Dukakis 1988

=<div>aha: not manly enough to protect his woman from black rapist willie horton, so he won't protect your family either.  Looked silly in tank and helmet, not Patton the warrior in command of awesome firepower. beat by Navy flier war hero shot down. cowboy boots tho from kennedy land. oil man self made entre wildcatter TEXAS.</div><div>
</div><div>Here’s why Republicans are pushing the lie that Trump is a tough guy. Because it works. Historian Rick Perlstein, author of a series of books on the rise of Republican conservatism, was interviewed in The New Yorker last week and said something I think the Democratic Party has forgotten over the last decade or so. “Toughness is a core primary value,” Perlstein said, referring to red states that Democrats have failed to carry in recent elections. “All of us remember 2004, when George W. Bush won reelection explicitly on this rationale of saying we know people disagree with his issue positions, but we are going to position him as the guy who sticks with his gut no matter what.”
<div>
</div><div></div><div>aha? // trump new media landscape?</div><div>
</div><div>b1 1988 campaign triumph of new media driven , run by Ailes 197 (less role for parties) ; hired guns/pollsters could actually invent issues; no coherent world view needed, just telegenic, articulate and good $ raiser cands 198. <div>
</div><div>ailes liked neg ads and claimed ppl learned from them 199  lied that Duk failed to clean up Boston Harbor when in fact court forced 6B$ effort; showed very old radiation sign from where navy subs once fixed,</div><div>
</div><div> and of course furlough (pgm started by GOP predecessor gov [modelled on RR's CA?]  DUK ENDED THE PGM ?! [so who was gov when horton out? maybe Horton incident preceded? caused termination?). Horton ad produced by Larry McCarthy, fmr sr vp at Ailes communications 200. Atwater got story from Gore in primary, said if i can make W H household name, we'll win the election " 2000  in 88 b1 had no coatails, no vision, won by pandering on issues of no substance (pledge of alleg).  campaign become permanent, vs the 5 yrs 18 mo breathing room to actually legislate in past. (kaiser)<div></div><div>wiki</div><div>
</div><div>Michael Stanley Dukakis (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">/</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">d</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">ʉ</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">ˈ</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">k</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">ɑː</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">k</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">ɨ</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">s</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background: none; text-decoration: none !important;">/</a>; born November 3, 1933; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Greek</a>: Μιχαήλ Δουκάκης) served as the 65th and 67th Governor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Massachusetts</a>, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991 respectively. He is the longest-serving Governor in Massachusetts history and only the second <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_American" title="Greek American" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Greek American</a> Governor in U.S. history, after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Spiro Agnew</a>. In 1988, he was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Democratic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">nominee for President</a>, but lost to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Republican</a> candidate, then–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vice President</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George H. W. Bush</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Early_life_and_education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Early life and education</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Massachusetts_governor" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Massachusetts governor</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#First_governorship.281975.E2.80.931979.29" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1 First governorship (1975–1979)</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Cabinet" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1.1 Cabinet</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Second_governorship.281983.E2.80.931991.29" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2 Second governorship (1983–1991)</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Cabinet_2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2.1 Cabinet</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#1988_presidential_campaign" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 1988 presidential campaign</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Crime_issues" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.1 Crime issues</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Tank_photograph" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.2 Tank photograph</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Outcome" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.3 Outcome</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Post.E2.80.93presidential_election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4 Post–presidential election</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Electoral_history" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5 Electoral history</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Family" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6 Family</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">8 Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">9 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life and education[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Dukakis&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life and education" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Dukakis's father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek immigrant from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edremit(District),Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Edremit (District), Balıkesir" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Adramyttion (Edremit)</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Turkey</a>, which was then the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ottoman Empire</a>, who settled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lowell, Massachusetts</a> in 1912, and graduated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harvard Medical School</a> twelve years later, subsequently working as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">obstetrician</a>. Dukakis' mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vlach</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Aromanian</a> immigrant from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Larissa</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Thessaly</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">northern Greece</a>;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-NYT-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> she and her family emigrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill,Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>, in 1913.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>Dukakis attended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookline_High_School" title="Brookline High School" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Brookline High School</a> in his hometown,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> where he was an honor student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis, and cross-country teams.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a>He graduated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Swarthmore College</a> in 1955, served in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">U.S. Army</a> 1955–1957, stationed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Korea</a>, and then received his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">law degree</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harvard Law School</a> in 1960. Dukakis is also an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Eagle Scout</a> and recipient of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Boy Scouts of America</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-honor-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> Dukakis began his political career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Massachusetts governor...</h2></div><div>
</div><div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">1988 presidential campaign</h2><div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States presidential election, 1988</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,1988" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988</a></div>Using the phenomenon termed the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle" title="Massachusetts Miracle" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Massachusetts Miracle</a>" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Democratic Party</a> nomination for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1988 United States presidential election</a>, prevailing over a primary field that included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jesse Jackson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Dick Gephardt</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Paul Simon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gary Hart</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Al Gore</a>, among others. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Neil Diamond</a>'s ode to immigrants, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America(Neil_Diamond_song)" title="America (Neil Diamond song)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">America</a>", as the theme song for his campaign. Famed composer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John Williams</a> wrote "Fanfare for Michael Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the Boston Pops) at that year's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Democratic National Convention</a>. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. He chose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Senator</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lloyd Bentsen</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Texas</a> to be his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">vice presidential</a> running mate.Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek" title="Zorba the Greek" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Zorba the Clerk</a>". Nevertheless, Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George Bush, but in the second debate, Dukakis had been suffering from the flu and spent quite a bit of the day in bed.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] His performance was poor and played to his reputation as being cold. During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to The New York Times, "persistent suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[13]</a> In the 2008 film <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Man:The_Lee_Atwater_Story" title="Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story</a>, journalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Robert Novak</a> revealed that Republican strategist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lee Atwater</a> had personally tried to get him to spread these mental-health rumors.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-BoogieMan-14" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[14]</a>Dukakis' general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as capital punishment, the pledge of allegiance in schools, and most famously, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_tank_photograph" title="Michael Dukakis tank photograph" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">tank incident</a>. Like the allegations of psychiatric problems, these were vulnerabilities which Atwater identified and exploited. In 1991, shortly before his death from a brain tumor, Atwater apologized to Dukakis for the "naked cruelty" of the 1988 campaign.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-TNY20080505-16" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[16]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Crime issues<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[</h3>During the campaign, Vice President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">George H. W. Bush</a>, the Republican nominee, criticized Dukakis for his traditionally liberal positions on many issues, calling him "a card-carrying member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">ACLU</a>". Dukakis' support for a prison <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">furlough</a> program was a major election subject. During his first term as Governor, he had vetoed a bill that would have stopped furloughs for first-degree murderers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a> During his second term, that program resulted in the release of convicted murderer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Horton" title="Willie Horton" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">William "Willie" Horton</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[18]</a> who committed a rape and assault in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Maryland</a> after being furloughed. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">George H. W. Bush</a> mentioned Horton by name in a speech in June 1988, and a conservative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">p</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">olitical action committee</a> (PAC) affiliated with the Bush campaign, the National Security Political Action Committee, aired an ad entitled "Weekend Passes", which used a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot" title="Mug shot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">mug shot</a> image of Horton. The Bush campaign refused to repudiate the ad. That <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">ad campaign</a> was followed by a separate Bush campaign ad, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_Door(television_advertisement)" title="Revolving Door (television advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Revolving Door</a>", criticizing Dukakis over the furlough program without mentioning Horton. The legislature canceled the program during Dukakis's last term.The issue of capital punishment came up in the October 13, 1988, debate between the two presidential nominees. Because she knew the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Horton" title="Willie Horton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Willie Horton</a> issue would be brought up, Dukakis's campaign manager, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Estrich" title="Susan Estrich" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Susan Estrich</a>, had prepared with Michael Dukakis an answer highlighting the candidate's empathy for victims of crime, noting the beating of his father in a robbery and the death of his brother in a hit-and-run car accident.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-estrich-19" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a> However, when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shaw(journalist)" title="Bernard Shaw (journalist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Bernard Shaw</a>, the moderator of the debate, asked Dukakis, "Governor, if <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Dukakis" title="Kitty Dukakis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Kitty Dukakis</a> [his wife] were raped and murdered, would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer?" Dukakis replied, "No, I don't, and I think you know that I've opposed the death penalty during all of my life", and explained his stance. After the debate,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-estrich-19" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a> many observers felt Dukakis's answer lacked the passion one would expect of a person discussing a loved one's rape and death. Many– including Dukakis himself– believe this, in part, cost him the election, as his poll numbers dropped from 49% to 42% nationally that night.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] Other commentators thought the question itself was unfair, in that it injected an irrelevant emotional element into the discussion of a policy issue and forced the candidate to make a difficult choice, while others believed that Dukakis dwelled too much on post-mortem reflections about this incident while the election was still in play in a way that was too self-effacing to the point of appearing self-pitying and defeatist, which only served to demoralize his campaign and reinforce the image of him as a weak leader.<h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tank photograph</h3><div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_tank_photograph" title="Michael Dukakis tank photograph" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Dukakis tank photograph</a></div>Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Star Wars</a>" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988 Dukakis visited the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">General Dynamics</a> Land Systems plant in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Heights,Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Sterling Heights, Michigan</a> to take part in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">photo op</a> in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">M1 Abrams</a> tank. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Margaret Thatcher</a>, had been photographed in a similar situation in 1986, riding in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_1_tank" title="Challenger 1 tank" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">Challenger</a> tank while wearing a scarf.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a> Compared with Dukakis' results, Thatcher's picture was very successful and helped her reelection prospects.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[21]</a> Footage of Dukakis was used in television ads by the Bush campaign, as evidence that Dukakis would not make a good <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">commander-in-chief</a>, and "Dukakis in the tank" remains shorthand for backfired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">public relations</a> outings.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[22]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Outcome</h3>The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election by a decisive margin in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Electoral College</a> to George H.W. Bush and Dan Quayle, carrying only 10 states and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">District of Columbia</a>. Dukakis himself blames his defeat on the time he spent doing gubernatorial work in Massachusetts during the few weeks following the Democratic Convention. Many believed he should have been campaigning across the country. During this time, his 17-point lead in opinion polls completely disappeared, as his lack of visibility allowed Bush to define the issues of the campaign. Dukakis has since stated that the main reason he lost was his decision "not to respond to the Bush attack campaign, and in retrospect it was a pretty dumb decision."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[23]</a>Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts. ...In 2008, he reflected on his defeat during an interview with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Couric" title="Katie Couric" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Katie Couric</a>, in which he said he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">old man</a>, we never would have heard of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">the kid</a>, and we wouldn't be in this mess."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[24]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post–presidential election</h2>Dukakis' final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increases to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 1990. He did not run for a fourth term in 1990; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Boston University</a> President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Silber" title="John Silber" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John Silber</a> won the Democratic nomination, but lost the general election to Republican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weld" title="William Weld" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Weld</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]After the end of his term, he served on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">board of directors</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Amtrak</a>, and became a professor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">political science</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Northeastern University</a>, a visiting professor of political science at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University" title="Loyola Marymount University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Loyola Marymount University</a>, and visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the School of Public Affairs at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">UCLA</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] Along with a number of other notable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Greek Americans</a>, he is a founding member of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Generation_Initiative" title="The Next Generation Initiative" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Next Generation Initiative</a>: a leadership program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its new Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]Dukakis has developed a strong passion for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">grassroots</a> campaigning and the appointment of precinct captains to coordinate local campaigning activities, two strategies he feels are essential for the Democratic Party to compete effectively in both local and national elections.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>] In 2006, he and his wife worked to help Democratic candidate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Deval Patrick</a> in his successful effort to become governor of Massachusetts. He did the same in 2012 for Democratic U.S. Senate candidate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Elizabeth Warren</a>. He has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and high-speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time initiative in public schools.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[25]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[26]</a>In August 2009, the 75-year-old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim successor to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ted Kennedy</a> in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[27]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[28]</a> Instead, Gov. Patrick named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_G.Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Paul G. Kirk</a>, the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special election, to fill the seat.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[29]</a>Dukakis stated on January 31, 2014 that he was not in favor of an effort to rename <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">South Station</a> as the "Gov. Michael S. Dukakis Transportation Center". He went on to state that he would not object to the naming the as-yet unbuilt <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-South_Rail_Link" title="North-South Rail Link" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">North-South Rail Link</a> after him.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[30]</a></div><div>=</div><div>
</div><div>srcwtch:</div><div>Michael Dukakis is a former governor of Massachusetts and a Democratic Presidential nominee in 1988.<ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Founding Board, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Project_Vote_Smart" title="Project Vote Smart" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Project Vote Smart</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_S.Dukakis#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/NDI_Board_of_Directors%26_Senior_Advisory_Committee(2004)" title="NDI Board of Directors & Senior Advisory Committee (2004)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">NDI Board of Directors & Senior Advisory Committee (2004)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">International Advisor, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/The_YES_Campaign" title="The YES Campaign" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The YES Campaign</a></li></ul><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_S.Dukakis#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_S.Dukakis#Positions_on_tobacco" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Positions on tobacco</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_S.Dukakis#Resources_and_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Resources and articles</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_S.Dukakis#Related_Sourcewatch_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1 Related Sourcewatch articles</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_S.Dukakis#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2 References</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Positions on tobacco</h2>According to a confidential profile fround in the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_Institute" title="Tobacco Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tobacco Institute</a>'s document collection, when questioned in April, 1987 in Raleigh, North Carolina (a tobacco growing state) Dukakis said he "would try to ban smoking in certain White House areas and said wife Kitty has tried several times to quit.(Boston Globe 4/17)" His wife, Kitty Dukakis, was "a moving force behind Boston transit cigarette advertising restrictions," according to a Tobacco Institute representative, Jim Dyer.As Governor, Dukakis instituted a smoking ban in state executive branch offices in 1987.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rtq81f00" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>He designated a Massachusetts Nonsmoker Awareness Month in 1985 at the behest of the voluntary health associations, and signed state laws restricting smoking in jury rooms and increasing penalities for sale of tobacco to minors, 1985-6.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tey32f00" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a>Governor Dukakis' state health officer was <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gregory_N._Connolly" title="Gregory N. Connolly" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gregory N. Connolly</a>.</div><div>=</div><div>Kitty Dukakis, "the wife of former presidential candidate, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Dukakis</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2458124&page=1" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#Affiliations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Affiliations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#Resources_and_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Resources and articles</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#Related_Sourcewatch" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1 Related Sourcewatch</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2 References</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Affiliations</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Relief_International" title="Relief International" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Relief International</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/RefugePoint" title="RefugePoint" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">RefugePoint</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Member Committee on Conscience, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Trustees Advisory Council, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/One_Voice" title="One Voice" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">One Voice</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Resources and articles</h2><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Related Sourcewatch</h3><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">References</h3><ol class="references" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> RefugePoint <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugepoint.org/board-of-directors-advisors-and-officers/" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">People</a>, organizational web page, accessed May 26, 2013.</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/about/" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Committee on Conscience</a>, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed October 2, 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kitty_Dukakis#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> OneVoice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onevoicemovement.org/board/trustees.php" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaduleqvqyv2p4="AAAAdUlEQVQYV2P4" awxv3lthf0dxkxyd="Awxv3LThf0dXKxyD" da5deug="DA5DEUg" twrv2aawtfcibojyjrhctgtrmcgebhpl2="tWrV2AaWTFcIboJyJrhCtGtRMcgebhpL2" v="v" lvn="Lvn" x="x" irjifn8v="IRjIfn8v" p="P" t055gxzgkpzac8y="t055gxZgKPzaC8Y" nmyqvlpnm8f="nMYQVLpnM8f" zo3aqkfzyool="zo3AqKfzyOOL" h="h" sh="sh" c9sbusiyvaerdjwjk4e="c9sBUSIyvAeRdJWjk4E" aaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Trustees Advisory Council</a>, organizational web page, accessed January 13, 2013.</li></ol></div><div>==</div></div></div></div>