Ruef, A

<pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">===</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">part 3</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">see sfhist</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">816</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">
</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">In January 1906, four powerful men met at the University Club atop Nob Hill. They were plotting to destroy Abe Ruef, Mayor Eugene Schmitz and their graft-fueled political machine.It was a formidable team.</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"> Rudolph Spreckels, president of the First National Bank, and former Mayor James Phelan would provide the funds. Newspaper editor Fremont Older would write slashing editorials. Francis Heney was an attack-dog prosecutor.</pre><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">And a key fifth man would soon arrive: one of America’s most famous detectives, William Burns. The pair they were taking on were just as formidable. Schmitz was a two-term mayor, handsome and popular, who had been handpicked for the job by “Boss” Ruef. Together they controlled the Board of Supervisors and every other arm of government, giving them and their allies total control over everything from public building contracts and private building permits to saloon liquor licenses and houses of prostitution.

The opportunities for “boodle” — graft — were endless. And Ruef, Schmitz and the supervisors, whom Ruef said were “so greedy they would eat the paint off a house,” missed none of them.<div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">
</div><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;">The prosecution team began to work in May 1906 and soon scored a major success when Older persuaded a judge to replace a grand jury packed with Ruef stooges. Their real breakthrough, however, came when they talked District Attorney William Langdon into taking Heney as his assistant.Graft probe</div><p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On Oct. 20, Langdon announced he was opening a graft investigation into the Ruef-Schmitz administration. Ruef, realizing he was in mortal danger, took a drastic step: He suspended Langdon for cause, charging him with dereliction of duty, and appointed himself district attorney.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In response, Heney and his team got a judge out of bed to issue a restraining order preventing Ruef from occupying the D.A.’s office. After a crowd of outraged anti-Ruef citizens who had gathered in protest of the Boss’ attempted power-grab stared him down through his window, another judge reinstated Langdon.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Brothel bribes<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The grand jury soon indicted Ruef and Schmitz for taking bribes from “French restaurants” — barely concealed houses of prostitution. Ruef was arrested and made bail. Schmitz, who was traveling, was arrested when he crossed into California on the train.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was a weak case. The prosecution’s best hope was that two aggrieved former cronies of Ruef’s, Frank Maestretti and Golden Roy, might be willing to testify against him. A lucky break made that a certainty.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When Burns, the detective, met Roy, he recognized him as Moritz Roy Golden, a fraud who had fled Oklahoma. Older, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, printed up a long article about the scandal, showed it to Roy and threatened to publish it unless he cooperated. Roy went along.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Burns now set the trap that would bring down Ruef and Schmitz.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ice-skating sting<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Roy and Maestretti were partners in the Dreamland ice-skating rink. [phiebe hearst suffragete?]Burns wrote a proposed ordinance that would outlaw young girls from going ice skating unless they were attended by their mothers, and pressured another Schmitz crony to propose it to the mayor as a way to hurt Schmitz’s and Ruef’s enemies, Maestretti and Roy. Schmitz duly sponsored the legislation.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Burns and Roy set out to entrap one of the supervisors. They decided a man named Thomas Lonergan was the easiest mark.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Roy invited Lonergan to his office at Dreamland and told him he would pay $500 to have the ordinance killed. Lonergan was agreeable, and Roy handed him $500. During this transaction, Burns and two agents were watching through a hole in the wall.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Caught red-handed, Lonergan confessed to a laundry list of graft. The prosecutors used his confession as leverage to turn the rest of the supervisors. All 18 members of the “boodle board” finally agreed to confess if they were granted immunity.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On March 20, 1907, the grand jury returned a 65-count indictment against Ruef and two executives of a Bell system telephone company, later to become AT&T, who had bribed him.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After long negotiations that included mediation by two rabbis, Ruef pleaded guilty in exchange for limited immunity. With tears running down his face, he said he was resolved to work for reform.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Multiple mayors<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Schmitz was then tried and convicted of extortion. What followed was a bizarre episode in which, for various legal and political reasons, the city briefly had three “mayors,” two of them corrupt supervisors. As Walton Bean notes in “Boss Ruef’s San Francisco,” this meant that an “unhappy dentist, a criminal who had turned state’s evidence to escape punishment, became ‘the honorable Charles Boxton, mayor of the city and county of San Francisco.’”<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Schmitz managed to avoid prison when his conviction was overturned on a technicality, but Ruef was not so fortunate. The district attorney decided he had not honored his immunity agreement, and he was prosecuted for bribery.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">During one of Ruef’s trials, an embittered man whom Heney had exposed as a former embezzler shot the prosecutor at point-blank range in the head. Heney somehow survived. On Dec. 10, 1908, Ruef was found guilty and sentenced to 14 years in San Quentin.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although the prosecutors had succeeded in toppling Ruef and Schmitz, their real targets had always been bigger: the captains of industry, going all the way up to the all-powerful head of the Southern Pacific Railroad, who had bribed the Boss and the mayor. But when they began to go after these socially prominent men, they ran into a brick wall.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Big-shots protected<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The wealthy businessmen who were fellow members of Spreckels and Heney at the Pacific-Union Club gave them the cold shoulder. And the public grew weary of the endless graft trials and the constant moralizing from Older’s Bulletin. In the end, not a single executive of any of the corrupt utilities went to prison.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Schmitz likewise emerged from the scandal in remarkably good shape. In 1917, he ran for supervisor and won the first of several terms.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fremont Older, Ruef’s implacable enemy, eventually decided it was unfair that the Boss alone had shouldered the blame for a corrupt civic government. In 1911, the editor visited Ruef in prison and asked for his forgiveness.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Not long after, Ruef made parole. He reopened his law office as an “idea broker,” but his ventures never took off. When he died in 1936, he was bankrupt.<p style="text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; width: 782.688px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Boss-Abe-Ruef-and-S-F-political-machine-brought-6391427.php">http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Boss-Abe-Ruef-and-S-F-political-machine-brought-6391427.php</a><pre style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==</pre><pre style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/S-F-Boss-Abe-Ruef-took-unusual-route-to-6365453.php">http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/S-F-Boss-Abe-Ruef-took-unusual-route-to-6365453.php</a></pre><pre style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Just six months after the 1906 catastrophe, San Francisco was jolted by an equally devastating political earthquake. By the time the last aftershock had subsided, the city’s powerful boss, Abe Ruef, its mayor, Eugene Schmitz, and all 18 members of the Board of Supervisors had toppled as dramatically as the old City Hall.

To understand the rise and fall of “Boss” Ruef, “Handsome Gene” Schmitz and their cronies, one first has to understand the peculiar way that many American cities functioned from the post-Civil War years into the first decade of the 20th century.

The rise of corporate capitalism during those four-plus decades overwhelmed local governments, many of them — including San Francisco’s — already enfeebled by charters that rendered their mayors practically powerless.

Vast monopolies wielded almost unlimited power: The Southern Pacific Railroad essentially ran California. Political parties were often little more than private gangs, their campaigns waged by rowdies who turned out the vote with free drinks, bribery and muscle.

Public utilities such as gas, water and transportation franchises were privately owned, but their rates were set by politicians — a sure recipe for graft.

</pre><pre style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rise of the boss

</pre><pre style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

These conditions produced the singular phenomenon known as the “city boss.” As Walton Bean wrote in his classic study, “Boss Ruef’s San Francisco,” the city boss was an “extra-legal figure who could furnish a bridge between the lagging institutions of politics and the overwhelming demands of expanding economic organizations.”

It was a rotten, but extremely lucrative, bridge.

Most city bosses were rough-and-tumble types, usually the children of working-class Irish immigrants, who made up in cunning and charisma what they lacked in education and polish. Abraham Ruef, however, was cut from different cloth.

Born into a well-off San Francisco family, he was a brilliant, cultured man who had studied classical languages at UC Berkeley, was interested in arts, music and philosophy, and was an extraordinary public speaker. Equally unusual, he was Jewish. And he rose to power with an anomaly in American politics, an unequivocally pro-labor party that, until its sudden and catastrophic collapse, completely controlled the government of San Francisco.

After earning his law degree at Hastings, Ruef entered politics as a reformer. But when his bid to become leader of San Francisco Republicans was defeated by the corrupt party machine, he abandoned his idealistic dreams. Fortunately for Ruef, just at that moment the Union Labor Party began its stratospheric ascent.

The event that created the Union Labor Party was the great teamsters and waterfront strike of 1901, the culmination of years of tension between unions and employers over the closed-shop issue. Fifteen thousand strikers paralyzed the city. When the unions lost the strike, they went into politics.

Furious at Mayor James Phelan for providing strikebreakers with police protection, union members now believed the only way they could achieve their goals was through seizing political power. They formed the Union Labor Party.

Ruef decided to get on board. His move was purely opportunistic: He had no interest in labor rights. But he recognized that Phelan, who had also offended employers by not calling in state troops, was vulnerable. With his help, he thought, the new party had a chance to win.

Violinist mayor

Ruef was the longtime friend and attorney of the head of the Musicians Union, Eugene Schmitz. Ruef realized that the bearded violinist would be an ideal mayoral candidate: He was Catholic, he was a union man in a labor town, and he was tall, well-built and handsome.

Ruef persuaded the reluctant Schmitz to run, polished his speaking and gave him a crash course in city issues. In November 1901, Schmitz won a convincing victory.

The first Schmitz administration was not particularly corrupt. But after Schmitz easily won re-election in 1903 — mayors served only two-year terms at the time — the “boodle,” as graft was known, began to flow.

Liquor licenses, control of gambling and prostitution, public building contracts and private building permits were all under the control of the Police Commission and the board of public works, which Ruef controlled. Those doing business with the city learned that the machinery of government functioned much more smoothly if it was greased with cash.

The most noteworthy instance of graft in these early years, and one that would come back to haunt Ruef, was the affair of the “French restaurants” — what a newspaper once called San Francisco’s “peculiar institution.”

French restaurants were 19th century versions of “love motels,” with curtained-off private dining rooms upstairs and waiters who would not enter unless summoned. The city’s dozen or so French restaurants — which included Ruef’s informal political headquarters, the Pup, at Stockton and Market streets — had traditionally been left alone by the authorities.

But in 1904, the Police Commission voted to deny them liquor licenses. Several owners sought out Ruef and paid him $5,500, ostensibly to be the attorney for the “French Restaurant Keepers’ Association of San Francisco” — an organization that did not exist. In reality, the money was for Ruef to fix the commission’s vote.

This was to be Ruef’s standard operating procedure. He held no elected office, so money paid to him was technically not a bribe, making any such transaction difficult to prosecute.

Political aspirations

But Ruef had loftier goals than simply making money. He was plotting to make Schmitz governor and himself a U.S. senator. And in November 1905, it looked like his dream was well on its way to coming true.

In the election that fall, the Board of Supervisors came completely under Ruef’s and Schmitz’s control. Serious boodle, the kind that came with such decisions as the setting of utility rates, would be theirs.

As 1906 opened, nothing seemed to stand in the way of limitless wealth and equally limitless political power for the savvy boss.

Next week: Ruef’s payola empire reaches its zenith — but powerful enemies are stalking him.

Gary Kamiya is the author of the best-selling book “Cool Gray City of Love: 49 Views of San Francisco,” awarded the 2013 Northern California Book Award in creative nonfiction. All the material in Portals of the Past is original for The San Francisco Chronicle</pre><pre style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</pre><pre style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==

wiki

</pre>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Education_and_influences" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Education and influences</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Chooses_San_Francisco_Mayor" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Chooses San Francisco Mayor</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Controls_city_politics" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Controls city politics</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Earthquake_and_aftermath" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 Earthquake and aftermath</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Indictment_and_conviction" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 Indictment and conviction</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Release_from_prison" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 Release from prison</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#Bibliography" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8 Bibliography</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#External_links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Education and influences<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Ruef&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and influences" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<p style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Born Abraham Rueff, his parents were from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">French</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Jewish</a> background. Ruef was a very bright student and when barely fourteen, he began studying at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">University of California, Berkeley</a>, majoring in the classical studies. While attending the university, he developed an interest in fighting the rampant corruption that was endemic to local and national politics at the time. With some fellow students he formed the "Municipal Reform League." He corresponded with like-minded individuals across the nation, including a young New Yorker named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. At 18, Ruef graduated with the highest honors, then proceeded to enroll at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_College_of_Law" title="Hastings College of Law" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Hastings College of Law</a> in San Francisco. He graduated from Hastings less than three years later and was accepted to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Bar" title="California State Bar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">California State Bar</a> when he was 21, the minimum age of admittance.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_note-sfmuseum-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chooses San Francisco Mayor<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Ruef&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chooses San Francisco Mayor" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Political boss Abe Ruef of San Francisco on his way to San Quentin State Prison after he was convicted in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials" title="San Francisco graft trials" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco Graft Trial</a> of 1907-1908.</div>

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<p style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On December 6, 1906, Ruef and Schmitz were arraigned in court. "As the indictments were read out by the clerk, Ruef made clear his disdain for the proceedings by standing with his back to the judge." During the period of his trial, Ruef occupied offices in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Tower(San_Francisco)" title="Columbus Tower (San Francisco)" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">The Columbus Tower</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Beach,San_Francisco" title="North Beach, San Francisco" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">North Beach</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_note-Thomas-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>:253 In February 1907 Ruef pleaded "not guilty". On March 18, 1907, the Supervisors confessed before a grand jury to "receiving money from Ruef in connection with the Home Telephone, overhead trolley, prize fight monopoly, and gas rates deals.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_note-Thomas-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>:254 In exchange, "they were promised complete immunity and would not be forced to resign their offices. The grand jury then returned 65 indictments against Ruef for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">bribery</a> of the supervisors."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_note-Thomas-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>:254

<table style="line-height: 13.09px; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody><tr valign="middle"><td style=" text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_vip.svg" class="image" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img src="/2532a6b5-35ea-5d66-97c2-6eefb7eaf345.png"/></a></td><td style=" padding: 0px 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">biography portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Ruef&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li id="cite_note-sfmuseum-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">c</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">d</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">e</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">f</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">g</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-sfmuseum_1-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/ruef.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">"Abe Ruef - America's Most Erudite City Boss"</a>. Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Retrieved 31 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Thomas-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">c</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">d</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">e</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">f</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">g</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef#cite_ref-Thomas_2-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">h</a> Thomas, Gordon; Witts, Max Morgan (1971),The San Francisco Earthquake, New York, London: Stein and Day, Souvenir Press, Dell, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1360-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">978-0-8128-1360-9</a></li>

</ol>

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<h2 style="font-weight: normal; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bibliography<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Ruef&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thomas Lately. Debonair Scoundrel: The Flamboyant Story of Abe Ruef and San Francisco's Infamous Era of Graft (NY, 1962)</li>

<li style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Walton Bean. Boss Ruef's San Francisco: The Story of the Union Labor Party, Big Business, and the Graft Prosecution (Univ. of California Press, 1968)</li>

</ul>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Ruef&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search/?searchtype=d&searcharg=%22Ruef%2C%22+Abe%2C+1864-1936.&SORT=D&extended=1&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=dRuef%2C+Abe%2C+1864-1936." style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==) 100% 50%;">SF Public Library—Historical Photographs</a></li>

<li style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/ruef.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Abe Ruef - America's Most Erudite City Boss</a> Short biography</li>

<li style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7p30102q/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Photographs Related to the San Francisco Graft Trial, 1907-1908</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" title="The Bancroft Library" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The Bancroft Library</a></li>

</ul>

<pre style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">===

</pre>

<p style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Former mayor James Phelan along with banker Rudolph Spreckels and editor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Older" title="Fremont Older" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Fremont Older</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bulletin" title="San Francisco Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco Bulletin</a> asked United States District Attorney <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney" title="Francis J. Heney" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Francis Heney</a>, fresh from a successful stint as Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General's office in prosecuting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_land_fraud_scandal" title="Oregon land fraud scandal" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Oregon land fraud scandal</a>, to help put an end to the corruption. Heney charged Ruef and Schmitz with numerous counts of bribery and brought them to trial. Heney rejected a juror because he was an ex-con and publicly accused Ruef of trying to plant him on the jury. During the trial, the rejected juror shot Heney in the face, but Heney survived. The juror was found dead in jail the next morning, and many suspected Ruef and his allies of complicity in his death. Some members of the public thought that Sheriff William Biggy was negligent, and when he fell off a boat late one night and drowned, some thought it may have been suicide, but others thought he may have been murdered.

<h2 style="color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Background" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Background</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Powerful_unions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1.1 Powerful unions</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Beginning_of_strike" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Beginning of strike</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Mayor_arms_strikebreakers" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.1 Mayor arms strikebreakers</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Strike_broken" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.2 Strike broken</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Union_Labor_Party_formed" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Union Labor Party formed</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_backs_Mayoral_candidate" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.1 Ruef backs Mayoral candidate</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_controls_city_contracts" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.2 Ruef controls city contracts</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Supervisors_seek_payoffs" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.3 Supervisors seek payoffs</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Leading_citizens_seek_help" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 Leading citizens seek help</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#1905_election" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.1 1905 election</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Railroad_franchise_bribery" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.2 Railroad franchise bribery</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Earthquake_slows_prosecution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.3 Earthquake slows prosecution</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Committee_of_50_established" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.4 Committee of 50 established</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Heney_initiates_prosecution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.5 Heney initiates prosecution</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Grand_jury_convenes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 Grand jury convenes</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Court_convenes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.1 Court convenes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Supervisors_implicated" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.2 Supervisors implicated</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_confesses" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.3 Ruef confesses</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ford_indicted" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.4 Ford indicted</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Schmitz_indicted" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.5 Schmitz indicted</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_trial_begins" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.6 Ruef trial begins</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Bomb_destroys_Gallagher.27s_home" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 Bomb destroys Gallagher's home</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Heney_shot_in_court" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.1 Heney shot in court</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_convicted" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 Ruef convicted</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Schmitz_convicted.2C_released" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.1 Schmitz convicted, released</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Police_Chief_dies" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.2 Police Chief dies</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Aftermath" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8 Aftermath</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_serves_four_years" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8.1 Ruef serves four years</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9 References</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

</div>

<h3 style="font-weight: bold; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Powerful unions<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Powerful unions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<p style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fearing that the teamsters' union would be crushed, the San Francisco Labor Council directed the City Front Federation, led by its President Andrew Furuseth,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> including the city's 14 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">maritime</a> unions, the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, the longshoremen's unions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike" title="Sympathy strike" class="mw-redirect" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">strike</a> in support of the locked out teamsters.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 A total of about 16,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshoreman" title="Longshoreman" class="mw-redirect" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">longshoremen</a>, clerks, packers, and warehouse workers on both sides of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">San Francisco Bay</a> joined the work stoppage, further increasing the tense situation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 The lockout spread to the entire waterfront, which shut down much of the Bay Area's transportation and as a result most commerce.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p287

<h3 style="font-weight: bold; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mayor arms strikebreakers<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mayor arms strikebreakers" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<p style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Both sides refused to compromise on their stance for a closed or an open shop.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> Both accused the other of conspiracy and aggressive tactics, further aggravating tensions and confusing the public.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>:p16 During July, regional produce was ready to be shipped, and the employers hired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">strikebreakers</a>. Democratic Mayor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">James D. Phelan</a>, who had served three consecutive terms, designated the employers' strikebreakers as “special deputies”, allowing them to wear badges, bear arms, and carry clubs, and told the police to protect the strikebreakers. Farmers grew frustrated when their wheat stood on the docks and began to load and move their own crops. Former Army teamsters, returning from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine-American_War" title="Philippine-American War" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">war in the Philippines</a>, gladly filled the available strikebreaking jobs, and university students from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">University of California</a> took jobs.

<h3 style="font-weight: bold; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Strike broken<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strike broken" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<p style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On September 29, after four months of strikes and increased violence, a bloody riot and gun battle broke out on Kearny Street in broad daylight.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonlabor-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[5]</a> The employers' strikebreakers attacked the union blockade. Picketing workers were clubbed, five workers were shot and killed, and 336 were hurt. Hundreds more were arrested and the strike was broken.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[8]</a>:p288 On October 3, California Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_T._Gage" title="Henry T. Gage" class="mw-redirect" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Henry T. Gage</a> stepped in and threatened all parties with the imposition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">martial law</a>. He convened a meeting of the Drayman's Association and the Teamsters Union, eliminating the employers association. The terms of the settlement were never made public, but the result was that the employers were able to retain an open shop, though they could not exclude members of the union.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[3]</a> The employers' association, flush with success, soon disbanded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>

<a href="http://archive.org/stream/californiaintima00athe/californiaintima00athe_djvu.txt">http://archive.org/stream/californiaintima00athe/californiaintima00athe_djvu.txt</a></pre><pre style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

During the last two years of Mr. Phelan's incumbency

there were serious labor troubles. Capital assumed a

hostile attitude to large bodies of working-men striking

not only for more pay, but for recognition of the union ;

and labor in turn becoming still more hostile, the two

camps, even after the "Teamsters' Strike" was settled,

remained armed and bristling. </pre><pre style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The result was the rise

of Abraham Ruef and his creature, Eugene E. Schmitz.

Ruef was a little ferret-faced, black-eyed French J#w,[sic]

of abilities so striking that he could have become one of

the most respected and useful citizens in the history of

San Francisco had he not deliberately chosen the "crook-

ed" role. Sentimentalists cannot argue in Ruef's case

that "he never had a chance." He was of well-to-do

parents, he finished his education at the University of

California, graduated ir>to the law, and had a lucrative

practice from the beginning. But although his worst

personal indulgence was "candy," he was one of the most

311

....

</pre>

had built his fortune honestly, and was,

therefore, unbribable

</pre>

=wikiEugene Edward "Handsome Gene" Schmitz (August 22, 1864 in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco, California</a> – November 20, 1928 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco, California</a>) was an American musician and politician, the 26th mayor of San Francisco (1902-7), who was in office during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> and became notorious for his conviction by a jury on charges of corruption.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz#Life_and_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1Life and career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz#Literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2Literature</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz#Notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Life and career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Schmitz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Born in San Francisco, Schmitz was the son of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Irish</a> mother and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">German</a> father. He played the violin and conducted the orchestra at the Columbia Theatre on Powell Street in San Francisco, and was president of the Musicians' Union when city boss <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef" title="Abe Ruef" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Abe Ruef</a> chose him to run for mayor of his hometown on the ticket of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Labor Party" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Union Labor Party</a>. Schmitz was elected in 1902, giving protection to criminals including houses of prostitution for protection money while remaining popular with the working class, then, despite a reform candidate backed by a fusion party, reelected in 1905.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a> He was still mayor when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> and subsequent fire destroyed a prodigious amount of the city. On the day of the earthquake, Wednesday, April 18, 1906, he invited a cross-section of the city's most prominent businessmen, politicians and civic leaders, but none of the members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Francisco Board of Supervisors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Board of Supervisors</a>, to form the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Fifty(1906)" title="Committee of Fifty (1906)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Committee of Fifty</a> to help him manage the crisis.On June 13, 1907 Schmitz was found guilty of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">extortion</a>, and the office of mayor was declared vacant while he was sent to jail to await sentence. Shortly thereafter he was sentenced to five years at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison" title="San Quentin State Prison" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Quentin State Prison</a>, the maximum sentence the law allowed. He immediately appealed; while awaiting the outcome, he was kept in a cell in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_County_Jails" title="San Francisco County Jails" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco County Jail</a>.On January 9, 1908 the District Court of Appeals nullified his conviction. Two months later, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">California Supreme Court</a> upheld the Court of Appeals' ruling, and he was released on bail pending the resolution of the outstanding bribery indictments. In 1912 he was brought to trial once more, this time on charges of bribery, but after Ruef was brought from San Quentin to testify but refused to give evidence, and the other key witness, Chief Supervisor Gallagher fled to Canada, Schmitz was acquitted.Schmitz ran for mayor again in 1915 and 1919, but was soundly defeated due to his past reputation. Elected to the Board of Supervisors in 1921, he remained until 1925. [died 1928)]He was married and had two daughters.Am mag 1907<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2dEAQAAMAAJ&dq=ruef+%22French+restaurant%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s">https://books.google.com/books?id=o2dEAQAAMAAJ&dq=ruef+%22French+restaurant%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s</a>In November 1905, San Francisco voters re-elected Mayor Eugene Schmitz for a third two-year term. The election was a triumph for the handsome, bearded violinist and his Union Labor Party, but the real winner was the city’s political boss and power behind the throne, Abe Ruef.<div class="ad" style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; float: right; clear: both; width: 300px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div id="adMiddle" class="ad-inner" style="margin: 11px auto 13px; padding: 0px; border: 0px none; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; float: none; text-align: center; width: 300px; background: transparent;"><div id="AP300" class="ad_deferrable" data-google-query-id="CJKCvJrU3c4CFVIFgQodKJ0JVw" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><div id="google_ads_iframe/36117602/hnp-sfchronicle.com_0container" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0pt none; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; background: transparent;"><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Union Labor Party now controlled all 18 seats on the Board of Supervisors, and the party was controlled by Boss Ruef. This meant he was now in a position to extract vast amounts of graft, known as “boodle,” from privately owned utilities, streetcar companies, real estate corporations, telephone companies — any business that needed the supervisors’ approval to do business in San Francisco.<div class="hdnce-e hdnce-item-47193" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 24px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">However, Ruef found himself facing an unexpected problem: The supervisors were so greedy and lacking in discretion that they threatened to kill the goose that laid the golden eggs.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">They were a motley and undistinguished crew, whom Ruef had hastily nominated mainly because he could control them. As Walton Bean writes in “Boss Ruef’s San Francisco,” “Many of the member-elects knew little of the nature of their office except the gossip that supervisors in San Francisco had always accepted bribes.” They began soliciting graft so brazenly that they aroused suspicion....<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Alarmed, Ruef called the worst offenders into his office and ordered them to stop, lecturing them that he could get away with receiving large sums of money from clients because he was a private attorney, but for elected officials to do the same would be bribery. The supervisors solemnly promised to stop, then immediately broke their word.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ruef and one of the few experienced members of the board, James Gallagher, came up with a plan: Ruef would regularize the bribery. When the boss received a large sum of money from a business interest, he would turn half of it over to Gallagher, who would then divide it into 18, to be shared among the supervisors.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The first payment came from what was known as the “fight trust,” a group of boxing promoters who needed city approval to hold matches. In exchange for streamlining the process for four leading promoters and eliminating the competition, Ruef received an attorney’s fee of $18,000, of which he duly gave Gallagher $9,000. Gallagher took a 5 percent cut and handed out $475 each to the supervisors.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sixteen of the other 17 eagerly pocketed the cash. Only one, a North Beach painting contractor named Louis Rea, resisted, protesting that he was an honorable man with a family. The rest of the “boodle board” went merrily along with the program — Ruef would later immortalize them by saying they were so greedy they would “eat the paint off a house.”<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PG&E payoff<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">The fight trust was just the beginning. Much bigger deals followed. The newly formed Pacific Gas and Electric Co. paid $20,000 to Ruef, plus a $1,000-a-month retainer, to ensure a favorable gas rate. (How fortunate we are to live in an age in which powerful utilities no longer engage in such cronyism.)<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In a slick bit of footwork, Ruef managed to squeeze payments from two competing telephone companies. But his largest fee came from United Railroads, the city’s biggest streetcar operator, which forked over $200,000 to ensure the city would approve the conversion of most of its streetcar lines to electrical overhead trolleys. This money was paid in an extraordinary way.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The great 1906 earthquake and fire had struck San Francisco in the midst of the negotiations. In late May, less than two months after the disaster, United Railroads President Patrick Calhoun ordered the $200,000 wired to San Francisco, in the form of a deposit to Calhoun’s account at the U.S. Mint on Fifth Street.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The company’s chief counsel, Tirey Ford, presented a letter from Calhoun authorizing Ford to receive $50,000 of the $200,000 deposit. But all the Mint had was gold, and $50,000 worth of gold weighed more than 150 pounds.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bullion for bills<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fortunately for Ford, the earthquake relief committee headquarters was also in the Mint. The gold was hauled across the building and exchanged for $50,000 in small bills that had been sent in by charitable citizens from across the U.S.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ford took the cash — itself quite bulky — to United Railroads’ temporary offices at Oak and Broderick streets. Ruef had his chauffeur drive him there in his car, known to everyone in the city as the “Green Lizard,” loaded the money into one of the cardboard shirt boxes he used to carry valuable papers, and drove off.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The little old ladies in Iowa who had mailed $1 bills to help the suffering people of San Francisco would have been shocked if they had known that those bills ended up in a sack of boodle in the Green Lizard.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The coming fall<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The months after the earthquake represented the zenith of both Schmitz and Ruef’s careers. Schmitz had risen to the occasion after the earthquake, winning acclaim even from his enemies for his hard-working leadership. And Ruef was hobnobbing with the most powerful men in the state: His plans to run for U.S. Senate were right on track.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But their perfect world was about to fall apart. Unbeknownst to Ruef, four men who detested him and everything he stood for were plotting to take him down.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In early January 1906, a crusading newspaper editor, a relentless prosecutor, and two of the wealthiest and most powerful men in San Francisco met in private. Their mission: destroy the Ruef-Schmitz machine, scatter its ashes to the wind, and send everyone involved to San Quentin.<p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; line-height: 27px; width: 782.688px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Georgia, serif; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Next week: A hidden detective at a skating rink, a courtroom shooting, and the fall of Ruef and Schmitz.<div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; font-size: small; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="32" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/S-F-Boss-Abe-Ruef-took-unusual-route-to-6365453.php" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">S.F. 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; display: inline !important;">San Francisco Chronicle</a></div><span class="Bs" style="text-align: left; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/S-F-Boss-Abe-Ruef-took-unusual-route-to-6365453.php+Ruef%E2%80%99s+payola+empire+reached+its+zenith+%E2%80%94+but+powerful+enemies+are+stalking+him.+gary+kamiya+chronicle&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-otv2093OAhVX32MKHeyXD7IQHwglMAA" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Jul 3, 2015 - Several owners sought out Ruef and paid him $5500, ostensibly to be the attorney for the “French ... Ruef's payola empire reaches its zenith — but powerful enemies are stalking him. Every Saturday, Gary Kamiya's Portals of the Past will tell one of those lost stories, using a specific ... Photo: Chronicle 1906.</a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; font-size: small; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="40" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/S-F-corruption-machine-humming-along-before-6378193.php" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">S.F. corruption machine humming along before, after 1906 quake ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><div style="text-align: left;">www.sfchronicle.com/.../S-F-corruption-machine-humming-a...</div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; display: inline !important;">San Francisco Chronicle</a></div><span class="Bs" style="text-align: left; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/S-F-corruption-machine-humming-along-before-6378193.php+Ruef%E2%80%99s+payola+empire+reached+its+zenith+%E2%80%94+but+powerful+enemies+are+stalking+him.+gary+kamiya+chronicle&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-otv2093OAhVX32MKHeyXD7IQHwgtMAE" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Jul 10, 2015 - Alarmed, Ruef called the worst offenders into his office and ordered them to stop, ... after the earthquake, winning acclaim even from his enemies for his ... and two of the wealthiest and most powerful men in San Francisco met in private. ... Gary Kamiya is the author of the best-selling book “Cool Gray City of ...</a><div class="Tib" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/S-F-corruption-machine-humming-along-before-6378193.php+Ruef%E2%80%99s+payola+empire+reached+its+zenith+%E2%80%94+but+powerful+enemies+are+stalking+him.+gary+kamiya+chronicle&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-otv2093OAhVX32MKHeyXD7IQHwgtMAE" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Missing: <s>payola</s> ‎<s>empire</s> ‎<s>reached</s> ‎<s>stalking</s></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; font-size: small; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="49" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Boss-Abe-Ruef-and-S-F-political-machine-brought-6391427.php" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Boss Abe Ruef and S.F. political machine brought down - San ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); 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Every Saturday, Gary Kamiya's Portals of the Past will tell one of ... Chronicle Covers ... In January 1906, four powerful men met at the University Club atop Nob Hill. ... Roy invited Lonergan to his office at Dreamland and told him he ...</a><div class="Tib" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Boss-Abe-Ruef-and-S-F-political-machine-brought-6391427.php+Ruef%E2%80%99s+payola+empire+reached+its+zenith+%E2%80%94+but+powerful+enemies+are+stalking+him.+gary+kamiya+chronicle&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-otv2093OAhVX32MKHeyXD7IQHwg2MAI" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Missing: <s>payola</s> ‎<s>empire</s> ‎<s>reached</s> ‎<s>zenith</s> ‎<s>stalking</s></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; font-size: small; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="58" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; 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That rollicking 13-year period witnessed not only horse races but also ... Their Pioneer Race Course was a level, 1-mile elliptical track ...</a><div class="Tib" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:RyTSleySo70J:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/When-the-Mission-District-was-home-to-horse-racing-7467987.php+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Missing: <s>ruef's</s> ‎<s>payola</s> ‎<s>empire</s> ‎<s>reached</s> ‎<s>zenith</s> ‎<s>powerful</s> ‎<s>enemies</s> ‎<s>stalking</s></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; font-size: small; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="66" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; display: inline !important;">San Francisco Chronicle</a></div><span class="Bs" style="text-align: left; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z6sgMynP3l4J:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/How-SF-s-Housing-Authority-kept-its-early-8403968.php+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Jul 22, 2016 - The San Francisco Housing Authority even had its own weekly radio show, ... ChronicleCovers ... as was the case in most other cities, but to keep out Chinese Americans. ... But the plan also had powerful supporters: Drawn by its promise of ... Gary Kamiya's Portals of the Past tells those lost stories, using a ...</a><div class="Tib" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z6sgMynP3l4J:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/How-SF-s-Housing-Authority-kept-its-early-8403968.php+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">Missing: <s>ruef's</s> ‎<s>payola</s> ‎<s>empire</s> ‎<s>reached</s> ‎<s>zenith</s> ‎<s>enemies</s> ‎<s>stalking</s> ‎<s>him</s></a></div></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z6sgMynP3l4J:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/How-SF-s-Housing-Authority-kept-its-early-8403968.php+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">==</a><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z6sgMynP3l4J:www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/How-SF-s-Housing-Authority-kept-its-early-8403968.php+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-align: left; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px;">

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