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</div><div>China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chinese</a>: 中国远洋运输（集团）总公司), known as COSCO or COSCO Group, is a Chinese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">shipping</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">logistics</a> services supplier company.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a> It is a government-owned company of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">People's Republic of China</a>. Its headquarters is in Ocean Plaza in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xicheng_District" title="Xicheng District" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Xicheng District</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Beijing</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a> It owns 1114 ships, including 365 dry bulk vessels, a container fleet with a capacity of 1,580,000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEU), and a tanker fleet of 120 vessels.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> The fleet calls at over a thousand ports worldwide.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a> It ranks fourth largest in both number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">container</a> ships and aggregate container volume in the world.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a> In 2012, it was among China's top 15 brands.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-JSTOR-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[7]</a>It is the largest dry bulk carrier in China and one of the largest dry bulk shipping operators worldwide. In addition, the Group is the largest liner carrier in China.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a>A list of the ships it operates can be found at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO_fleet_lists" title="COSCO fleet lists" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">COSCO fleet lists</a>.In February 2016, the COSCO Group merged with China Shipping Group to form China COSCO Shipping.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2>  [<a role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink" style="color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; cursor: pointer;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#Subsidiaries" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1Subsidiaries</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#Incidents_and_accidents" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2Incidents and accidents</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#2009_Norway_oil_spill" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.12009 Norway oil spill</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#2010_Great_Barrier_Reef_grounding" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.22010 Great Barrier Reef grounding</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Subsidiaries<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COSCO&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>COSCO contains seven listed companies and has more than 300 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiaries" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">subsidiaries</a> locally and abroad, providing services in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">freight forwarding</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ship building</a>, ship repair, terminal operation, container manufacturing, trade, financing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">real estate</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">information technology</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[10]</a>There are seven <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listing(finance)" title="Listing (finance)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">listed companies</a> of COSCO:<ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hong Kong</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="COSCO Pacific" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">COSCO Pacific</a> Ltd.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hong Kong: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO_International_Holdings" title="COSCO International Holdings" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">COSCO International Holdings</a> Ltd.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hong Kong: China International Marine Containers (Group) Co. Ltd. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_shares" class="mw-redirect" title="H shares" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">H shares</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hong Kong: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_COSCO" title="China COSCO" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">China COSCO</a> Holdings Co. Ltd. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_shares" class="mw-redirect" title="H shares" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">H shares</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Shanghai</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_COSCO" title="China COSCO" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">China COSCO</a> Holdings Co. Ltd. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_shares" class="mw-redirect" title="A shares" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">A shares</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Shenzhen</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_International_Marine_Containers" title="China International Marine Containers" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">China International Marine Containers</a> (Group) Co. Ltd.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Shenzhen</a>: China International Marine Containers (Group) Co. Ltd. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_share(mainland_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="B share (mainland China)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">B shares</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Singapore</a>: COSCO Corporation (Singapore) Limited</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Japan</a>: Cosco SHIPPING Lines (Japan) Co., Ltd.</li></ul>In April 2016 COSCO agreed to buy 51% of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Piraeus Port Authority" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Piraeus Port Authority</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-HSN-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a> which is listed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="Athens Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="Athens Stock Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Athex</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helex.gr/en/stock-snapshot/-/select-stock/go/PPA" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">PPA</a>) and is a constituent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE/Athex_Large_Cap" title="FTSE/Athex Large Cap" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">FTSE/Athex Large Cap</a> index. COSCO's subsidiary Piraeus Container Terminal (PCT) has been operating two Piers at Piraeus Port since 2009.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-HSN-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a>In July 2017, COSCO put in a $6.3 billion bid to buy its Hong Kong based rival <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Overseas(International)Limited" title="Orient Overseas (International) Limited" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Orient Overseas (International) Limited</a>. The bid has been accepted subject to shareholder and regulatory approval. This will make it the world's third largest container shipping company with a fleet of over 400 vessels.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[12]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">Incidents and accidents<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COSCO&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Incidents and accidents" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6;">2009 Norway oil spill<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COSCO&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2009 Norway oil spill" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_City_oil_spill" title="Full City oil spill" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Full City oil spill</a></div>On 31 July 2009, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Panama</a>-flagged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">bulk carrier</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_City" title="Full City" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Full City</a>, operated by COSCO, experienced engine failure and ran aground near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langesund" title="Langesund" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Langesund</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Telemark</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Norway</a>, during a storm, spilling 200 tons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">heavy bunker fuel oil</a> in an ecologically and environmentally sensitive wildlife area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[13]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6;">2010 Great Barrier Reef grounding<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COSCO&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2010 Great Barrier Reef grounding" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Shen_Neng_1" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Shen Neng 1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MV Shen Neng 1</a></div>On the 3 April 2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Shen_Neng_1" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Shen Neng 1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MV Shen Neng 1</a> ran aground approximately 38 nautical miles (70 km; 44 mi) east of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Keppel_Island" title="Great Keppel Island" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Great Keppel Island</a>, Australia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a> The ship, which was carrying 975 tonnes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">heavy bunker fuel oil</a>, began leaking oil in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park" title="Great Barrier Reef Marine Park" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park</a>, which is closed to commercial shipping (it had been 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) off course).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[15]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Maritime_Safety_Authority" title="Australian Maritime Safety Authority" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Australian Maritime Safety Authority</a> has revealed that a shipping plan was lodged for Shen Neng 1 to travel between Douglas Shoal and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_and_Bunker_Group#Capricorn_Group" title="Capricorn and Bunker Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Capricorn Group</a>, where there is a gap of 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[16]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height">See also<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COSCO&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em; line-height: 13.09px; display: table; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 11.9px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; display: table-row;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Top intermodal container companies list</a></li></ul></div><div>=</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output">Jackson Thomas Stephens (August 9, 1923 – July 23, 2005)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a> was the CEO of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_Inc." title="Stephens Inc." style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Stephens Inc.</a>, a privately owned financial services company.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2>  [<a role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink" style="color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; cursor: pointer;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1Background</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#Career_highlights" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2Career highlights</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#Politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3Politics</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#Philanthropy_and_legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4Philanthropy and legacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5References</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Background<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_T.Stephens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Stephens was born on a farm near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prattsville,Arkansas" title="Prattsville, Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pratsville</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,Arkansas" title="Grant County, Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Grant County</a> in south <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arkansas</a>, the youngest of six children.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-byrd-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a> and grew up during the Depression. Stephens attended the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Naval Academy</a>, where he met and became friends with a midshipman from Georgia named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jimmy Carter</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-mojo-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a> Upon graduating he joined the Little Rock investment house Stephens Inc., which his brother W. R. "Witt" Stephens had started in 1933. "Forged out of a Bible, belt buckle, and bond business," by 1994 Stephens, Inc., was listed as one of the biggest institutional shareholders in thirty large multinationals including the Arkansas-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Foods" title="Tyson Foods" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tyson Foods</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Wal-Mart</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alltel" title="Alltel" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alltel</a>. Stephens is the father of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Stephens" title="Jackson Stephens" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jackson Stephens, Jr.</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Stephens" title="Warren Stephens" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Warren Stephens</a>.<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Career highlights<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_T.Stephens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career highlights" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A");"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1962 – became a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Augusta National Golf Club</a>, the host of the annual Masters tournament. Later became the club's chairman from 1991-98.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1968 – the Stephenses launch <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics,Inc" title="Systematics, Inc" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Systematics, Inc</a>, a data processing company. In 1990, Systematics was sold to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alltel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alltel Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alltel</a> and became Alltel Information Services (which in turn would be sold to Fidelity Information Systems.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1970 – underwrote the initial public offering for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Wal-Mart Stores</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1976 – forms Stephens Finance Ltd. in Hong Kong with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Riady" title="Mochtar Riady" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mochtar Riady</a>.</li></ul><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Politics<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_T.Stephens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Stephens and his wife Mary Anne were such outspoken backers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republican</a> causes, and in particular of President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a> that the early 1980s they were known as "Mr. and Mrs. Republican of Arkansas."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-mojo-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a> In a rare interview in the early 1980s, Jackson declared that Reagan was giving the country "exactly what we need. Some of us call it tough love."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-mojo-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a> Stephens and his company donated $100,000 to the national Republican Party both in 1988 and 1991.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> Stephens and his wife were key backers of the unsuccessful bid of U.S. Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_F.Robinson" title="Tommy F. Robinson" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tommy F. Robinson</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%27_2nd_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas' 2nd congressional district" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arkansas' 2nd congressional district</a> for the Republican <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">gubernatorial</a>nomination in 1990.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Philanthropy and legacy<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_T.Stephens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philanthropy and legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A");"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stephens gave $48 million to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_for_Medical_Sciences" title="University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences</a> to establish the Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neurosciences Institute.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stephens gave more than $30 million toward to Little Rock's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Collegiate_School" title="Episcopal Collegiate School" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Episcopal Collegiate School</a> endowment in 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stephens gave $20.4 million to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_at_Little_Rock" title="University of Arkansas at Little Rock" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Arkansas at Little Rock</a> for a special-events center and a basketball arena that would later be named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Stephens_Center" title="Jack Stephens Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jack Stephens Center</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The football field at the United States Naval Academy is named Jack Stephens Field to honor Stephens and his gift of funds for its renovation.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickey-Stephens_Park" title="Dickey-Stephens Park" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dickey-Stephens Park</a> (home to AA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Travelers" title="Arkansas Travelers" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arkansas Travelers</a>) in North Little Rock, Arkansas is named for Stephens and his brother "Witt" along with the Dickey brothers - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dickey" title="Bill Dickey" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Bill</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dickey" title="George Dickey" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">"Skeets"</a> both former major leaguers.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stephens gave some $3 million to construct the Prattsville Community Center in his hometown of Prattsville, Arkansas.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arkansas Aviation Historical Society inducted Stephens into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Aviation_Historical_Society" title="Arkansas Aviation Historical Society" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame</a> in 1994.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_note-Arkansas_Aviation_Historical_Society_Collection-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a></li></ul><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_T.Stephens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/business/28stephens.html?r=1&oref=slogin" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Jackson T. Stephens, 81, Financier, Dies</a>, Associated Press, July 28, 2005</li><li id="cite_note-byrd-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-byrd_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Dennis A. Byrd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwooddemocrat.com/articles/2005/07/27/news/news01.txt" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Financier, philanthropist Jackson T. Stephens, 81, dies</a>, Greenwood Democrat Tuesday, July 26, 2005</li><li id="cite_note-mojo-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-mojo_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-mojo_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-mojo_3-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherjones.com/news/special_reports/2004/04/stephens.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Profile: Jackson T. Stephens (with Mary Anne)</a></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }New York Times February 5, 1992 "Wealthy Investment Family a Big Help to Clinton" by Jeff Gerth</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.epsicopalcollegiate.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.epsicopalcollegiate.org</a></li><li id="cite_note-Arkansas_Aviation_Historical_Society_Collection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens#cite_ref-Arkansas_Aviation_Historical_Society_Collection_6-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"Arkansas Aviation Historical Society Collection". Butler Center for Arkansas Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJackson+T.+Stephens&rft.atitle=Arkansas+Aviation+Historical+Society+Collection&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Butler+Center+for+Arkansas+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_billionaires" title="Category:American billionaires" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American billionaires</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1923_births" title="Category:1923 births" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1923 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2005_deaths" title="Category:2005 deaths" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2005 deaths</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Arkansas" title="Category:Businesspeople from Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Businesspeople from Arkansas</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arkansas_Republicans" title="Category:Arkansas Republicans" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arkansas Republicans</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Grant_County,Arkansas" title="Category:People from Grant County, Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">People from Grant County, Arkansas</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Little_Rock,Arkansas" title="Category:People from Little Rock, Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">People from Little Rock, Arkansas</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div></div><div>Mark Lombardi (March 23, 1951 – March 22, 2000) was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">neo-conceptual artist</a> who specialized in drawings that document alleged financial and political frauds by power brokers, and in general "the uses and abuses of power".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-bigbrother-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-independent-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2>  [<a role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink" style="color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; cursor: pointer;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#Education_and_early_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1Education and early career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#Late_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2Late career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#Works" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3Works</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#Posthumous_exhibits" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4Posthumous exhibits</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#Additional_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6Additional reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Education and early career<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lombardi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early career" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Lombardi was born in the town of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlius(town),New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Manlius (town), New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Manlius</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(state)" title="New York (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New York</a>, just outside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,New_York" title="Syracuse, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Syracuse, New York</a>. He majored in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">art history</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Syracuse University</a>, and graduated with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">B.A</a> in 1974. While still an undergraduate, Lombardi had a job as chief researcher for a 1973 art exhibit Teapot Dome to Watergate – a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">multimedia</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage" title="Collage" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">collage</a>, all of whose elements focused on various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">US governmental</a> scandals; it was motivated by the then-ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Watergate scandal</a>. In 1975, James Harithas (the former director of the Syracusan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everson_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Everson Museum" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Everson Museum</a>) hired Lombardi to be an assistant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator" title="Curator" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">curator</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Arts Museum" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Contemporary Arts Museum</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Houston, Texas</a>, where Harithas had become director. Lombardi worked there for approximately two years, until 1976. While in Houston, he also opened a small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Art gallery" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">art gallery</a>, "Square One".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-independent-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a> Then, he became a general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">reference librarian</a> for the Fine Arts department in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Public_Library" title="Houston Public Library" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Houston Public Library</a>, started a regional artist archive, and wrote two books, one on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs" title="War on Drugs" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">drug wars</a> and another on the neglected and forgotten art genre of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_painting" title="Panoramic painting" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">panoramas</a>. During this time, Lombardi was also an abstract painter of no particular note; he pursued painting as a hobby during his actual career as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">archivist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">reference librarian</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Late career<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lombardi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Late career" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Six years before his death, Lombardi switched to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_analysis" title="Link analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">link analysis</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">pencil</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">diagrams</a> of crime and conspiracy networks that he would become best known for. In the early 1990s, he began researching the many scandals of the time, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">BCCI</a> scandal, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harken_Energy_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harken Energy Scandal" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Harken Energy</a> scandal, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_Loan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and Loan crisis" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Savings and Loan scandal</a>. The thousands of index cards that he accumulated in the course of this research began to overwhelm his ability to deal with them, and to cope, Mark began assembling them into physical outlines, and then into hand-written diagrams. These were intended to be a tool, to provide focus to his work, but he "...soon decided that this method of combining text and image in a single field (called a drawing, diagram or flow chart, whichever you prefer) really worked for me in other ways as well." This decision was spurred, according to Lombardi, while he was talking with a friend about one of the participants in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Iran–Contra scandal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Khashoggi" title="Adnan Khashoggi" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Adnan Khashoggi</a>. Regarding this conversation, Lombardi wrote "I began taking notes, then sketching out a simple tree chart, showing the breakdown of Khashoggi's American holdings. Within days, I began making more of these charts, depicting other corporate networks I had researched. I was writing several pieces at the time and found the charts a useful, quick reference to the material at hand."Initially, as the subject of one of his manuscripts, the primary focus was on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs" title="War on Drugs" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">drug wars</a>, but because of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Brewton" title="Pete Brewton" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pete Brewton</a>'s January 1990 newspaper series about the Houston S&L scandal, in which Brewton alleged that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Bush family</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">CIA</a> members, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mafia</a> members took part in a de facto conspiracy to steal vast sums of money, Lombardi shifted his emphasis to investigating the laundering of the stolen money.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]Lombardi divorced in October 1996, and moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Williamsburg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brooklyn</a> at the urging of his friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Tomaselli" title="Fred Tomaselli" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Fred Tomaselli</a>. There, he participated in a group show at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_Center" title="Drawing Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Drawing Center</a>, called Selections: Winter 1997, followed by two solo art shows: Silent Partners, shown in November 1998 at Pierogi 2000 in Brooklyn,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> and Vicious Circles, a work drawing upon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kwitny" title="Jonathan Kwitny" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jonathan Kwitny</a>'s book of the same name dealing with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mafia</a> involvement in the legitimate commercial markets, shown in 1999 at the Devon Golden Gallery in Chelsea.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-independent-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a> He also participated in another group show, Greater New York: New Art in New York Now in February 2000 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoMA_PS1" title="MoMA PS1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">P.S. 1</a> art gallery.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a>In March 2000, on the day before his death, Lombardi moved all his work to Pierogi 2000. He then bolted his apartment from the inside and hanged himself, on the day before his birthday and three years after he had moved to Williamsburg.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-independent-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Works<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lombardi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 13.16px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_networks_front_cover.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Global_networks_front_cover.jpg/220px-Global_networks_front_cover.jpg" width="220" height="306" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Global_networks_front_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="373" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_networks_front_cover.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none;" /></div>Cover art for Mark Lombardi: Global Networks. The cover reproduces a detail from Lombardi's "George W. Bush, Harken Energy and Jackson Stephens, ca 1979–90".</div></div></div>Lombardi called his diagrams Narrative Structures.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-Global_Networks-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a> They are structurally similar to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociogram" title="Sociogram" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">sociograms</a> – a type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">graph drawing</a> used in the field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">social network analysis</a>, and to a lesser degree by earlier artists like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Haacke" title="Hans Haacke" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hans Haacke</a>. Other important influences on Lombardi were philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Herbert Marcuse</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-independent-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a> and visualization expert <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Edward Tufte</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a>Robert Hobbs, one of the independent curators who organized and wrote the explanatory prose for "Global Networks", corroborates that both the FBI and Homeland Security were interested in the drawings.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-NPR-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[7]</a>In Lombardi's historical diagrams, each node or connection was drawn from news stories from reputable media organizations, and his drawings document the purported financial and political frauds by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_broker(politics)" title="Power broker (politics)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">power brokers</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-nytobit-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a>Robert Hobbs, who curated a Global Networks, and who face the overwhelming task of fact-checking Lombardi said of the artist's visual method:"Certain things that are listed in the drawing are in red. These represent court judgments, actual dollar amounts. That is verifiable information. And I think that Lombardi himself realized that not everything could be verified. So I think what you have instead is names. We know about connections of names. Exactly what is that connection is hard to characterize. So that is a line with an arrow in one direction, or an arrow in two directions. So it's really the abstract component of the work of art. It's what can be represented, and--really--what cannot be represented."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-NPR-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[7]</a>For instance, his 1999 drawing "George W. Bush, Harken Energy, and Jackson Stephens, ca 1979–90" shows alleged connections between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R.Bath" title="James R. Bath" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">James Bath</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Bush</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family" title="Bin Laden family" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">bin Laden</a>families, and business deals in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Texas</a> and around the world. Following Lombardi's suicide in 2000, the book Mark Lombardi: Global Networks was written in conjunction with a traveling exhibit.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-Global_Networks-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a> The editors chose to incorporate into the cover artwork (see image at right) a detail from "George W. Bush, Harken Energy, and Jackson Stephens, ca 1979–90", showing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George W. Bush</a> (on the back cover of the book) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Osama bin Laden</a> (in the upper left of the front cover) separated by one step from each other in the network, via Bath; the same connection between Bush and bin Laden was also highlighted in a 2003 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Boston Globe</a> article that described the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">FBIs</a> interest in Lombardi's works immediately following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-globe-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a>Other subjects that interested Lombardi and were covered in his works include:<ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chicago Outfit</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Meyer Lansky</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_P2_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="The P2 conspiracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The P2 conspiracy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Sindona" title="Michele Sindona" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Michele Sindona</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Calvi" title="Roberto Calvi" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Roberto Calvi</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Finance_Corporation" title="World Finance Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">World Finance Corporation</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugan_Hand_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Nugan Hand Ltd." style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nugan Hand Ltd.</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Bull" title="Gerald Bull" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gerald Bull</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Babylon" title="Project Babylon" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Project Babylon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Research_Corporation" title="Space Research Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Space Research Corporation</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran–Contra Affair" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Iran–Contra</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Resources_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Resources of Panama (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Lake Resources of Panama</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oliver North</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_International_Airways" title="Global International Airways" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Global International Airways</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Springs_State_Bank" title="Indian Springs State Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Indian Springs State Bank</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Nazionale_del_Lavoro" title="Banca Nazionale del Lavoro" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Banca Nazionale del Lavoro</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Margaret Thatcher</a>, and the arming of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Saddam Hussein</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Keating" title="Charles Keating" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Charles Keating</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Savings_and_Loan_Association" title="Lincoln Savings and Loan Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lincoln Savings</a> (a subsidiary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Continental_Corporation" title="American Continental Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Continental Corporation</a>)</li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">BCCI</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICIC (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">ICIC</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harken_Energy_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harken Energy Scandal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">Harken Energy Scandal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R.Bath" title="James R. Bath" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">James R. Bath</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens" title="Jackson T. Stephens" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">Jackson T. Stephens</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kopp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Kopp (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Hans Kopp</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakarchi_Trading_AG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakarchi Trading AG (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Shakarchi Trading AG</a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United Press International</a>, and its attempted takeover by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pat Robertson</a> with the aid of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beurt_Servaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beurt Servaas (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Beurt Servaas</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_T.Stephens" title="Jackson T. Stephens" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">Jackson T. Stephens</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippo_Group" title="Lippo Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">Lippo Group</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">Bill Clinton</a>; also, Clinton, the Lippo Group, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO" title="COSCO" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">China Ocean Shipping Co.</a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;">Posthumous exhibits<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lombardi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Posthumous exhibits" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>A major exhibit of Lombardi's art, "Mark Lombardi: Global Networks," was organized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Curators_International_(ICI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Curators International (ICI)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Independent Curators International</a> and curated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hobbs" title="Robert Hobbs" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Robert Hobbs</a>. The exhibit traveled to nine museums over 2003–2005, and has been the subject of several reviews.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-globe-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a> The exhibit catalog was published by Independent Curators in 2003.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-Global_Networks-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[12]</a>Several of Lombardi's works were included in a 2010 show, NineteenEightyFour, hosted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Cultural_Forum_New_York" title="Austrian Cultural Forum New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Austrian Cultural Forum New York</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-bigbrother-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a> A re-exhibition of his work was held at the Pierogi Gallery in 2011 which, in addition to his drawings, included his bookshelf and a vitrine displaying some of his reference materials, as well as a 1996 video of Lombardi interviewed by Andy Mann.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[13]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[15]</a>20 of Lombardi's drawings are in the permanent collection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MoMA" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MoMA</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[16]</a> Another 10 of his drawings are at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Whitney Museum of American Art" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[17]</a> and were the subject of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">FBI</a> investigation after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-globe-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[18]</a>In 2012, German director Mareike Wegener released a documentary on Lombardi, entitled Mark Lombardi: Death-Defying Acts Of Art And Conspiracy. The movie premiered in May 2012 in Germany and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Film_Festival" title="Brooklyn Film Festival" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brooklyn Film Festival</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[19]</a> and then opened in September at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MoMA" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">MoMA</a> in New York.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-huffpo-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[20]</a> Reviewers of the movie suggested that, unlike Lombardi's own work, it relies too much on innuendo and too little on factual information,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[21]</a> and that it focuses too much on testimonials from friends and does not adequately explain the impact of Lombardi's art.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-huffpo-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[22]</a></div><div>==</div>