van deman

<div><div></div><div>
</div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">In 1946, a popular, liberal, five-term congressman from Southern California, Jerry Voorhis, was running for reelection against a political unknown—a 33-year-old former Navy logistics officer named Richard Milhous Nixon. Voorhis had explicitly rejected the endorsement of any group that didn’t disavow communism. But Nixon, onstage in a debate in South Pasadena, thunderously brandished at him a piece of paper that supposedly contained an endorsement by a Communist-infiltrated group. Nixon followed this up with a well-financed advertising campaign darkly hinting at more of the same. He pulled off a stunning upset on Election Day and quickly gained a seat on the House Un-American Activities Committee.When Nixon went on to run for the US Senate in California in 1950, against Rep. Helen Gahagan Douglas, it was on a wave of flamboyant Red-baiting. Workers from Nixon’s phone banks called hundreds of thousands of registered voters, asked if they knew that Douglas was a Communist, and then hung up. White voters received postcards from a nonexistent Communist League of Negro Women, saying, “Vote for Helen for Senator.”Under sunny skies at a Douglas campaign rally of 5,000 people in Long Beach’s Bixby Park, with Eleanor Roosevelt speaking, Douglas supporters noticed people passing out leaflets on pink paper that accused their candidate of sinister Communist ties. Nixon claimed that his opponent—who, he noted, was married to Jewish actor Melvyn Douglas—was “pink right down to her underwear.” The “pink sheets” helped defeat Douglas, and two years later Sen. Nixon was elected vice president.What remains in Van Deman’s well-expurgated files shows few traces of his aiding candidates for elective office—something that would have been illegal for a man whose clerical help was provided by the US Army. Nonetheless, several clues in the 97 boxes suggest that the general played a role in Nixon’s rise to power. The ambitious young politician had been no stranger to Van Deman. He had ties to the general’s protégé, Combs, and had been a featured speaker at a conference that Combs and Van Deman had helped organize in 1948 of state Legislature Red-hunters from around the country. Van Deman’s files hold hints of the help he provided Nixon. One is a photograph of a Nixon campaign event where a demonstrator opposing the candidate is identified by one of Van Deman’s trademark code numbers. Another is an agent’s report with a revealingly hostile reference to Nixon’s adversary: “A few more Helen Gahagan Douglas’s and the left-wing congressmen will be prying open the most secret records of the federal security agencies.” Finally, Van Deman’s spies had long been collecting damaging information on Douglas’s actor husband: Agent B-11 listed him, for example, as a supporter of efforts to send bandages and clothing to victims of the Spanish Civil War, and another report identified him as part of a group of Hollywood luminaries supporting striking lettuce pickers.California Democrats later charged that some of the scurrilous material in the Nixon campaign’s “pink sheets” against Douglas had come from Van Deman. When these accusations were renewed after Nixon became president, unnamed White House officials queried by the New York Times did not deny the charge. They said only that it was no longer “pertinent.” But for Van Deman to help Nixon at this ruthless stage of his ascent toward the nation’s highest office was highly pertinent. Ironically, the blueprint for the Watergate scandal that finally forced the 37th president to resign could have been taken from Van Deman’s own life’s work: a black-bag job, a secret search for information about political enemies, a mania for surveillance.Today all of us leave behind so many electronic traces that spying is both easier and more complex than it was in the days of Van Deman’s agents stealing papers out of a car trunk. But there is still a dark thread that stretches back across generations. The general, happily, never reached the White House. But someone who recently did was helped by the release of information pilfered from the opposing political party, and then built a presidency on a way of thinking very similar to Van Deman’s, from suspicion of immigrants to a fondness for conspiracy theories to treating wild rumor as fact. Donald Trump probably never heard of Ralph Van Deman, but one person knew them both: Richard Nixon, a man who, according to Trump, “always wanted me to run for office.” Nixon and Van Deman both would now be smiling.</div><div times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div></div></div><div><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/01/how-a-young-army-officer-built-americas-empire-of-paranoia-with-torture-surveillance-and-85000-index-cards/">http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/01/how-a-young-army-officer-built-americas-empire-of-paranoia-with-torture-surveillance-and-85000-index-cards/</a></div><div></div></div><div>==
<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/11/20/the-california-germination-of-right-wing-politics/">http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/11/20/the-california-germination-of-right-wing-politics/</a>

...

The history Olmsted

relates–in a rather stirring narrative–is a story of laborers in the

fields of agribusiness organizing for better pay and living conditions.

Led by organizers from the Communist Party of the United States of

America (CPUSA), mostly Mexican and Mexican-American farmworkers walked

picket lines, faced eviction from already terrible living conditions

into even worse ones, saw their numbers jailed, beaten by sheriffs and

company goons and even shot and killed.  Olmsted specifically highlights

two of the CPUSA organizers–Pat Chambers and Caroline Decker–and the

roles they played.  These years of labor turmoil have been covered by

others, most notably as fiction by John Steinbeck.  Olmsted acknowledges

this  while simultaneously pointing out that his two novels, In Dubious

Battle and Grapes of Wrath, that are located in this time and place,

are accepted as essentially truthful, despite the almost complete

absence of Latinos among the workers in both texts and the portrayal of

the Communist organizers as manipulative and not worthy of the workers’

trust.

Not merely a discussion about the men and the money that would

reshape the conservative politics of the United States, Olmsted’s text

is also an exploration of the growth of the use of advertising and media

to convince working people to vote against their own economic

interests.  Furthermore, it is a history of not just protests and their

repression; it is also a look at the mechanisms put in place by big

business to facilitate and maintain that repression. As I was writing

this review, a news report began to filter through the internet

regarding an intelligence operation set up by the rightwing Koch

brothers that spies on and gathers intelligence on its opponents.  This

is not the first time such a thing has happened in US history.  In fact,

Olmsted spends several pages discussing a similar operation organized

by a retired Army General who was politically very right wing.  After

his retirement from the military, he began to collect data on liberals,

progressives, and leftists.  He then shared this information with police

agencies and red squads, anti-labor groups, big business legislators,

news agencies and right wing politicians, many of them in the Republican

Party.

To his credit, Roosevelt did send members of his administration to

California to investigate and take whatever action they could against

the big business farmers.  However, since one of the compromises he made

with the southern and conservative members of Congress to get the

Wagner Act (allowing union organizing in US workplaces) was to exclude

farmworkers from the law’s coverage.  The lawyers from Washington did

their best to prevent the greatest excesses of the landowners but were

also quite anti-communist.  Therefore, their support of the union itself

was lukewarm at best.  However, like the right wing of today which

considers the most timid of laws curtailing corporate America’s worst

actions to be an attack on free enterprise, even the least action in

favor of the farmworkers was attacked in the press and by politicians

for the same reason.  Of course, as Olmsted points out, these farm

owners were not against the government subsidies despite the fact that

they were the exact opposite of free enterprise.

As we look around the United States in 2015, the effects of the

politics presented in Right Out of California are quite clear. Among

those effects one can count the denigration and destruction of labor

unions, the cynical acceptance of the manipulation of the popular will

via deception, falsehood and advertising, and the ongoing attempts to

dismantle those parts of the federal government that rein in big

business. Make no mistake, all of this is a result of the big business

conspiracy to destroy real democracy Olmsted describes in Right Out of

California.

     
     </font><div>
      <p class="author_description">
              <font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em><strong>Ron Jacobs&nbsp;</strong>is the author of</em><em>&nbsp;<a href="http://store.counterpunch.org/product/day-dream-sunset/">Daydream Sunset: Sixties Counterculture in the Seventies</a> published by CounterPunch Books. He lives in Vermont. He can be reached at:&nbsp;<a href="mailto:ronj1955@gmail.com">ronj1955@gmail.com</a>.</em></font>
      </p>
     </div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br /><br />===<br /></font><h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‘Right Out of California’ Book Review: On the Big Business Roots of Modern Conservatism </font></h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

<h6 class="date">Posted on Nov 13, 2015</h6>

     </font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By <b>Gabriel Thompson</b></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

(Page 2) Growers and their allies discovered another way to

win: surveillance. One of the most fascinating characters in Olmsted’s

book is Gen. Ralph Van Deman. A legendary figure in the history of

military intelligence, Van Deman honed his skills fighting insurgents in

the Philippines before retiring to set up a massive intelligence

gathering operation out of his San Diego home. His files grew to cover

some 125,000 “subversive” groups and individuals in California — which

included the American Federation of Labor and the YMCA — and he

collaborated extensively with growers, who created their own spying and

surveillance arms to track down organizers and break strikes.

Growers were obsessed with two organizers in particular: Pat Chambers

and Caroline Decker. Their names pop up in books about the period, but

Olmsted fills in new biographical details about the pair, who were

hounded across the state by law enforcement and often forced to operate

underground. Both were white, spoke little Spanish, and were members of

the Communist Party, though neither cared much for Marxist theory; they

were interested in organizing farmworkers, and were willing to suffer

for it. “These people seen that we didn’t have anything, we didn’t have

ulterior motives,” Chambers said. “We had less than they had. If they

went hungry, we went hungry.”

Chambers came out of the Irish-American working class, while Decker

was from a middle-class Jewish family (her last name was actually

Dwofsky). She had joined the Youth Communist League in Syracuse and

organized coal miners in Kentucky before landing in California. Unlike

the plainspoken Chambers, she was a gifted public speaker and, with her

fashionable dresses and high heels, a curious presence on the picket

line. While they were seen as the driving force behind the 1933 cotton

strike, it was the mostly Mexican workforce that had pulled it off. But

growers found it difficult to imagine brown-skinned workers acting on

their own, and decided the two organizers needed to be taken care of.

They got their chance the following year. By now, Decker and Chambers

had relocated the union’s office from San Jose to Sacramento — a lynch

mob had strung up a San Jose man several blocks from their office, and

they feared being the next target. The duo continued to organize small

marches and protests. The district attorney ordered a raid of the

Communist Party headquarters, arresting 24 people for vagrancy,

including the two star organizers. Soon the charges were updated to

criminal syndicalism. The resulting trial was front-page news for weeks,

and Olmsted dedicates a chapter to this largely forgotten episode, in

which growers essentially paid for a verdict that sent the organizers to

prison for five years. “State has farm peace,” ran the headline in the

Los Angeles Times.

For readers interested in the history of California radicalism — and

reaction — Olmsted’s book covers fascinating new ground and offers an

intriguing, and ultimately convincing, thesis. It is also something of a

mirror reflected across eight decades. At a time of extreme inequality,

even the government’s most modest policies on behalf of the poor —

shipments of free food, the construction of a handful of labor camps —

were met with hysteria by the right. There is a photograph in the book

of four Los Angeles “churchwomen” holding pistols as they take target

practice. The image is from 1935, and the ladies are identified as

members of American Women, Inc., a group who believed that Roosevelt was

pushing as “Communist a policy as the Russian government’s own economic

program” and who were prepared to lay their lives on the line to save

their country. As Wallace Stegner once remarked, “California is America,

only more so.”

<a href="http://www.truthdig.com/arts_culture/page2/right_out_of_california_20151113">http://www.truthdig.com/arts_culture/page2/right_out_of_california_20151113</a>
==Ralph Henry Van Deman (1865–1952) was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer, sometimes called "The Father of American Military Intelligence."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#cite_note-1">[1]</a> General Van Deman is in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Hall_of_Fame" title="Military Intelligence Hall of Fame">Military Intelligence Hall of Fame</a>.

<h2>Contents</h2>

</div></div><div id="toc" class="toc">

<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#Early_career">1 Early career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#Military_Intelligence_Division">2 Military Intelligence Division</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#Re-formation_of_MID">3 Re-formation of MID</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#World_War_I">4 World War I</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#Post-war_activities">5 Post-war activities</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#See_also">6 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#Notes">7 Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#References">8 References</a></li></ul>

</div>

<h2>Early career</h2>

Van Deman was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware,Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware, Ohio</a>, and graduated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> in 1888. He was commissioned as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> in 1891 after attending law school, and enrolling in medical school. He received his medical degree from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> Medical School in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,Ohio" title="Cincinnati, Ohio" class="mw-redirect">Cincinnati, Ohio</a> in 1893.

Van Deman then entered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgeon</a>, before attending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="Command and General Staff College" class="mw-redirect">Infantry and Cavalry School</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> in early 1895. There he met Arthur L. Wagner who became head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>'s Military Information Division in 1896. In June 1897 Van Deman followed Wagner to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to work for MID.

<h2>Military Intelligence Division</h2>

During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> Van Deman collected information on the military capabilities of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and had charge of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>

war map. At the end of hostilities he went to Cuba and Puerto Rico to

collect cartographic data. He was reassigned to the Philippines in April

1899 as aide to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General" title="Brigadier-General" class="mw-redirect">Brigadier-General</a> Robert Patterson Hughes. After two years he was promoted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_%28United_States%29" title="Captain (United States)">Captain</a> and was moved to the Bureau of Insurgent Records in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, which he helped transform into the Philippine Military Information Division. He organized a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-intelligence" title="Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect">counter-intelligence</a> group using locally-recruited agents. (See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>).

He returned to the U.S. in late 1902, where he served as aide to the

Commanding General, California, and then commanded Company B, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.22d_Infantry_Regiment" title="U.S. 22d Infantry Regiment" class="mw-redirect">22nd Infantry</a>, based at Fairbault, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. In 1904 he was one of nine officers selected for the first class of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Army_War_College" title="U.S. Army War College" class="mw-redirect">Army War College</a> (Another was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>.) After graduation in 1906, he and Captain Alexander Coxe were sent on a covert mission to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to reconnoiter and map lines of communication around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a>. He returned to Washington in 1907 to become the Chief of the Mapping Section in the Second Division of the new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff" title="General Staff" class="mw-redirect">General Staff</a>. (On 26 October 1909 his wife became the first American woman to fly from American soil, being piloted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a>).

He returned to the Philippines in 1910. There he resumed his project to

map Chinese railways, roads and rivers until Japanese protests led to

his expulsion in 1912.

<h2>Re-formation of MID</h2>

Back in the United States he taught <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, then became <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector-General" title="Inspector-General" class="mw-redirect">Inspector-General</a> with the 2nd Division. Now a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29" title="Major (United States)">major</a>,

he returned to the War College Division in July 1915. He found that

there was a general apathy about intelligence-gathering, and the MID had

been downgraded from the second division of the General Staff, and

merged with the third division, ending its separate identity. Van Deman

wrote a history of MID detailing its beginnings in 1885, its rise in

1903, and fall in subsequent years. He was convinced that the Army must

have a coordinated intelligence organization if it were to avoid defeat

in the near future, especially as it was now obvious that the U.S. would

soon be involved in the war in Europe. Eventually Van Deman was able to

get an audience with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> to present his case. There he convinced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> to accept his idea of an intelligence department for U.S. forces. A crucial role was played by Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Dansey" title="Claude Dansey">Claude Dansey</a> of the British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a> in proposing similar ideas to Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._House" title="Edward M. House">Edward M. House</a>, a member of an American liaison mission to Britain and one of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Wilson</a>'s advisors.

<h2>World War I</h2>

As the result of these efforts the Military Intelligence Section, War

College Division, War Department General Staff, was created on 3 May

1917, with Van Deman, now a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a>,

at its head. His friend and colleague Alexander Coxe was the first

officer appointed. By the war's end in 1919, it had grown to 282

officers and 1,159 civilians, most of them specialists. One of these was

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Yardley" title="Herbert Yardley">Herbert Yardley</a>, a cipher clerk with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> who Van Deman made a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> and put in charge of codes and ciphers.

Van Deman modelled his new organization on British Army intelligence, and divided it into several departments:

<ul><li>MI-1 – Administration</li><li>MI-2 – Information</li><li>MI-3 – Army Section (counterespionage)</li><li>MI-4 – Foreign Influence (counterespionage within the civilian community)</li><li>MI-5 – Military Attaches</li><li>MI-6 – Translation</li><li>MI-7 – Maps and Photographs</li><li>MI-8 – Codes and Ciphers</li><li>MI-9 – Combat Intelligence</li><li>MI-10 – News (censorship)</li><li>MI-11 – Travel (passport and port control)</li><li>MI-12 – Fraud</li></ul>

As well as military intelligence gathering, MID was also tasked with

preventing sabotage and subversion by enemy agents or German

sympathizers on US soil. Short of manpower, Van Deman relied on private

groups which he organized into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a>.

He also provided security to government offices, defense plants,

seaports, and other sensitive installations. He created a field

organization in eight US cities which employed mobilized civilian

policemen to perform security investigations. In France, MID provided

operational intelligence to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force" title="American Expeditionary Force" class="mw-redirect">American Expeditionary Force</a>, and Van Deman created the Corps of Intelligence Police (forerunner of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Intelligence_Corps" title="Counter Intelligence Corps" class="mw-redirect">Counter Intelligence Corps</a>),

recruiting fifty French-speaking Sergeants with police training. Thus,

within a few months, he had created an intelligence organization that

could support both domestic and tactical intelligence requirements.

<h2>Post-war activities</h2>

In 1918 Van Deman went to France to work for Colonel Dennis Nolan, G2 of the AEF, handing over control of the MID to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General" title="Brigadier-General" class="mw-redirect">Brigadier-General</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Churchill" title="Marlborough Churchill">Marlborough Churchill</a>. After overseeing security at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Commission</a>,

he returned to Washington in August 1919 to briefly serve as Deputy

Chief of the MID. In March 1920 he returned to the army and commanded

the 31st Infantry in the Philippines. He also spent three months on

detached service with the British Army in India.

He returned to the US and had a series of tours with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" title="United States National Guard" class="mw-redirect">National Guard</a>.

He worked in the Washington headquarters of the Militia Bureau, then

served as an instructor with the 159th Infantry Brigade in Berkeley,

California. As a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General" title="Brigadier-General" class="mw-redirect">Brigadier-General</a> he commanded the 6th Infantry Brigade at Fort Rosecrans, San Diego, California from 1927. He was promoted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General" title="Major-General" class="mw-redirect">Major-General</a> in May 1929, and commanded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29" title="3d Infantry Division (United States)" class="mw-redirect">3rd Infantry Division</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lewis" title="Fort Lewis">Fort Lewis</a>, Washington. He retired in September 1929 after 38 years of service.

After retiring he used the contacts he had established during World

War I in the American Protective League to privately compile files on

suspected subversives and foreign agents.

During <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he acted as a consultant on intelligence matters to the War Department, for which he received a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>. Notable among his recommendations was that he sent a passionate defense of Japanese-American citizens to President Roosevelt;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman#cite_note-2">[2]</a> the advice that they were not a threat was, however, ignored (leading to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" title="Japanese American internment" class="mw-redirect">Japanese American internment</a>).

Van Deman Street, located within the former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Holabird" title="Fort Holabird">Fort Holabird</a> in Baltimore, MD; is named after him in honor of his service in Military Intelligence.

In January 1952, at the age of 86,[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] he died in his home in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>.

<table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg/28px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg.png" class="noviewer" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" height="28" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States_Army" title="Portal:United States Army">United States Army portal</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_Dr.I%28117710246%29.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fokker_Dr.I%28117710246%29.jpg/32px-Fokker_Dr.I%28117710246%29.jpg" class="noviewer thumbborder" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" height="24" width="32" /></a></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World_War_I" title="Portal:World War I">World War I portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

<h2>Notes</h2>

<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-1">
</li></ol></div><div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"><li id="cite_note-1"> <cite class="citation podcast"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred McCoy</a>, interviewed by Janine Jackson (24 Jan 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/audio/counterspin/CounterSpin012414.mp3">"Alfred McCoy on the NSA and History of Political Surveillance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fair.org/counterspin-radio/alfred-mccoy-on-the-nsa-and-history-of-political-surveillance/">http://fair.org/counterspin-radio/alfred-mccoy-on-the-nsa-and-history-of-political-surveillance/</a> (Podcast). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>. Retrieved 24 Jan 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Van+Deman&rft.btitle=Alfred+McCoy+on+the+NSA+and+History+of+Political+Surveillance&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fair.org%2Faudio%2Fcounterspin%2FCounterSpin012414.mp3&rft.pub=Fairness+and+Accuracy+in+Reporting&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> External link in <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|website=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li>

<li id="cite_note-2">
</li><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"><li value="2" id="cite_note-2"> <cite class="citation book">Stafford, David (1999). Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-068-5">1-58567-068-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Van+Deman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+and+Churchill%3A+Men+of+Secrets&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-58567-068-5&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+New+York&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press%2C+Peter+Mayer+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li></ol>

</div>

<h2>References</h2><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en">

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kahn_%28writer%29" title="David Kahn (writer)">David Kahn</a>, The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail: Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking (2004), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300098464" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-09846-4</a></li><li>Van Deman Memoirs, typescript of a memorandum prepared by Maj. Gen.

Van Deman in 1949 on file in the U.S. Army Intelligence Center and Fort

Huachuca library.</li><li>Ancestors of Maj. Gen. Ralph Vandeman <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://alumcreekoh.com/clayn/21985.htm">http://alumcreekoh.com/clayn/21985.htm</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy">Alfred W. McCoy</a>, Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (2009), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>.</li></ul>

<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">

</div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

    <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: </font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1865_births" title="Category:1865 births">1865 births</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1952_deaths" title="Category:1952 deaths">1952 deaths</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:American military personnel of World War I">American military personnel of World War I</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harvard_University_alumni" title="Category:Harvard University alumni">Harvard University alumni</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_generals" title="Category:United States Army generals">United States Army generals</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College_alumni" title="Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni">United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_War_College_alumni" title="Category:United States Army War College alumni">United States Army War College alumni</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Legion_of_Merit" title="Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit">Recipients of the Legion of Merit</a></font></li></ul></div></div></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br />==<br /><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=flxv9YCo66wC&dq=Gen.+Ralph+Van+Deman&source=gbs_navlinks_s">https://books.google.com/books?id=flxv9YCo66wC&dq=Gen.+Ralph+Van+Deman&source=gbs_navlinks_s</a><br /><br />Negative Intelligence<br /><br />Roy Talbert<br />Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1991 - 303 pages<br /><br />spider web chart lucia maxwell 1923 JEH said indispensible; led to ymca etc suspected <br /><br />240 bonus army rout ike, macA; 4 kia in fight with cops led to Pres hoover to send army<br /><br /><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=flxv9YCo66wC&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=Gen.+Ralph+Van+Deman&source=bl&ots=PxLboc8wHm&sig=y85pV0uE3V7ZtPELlNklkZzsmpY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6-urlurHKAhUL4mMKHZnIDcUQ6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=Gen.%20Ralph%20Van%20Deman&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=flxv9YCo66wC&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=Gen.+Ralph+Van+Deman&source=bl&ots=PxLboc8wHm&sig=y85pV0uE3V7ZtPELlNklkZzsmpY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6-urlurHKAhUL4mMKHZnIDcUQ6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=Gen.%20Ralph%20Van%20Deman&f=false</a><br />==<br /><br /></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>American Protective League</b> was an organization of private citizens that worked with Federal law enforcement agencies during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> era to identify suspected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>

sympathizers and to counteract the activities of radicals, anarchists,

anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations. At

its zenith the APL claimed 250,000 members in 600 cities.

<h2>Contents</h2>

</div></div><div id="toc" class="toc">

<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Organizational_history">1 Organizational history</a>

<ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Founding">1.1 Founding</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Membership_and_structure">1.2 Membership and structure</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Activities">1.3 Activities</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Criticism">1.4 Criticism</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Disbandment">1.5 Disbandment</a></li></ul>

</li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#See_also">2 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#Notes">3 Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#References">4 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#External_links">5 External links</a></li></ul>

</div>

<h2>Organizational history</h2>

<h3>Founding</h3>

The APL was formed in 1917 by A. M. Briggs, a wealthy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> advertising executive. Believing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> to be severely understaffed in the field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a>

in the new wartime environment, Briggs proposed to agency officials the

establishment of a new volunteer auxiliary, with participants to be

neither paid nor to benefit from expense accounts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-WW395-1">[1]</a>

Briggs was given authority to proceed with his plan by the Department

of Justice on March 22, 1917, and the American Protective League (APL)

was born.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-WW395-1">[1]</a>

Although technically a private organization, the APL nevertheless was

the beneficiary of semi-official status. The group received the formal

approval from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Gregory</a>,

who authorized the APL to carry on its letterhead the words "Organized

with the Approval and Operating under the Direction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Bureau of Investigation" class="mw-redirect">Bureau of Investigation</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-linfield-2">[2]</a>

Under this directive, the APL worked with the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) — precursor to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> — which gathered information for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Attorney" title="United States District Attorney" class="mw-redirect">U.S. District Attorneys</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-APL_and_the_BOI-3">[3]</a>

APL assistance was welcomed by the BOI, which in 1915 had only 219

field agents, without direct statutory authorization to carry weapons or

to make general arrests.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-APL_and_the_BOI-3">[3]</a> Thus the author of a letter to the New York Times

claimed membership in the APL and described it as "a volunteer unpaid

auxiliary of the Department of Justice" in which he and his colleagues

"have been acting upon cases assigned by the Department of Justice,

Military Intelligence, State Department, Civil Service, Provost Marshall

General, etc."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

APL members sometimes wore badges suggesting a quasi-official status:

"American Protective League –Secret Service." The Attorney General

boasted of the manpower they provided: "I have today several hundred

thousand private citizens... assisting the heavily overworked Federal

authorities in keeping an eye on disloyal individuals and making reports

of disloyal utterances."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

In a letter to Briggs, the Justice Department told the APL that it

was not only "of great importance prior to our entering the war, it

became of vastly greater importance after that step had been taken." The

government had been receiving complaints of disloyalty and enemy

activities, and while the Bureau of Investigation was doing its best to

contain the situation, the letter continued, the Protective League

served as an auxiliary force to put a stop to corruption within the

borders of the United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<h3>Membership and structure</h3>
At its zenith the American Protective League claimed 250,000 dues-paying members in 600 cities.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-linfield-2">[2]</a>

It was claimed that 52 million Americans — approximately half of the

country's population — lived in communities in which the APL maintained

an active presence.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-WW394-7">[7]</a>

The national headquarters of the APL was established in Washington,

D.C., with Briggs installed as the Chairman of the governing National

Board of Directors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-WW394-7">[7]</a>

In addition to its regular geographically-based network, the APL

attempted to organize secret units inside factories producing clothing

and war materiel, with a view to identification of those advancing

"discouraging disloyalty" or engaging in pro-German activities.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-WW396-8">[8]</a>

Suspects would be reported within the APL organization, which would

then make use of its broader network in the community to investigate the

activities of these individuals after working hours, if deemed so

necessary.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<h3>Activities</h3>

Teams of APL members conducted numerous raids and surveillance

activities aimed at those who failed to register for the draft and at

German immigrants who were suspected of sympathies for Germany.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

APL headquarters and the Justice Department in Washington often lost

control over field operations, to the point that U.S. Attorneys and BOI

agents, assisted by cadres of volunteers from the APL and other similar

patriotic auxiliaries, pursued suspects of disloyalty on their own

initiative and in their own manner.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-APL_and_the_BOI-3">[3]</a>

APL members "spotted violators of food and gasoline regulations,

rounded up draft evaders in New York, disrupted Socialist meetings in

Cleveland, broke strikes, [and] threatened union men with immediate

induction into the army."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the most extraordinary cooperative action, thousands of APL members joined authorities in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>

for three days of checking registration cards. This resulted in more

than 75,000 arrests, though fewer than 400 of those arrested were shown

to be guilty of anything more than failing to carry their cards.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

APL agents, many of them female, worked undercover in factories and

attended union meetings in hope of uncovering saboteurs and other

enemies of the war effort.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

APL members were accused of acting as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante" title="Vigilante">vigilantes</a>, allegedly violating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>

of American citizens, including so-called "anti-slacker raids" designed

to round up men who had not registered for the draft. The APL was also

accused of illegally detaining citizens associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement" title="Labor movement" class="mw-redirect">labor</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> movements.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

An APL report on its actions in the Northwest for five months in 1918

showed that among its 25 activities, its largest effort (some 10% of

its activity), was in disrupting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">IWW</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-linfield-2">[2]</a> Some IWW members had been involved in violent labor disputes and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_bombing" title="Lexington Avenue bombing" class="mw-redirect">bomb plots</a>

against U.S. businessmen and government officials. In turn, the IWW

alleged that APL members burgled and vandalized IWW offices and harassed

IWW members.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

<h3>Criticism</h3>

During World War I, the APL was joined by many similar "secret

societies" and groups formed by civilians to fight against foreign

infiltration and sabotage. The "Anti Yellow Dog League" was a similar

organization composed of school boys over the age of ten, who sought out

disloyal persons. Such leagues and societies branched across the

nation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

President Woodrow Wilson knew of the APL's activities and had

misgivings about their methods. He wrote to Attorney General Gregory

expressing his concern: "It would be dangerous to have such an

organization operating in the United States, and I wonder if there is

any way in which we could stop it?" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-16">[16]</a> But he deferred to Gregory's judgment and took no action to curtail the APL.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

The APL also worked with the army's Military Intelligence Division

(MID), the government's principal investigatory agency in this period.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-17">[17]</a> When the relationship between the APL and the MID became public early in 1919, the revelations embarrassed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a>. Baker tried to end the War Department's use of volunteer spies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<h3>Disbandment</h3>

After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" title="Armistice with Germany" class="mw-redirect">Armistice with Germany</a>

ended the war, Attorney General Gregory credited the APL with the

defeat of German spies and propaganda. He claimed that his Department

still required the APL's services as enemy nations sought to weaken

American resolve during the peace negotiations, especially as newly

democratic Germany sought kindlier treatment than its predecessor

government might have expected.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_Palmer" title="Alexander Mitchell Palmer" class="mw-redirect">A. Mitchell Palmer</a>

succeeded Gregory as Attorney General on 5 March 1919. Before assuming

office, he had opposed the APL activities. One of Palmer's first acts

was to release 10,000 aliens of German ancestry who had been taken into

government custody during the war. He stopped accepting intelligence

gathered by the APL.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He also refused to share information in his APL-provided files when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" title="Governor of Ohio" class="mw-redirect">Ohio Governor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a>

requested it. He called the APL materials "gossip, hearsay information,

conclusions, and inferences" and added that "information of this

character could not be used without danger of doing serious wrong to

individuals who were probably innocent."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

In March 1919, when some in Congress and the press were urging him to

reinstate the Justice Department's wartime relationship with the APL, he

told reporters that "its operation in any community constitutes a grave

menace."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

A few months after the Armistice, the League officially disbanded,

even as its members insisted they could serve as they had earlier in

wartime against America's post-war enemies, "these bomb fiends, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect">Bolsheviki</a>, IWW's and other fiends."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The publication of the organization's story as The Web: A Revelation of Patriotism was an attempt to revive its fortunes as well. That volume by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Hough" title="Emerson Hough">Emerson Hough</a>, an author of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_%28genre%29" title="Western (genre)">Western</a>

novels, called for a program of "selective immigration, deportation of

un-Americans, and denaturalization of 'disloyal' citizens and

anarchists." It said: "We must purify the source of America's population

and keep it pure."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-24">[24]</a> On June 3, 1919, the Washington Post called for the revival of the APL to fight anarchists.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

The APL survived as a series of local organizations under other

names, such as the Patriotic American League (Chicago) and the Loyalty

League (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> members served as investigators for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusk_Committee" title="Lusk Committee">Lusk Committee</a> investigation of radicals and political dissenters.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-27">[27]</a> APL members continued to provide information and manpower to the Department of Justice, notably during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_raids" title="Palmer raids" class="mw-redirect">Palmer raids</a> of January 1920. In the 1920s, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> recruited members from the Southern branches of the APL.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-28">[28]</a> For years following the war, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>'s General Intelligence Unit in the Justice Department drew on the APL for information about radicals.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" class="noviewer thumbborder" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" height="17" width="32" /></a></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="text-align:center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_Dr.I%28117710246%29.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fokker_Dr.I%28117710246%29.jpg/32px-Fokker_Dr.I%28117710246%29.jpg" class="noviewer thumbborder" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" height="24" width="32" /></a></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World_War_I" title="Portal:World War I">World War I portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_Palmer" title="Alexander Mitchell Palmer" class="mw-redirect">Alexander Mitchell Palmer</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_League" title="National Security League">National Security League</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman" title="Ralph Van Deman">Ralph Van Deman</a></li></ul>==
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