F27698024.pdf%3Fab_segments%3D0%252Fbasic_search_gsv2%252Fcontrol%26refreqid%3Dfastly-default%253A9c3b29286c6083a0dfe8609060f0de67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Easterbrook" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">External links[</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1380341" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Frank Hoover Easterbrook</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public domain</a> publication of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?5388" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Appearances</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">C-SPAN</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/easterbrook/" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 461.365px;">Judge of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a>
1985–present</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 271.188px;">Incumbent</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 269.906px;">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Flaum" title="Joel Flaum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joel Flaum</a></div></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 461.365px;">Chief Judge of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a>
2006–2013</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 271.188px;">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Wood" title="Diane Wood" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Diane Wood</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles nomobile" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judges_of_the_United_States_courts_of_appeals" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1038.33px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="width: 1030.33px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" style="float: right; 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background: none;">United States Department of Justice lawyers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:University of Chicago Law School alumni" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Chicago Law School alumni</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://shadowproof.com/2012/11/12/dismissal-of-whistleblowers-lawsuit-against-rumsfeld-grants-us-officials-greater-immunity-for-torture/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://shadowproof.com/2012/11/12/dismissal-of-whistleblowers-lawsuit-against-rumsfeld-grants-us-officials-greater-immunity-for-torture/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A federal court dismissed a lawsuit last week against former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. The suit, brought by Donald Vance, a US Navy veteran and former defense contractor, and Nathan Ertel, also a former defense contractor, alleged he was responsible fortorture they had experienced in an American-run prison in Iraq for nearly one hundred days. The dismissal effectively makes it even more impossible for US citizens to sue high-ranking officials, who are responsible for their torture.</div>Briefly, the <a href="http://dissenter.shadowproof.wpengine.com/2011/08/06/navy-veteran-suing-rumsfeld-for-torture-discusses-becoming-an-fbi-informant-video/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;">back story</a> is as follows: In October 2005, Vance, who had been working for Shield Group Security in Iraq since 2004, <a href="http://dissenter.shadowproof.wpengine.com/2011/08/08/rumsfeld-loses-attempt-to-have-torture-suit-against-him-dismissed/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent;">informed the FBI division</a> in Chicago that US military personnel were involved in illegal weapons trading. This activity involved his employer, Shield Group Security, which was selling stashes of weapons to Iraqi officials. Some of the officials had ties to violent militias. Vance also reported contractors for Shield Group Security were providing liquor to US soldiers in exchange for ammunition and weapons repairs.After Vance went to the FBI division in Chicago, he was asked to be an informant and return to Iraq. He learned his cover was blown a few months later.  He informed the US Embassy in Baghdad he felt threatened. He was told US Special Forces were coming to rescue Ertel and him.The two contractors had their laptop computers, cell phones and cameras seized by US forces. They discussed sharing information related to Shield Group Security and then they were “sent to a trailer to sleep.”They were woken up, arrested, handcuffed, blindfolded and then driven to Camp Prosperity. There they were held in solitary confinement for two days. They then were transported to Camp Cropper, a prison that Rumsfeld had been working to “Gitmo-tize.” At Camp Cropper, they were subjected to “enhanced interrogation techniques”—torture—like food manipulation and walling. They were not allowed to contact their families.On November 7, the United States Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decided to dismiss the case. Chief Justice Frank H. Easterbrook, appointed by President Ronald Reagan,concluded in <a href="http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/tmp/N512GGQ5.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent;">the opinion</a>:<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 25px;">…What plaintiffs want is an award of damages premised on a view that the military command structure should be different—that, for example, the Secretary of Defense must do more (or do something different) to control misconduct by interrogators and other personnel on the scene in foreign nations. They want a judicial order that would make the Secretary of Defense care less about the Secretary’s view of the best military policy, and more about the Secretary’s regard for his own finances.Plaintiffs believe that giving the Secretary of Defense a financial stake in the conduct of interrogators would lead the Secretary to hold the rights of detainees in higher regard—which surely is true, but that change would come at an uncertain cost in national security…</blockquote>Easterbrook placed concern over what it would mean for national security if high-ranking US officials like Rumsfeld were liable for detainee torture or abuse. He proceeded to suggest that holding Rumsfeld responsible could create a precedent where judges would “make mistakes.” Lacking “vital knowledge,” they might reject facts, the law or award “excessive damages on justified claims or create supervisory liability when they shouldn’t.” Humans are fallible and “judges lack information that executive officials possess.”The argument shows deference to those with great power in the Executive Branch. It also appears to have led to a decision that grants greater immunity to high-ranking officials than prior to the decision.The <a href="http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/tmp/N512GGQ5.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box;">dissenting opinion</a> from Judge Ann Claire Williams, appointed by President Bill Clinton, is remarkable for what it argues. Williams makes it clear that “torture is a crime under international and US law.” Laws in the US are supposed to provide “civil remedies for victims of torture by government officials of other nations” (for example, the Torture Victim Protection Act). But, under the majority’s decision, “US courts are closed to US citizens who are victims of torture by US military personnel.” This is a an error as Congress had no intention to deny US civilians a right “expressly extended to the rest of the world.”Williams added:<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 25px;">…A victim of torture by the Syrian military, for example, can sue in a U.S. court, but a  U.S. citizen tortured  by  the U.S. military cannot. That conclusion should be deeply troubling, to put it mildly. We should not attribute that improbable view to Congress without a far more compelling basis than the majority offers…</blockquote>The dissenting judge further stated, “Supposed another country has enacted its own law identical to the US Torture Victim Protection Act. Under the majority’s reasoning, there are no “adequate and available remedies in the place” where the conduct occurred (a US military base). If Mr. Rumsfeld could be found visiting a country with its own TVPA (so he oculd be served with process), plaintiffs Bance and Ertel could sue him in that country under its TVPA because US law would provide no remedy.”The court decision heavily relied upon interpretation of two cases, Chappell v. Wallace (1983) and United States v. Stanley (1987), cases where the decision suggested the Supreme Court never created a “non-statutory right of action for damages against military personnel.” In doing so, it put more emphasis on these cases and apparently overlooked Mitchell v. Forsyth, a case that decided whether cabinet officers should be immune from suits from individuals.According to Williams, the Court held in Mitchell that Attorney General John Mitchell was not entitled to absolute immunity for ordering “unconstitutional surveillance of the plaintiff” even though he “acted for reasons of national security.” The Court actually found the “national security context” favored allowing the case to proceed.<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 25px;">…Because national security tasks are carried out in secret, “it is far more likely that actual abuses will go uncovered than that fancied abuses will give rise to unfounded and burdensome litigation,”  id. at 522, and the  “danger that  high federal officials will disregard constitutional rights in their zeal to protect the national security is sufficiently real to counsel against affording  such officials an absolute immunity”…</blockquote>The Court in the Mitchell case favored qualified immunity, not absolute immunity, because it would “strike the correct balance between deterring clear violations of constitutional rights andgiving government officials room for discretionary judgment and reasonable mistakes.”The federal court’s decision refused to use the word torture when describing  what Vance and Ertel suffered. Though she concurred with the majority’s opinion on immunity, Judge Diane Pamela Wood did not go for the court’s sanitizing of what happened to Vance and Ertel. She wrote in her opinion:…Plaintiffs Donald Vance and Nathan Ertel assert that representatives of the U.S. government (who happened to be members of the  Armed Forces) subjected them to a variety of measures that easily qualify as “torture,” whether under the definitions found in the Army Field Manual, international law,or legislation such as  the Torture Victim Protection Act…This shameful fact should not be minimized by using euphemisms such as the  term “harsh interrogation techniques.”…Finally, Williams, in her opinion, revealed key details on how the government had been preventing Vance and Ertel from having essential information necessary to press their case against Rumsfeld:<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 25px;">…After years of delay, the government finally complied with the district court’s  order to identify the individuals who slammed plaintiffs into walls, deprived them of sleep, food, water, and adequate clothing, and who subjected them to extreme cold, though after plaintiffs have been seeking the needed information in the district court for nearly six  years, the government still has not provided sufficient information to serve any of those individuals with process…</blockquote>The “stone-walling” prevented individuals from being named or an order “personally signed by Mr. Rumsfeld that these two plaintiffs…be treated as they allege they were treated” from ever surfacing.In conclusion, it seems this case is another case to add to the many cases in recent years that have been dismissed or decided in ways that make it <a href="http://dissenter.shadowproof.wpengine.com/2012/04/18/supreme-court-makes-it-even-more-impossible-for-torture-victims-to-wi-suits/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent;">more impossible for torture victims</a> to bring cases and prevail. And, this case is particularly stunning because these were military contractors working in cooperation with a supposed FBI investigation. They were placed in detention and tortured when their cover was blown and, in the aftermath, have been denied key information on how they ended up becoming torture victims. If there is no recourse for them, what recourse is there for any US citizen abused by their government?<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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