Cole, Juan

<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=<div>=</div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2022/07/supreme-court-king-george-iii/">https://www.alternet.org/2022/07/supreme-court-king-george-iii/</a></div><div>
</div><div>juan cole
</div>=<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/08/how-trump-broke-america-a-story-of-unparalleled-economic-pain-and-human/">https://www.alternet.org/2020/08/how-trump-broke-america-a-story-of-unparalleled-economic-pain-and-human/</a><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">619 common dreams<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">...Iran's Isna news agency published an unverified image of what it said was a burning tanker in the Gulf of Oman<div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">US footage shows 'Iran removing unexploded mine'</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Iran has strongly denied the US allegation that it was behind attacks on tankers in the Gulf of Oman on Thursday.</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">bbc.com</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">107 people are talking about this</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">In a blog post on Friday, historian and Middle East expert Juan Cole wrote that the Trump administration’s narrative that Iranians were removing an unexploded mine from the damaged oil tanker “doesn’t make any sense at all” and said the video footage released by the U.S. “needs to be carefully analyzed” before any conclusions are drawn.</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">“[Secretary of State Mike] Pompeo alleged that only the Iranians had the expertise to deploy these mines,” Cole wrote. “We heard this crock for 8.5 years in Iraq—all shaped charges had to be Iran-backed, even those of al-Qaeda, because Iraqis didn’t have the expertise…. Sure. Had to be Iran, helping those hyper-Sunni al-Qaeda. Very likely story.”</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">On Twitter, Sina Toossi, research associate at the National Iranian American Council, echoed Cole’s call for skepticism and an investigation.</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">“What we need is an impartial investigation,” Toossi wrote, “and to be highly skeptical of claims and intel assessments from Bolton/Pompeo.”</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
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</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Sina Toossi</div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/01/this-historian-is-debunking-anti-muslim-myths-in-the-age-of-trump/">https://www.alternet.org/2019/01/this-historian-is-debunking-anti-muslim-myths-in-the-age-of-trump/</a>
In  January of 2017, one week after he was sworn into office, President Donald Trump signed an executive order prohibiting foreign nationals from seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the country. Approximately eighteen months later, the United States Supreme Court voted 5-4 to uphold a revised version of Trump’s Muslim ban—a decision that Omar Jadwat of the ACLU’s Immigrants’ Rights Project has <a href="https://www.aclu-wa.org/pages/timeline-muslim-ban" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">lambasted</a> as one of the worst in our nation’s history, on par with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">Korematsu v. United States</a> during World War II.<div class="p0_29" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">If nothing else, Trump’s political ascent has served as a potent reminder of Islamophobia’s pervasiveness throughout 21st century American society. How then do we dismantle these harmful stereotypes, which threaten Muslim communities both at home and broad? For Juan Cole, author of the riveting new history “Muhammad: Prophet of Peace Amid the Clash of Empires,” the answer would appear to be a greater understanding of the religion’s founder and formation.“One of the features of the Qur’an, which I think is too little appreciated, is that it’s a counterargument,” he tells Robert Scheer. “It’s an argument for tolerance, at least of the monotheistic religions, of Christianity and Judaism. … So I think it’s an extremely ecumenical book, the Qur’an, and the Prophet’s preaching of it. And that is something that’s been lost, not only in Western conceptions of the religion, but often among some believers as well.”<div class="p2_29" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the latest installment of “Scheer Intelligence,” Cole explores some of the dangers of letting hatred and bias go unchallenged. “They just did a poll in Germany where they found 44 percent of Germans think that Islam should not be practiced in Germany,” he notes. “Any time you single out a group of people as different from others, and as posing a unique kind of danger to society, that leads in very bad directions. And we have seen over and over again in modern history the directions that it can lead.”<div class="p3_29" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cole also deconstructs one of the more harmful misconceptions about Islam, namely that it’s inherently hostile to Judaism. “The Qur’an is remarkably pro-Jewish,” he observes. “It talks about Jews, frankly, as God’s chosen people; it defends synagogues from attack. And toward the end of the book, it says that Muslims may intermarry with Jews and Christians, and may have communal meals with them. So you know sociologists define ethnicity as having to do with who you will marry and who you won’t; people with a particular ethnicity only marry into that ethnicity. But the Qur’an is creating kind of an ethnicity of Abrahamians, of people who follow the one God, and [that] includes Jews.”<div class="p4_29" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="teadsNative" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Finally, the University of Michigan history professor argues that despite the violence from which the Qu’ran and early Islam emerged, the faith offers a distinctly harmonious vision of humanity. Cole concludes: “I would argue that what Muhammad wished for was to expand that zone of peace that he conceived in Mecca to encompass the whole world.”<div class="p5_29" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Listen to the his interview with Scheer or read a transcript of their conversation below:<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.1875px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Juan Cole is a Professor of History at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He runs an important <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Blogs" title="Blogs" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">weblog</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juancole.com/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Informed Comment</a>, pertaining to all matters dealing with the Middle East, specifically <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Iraq</a>. In 2002 the organization <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Campus_Watch" title="Campus Watch" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Campus Watch</a>listed Prof. Cole as one of the academics it chose to target.

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">President, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Global_Americana_Institute" title="Global Americana Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Global Americana Institute</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Former President, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_America" title="Middle East Studies Association of North America" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Middle East Studies Association of North America</a></li>

</ul>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Bombing_Libya" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1 Bombing Libya</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Websites" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">2 Websites</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Further_Information_from_his_website" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">3 Further Information from his website</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Professional_History" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">4 Professional History</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Other" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">5 Other</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Quotes_from_Informed_Comment" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">6 Quotes from Informed Comment</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#On_media_Spin_in_Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">6.1 On media Spin in Iraq</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Publications" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">7 Publications</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">8 External links</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Resources_and_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">9 Resources and articles</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#Related_Sourcewatch_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">9.1 Related Sourcewatch articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">9.2 References</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Bombing Libya</h2>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Websites</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juancole.com/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Informed Comment</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/_{jrcole/index/indexa.htm}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Personal Website</a></li>

</ul>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Further Information from his website</h2>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Juan R. I. Cole is Professor of Modern Middle East and South Asian History at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsa.umich.edu/history/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">History Department</a> of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">University of Michigan</a>. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/_{jrcole/cv.htm}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">bibliography of his writings may be found here</a>. He has written extensively about modern Islamic movements in Egypt, the Persian Gulf, and South Asia. He has given numerous media and press interviews on the War on Terrorism since September 11, 2001, as well as concerning the Iraq War in 2003. His current research focuses on two contemporary phenomena: 1) Shiite Islam in Iraq and Iran and 2) the "jihadi" or "sacred-war" strain of Muslim radicalism, including al-Qaeda and the Taliban among other groups. Cole commands Arabic, Persian and Urdu and reads some Turkish, knows both Middle Eastern and South Asian Islam, and lived in a number of places in the Muslim world for extended periods of time. His most recent book is Sacred Space and Holy War (IB Tauris 2002). This volume collects some of his work on the history of the Shiite branch of Islam in modern Iraq, Iran and the Gulf. He treated Shiism in his co-edited book, Shiism and Social Protest (Yale, 1986), of his first monograph, Roots of North Indian Shiism in Iran and Iraq (California, 1989). His interest in Iranian religion is further evident in his work on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jrcole/bahai.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Baha'i studies</a>, which eventuated in his 1998 book, Modernity and the Millennium: The Genesis of the Baha'i Faith in the Nineteenth Century Middle East (Columbia University Press). He has also written a good deal about modern Egypt, including a book, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's Urabi Movement (Princeton, 1993). His concern with comparative history and Islamics is evident in his edited Comparing Muslim Societies (Michigan, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/_{jrcole/jcpers.htm}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Source</a></dd>

</dl>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Professional History</h2>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1975 B.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwu.edu/graduate/bulletin/programs/cas/cas-relg.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">History and Literature of Religions</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwu.edu/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Northwestern University</a></dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1978 M.A. Arabic Studies/History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auc-inf.eun.eg/www/aucprof/pyabout.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">American University in Cairo</a></dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1984 Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isop.ucla.edu/cnes/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Islamic Studies</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucla.edu/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">University of California Los Angeles</a></dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1984-1990 Assistant Professor of History, University of Michigan</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1990-1995 Associate Professor of History, University of Michigan</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1992-1995 Director, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/_{iinet/cmenas/}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies</a>, University of Michigan</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1995- Professor of History, University of Michigan</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/_{jrcole/jcpers.htm}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Source</a></dd>

</dl>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Other</h2>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Quotes from Informed Comment</h2>

<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">On media Spin in Iraq</h3>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">The fog of information war thrown up by the Allawi government, the US military, and the guerrilla sympathizers, however, does make the episode difficult to judge morally and ethically. In a democracy, such judgments are necessary, so that there is something radically wrong with the system, when we ordinary Americans don't have a realistic idea of how many US troops have been harmed in the prosecution of this war, and likewise have no clear idea of the human cost of an operation like Fallujah II.</dd>

</dl>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">The irony of the twenty-first century Information Age is that the American public is uninformed as never before about the most crucial information in our lives. The new Age of Ignorance amidst information riches is made possible precisely because modern means of communication lend themselves to manipulation by wealthy, powerful forces that understand how to make an emotional impact that will obscure the real issues. This observation is as true of the Baath Party as it is of the Republican Party, as true of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Al-Jazeerah" title="Al-Jazeerah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">al-Jazeerah</a> as it is of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Fox_News" title="Fox News" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Fox Cable News</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juancole.com/2004/11/25000-us-casualties-in-iraq-9-of.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">quote</a>, Nov. 26, 2004.</dd>

</dl>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Publications</h2>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">External links</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/radio/2008/09/26/waas/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Glenn Greenwald,</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glenngreenwald.blogspot.com/2006/04/academic-freedom-now-for-right-wing.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Academic freedom NOW! . . . for right-wing scholars</a>", Unclaimed Territory Blog, April 19, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jane Hamsher, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firedoglake.com/2006/04/19/all-in-the-family/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">All in the Family</a>", FireDogLake, April 19, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Weldon Berger, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btcnews.com/btcnews/1296" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Wall Street Journal’s John Fund: liar and coward?</a>", BTC News, April 25, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Justin Raimondo, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=8903" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">John Fund vs. the Truth: He lies about Juan Cole-and much else</a>", AntiWar.com, April 26, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Matthew Duss, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatisthewar.blogspot.com/2006/04/libeling-cole.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Libeling Cole</a>", What is the War?, April 20, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kathy Kattenburg, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertystreetusa.blogspot.com/2006/04/prof.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Professor Juan Cole</a>", Liberty Street Blogspot, April 22, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">SueDoe_CyAnts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070429194818/http://www.shadow-media.org/blog/2006/04/neocon_circle_jerk_the_defamat.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"Neocon Circle Jerk: The Defamation of Professor Juan Cole,"</a> Shadow Media, April 30, 2006 (Internet Archives April, 29, 2007 crawl).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bill Scher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-scher/the-importance-of-cole-v_b_20350.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"The Importance of Cole v. Hitchens,"</a> The Huffington Post, May 4, 2006. re <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Christopher Hitchens</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Juan Cole, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juancole.com/2006/05/coleweisberg-correspondence-on.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"Cole/Weisberg Correspondence on Hitchens,"</a> Informed Comment, May 5, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Billmon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billmon.org/archives/002463.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"God and Money at Yale,"</a> Whiskey Bar, June 8, 2006.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ron Jacobs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/jacobs03162009.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">A Call for Common Sense: Juan Cole's "Engaging the Muslim World"</a>, Counterpunch, March 16, 2009.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">John Walsh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/08/30/meet-professor-juan-cole-consultant-to-the-cia/" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"Democracy Now?": Meet Professor Juan Cole, Consultant to the CIA</a>", Counterpunch, August 30, 2011.</li>

</ul>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Resources and articles</h2>

<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Related Sourcewatch articles</h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Susan_Maneck" title="Susan Maneck" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Susan Maneck</a></li>

</ul>

<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">References</h3>

<li id="cite_note-0" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">↑</a> Max Ajl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxajl.com/?p=5101#idc-container" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Vijay Prashad debates Juan Cole on Libya</a>, Jewbonics, March 29, 2011.</li>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juan_Cole#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/apr2011/pers-a01.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Libya, imperialism and the prostration of the “left” intellectuals: The case of Professor Juan Cole</a>, World Socialist Web Site, April 1, 2011.</li>

</ol><div>
</div><div></div><div>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole</div><div>
</div><div>John Ricardo I. "Juan" Cole (born October 23, 1952) is an American academic and commentator on the modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Middle East</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">South Asia</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-siva-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a> He is Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">University of Michigan</a>. Since 2002, he has written a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Weblog" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">weblog</a>, Informed Comment (juancole.com) which is also syndicated on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Truthdig</a>.com.</div><div>
</div><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;" lang="en">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Background_and_education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Background and education</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Appointments_and_awards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Appointments and awards</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Academic_interests" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Academic interests</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Modern_Egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1Modern Egypt</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Shia_Islam:Iran,Iraq_and_India" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2Shia Islam: Iran, Iraq and India</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Current_affairs_history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3Current affairs history</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Khalil_Gibran_translations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.4Khalil Gibran translations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Global_Americana_Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.5Global Americana Institute</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD_studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.6Bahá'í studies</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Journalism_and_media_appearances" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Journalism and media appearances</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Informed_Comment_blog" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Informed Comment blog</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Other_activities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Other activities</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Views" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Views</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1Iran</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.2Iraq</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.3Israel</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Al-Qaeda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.4Al-Qaeda</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.5Afghanistan</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Lebanon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.6Lebanon</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.7Pakistan</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Libya" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.8Libya</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#CIA_harassment_allegations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8CIA harassment allegations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9Criticism</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Yale_controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.1Yale controversy</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Other_controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.2Other controversies</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Selected_bibliography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10Selected bibliography</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Monographs_and_edited_works" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.1Monographs and edited works</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Selected_recent_journal_articles_and_book_chapters" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.2Selected recent journal articles and book chapters</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#Translations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.3Translations</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Background and education[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Background and education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Cole was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>. His father served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Corps(United_States_Army)" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Army Signal Corps</a>. When Cole was age two, his family left New Mexico for France. His father completed two tours with the U.S. military in France (a total of seven years) and one 18-month stay at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagnew_Station" title="Kagnew Station" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kagnew Station</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Asmara</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eritrea</a> (then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ethiopia</a>). (Cole reports that he first became interested in Islam in Eritrea, which has a population roughly half Christian and half Muslim.) Cole was schooled at a variety of locations, twelve schools in twelve years, at a series of dependent schools on military bases but also sometimes in civilian schools. Some schooling occurred in the United States, particularly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">North Carolina</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">California</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-interview1-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a>Cole obtained his undergraduate degree at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Northwestern University</a> in 1975, having majored in History and Literature of Religions. For two quarters in his senior year he conducted a research project in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Beirut</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lebanon</a>and returned to the city as a graduate student in the fall of 1975, but the civil war prevented Cole from continuing his studies there. Therefore, he pursued a master's degree at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="American University in Cairo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American University in Cairo</a> in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies, graduating in 1978. Cole then returned to Beirut for another year and worked as a translator for a newspaper.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-interview1-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> In 1979 Cole enrolled at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of California, Los Angeles</a> as a doctoral student in the field of Islamic Studies, graduating in 1984. After graduation, Cole was appointed Assistant Professor of History at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a> where he became a full professor in 1995.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Cole was from a mixed Catholic and Protestant heritage but was brought up a non-denominational Protestant on army bases. In the late 1960s and the 1970s he became interested in Eastern religions, including Buddhism. Cole became a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Bahá'í Faith</a> in 1972 as an undergraduate at Northwestern, and the religion later became a focus of his academic research. He resigned from the faith in 1996 after disputes with Bahá'í leadership concerning the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_administration" title="Bahá'í administration" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Bahá'í system of administration</a>, particularly the requirement to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_review" title="Bahá'í review" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">review</a> works by Bahá'í authors when writing about the religion. He later became uninterested in organized religion as a personal matter.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>Cole married Shahin Malik in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lahore</a> in 1982. The couple has a son, Arman, born in 1987.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CV-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Appointments and awards[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Appointments and awards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Cole was awarded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fulbright-Hays fellowships</a> to India (1982) and to Egypt (1985–1986). In 1991 he held a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> grant for the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shia Islam</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iran</a>. From 1999 until 2004, Juan Cole was the editor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Journal of Middle East Studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. He has served in professional offices for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a> and on the editorial board of the journal Iranian Studies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CV-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> He is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_America" title="Middle East Studies Association of North America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Middle East Studies Association of North America</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-Cole_MESA-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> and served as the organization's president for 2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-Pres_letter_2006-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> In 2006, he received the James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism administered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hunter College</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1975: B.A. History and Literature of Religions, Northwestern University</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1978: M.A. Arabic Studies/History, American University in Cairo</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1984: Ph.D. Islamic Studies, University of California Los Angeles</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1984–1990: Assistant Professor of History, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1990–1995: Associate Professor of History, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1992–1995: Director, Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1995–2007: Professor of History, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2007–present: Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2009–2012: Director, Center for South Asian Studies, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan</a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Academic interests[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Academic interests" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Cole became interested in Islam and Arabic while a teenager living in Eritrea when his father was stationed there. He studied Arabic at Northwestern University, in Beirut, at the American University in Cairo, and at the University of California, Los Angeles; his study included classical historical, theological and philosophical texts and classical and modern literature. He speaks <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arabic</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Modern Standard</a> as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lebanese</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Egyptian</a>dialects), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Persian</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Urdu</a>, and can read <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" title="Ottoman Turkish language" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ottoman Turkish</a>. He also knows French, German and Spanish.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CV-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Modern Egypt[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Modern Egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Among Cole's major academic specializations has been the history of modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Egypt</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sunni Islam</a>. His second monograph was on the nineteenth-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Urabi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Urabi Revolt" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">‘Urabi Revolt</a>, and his fifth was on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">French invasion and occupation of the country</a> under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Napoleon</a>. Egypt was one focus of his Engaging the Muslim World (Palgrave, 2009). He has authored nearly a dozen major journal articles and book chapters on Egypt.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Shia Islam: Iran, Iraq and India[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Shia Islam: Iran, Iraq and India" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shia Islam</a> has been a major preoccupation in Cole's scholarship. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Crescent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shia Crescent</a> runs from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Saudi Arabia</a> to India, and Cole has written on various countries in this arc as well as on Islam in general, the secular history and politics of the region, and comparative studies. His first monograph was on the modern history of Shi'a Islam in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India" title="North India" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">North India</a>. His fourth book was a treatment of modern Shi'i movements throughout <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">South</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Western Asia</a>. He has published over two dozen journal articles and book chapters on modern Shia Islam.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Current affairs history[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Current affairs history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>After September 11, 2001, Cole turned increasingly to writing on radical Muslim movements, the Iraq War, United States foreign policy, and the Iran crisis. His scholarship was influenced by his blog, "Informed Comment", founded in 2002. He has pioneered in the field of what he calls not "contemporary history" but "current affairs history".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> See also "The Case for Current Affairs History"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Khalil Gibran translations[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Khalil Gibran translations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kahlil Gibran</a> is a well-known Lebanese-American poet, essayist, and artist who wrote in Arabic as well as English. Cole has translated three volumes of his Arabic-language literary writings. One of these, Broken Wings(al-Ajnihah al-Mutakassira, 1912), is alleged to have been the first Arabic-language novel, and has early feminist themes, protesting against arranged marriage and religious corruption.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Global Americana Institute[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Global Americana Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>After September 11, Cole founded the Global Americana Institute<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> to translate works concerning the United States into Arabic. The first volume was selected works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas Jefferson</a>, translated for the first time into Arabic,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> and the second is a translation of a biography of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> along with selected speeches and writings (scheduled for fall 2012). The Institute is partnering with Dar al-Saqi books in this series. Cole has successfully solicited contributions through his website to support the translations and publications.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Bahá'í studies[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Bahá'í studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole converted to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bahá'í Faith</a> in 1972, but later resigned in 1996 after conflicts with members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_administration" title="Bahá'í administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bahá'í administration</a> who perceived him as extreme and threatened him with a Bahá'í version of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant-breaker" title="Covenant-breaker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">excommunication</a>. Cole went on to critically attack the Bahá'í Faith in several books and articles written from 1998-2000, describing a prominent Bahá'í as "inquisitor" and "bigot", and describing Bahá'í institutions as socially isolating, dictatorial, and controlling, with financial irregularities and sexual deviance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-momen-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>Soon after his resignation, Cole created an email list and website called H-Bahai, which became a repository of both primary source material and critical analysis on the religion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-momen-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>Before resigning, Cole had several works published through Bahá'í publishers and co-edited an online journal (Occasional Papers in the Shaykhi, Babi, and Baha'i Religions, associated with H-Bahai). Some of these were translations, including several "unofficial" scriptural translations, and two volumes by/about early Bahá'í theologian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Abu%27l-Fadl" title="Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> He has maintained much of this material, as well as other documents and links, online.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Journalism and media appearances</h2>Cole has written a great deal of journalism, although much more in the form of commentary than direct news gathering. From 2004 to 2009, Cole had a regular column at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon(website)" title="Salon (website)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Salon</a>. Since 2009, he has written semi-regularly for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Truthdig</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Engelhardt" title="Tom Engelhardt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tom Engelhardt</a>'s Tomdispatch.com.He has published op-eds on the Mideast at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_Diplomatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Diplomatique" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Le Monde Diplomatique</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Guardian</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">San Jose Mercury News</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">San Francisco Chronicle</a>, The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Review" title="Boston Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boston Review</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Nation</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Star(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Star (Lebanon)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daily Star</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkun(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tikkun magazine</a>Cole has been a regular guest on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="The NewsHour" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The NewsHour</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PBS</a>, and has appeared widely on television shows such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline(US_news_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightline (US news program)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nightline</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Evening_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Evening News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ABC Evening News</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today(NBC_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (NBC program)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Today Show</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Cooper_360%C2%B0" title="Anderson Cooper 360°" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anderson Cooper 360°</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Edition_with_Wolf_Blitzer" title="Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Al Jazeera</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Headline_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Headline News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CNN Headline News</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose(TV_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Rose (TV show)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charlie Rose</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria_GPS" title="Fareed Zakaria GPS" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fareed Zakaria GPS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rachel_Maddow_Show(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rachel Maddow Show (TV series)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Rachel Maddow Show</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Colbert Report</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democracy Now!</a> and many others.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a>With regard to radio, he has also been a frequent guest on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR" title="NPR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Public Radio</a> and has been interviewed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Masters(journalist)" title="Ian Masters (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ian Masters</a> (KPFK), and has been interviewed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gross" title="Terry Gross" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Terry Gross</a> ("Fresh Air") and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Rehm" title="Diane Rehm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Diane Rehm</a>, among many others.Cole was occasionally cited in the press as a Middle East expert in the 1990s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> He became much more prominent after 2002, when he began publishing his weblog.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a>From 2002 onwards, Cole became a widely recognized public intellectual. Foreign Policy commented in 2004, "Cole's transformation into a public intellectual embodies many of the dynamics that have heightened the impact of the blogosphere. He wanted to publicize his expertise, and he did so by attracting attention from elite members of the blogosphere. As Cole made waves within the virtual world, others in the real world began to take notice".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a>His focus has primarily been Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt and the Arab Spring. He has also occasionally written or given interviews about Israel and the Palestinians.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Informed Comment blog[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=11&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Informed Comment blog" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Since 2002, Cole has published the blog Informed Comment, covering "History, Middle East, South Asia, Religious Studies, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">War on Terror</a>". Blog entries include comments on widely reported articles in Western media, summaries of important articles from Arabic and Israeli news sources, and letters and discussions with both critics and supporters.The blog has won various awards; as of April 2006 the most prominent is the 2005 James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hunter College</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a> It has also received two 2004 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koufax_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koufax Awards (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Koufax Awards</a>: the "Best Expert Blog" and the "Best Blog Post".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> It has since dropped off the list, but Informed Comment has been ranked as the 99th most popular blog on the Internet by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati" title="Technorati" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Technorati</a> on October 21, 2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a> Cole was a strong critic of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush administration</a> and is one of the most respected foreign policy commentators amongst <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">left-wing</a> bloggers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a>The July 28, 2006 issue of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a> featured a story on Cole's blog and its role in his career. Following essays by several academic bloggers, Cole was given a chance to respond to the question of whether academics should risk career advancement by blogging. His reply, in part, was:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The question is whether Web-log commentary helps or damages an academic's career. It is a shameful question. Intellectuals should not be worrying about "careers", the tenured among us least of all. Despite the First Amendment, which only really protects one from the government, most Americans who speak out can face sanctions from other institutions in society. Journalists are fired all the time for taking the wrong political stance. That is why most bloggers employed in the private sector are anonymous or started out trying to be so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></blockquote>In that same article, he was referred to as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public intellectual</a> by associate professor of culture and communication at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York University</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_Vaidhyanathan" title="Siva Vaidhyanathan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Siva Vaidhyanathan</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-siva-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Other activities[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=12&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Other activities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 2004, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> requested Cole's testimony at hearings to better understand the situation in Iraq.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a>Cole is an avid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">science fiction</a> fan and has a strong personal interest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">human rights</a> issues.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Views[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=13&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Views" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Generally speaking, Cole approaches the Middle East and Western Asia from the point of view of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-imperialism</a>. Viewing the USA as a colonialist power, he sees it as defending the post-World War I "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sykes–Picot</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Balfour</a> architecture" (described as "a colossal failure") against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arab nationalist</a> or pan-Islamic challengers. These foundered for various reasons, especially "particularism". The U.S., like previous empires, seeks to take advantage of such internal rivalries in order to "divide and rule".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2002-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Terrorism</a>, he explains (after comparing several countries in the region), is the result of foreign occupation in combination with weak states.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2002-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a>Cole tends to value multinational (and especially UN) initiatives over unilateral military ones.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> He favors multi-ethnic states over separatist movements. Given his background in the 1960s and 1970s religious counter-culture, he views Islam (along with other religions) as essentially good, but distorted by certain of its political appropriators (and critics).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Iran[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=14&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole mastered Persian in the 1970s and 1980s and has written academically on Iran's early modern and modern history, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Qajar</a> period and the Islamic Republic from 1979.Cole supported the reformist president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mohammad Khatami</a> and rued his succession by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>. He reports that in 2003, Iran (addressing the Bush administration through the Swiss embassy) proposed a comprehensive peace agreement, which Bush refused even to discuss.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a>Cole viewed the 2009 presidential election as having been<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a> stolen by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.Cole wrote numerous posts warning that the Bush administration was attempting to create a war with Iran. He suggested that sabre-rattling offered a way for two unpopular regimes to attract nationalistic support.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole3-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a> He has also speculated that the Bush administration's objective in Iran was to control future supplies of oil and natural gas, while denying them to energy-hungry China and India.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a>On the nuclear issue, Cole wrote in 2007 that "Iran is a good ten years away from having a bomb," and points out that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ali Khamenei</a> and other leaders have condemned nuclear weapons as un-Islamic.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole3-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a> Cole also dismissed the Bush administration's allegation that Iran has supported terrorism in Iraq or Afghanistan, arguing rather that the United States had lent support to anti-Iranian terrorist groups such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a>Cole chastised several U.S. presidential candidates, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rudy Giuliani</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mitt Romney</a>, for making bellicose statements about Iran in order to present themselves in a tougher or more conservative light.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a>Cole is also a vocal critic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ahmadinejad</a>. He has written that "I profoundly disagree with his characterization of Israel, which is a legitimate United Nations member state". He also considers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad#Allegations_of_Holocaust_denial_and_anti-Semitism" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ahmadinejad's holocaust denial</a> to be "monstrous".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a>Ahmadinejad's remarks on Israel<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></div>Cole and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Christopher Hitchens</a> have traded barbs regarding the translation and meaning of a passage referring to Israel in a speech by Iran President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>. Fathi Nazila of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tehran</a> bureau translated the passage as "Our dear Imam [Khomeini] said that the occupying regime must be wiped off the map."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-r26-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a>In an article published at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Slate</a> website, Hitchens accused Cole of attempting to minimize and distort the meaning of the speech, which Hitchens understood to be a repetition of "the standard line" that "the state of Israel is illegitimate and must be obliterated." Hitchens also denigrated Cole's competence in both Persian and "plain English" and described him as a Muslim apologist.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-Hitchens-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a>Cole responded that while he personally despised "everything Ahmadinejad stands for, not to mention the odious Khomeini",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-ICHitchens-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a> he nonetheless objected to the New York Times translation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-ICHitchens-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a> Cole wrote that it inaccurately suggested Ahmadinejad was advocating an invasion of Israel ("that he wants to play Hitler to Israel's Poland"). He added that a better translation of the phrase would be "the occupation regime over Jerusalem should vanish from the page of time," a metaphysical if not poetic reference rather than a militaristic one.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-ICHitchens-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a> He also stated that Hitchens was incompetent to assess a Persian-to-English translation, and accused him of unethically accessing private Cole e-mails from an on-line discussion group.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-ICHitchens-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Iraq[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=15&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole was asked to address the pros and cons of the building war against Iraq in January 2003 for the journal of the University of Michigan International Institute. He warned that any invasion of Iraq would inevitably be rejected by Iraqis and the Arab world as a form of neocolonialism. He wrote, "The Sunnis of Iraq could well turn to groups like al-Qaida, having lost the ideals of the Baath. Iraqi Shi'ites might become easier to recruit into Khomeinism of the Iranian sort, and become a bulwark for the shaky regime in Shi'ite Iran." Considering the problem of ethnic politics, he said, "A post-war Iraq may well be riven with factionalism that impedes the development of a well-ensconced new government." He rejected the argument that Baathist Iraq's "weapons of mass destruction" or backing of terrorism posed threats to the United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2003-1-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a> Cole admitted that he had had "mixed feelings" on the issue—i.e., he opposed Saddam Hussein's regime, but feared disaster and opposed international illegality.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2003-2-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a> He was insistent that any war would be illegal without a UN Security Council resolution (which was not obtained by the Bush administration).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2003-3-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a> His position on the war resembled that of the French government, which is generally held to have opposed it. By January 2003, he said he had become "cynical" about the Bush administration motives for the war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2003-4-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a> On the day of the U.S. invasion Cole wrote that "for all the concerns one might have about the aftermath, the removal of Saddam Hussein and the murderous Baath regime from power will be worth the sacrifices that are about to be made on all sides."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2003-5-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a> He has explained that this posting was not intended to show support for the invasion: "The passage quoted ... was not about whether the war was legal or not. Being from a military family, it mattered to me as an ethical issue whether troops lives were being lost for no good reason, in an illegal boondoggle. I decided on careful deliberation that even though the war was wrong, the lives lost would not be in vain, since a tyrannical regime would have fallen. To say that some good could come of an illegal act is not to endorse the illegal act."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-juancole2006-6-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a>Cole blamed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush administration</a> for creating what he calls a "failed state" in Iraq. He particularly cites its decision to disband the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Army" title="Iraqi Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraqi Army</a>, its treatment of prisoners, its alienation of neighboring countries, its corrupt economic policies, and long delays in organizing elections and forming a (weak) government.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a> Bush's decision to invade Iraq, Cole wrote in 2005, resulted from a "coalition of disparate forces" within the Bush administration, "each with its own rationale" for going to war. He identifies: Bush's own "obsession with restoring family honor" slighted by Saddam Hussein's remaining in power after the Gulf War; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dick Cheney</a>'s interest in benefits to the oil industry (he cites "billions in no-bid contracts for [Halliburton]"—of which Cheney was CEO in the 1990s—and which "saved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Halliburton</a> from bankruptcy"); Cheney's "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manichaean</a>, Cold War-inspired worldview—in which the U.S. battled an evil enemy"; Evangelical Christians who "wanted to missionize Iraq"; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Karl Rove</a>'s wanting to "turn Bush into a war president" to ensure re-election; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-conservative" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">neo-conservatives</a> who hoped to transform the Middle East and remove what they perceived as a danger to Israel.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a> The Bush administration's focus on purported weapons of mass destruction, he added, was an attempt to find a rationale acceptable to the public.Cole rejects the Bush administrations early claims of Iraqi cooperation with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Al-Qaeda</a>, noting that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Saddam Hussein</a> had "persecuted and killed both Sunni and Shiite fundamentalists in great number",<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a> as well as claims to the effect that Iraq was developing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a> Rather than making America safer, he says, the war has ironically had the opposite effect: inspiring anti-U.S. militants.Cole, who began to call the Iraqi conflict a "civil war" as early as 2004,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a> in 2007 stated that it consists of three distinct wars: "for control of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Basra</a> among Shiite militiamen; for control of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Baghdad</a> and its hinterlands between Sunnis and Shiites; and for control of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kirkuk</a> among Kurds, Arabs and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Turkmen</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Israel[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=16&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole is a strong <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Israeli_government" title="Criticism of the Israeli government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">critic of Israel's foreign and military policy</a> and its treatment of Palestinians. He criticizes the nature of America's support for Israel and the activities of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Israel Lobby</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-IsraelLobbyComment-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[57]</a> and claims that some senior US officials such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_J.Feith" title="Douglas J. Feith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Douglas J. Feith</a> have dual loyalties to America and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud" title="Likud" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Likud</a> party of Israel.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-DualLoyal-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a>Cole opposes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_Israel" title="Academic boycott of Israel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">boycotts of Israeli academics</a> because he believes that the academic community in Israel is mostly opposed to the policies of the Likud.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Al-Qaeda[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=17&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Al-Qaeda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole distinguishes "traditional" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">al-Qaeda</a> from various 4-6 man cells scattered around the world who may identify with its goal, and use the name, but are not otherwise in contact with it. The former group consists of perhaps 5,000 members ("probably no more than a few hundred of them actually dangerous to the United States") whose activities "should be combatted by good police and counter-terrorism work". According to Cole, the Bush administration's view of "al-Qaeda" conflates various unrelated Muslim groups into a "bogeyman".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-bush-turns-to-fear-mongering-creation-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a>As of 2006 there were "less than 1000" foreign (i.e., genuine) al-Qaeda fighters in Iraq,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-bush-turns-to-fear-mongering-creation-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a> although the Bush administration's actions have caused increasing numbers of Iraqi Sunnis to sympathize or identify with that organization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a> Such native sympathizers are referred to on his blog as "Salafi jihadis". Cole dismissed as "implausible" the prospect of such groups taking over Iraq.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-bush-turns-to-fear-mongering-creation-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Afghanistan[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=18&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole calls the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan "the right war at the right time", and credits it with breaking up a network of al-Qaeda training camps which posed a danger to the U.S.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a> Cole later criticized Bush for leaving the job half finished in Afghanistan to go off and fight in Iraq.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-bush-turns-to-fear-mongering-creation-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a>Cole complains that Iraq has displaced Afghanistan from the public consciousness. "As for money, Iraq has hogged the lion's share," he writes. "What has been spent on reconstruction in Afghanistan is piddling."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a> Talk of furthering democracy and women's rights, or eliminating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">opium poppy</a> cultivation there, has all but evaporated. "Half of Afghanistan's gross domestic product now comes from poppy sales."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Lebanon[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=19&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Lebanon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole lived in Beirut for several years, and was present for part of the 1975–1976 civil war. His overview of 20th century Lebanese history<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a> blames the CIA for rigging elections there in 1957, in order to allow president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Camille Chamoun</a> a second term. (Chamoun had apparently persuaded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Druze</a> leaned towards <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communism</a>.) This had the effect of forcing pro-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nasser</a> Arab nationalists outside the political process. Cole additionally blames the influx of 100,000 Palestinian refugees in 1948—and the various later military actions against them by Syria and Israel—for the condition of Lebanese politics today.Cole often points out the incongruity of the U.S. allying itself with offshoots of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Islamic Dawa Party</a> in Iraq but vehemently opposing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hezbollah</a> in Lebanon.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[66]</a>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2006 Lebanon War</a>, Cole accused both sides of committing "war crimes" against civilians. Cole stated that "[Israel has] every right to defend itself against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nasrallah</a> and his mad bombers" while voicing disapproval for the "wholesale indiscriminate destruction and slaughter in which the Israelis have been engaged against the Lebanese in general".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a> Cole also accused Israel of having planned the operation as much as a year in advance, rather than simply responding to provocation.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Pakistan[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=20&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole opposed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pervez Musharraf</a> regime, which he blames for cracking down on democracy activists, while simultaneously allowing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Islamists</a> based in Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>) to consolidate and expand their political power. He points out that Musharraf is actually a "hawk" with respect to India (in contrast to the government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nawaz Sharif</a>, which had made overtures to it before the coup), and cancelled a special-forces operation aimed at killing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Osama bin Laden</a>. (The operation had been urged by President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bill Clinton</a>, and if successful, might have prevented the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">September 11 attacks</a>.)Cole also censures the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush</a> administration for not pushing for democratization in Pakistan. Such a development would not threaten U.S. interests, he writes, since whenever elections have been held, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Taliban</a>-like movements have not received much support from voters. On the contrary, the danger is that U.S. support for Musharraf may alienate middle-class Pakistanis.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[68]</a> Cole is also on the Editorial Board of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaniaat" title="Pakistaniaat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pakistaniaat</a>.Cole's wife Shahin received her legal education in Lahore, Pakistan, and has also written against Musharraf's crackdown.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Libya[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=21&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Libya" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Cole supported what he described as "the UNSC-authorized intervention" in Libya in 2011 by NATO, and criticized those on the Left who did not.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a> When Cole was asked in 2015 how he felt about the results of the intervention, he said, "It wasn't an intervention, it was a revolution. Revolutions are messy. It turned out better than Syria, where there wasn't a significant intervention."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">CIA harassment allegations</h2>In 2011, James Risen reported in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The New York Times</a> that, "Glenn L. Carle, a former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a> officer who was a top counterterrorism official during the administration of President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">George W. Bush</a>, said the White House at least twice asked intelligence officials to gather sensitive information" on Cole "in order to discredit him".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CIA-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[72]</a> "In an interview, Mr. Carle said his supervisor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">National Intelligence Council</a> told him in 2005 that White House officials wanted 'to get' Professor Cole, and made clear that he wanted Mr. Carle to collect information about him, an effort Mr. Carle rebuffed. Months later, Mr. Carle said, he confronted a C.I.A. official after learning of another attempt to collect information about Professor Cole. Mr. Carle said he contended at the time that such actions would have been unlawful."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CIA-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[72]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Criticism[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=23&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Yale controversy[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=24&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Yale controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 2006 Cole was nominated to teach at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Yale University</a> and was approved by both Yale's sociology and history departments. However, the senior appointments committee overruled the departments, and Cole was not appointed.According to "several Yale faculty members", the decision to overrule Cole's approval was "highly unusual".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a> Yale Deputy Provost Charles Long stated that "Tenure appointments at Yale are very complicated and they go through several stages, and [the candidates] can fail to pass at any of the stages. Every year, at least one and often more fail at one of these levels, and that happened in this case."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-tenure-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a> The history department vote was 13 in favor, seven opposed, and three abstentions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-75" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[75]</a> Professors interviewed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yale Daily News</a> said "the faculty appeared sharply divided."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-tenure-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a>Yale historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Hyman" title="Paula Hyman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paula Hyman</a> commented that the deep divisions in the appointment committee were the primary reasons that Cole was rejected: "There was also concern, aside from the process, about the nature of his blog and what it would be like to have a very divisive colleague."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-tenure-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a> Yale political science professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_B.Smith(professor)" title="Steven B. Smith (professor)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Steven B. Smith</a> commented, "It would be very comforting for Cole's supporters to think that this got steamrolled because of his controversial blog opinions. The blog opened people's eyes as to what was going on."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[76]</a> Another Yale historian, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M.Merriman" title="John M. Merriman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John M. Merriman</a>, said of Cole's rejection: "In this case, academic integrity clearly has been trumped by politics."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-Weiss-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[77]</a>In an interview on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democracy Now!</a>, Cole noted that he had not applied for the Yale job: "Some people at Yale asked if they could look at me for a senior appointment. I said, 'Look all you want.' So that's up to them. Senior professors are like baseball players. You're being looked at by other teams all the time. If it doesn't result in an offer, then nobody takes it seriously." He described the so-called "scandal" surrounding his nomination as "a tempest in a teapot" that had been exaggerated by "neo-con journalists": "Who knows what their hiring process is like, what things they were looking for?"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[78]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Other controversies[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=25&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Other controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_H.Joffe" title="Alexander H. Joffe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alexander H. Joffe</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Quarterly" title="Middle East Quarterly" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Middle East Quarterly</a> has written that "Cole suggests that many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish American</a> officials hold <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_loyalty" title="Dual loyalty" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">dual loyalties</a>, a frequent anti-Semitic theme."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-DeclineOfMES-79" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[79]</a> Cole argues that his critics have "perverted the word 'antisemitic'", and also points out that "in the Middle East Studies establishment in the United States, I have stood with Israeli colleagues and against any attempt to marginalize them or boycott them".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-80" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[80]</a>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Efraim Karsh</a>, Cole has done "hardly any independent research on the twentieth-century Middle East", and characterized Cole's analysis of this era as "derivative". He has also responded to Cole's criticism of Israeli policies and the influence of the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Israel lobby</a>", comparing them to accusations that have been made in anti-semitic writings.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-Karsh-81" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[81]</a> Cole replied directly to Karsh in his blog, dismissing one of Karsh's charges, that Cole's criticisms echo themes in the antisemitic tract <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>. Cole also defended his knowledge of modern Middle Eastern history, comparing his experience "on the ground" in the modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arab world</a> favorably with that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bernard Lewis</a>, a historian he said is "lionized" by Karsh.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-WP-Karsh-82" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[82]</a>Jeremy Sapienza of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Antiwar.com</a> has criticized Cole for what he deems as partisan bias on issues of war and peace, noting his support for wars supported by the Democratic party such as in the Balkans and Libya while opposing Republican wars such as Iraq.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-83" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[83]</a>John Walsh<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CP01-84" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[84]</a> and editor/commentator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alexander Cockburn</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-85" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[85]</a> have described Cole as being an advisor to the CIA and Walsh referred to Cole as a "humanitarian hawk".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-CP01-84" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[84]</a> In response to Walsh's charges, Cole said that he was never a consultant to the CIA, but did give talks at events sponsored by think tanks at which a range of US government officials were present, including CIA analysts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-86" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[86]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_North(Socialist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David North (Socialist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David North</a> has strongly criticized Cole's defense of the US/NATO Libyan intervention, claiming an inconsistency between Cole's 2006 opposition to the "wholesale destruction of all of Lebanon by Israel and the US Pentagon" as part of a broader strategy to acquire control of the major sources of oil and natural gas, and Cole's 2011 statement that "I haven't seen the war-for-oil argument made for Libya in a manner that makes any sense at all."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-87" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[87]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Selected bibliography[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=26&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Monographs and edited works[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=27&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Monographs and edited works" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engaging_the_Muslim_World" title="Engaging the Muslim World" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Engaging the Muslim World</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, 2009. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-60754-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-60754-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-230-60754-3</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, 2007. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6431-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6431-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1-4039-6431-9</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Ayatollahs and Democracy in Iraq, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Amsterdam University Press</a>, 2006. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-889-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-90-5356-889-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nationalism and the Colonial Legacy in the Middle East and Central Asia. Co-edited with Deniz Kandiyoti. Special Issue of The International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. 34, no. 2 (May 2002), pp. 187–424</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shiite Islam, London: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">I.B. Tauris</a>, 2002. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-736-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-736-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1-86064-736-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Modernity and the Millennium:The Genesis of the Bahá'í Faith in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Columbia University Press</a>, 1998. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11081-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11081-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-231-11081-2</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's Urabi Movement. Princeton: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Princeton University Press</a>, 1993. Paperback edn., Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Comparing Muslim Societies (edited, Comparative Studies in Society and History series); Ann Arbor: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Michigan Press</a>, 1992.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Roots of North Indian Shiism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859. Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of California Press</a>, 1988; New Delhi: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oxford University Press</a>, 1991)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Shi'ism and Social Protest. (edited, with Nikki Keddie), New Haven: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yale University Press</a>, 1986.</li></ul><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Selected recent journal articles and book chapters[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=28&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Selected recent journal articles and book chapters" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Reference:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole#cite_note-Juan_R._I._Cole_Publications-88" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[88]</a><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Islamophobia and American Foreign Policy Rhetoric: The Bush Years and After". In John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, eds., Islamophobia: the Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 127–142.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Shi'ite Parties and the Democratic Process in Iraq". In Mary Ann Tetreault, Gwen Okruhlik, and Andrzej Kapiszewski, eds. Political Change in the Arab Gulf States: Stuck in Transition. (Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011). pp. 49–71.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Notes on 'Iran Today.' Michigan Quarterly Review. (Winter, 2010), pp. 49–55.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Playing Muslim: Bonaparte's Army of the Orient and Euro-Muslim Creolization". In David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmaniyam, eds., The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 125–143.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Struggles over Personal Status and Family Laws in Post-Baathist Iraq". In Kenneth Cuno and Manisha Desai, eds., Family, Gender and Law in a Globalizing Middle East and South Asia (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2009), pp. 105–125.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Iraq and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the Twentieth Century". Macalester International, Volume 23 (Spring 2009): 3–23.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The Taliban, Women and the Hegelian Private Sphere", in Robert D. Crews and Amin Tarzi, The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 118–154 (revised version of Social Research article below.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Islamophobia and American Foreign Policy" Islamophobia and the Challenges of Pluralism in the 21st Century, (Washington, D.C.: ACMCU Occasional Papers, Georgetown University, 2008). Pp. 70–79.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Marsh Arab Rebellion: Grievance, Mafias and Militias in Iraq", Fourth Wadie Jwaideh Memorial Lecture, (Bloomington, IN: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Indiana University, 2008). pp. 1–31.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The Decline of Grand Ayatollah Sistani's Influence". Die Friedens-Warte: Journal of International Peace and Organization. Vol. 82, nos.2–3 (2007): 67–83.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Shia Militias in Iraqi Politics". In Markus Bouillon, David M. Malone and Ben Rowswell, eds., Iraq: Preventing a New Generation of Conflict (Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner, 2007), pp. 109–123.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Anti-Americanism: It's the Policies". AHR Forum : Historical Perspectives on Anti-Americanism. The American Historical Review, 111 (October, 2006): 1120–1129.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The Rise of Religious and Ethnic Mass Politics in Iraq", in David Little and Donald K. Swearer, eds., Religion and Nationalism in Iraq: A Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for the Study of the World Religions/ Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 43–62.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Muslim Religious Extremism in Egypt: A Historiographical Critique of Narratives", in Israel Gershoni, et al., eds. Middle East Historiographies: Narrating the Twentieth Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006), pp. 262–287.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Of Crowds and Empires: Afro-Asian Riots and European Expansion, 1857–1882". [Extensively revised.] In Fernando Coronil and Julie Skurski, eds. States of Violence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp. 269–305.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Empires of Liberty? Democracy and Conquest in French Egypt, British Egypt and American Iraq". In Lessons of Empire: Imperial Histories and American Power. Ed. Calhoun, Craig, Frederick Cooper and Kevin W. Moore, eds. New York: The New Press, 2006. pp. 94–115. .</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"A 'Shiite Crescent'? The Regional Impact of the Iraq War". Current History. (January 2006): 20–26.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Juan Cole et al., "A Shia Crescent: What Fallout for the U.S.?" Middle East Policy Volume XII, Winter 2005, Number 4, pp. 1–27. (Joint oral round table).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The United States and Shi'ite Religious Factions in Post-Ba'thist Iraq", The Middle East Journal, Volume 57, Number 4, Autumn 2003, pp. 543–566.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The Imagined Embrace: Gender, Identity and Iranian Ethnicity in Jahangiri Paintings". In Michel Mazzaoui, ed. Safavid Iran and her Neighbors (Salt Lake City: Utah University Press, 2003), pp. 49–62.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Mad Sufis and Civic Courtesans: The French Republican Construction of Eighteenth-Century Egypt". In Irene Bierman, ed. Napoleon in Egypt. (London: Ithaca Press, 2003), pp. 47–62.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Al-Tahtawi on Poverty and Welfare", in Michael Bonner, Mine Ener and Amy Singer, eds. Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2003), pp. 223–238.</li></ul><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Translations[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cole&action=edit&section=29&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Translations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Religion in Iran: From Zoroaster to Baha'u'llah by Alessandro Bausani. [Editor of this English translation of Persia Religiosa, Milan, 1958, and contributor of afterwords and bibliographical updates]. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press, 2000.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Broken Wings: A Novel by Kahlil Gibran. [Translation of the Arabic novel, al-Ajnihah al-Mutakassirah.] Ashland, Or.: White Cloud Press, 1998)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Vision [ar-Ru'ya] of Kahlil Gibran [prose poems translated from the Arabic]. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1998. [Hardcover Edn.: Ashland, Or.: White Cloud Press, 1994)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Spirit Brides [Ara'is al-muruj] of Kahlil Gibran [short stories translated from the Arabic]. Santa Cruz: White Cloud Press, 1993.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fumT1mWfzDsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Letters and Essays 1886–1913 (Rasa'il va Raqa'im) of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani</a> [tr. from Arabic and Persian]. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1985.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QUke08g-OgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Miracles and Metaphors (Ad-Durar al-bahiyyah) of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani</a> [tr. from the Arabic and annotated]. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1982)</li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References</h2><div>===</div>

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Cole, Juan

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