Phelan, James

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</pre>

Former mayor James Phelan along with banker Rudolph Spreckels and editor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Older" title="Fremont Older" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Fremont Older</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bulletin" title="San Francisco Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">San Francisco Bulletin</a> asked United States District Attorney <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney" title="Francis J. Heney" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Francis Heney</a>, fresh from a successful stint as Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General's office in prosecuting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_land_fraud_scandal" title="Oregon land fraud scandal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Oregon land fraud scandal</a>, to help put an end to the corruption. Heney charged Ruef and Schmitz with numerous counts of bribery and brought them to trial. Heney rejected a juror because he was an ex-con and publicly accused Ruef of trying to plant him on the jury. During the trial, the rejected juror shot Heney in the face, but Heney survived. The juror was found dead in jail the next morning, and many suspected Ruef and his allies of complicity in his death. Some members of the public thought that Sheriff William Biggy was negligent, and when he fell off a boat late one night and drowned, some thought it may have been suicide, but others thought he may have been murdered.

Ruef's trial was eventually brought to a successful close by Assistant District Attorney <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Hiram Johnson</a> and after several appeals Ruef served four years in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_Prison" title="San Quentin Prison" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">San Quentin Prison</a>. While there he wrote a series of tell-all columns for Older's Bulletin newspaper implicating a number of companies, executives, and public officials. Mayor Schmitz was found guilty, jailed, and then released and retried, but did not serve any time. All of the business owners and supervisors implicated received immunity for their testimony about Ruef's and Schmitz's complicity and were not arrested or charged. When new District Attorney Fisker, a former athlete, was elected, he stopped the investigations and all further prosecutions.

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Background" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Background</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Powerful_unions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.1 Powerful unions</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Beginning_of_strike" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Beginning of strike</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Mayor_arms_strikebreakers" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1 Mayor arms strikebreakers</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Strike_broken" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2 Strike broken</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Union_Labor_Party_formed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 Union Labor Party formed</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_backs_Mayoral_candidate" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.1 Ruef backs Mayoral candidate</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_controls_city_contracts" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.2 Ruef controls city contracts</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Supervisors_seek_payoffs" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3.3 Supervisors seek payoffs</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Leading_citizens_seek_help" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4 Leading citizens seek help</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#1905_election" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.1 1905 election</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Railroad_franchise_bribery" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.2 Railroad franchise bribery</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Earthquake_slows_prosecution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.3 Earthquake slows prosecution</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Committee_of_50_established" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.4 Committee of 50 established</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Heney_initiates_prosecution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.5 Heney initiates prosecution</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Grand_jury_convenes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5 Grand jury convenes</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Court_convenes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.1 Court convenes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Supervisors_implicated" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.2 Supervisors implicated</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_confesses" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.3 Ruef confesses</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ford_indicted" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.4 Ford indicted</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Schmitz_indicted" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.5 Schmitz indicted</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_trial_begins" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.6 Ruef trial begins</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Bomb_destroys_Gallagher.27s_home" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6 Bomb destroys Gallagher's home</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Heney_shot_in_court" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6.1 Heney shot in court</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_convicted" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7 Ruef convicted</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Schmitz_convicted.2C_released" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7.1 Schmitz convicted, released</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Police_Chief_dies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7.2 Police Chief dies</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Aftermath" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">8 Aftermath</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_serves_four_years" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">8.1 Ruef serves four years</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">9 References</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Background</h2>

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">During the first decade of the 20th Century in the United States, employers supported an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">open shop movement</a> and were decidedly anti-union. They were able to obtain government support to prevent workers from organizing. California was a center of corruption at the time, indirectly influenced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" title="Southern Pacific Railroad" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Southern Pacific Railroad</a> which had exerted a large degree of control over California politics for many years. This is evidenced by the refusal of Stephen T. Gage, one of the directors of the Southern Pacific Railway, and Richard Chute, a salaried employe of the same company, to obey a summons from the 1891 Wallace Grand Jury until compelled by the California State Supreme Court.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a>

Thee companies and other well-funded interest groups and individuals used their economic power and influence to form trusts and monopolies that guaranteed them power. Many of these wealthy and powerful people lived in San Francisco, the largest port on the West Coast, and when necessary could reinforce their hold on power through corrupt politicians and city bosses.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-sfmuseum-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">In the spring of 1901, San Francisco employers made a decision to try to push back gains made by the trade unions during the previous two years. They formed a secret <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employers%27_association" title="Employers' association" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">employers' association</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a> Its bylaws stipulated that no member could settle a strike by a union without permission from the executive committee.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonbloody-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonlabor-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a>

On May 1, 6,000 of the Cooks' and Waiters' Union walked out, demanding one day off per week, a ten-hour work day, and a union shop in all city restaurants. They were joined by the Carriage Makers union and journeymen butchers, and on May 20, the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists" title="International Association of Machinists" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">International Association of Machinists</a> announced a nationwide strike.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> The employers hired an attorney, M. F. Michael, who was their sole visible face; the membership[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">clarification needed</a>]. He announced in an interview published on May 10, 1901, that the employers were unalterably opposed to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">closed shop</a> and they would not negotiate that point. The employers' association received up to $500,000 in anonymous donations and used their financial muscle to threaten to cut off supplies to anyone who broke ranks.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ratliff-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a>

During the next two days, 500 women telephone operators and 1,500 streetcar operators also went on strike.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonbloody-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> On May 7, what would later be called “Bloody Tuesday", six streetcars carrying armed guards attempted to leave the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbarn (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">carbarn</a>. An enraged mob threw rocks and bricks, gunfight erupts between guards and men shooting from nearby vacant lots. From inside carbarns, strikebreakers opened fire on crowd. Two dead, 20 wounded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonbloody-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a>

The contract for handling the baggage for attendees of a national convention of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth_League" title="Epworth League" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Epworth League</a> in San Francisco was given to a non-union company. During the prior year, a union company was hired during another convention in San Francisco to handle the baggage, but many attendees did not receive their luggage until they were ready to leave town. Tens of thousands of attendees were projected to attend, and the Drayman's Association was hoping to avoid a similarly embarrassing episode. However, the non-union company given the contract was unable to fulfill its obligations and sought the assistance of firm controlled by the newly organized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamsters" title="Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Brotherhood of Teamsters</a>. The union refused to work on a job with non-union men.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>:p15 In response, the Draymen's Association, under pressure from the Employers' Association, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_out" title="Lock out" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">locked out</a> the city's unionized teamsters on July 21.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p287 They were hoping to break the power of the teamsters' union.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]

Fearing that the teamsters' union would be crushed, the San Francisco Labor Council directed the City Front Federation, led by its President Andrew Furuseth,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> including the city's 14 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">maritime</a> unions, the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, the longshoremen's unions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike" title="Sympathy strike" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">strike</a> in support of the locked out teamsters.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 A total of about 16,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshoreman" title="Longshoreman" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">longshoremen</a>, clerks, packers, and warehouse workers on both sides of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">San Francisco Bay</a> joined the work stoppage, further increasing the tense situation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 The lockout spread to the entire waterfront, which shut down much of the Bay Area's transportation and as a result most commerce.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p287

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Both sides refused to compromise on their stance for a closed or an open shop.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> Both accused the other of conspiracy and aggressive tactics, further aggravating tensions and confusing the public.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>:p16 During July, regional produce was ready to be shipped, and the employers hired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker" style="font-weight: normal; background: none; text-decoration: none;">strikebreaker</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker" style="font-weight: normal; background: none; text-decoration: none;">s</a>. Democratic Mayor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan" style="font-weight: normal; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">James D. Phelan</a>, who had served three consecutive terms, designated the employers' strikebreakers as “special deputies”, allowing them to wear badges, bear arms, and carry clubs, and told the police to protect the strikebreakers. Farmers grew frustrated when their wheat stood on the docks and began to load and move their own crops. Former Army teamsters, returning from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine-American_War" title="Philippine-American War" class="mw-redirect" style="font-weight: normal; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">war in the Philippines</a>, gladly filled the available strikebreaking jobs, and university students from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">University of California</a> took jobs.

The employers' strikebreakers were met by the unions with force and the employers called for police intervention. The strikers threw rocks at the strikebreakers and marbles under the feet of the horses pulling the carts.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-myrow-9" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a> The mayor's actions did nothing to stop the violence and inflamed the union leadership. They accused the strikebreakers of routine brutality and violence. Mayor Phelan had been elected in large measure due to the support of organized labor but now he sided with the employers. At a meeting in his office, he refused to withdraw the policemen from the waterfront. In anger, labor attendees falsely reported that Phelan told them, "If you don't want to be clubbed, get back to work."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-hichborn-10" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a> His attitude further enraged the labor leadership.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>

<h3 style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Strike broken<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strike broken" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On September 29, after four months of strikes and increased violence, a bloody riot and gun battle broke out on Kearny Street in broad daylight.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonlabor-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a> The employers' strikebreakers attacked the union blockade. Picketing workers were clubbed, five workers were shot and killed, and 336 were hurt. Hundreds more were arrested and the strike was broken.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 On October 3, California Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_T._Gage" title="Henry T. Gage" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Henry T. Gage</a> stepped in and threatened all parties with the imposition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">martial law</a>. He convened a meeting of the Drayman's Association and the Teamsters Union, eliminating the employers association. The terms of the settlement were never made public, but the result was that the employers were able to retain an open shop, though they could not exclude members of the union.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> The employers' association, flush with success, soon disbanded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Union Labor Party formed...</h2>

<pre style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">===

<a href="http://archive.org/stream/californiaintima00athe/californiaintima00athe_djvu.txt">http://archive.org/stream/californiaintima00athe/californiaintima00athe_djvu.txt</a></pre><pre style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">

During the last two years of Mr. Phelan's incumbency

there were serious labor troubles. Capital assumed a

hostile attitude to large bodies of working-men striking

not only for more pay, but for recognition of the union ;

and labor in turn becoming still more hostile, the two

camps, even after the "Teamsters' Strike" was settled,

remained armed and bristling. The result was the rise

of Abraham Ruef and his creature, Eugene E. Schmitz.

Ruef was a little ferret-faced, black-eyed French J#w,[sic]

of abilities so striking that he could have become one of

the most respected and useful citizens in the history of

San Francisco had he not deliberately chosen the "crook-

ed" role. Sentimentalists cannot argue in Ruef's case

that "he never had a chance." He was of well-to-do

parents, he finished his education at the University of

California, graduated ir>to the law, and had a lucrative

practice from the beginning. But although his worst

personal indulgence was "candy," he was one of the most

311

....

</pre>

<a href="http://archive.org/stream/californiaintima00athe/californiaintima00athe_djvu.txt">http://archive.org/stream/californiaintima00athe/californiaintima00athe_djvu.txt</a></pre><pre style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">

During the last two years of Mr. Phelan's incumbency

there were serious labor troubles. Capital assumed a

hostile attitude to large bodies of working-men striking

not only for more pay, but for recognition of the union ;

and labor in turn becoming still more hostile, the two

camps, even after the "Teamsters' Strike" was settled,

remained armed and bristling. The result was the rise

of Abraham Ruef and his creature, Eugene E. Schmitz.

Ruef was a little ferret-faced, black-eyed French Jew,

of abilities so striking that he could have become one of

the most respected and useful citizens in the history of

San Francisco had he not deliberately chosen the "crook-

ed" role. Sentimentalists cannot argue in Ruef's case

that "he never had a chance." He was of well-to-do

parents, he finished his education at the University of

California, graduated ir>to the law, and had a lucrative

practice from the beginning. But although his worst

personal indulgence was "candy," he was one of the most

311

....

</pre>

<pre style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Mr. Spreckels

had built his fortune honestly, and was,

therefore, unbribable. This, of course, was before 1906,

and when the anachronistic Mr. Langdon grasped the

reins carelessly tossed him by the idol of the Labor party,

it became immediately apparent that if the machine

would not furnish the money for the investigations and

reforms Mr. Spreckels would. Moreover, Mr. Phelan,

Mr. Older, and Mr. Spreckels had secured the services of

Attorney Francis J. Heney, and induced President Roose-

velt to give them the services of Detective Burns, then

employed by the United States. </pre><pre style="font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">

Then came the earthquake and fire of April, 1906.

The reader may remember that old melodrama, "The

Silver IGng," and the escaping convict who, watching the

train on which he had escaped blazing from end to

end with its imprisoned victims — he being almost the

only survivor — falls on his knees and thanks God. Pic-

ture Mr. Ruef as he watched San Francisco burning. The

crippled millionaires, including Mr. Phelan and Mr.

Spreckels, would be occupied with their own affairs for

years to come. He and Schmitz were free. So profound

a student of human nature was Mr. Ruef

Ruef also made his investigations and discovered that

</pre>