Grace, JP

civil action

=<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) was an <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">AFL-CIO</a> organization whose purpose was to undermine foreign unions. It received funding from the US government, mostly through <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/USAID" title="USAID" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">USAID</a>, and starting in the 1980s it began receiving funds from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Endowment for Democracy</a>. The AIFLD also had close ties to the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.The AIFLD most often concentrated on union officials in foreign unions, both paying them off as well as "training" them.The AIFLD was created in 1962. A US Comptroller General's report says "In May 1961 the AFL-CIO approached private foundations, business men, and government agencies to seek financing for the planned Institute". One of the foundations it applied to was the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michigan_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan Fund (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Michigan Fund</a>, identified by Congressional sources as a conduit for CIA money. AIFLD found welcome open pockets in the business group. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_Meany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Meany (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">George Meany</a>, President of the AFL-CIO and also of AIFLD, boasted support from the "largest corporations in the United States . . . Rockefeller, ITT, Kennecott, Standard Oil, Shell Petroleum . . . Anaconda, even Readers Digest. . . and although some of these companies have no connection whatsoever to US trade unions, they are all agreed that it was really in the US interest to help develop free trade unions in Latin America, and that's why they contributed so much money".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/J.Peter_Grace" title="J. Peter Grace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">J. Peter Grace</a>, Chairman of the Board of AIFLD and also Chairman of the Board of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=W.R.Grace_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.R. Grace Corporation (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">W.R. Grace Corporation</a>, one of the ninety five transnational companies that back the Institute, applies the doctrine in tactical terms. Grace says AIFLD urges "cooperation between labor and management and an end to class struggle" and "teaches workers to increase their company's business". He says the goal of AIFLD is to "prevent communist infiltration, and where it exists . . . get rid of it".In October of 1995, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_J.Sweeney" title="John J. Sweeney" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John Sweeney</a> replaced <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lane Kirkland</a> as head of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">AFL-CIO</a>. A few months later, the AFL-CIO asked the AIFLD executive director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_C.Doherty,Jr." title="William C. Doherty, Jr." class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">William C. Doherty, Jr.</a>, to resign, and he did so. In 1997, the AIFLD was reorganized into the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Center_for_International_Labor_Solidarity" title="American Center for International Labor Solidarity" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Center for International Labor Solidarity</a>.<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"AIFLD is dedicated to "strengthening the democratic labor sector in terms of ... technical assistance and social projects ... primarily in the areas of education and training, manpower studies, cooperatives and housing." <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_Doherty" title="William Doherty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">William Doherty</a> is less equivocal when he points out that AIFLD is an example of the desirability of cooperation between employers and workers. He thus emphasizes AIFLD's main goal: to dispel the hostility of Latin American workers toward U.S. corporations.57</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"A less optimistic but more realistic appraisal of AIFLD's role is given by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Agee" title="Philip Agee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Philip Agee</a> in his book, Inside the Company. Speaking of its creation in 1962, he states that AIFLD is "Washington's answer to the limitations of current labor programs undertaken through AID as well as through <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ORIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORIT (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">ORIT</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">CIA</a> stations." The problem, says Agee, was "how to accelerate expansion of labor organizing activities in Latin America in order to deny workers to labor unions dominated by the extreme left and to reverse communist and Castroite penetration."</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">""AID programs," says Agee, "are limited because of their direct dependence on the U.S. government.... ORIT programs are limited because its affiliates are weak or non-existent in some countries.... The CIA station programs are limited by personnel problems, but more so by the limits on the amount of money that can be channeled covertly through the stations and through international organizations like ORIT and ICFTU."59</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"Under the official cover of "adult education," AIFLD sets up social projects such as workers' housing, credit unions and cooperatives. AIFLD's major task, however, is similar to ORIT's in that it seeks to organize anti-communist labor unions in Latin America. To this end, AIFLD set up training institutes which would carry on the teaching of courses presently being given by AIFLD members. And although administrate control of the training institutes in Washington would be by AIFLD, it was hoped that the institutes themselves would be headed by salaried CIA agents under operational control of the local CIA station.60</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"A logical outcome of AIFLD's obsession with anti-communism was the direct participation of its trainees in the overthrow of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Joao_Goulart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joao Goulart (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Joao Goulart</a>. Even before Goulart came to power, AFL-CIO leaders were critical of growing communist strength in both the labor movement and in <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Juscelino_Kubitschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juscelino Kubitschek (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>'s government. In 1956, Romualdi, along with labor attaché <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Irving_Salert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Salert (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Irving Salert</a> and U.S. ambassador <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_C.Dunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Dunn (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">James C. Dunn</a>, arranged to have Brazilian labor leaders visit the U.S. AIFLD's goal was the "development of a core of labor leaders who, by commanding the enthusiastic support of the rank and file, could turn back Communist attempts to capture the Brazilian labor movement."" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.namebase.org/brazil.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");">[1]</a></dd></dl><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Officers in 1992</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lane Kirkland</a>, president</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Albert_Shanker" title="Albert Shanker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Albert Shanker</a>, vice president</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thomas_R.Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Thomas R. Donahue</a>, secretary-treasurer</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_Doherty" title="William Doherty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">William Doherty</a>, executive director</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Morton_Bahr" title="Morton Bahr" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Morton Bahr</a> - Communications Workers of America</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Owen_Bieber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Bieber (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Owen Bieber</a> - United Auto Workers</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=William_H.Bywater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Bywater (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">William H. Bywater</a> - International Union of Electrical Workers</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_A.Georgine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert A. Georgine (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Robert A. Georgine</a> - Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers International Union</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_E.Hatfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James E. Hatfield (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">James E. Hatfield</a> - Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_T.Joyce" title="John T. Joyce" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John T. Joyce</a> - International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_I.Kilroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard I. Kilroy (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Richard I. Kilroy</a> - Brotherhood of Railway, Airlines and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jay_Mazur" title="Jay Mazur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jay Mazur</a> - International Ladies' Garment Workers Union</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Joyce_D.Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joyce D. Miller (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Joyce D. Miller</a> - Amalgamated Clothing and Textiles Workers Union</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_N.Sturdivant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John N. Sturdivant (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">John N. Sturdivant</a> - American Federation of Government Employees</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_J.Sweeney" title="John J. Sweeney" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John J. Sweeney</a> - Service Employees International Union</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lynn_R.Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn R. Williams (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Lynn R. Williams</a> - United Steelworkers of America</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=William_H._Wynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Wynn (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">William H. Wynn</a> - United Food and Commercial Workers International Union</li></ul>(Sims, 1992, p.105-6)<h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">External links</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Peter Gribbin, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namebase.org/brazil.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");">Brazil and CIA</a>", CounterSpy, April- May 1979, pp. 4-23.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Beth Sims, "[Workers of the World Undermined: American Labor's role in U.S. foreign policy]", South End Press, 1992.</li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Labor</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Democracy" title="Category:Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Democracy</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States</a></li></ul></div></div>http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/21/obituaries/j-peter-grace-ex-company-chief-dies-at-81.html Grace, the outspoken and at times controversial industrialist who headed a major American company longer than any other chief executive, died of cancer on Wednesday at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan after a long illness. He was 81 and lived in Manhasset, L.I.Although his company, W. R. Grace, always came first, Mr. Grace was extraordinarily active in public and religious circles, and in his younger days was a star athlete.A leading layman of the Roman Catholic Church, Mr. Grace became widely known to the public from 1982 to 1984 for his service as head of President Ronald Reagan's Private Sector Study on Cost Control in the Federal Government, which came to be known as the Grace Commission.In that role, Mr. Grace, a longtime critic of what he regarded as profligate Government spending, directed a group of about 2,000 business executives to come up with ways to root out waste and inefficiency in the Federal Government."I have 9 children, 12 grandchildren, and I'm concerned about their freedom," Mr. Grace said in a 1983 interview. "We've got to get this growth rate and the outlays down. It can't go on this way. If this deficit goes to $1 trillion a year, our freedoms are gone."While his views on the evils of the Federal deficit have gained currency over time, from time to time Mr. Grace's actions and opinions on other matters generated a furor.There was a severe public reaction, for instance, when W. R. Grace admitted that in the early 1950's that it employed as a consultant a German chemist who was convicted in the Nuremburg war-crimes tribunal. And Mr. Grace unleashed a firestorm of protest after a 1982 speech in Dallas when he commented that the Federal food stamp program was basically a subsidy for Puerto Ricans. He subsequently apologized.Despite his widespread interests, the company that bore his family name was Mr. Grace's enduring passion. For 47 years, Mr. Grace ran W. R. Grace & Company, a $5 billion specialty chemicals and specialized health-care company that his grandfather, William R. Grace, founded in Peru in 1854 as a shipping and trading company. And even when he agreed, reluctantly, to step aside in 1992, he remained an active force as chairman of the company's board.In an interview in 1990, when he was 77, Mr. Grace was asked about his retirement plans."I have none," he said.Even as his health deteriorated this spring, Mr. Grace fought tenaciously but unsuccessfully to retain control of the company that for more than 140 years always had a member of his family at the top.Following the sudden resignation on March 2 of J. P. Bolduc, the man who succeeded him, Mr. Grace and his company were confronted by a group of disgruntled shareholders demanding sweeping changes in the structure and composition of W. R. Grace's board of directors.Included in those demands was a requirement that Mr. Grace and a group of longstanding friends and business assocates not stand for re-election to the board at the company's annual meeting on May 11.In late March, the company said it would comply with the shareholder demands, but the board did not formally meet to consider the changes until April 6.At that meeting, in the W. R. Grace Building in midtown Manhattan, a gravely ill Mr. Grace spoke against the changes, which he called "offensive," and urged the board to resist their being put into effect.His stand was completely in character. A short man who spoke with a slight lisp, Mr. Grace once told a reporter: "I am never discouraged. When you get discouraged you ought to pack it in."The board did not agree, and the measures were approved. Although he would have stayed on as honorary chairman, Peter Grace's 59-year career at W. R. Grace was over.It was a career circumstances did not require he pursue.When Joseph Peter Grace was born in Manhasset on May 25, 1913, the family was already wealthy. Young Peter grew up with all the creature comforts and the virtual certainty they would be his for life.Yet, after being educated at St. Paul's School in Concord, N.H., and at Yale, where he lettered in three sports, in 1936 the 23-year-old took a job in the W. R. Grace mailroom.During his early years with the company, Mr. Grace had the chance to indulge his passion for athletics.A world-class polo player, in the winters he played goalie at night for the St. Nick's semiprofessional hockey team in New York.When his father, Joseph P. Grace, suffered a stroke in 1945, Mr. Grace took over as president and chief executive. During his tenure, Peter Grace engineered and oversaw two separate transformations of the company he inherited.From what was originally a Latin American trading, shipping and banking company, he remade the company in the 1950's and 60's into a conglomerate with interests from chemicals to consumer goods.But by the mid-1980's, it was clear that W. R. Grace was in too many businesses. And Mr. Grace recruited Mr. Bolduc, his top aide on the Grace Commission, to revamp the company again. Today, W. R. Grace is the world's largest specialty chemical company and a leader in specialized health care.Deeply religious throughout his life, Mr. Grace was a founding member of Legatus, an international organization of Catholic chief executives whose mission is to study, live and spread the faith in their professional and personal lives.He was also president of the Catholic Youth Organization of the Archdiocese of New York. In 1967, the University of Notre Dame awarded him the Laetare Medal, the highest Catholic honor in the United States.Over his life, he served on eight different corporate boards, including Citicorp and Citibank, N.A.He was also active in a number of charitable interests, especially those whose activities focused on New York City's disadvantaged youths, a group that includes the Grace Institute, Covenant House and the Inner City Scholarship Fund.Mr. Grace is survived by his wife, the former Margaret Fennelly, whom he married in 1941; nine children, J. Peter Grace 3d of Locust Valley, L.I., Dr. William R. Grace of Plandome, N.Y., Michael S. Grace of Far Hills, N.J., Margaret Mary Grace-Shethar of Colorado Springs, Colo., Mary J. Grace of Manhattan, Nora M. O'Donnell of Delray Beach, Fla., Patrick P. Grace of Greenville, S.C., Theresa M. Sears of Manhasset, and Christopher G. Grace of Boca Raton, Fla.; one brother, Charles M. Grace of Santa Monica, Calif.; a sister, Janet M. Grace of Old Westbury, L.I., and 20 grandchildren.A funeral mass for Mr. Grace will be celebrated at 10:30 A.M. on Saturday by John Cardinal O'Connor at St. Patrick's Cathedral.=ewg:
For at least 50 years, from the 1930s through the 1980s the unswerving goal of asbestos users and makers was to keep from workers the undisputed fact that asbestos was a major threat to their health. An internal memo from a W.R. Grace executive summed up the strategy quite clearly:
"The point I am trying to get across is that our present policy is to tell no one anything, no visitors, or discussion of our operations, period."
— 1972 W.R. Grace internal memo [View document]http://static.ewg.org/reports/asbestos/documents/pdf/ASARCO1972.pdf
LA hearing, do not reg merciry or asbetos?KW Nelson...A March 30, 1977 memo from a W.R. Grace health and safety official advised against conducting further study of asbestos-diseased workers out of concern that the information would become public:
"I believe that the results of a study of this nature would become public knowledge within a relatively short period of time regardless of confidentiality agreements. If we are not prepared to deal with that situation, I would advise against proceeding."
— 1977 W.R. Grace memo [View document]http://static.ewg.org/reports/asbestos/documents/pdf/033077.pdf...
In a 1970 W.R. Grace memo regarding sales of its Mono-Kote fire-proofing spray product, which contained twelve percent asbestos, an employee urged:
"Stay unscrupulous, unethical, mean and selling Mono-Kote." [joke? "serously' refers to rival ?]
[View document] http://static.ewg.org/reports/asbestos/documents/pdf/WRG060170.pdf
According to a New York Times investigation of Grace's Monokote product, the company continued selling "re-formulated" Monokote until the late 1980s, labeling it "asbestos-free" despite its knowledge that the product still contained up to 1 percent asbestos. Grace management instructed employees that inquiring customers were to be told the product did not contain any asbestos. Due to Grace's "asbestos free" claim, workers using Monokote stopped wearing protective respirators, believing the reformulated product was safe [The New York Times, 7/9/01].===

asbestos, Libby Mo<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;">Grace Commission JP Grace RR get gov't off back, less intrusive; 1/4 ppl in town have lung disease

=<a href="http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2000/05/libbys-deadly-grace">http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2000/05/libbys-deadly-grace</a><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="font-size: 14px; direction: ltr; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The name <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watch.pair.com/database.html#grace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">J. Peter Grace</a> (1913-1995) "is found in the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council for National Policy</a> (CNP) Membership Directory for 1984-85 and 1988. Grace holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University (1936). Grace "started in 1936 as Assistant Secretary at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/W.R.Grace" title="W. R. Grace" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">W. R. Grace</a>, in 1945 became President and CEO. Grace is a member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Newcomen_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newcomen Society (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Newcomen Society</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a> (CFR), <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Knights_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knights of Malta (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Knights of Malta</a>: American Chapter of the Board of Founders, Knights of Malta President, 114 Avenue of the Americas [Who's Who in America (1976-77, 1992-93)]. Grace was involved in <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Project_Paperclip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Paperclip (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Project Paperclip</a> -- a post World War II <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">CIA</a> arrangement to remove classified information from dossiers so that former SS members and 900+ Nazi scientists could emigrate to the U. S. Hundreds of war criminals would find employment within government agencies and companies such as W.R. Grace chemical company whose president was J. Peter Grace."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://watch.pair.com/database.html#grace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>"From 1982-95, J. Peter Grace was Chairman of the Advisory Committee of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/AmeriCares" title="AmeriCares" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">AmeriCares</a>."J. Peter Grace founded in 1984 together with Jack Anderson the organization <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste" title="Citizens Against Government Waste" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Citizens Against Government Waste</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_Mission_History" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a> This organization can be seen as a legacy of the 'President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control', also known as the 'Grace Commission'.Chairman of the Board of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/AIFLD" title="AIFLD" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">AIFLD</a>.<ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Former President, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/W.R.Grace_and_Company" title="W. R. Grace and Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">W. R. Grace and Company</a></li></ul><h2 style="color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none">Related Links</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnp.gr.htm#grace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">The Council for National Policy: Selected Member Biographies</a>"</li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="font-size: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Democracy" title="Category:Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Democracy</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States</a></li></ul></div></div>wiki bs?https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_CommissionThe Private Sector Survey on Cost Control (PSSCC), commonly referred to as The Grace Commission, was an investigation requested by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States</a> President<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>, authorized in executive order 12369 on June 30, 1982. The focus of it was waste and inefficiency in the US Federal government. Its head, businessman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace" title="J. Peter Grace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">J. Peter Grace</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a> asked the members of that commission to "be bold" and "work like tireless bloodhounds. Don't leave any stone unturned in your search to root out inefficiency."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 13.3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#The_report" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1The report</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2See also</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#Other_similar_commissions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.1Other similar commissions</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#Literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4Literature</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none" rgb="rgb">The report<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grace_Commission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The report" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>The Grace Commission Report<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a> was presented to Congress in January 1984. The report claimed that if its recommendations were followed, $424 billion could be saved in three years, rising to $1.9 trillion per year by the year 2000. It estimated that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">national debt</a>, without these reforms, would rise to $13 trillion by the year 2000, while with the reforms they projected it would rise to only $2.5 trillion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-better_link-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a> Congress ignored the commission's report. The debt reached $5.8 trillion in the year 2000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a>The national debt reached 13 trillion after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s financial crisis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">subprime mortgage-collateralized debt obligation crisis</a> in 2008.The report said that one-third of all income taxes are consumed by waste and inefficiency in the federal government, and another one-third escapes collection owing to the underground economy. “With two thirds of everyone’s personal income taxes wasted or not collected, 100 percent of what is collected is absorbed solely by interest on the federal debt and by federal government contributions to transfer payments. In other words, all individual income tax revenues are gone before one nickel is spent on the services [that] taxpayers expect from their government."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_note-better_link-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a><h2 style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none" rgb="rgb">See also<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grace_Commission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="font-size: large; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National debt</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Federal Reserve System</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Public administration</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration_theory" title="Public administration theory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Public administration theory</a></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Other similar commissions<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grace_Commission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other similar commissions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><ul style="font-size: large; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Committee" title="Brownlow Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brownlow Committee</a> 1937</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hoover Commission</a> two commissions, in 1947-1949 and 1953-1955.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Partnership_for_Reinventing_Government" title="National Partnership for Reinventing Government" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Partnership for Reinventing Government</a> 1993-1998</li></ul><h2 style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none" rgb="rgb">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grace_Commission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Gilpin, Kenneth N. (April 21, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/21/obituaries/j-peter-grace-ex-company-chief-dies-at-81.html?pagewanted=1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"J. Peter Grace, Ex-Company Chief, Dies at 81"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Grace+Commission&rft.atitle=J.+Peter+Grace%2C+Ex-Company+Chief%2C+Dies+at+81&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N.&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.date=1995-04-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F21%2Fobituaries%2Fj-peter-grace-ex-company-chief-dies-at-81.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/31082d.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/31082d.htm</a> Ronald Reagan, "Remarks at a White House Luncheon With the Chairman and Executive Committee of the Private Sector Survey on Cost Control" (March 10, 1982)</li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA324474" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">The Grace Report from Defense Technical Information Center</a></li><li id="cite_note-better_link-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-better_link_4-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-better_link_4-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9044/m1/1/high_res_d/IP0281G.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 18px; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat">President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control, A Report to the President (January 15, 1984)</a></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/faq.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/faq.html</a></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np</a></li></ol></div><h2 style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none" rgb="rgb">Literature<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grace_Commission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="font-size: large; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Goodsell, Charles (May–Jun 1984). "The Grace Commission: Seeking Efficiency for the Whole People?". Public Administration Review. 44 (3): 196–204.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F975482" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">10.2307/975482</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/975482" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">975482</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Grace+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Grace+Commission%3A+Seeking+Efficiency+for+the+Whole+People%3F&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Goodsell&rft.date=1984-05%2F1984-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F975482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F975482&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.pages=196-204&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=44" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Hildreth, W. Bartley; Hildreth, Rodger (Spring 1989). "The Business of Public Management". Public Productivity Review. 12 (3): 303–321. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3380120" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">10.2307/3380120</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3380120" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">3380120</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Grace+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Business+of+Public+Management&rft.aufirst=W.+Bartley&rft.au=Hildreth%2C+Rodger&rft.aulast=Hildreth&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3380120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3380120&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Public+Productivity+Review&rft.pages=303-321&rft.ssn=spring&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=12" class="Z3988" /></li></ul><h2 style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background="background" none="none" rgb="rgb">External links<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grace_Commission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="font-size: large; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhuh.com/taxstuff/gracecom.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Grace Commission List The formal title is President's Private Sector Survey and called PPSS</a></li></ul>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace

Joseph Peter Grace (May 25, 1913 - April 19, 1995 )<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace#cite_note-0">[1]</a> was a multimillionaire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> industrialist and conglomerateur of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> heritage. He was president of the diversified chemical company<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace#cite_note-1">[2]</a> for 48 years, making him the longest reigning CEO of a public company.

Born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhasset,New_York" title="Manhasset, New York">Manhasset, New York</a>, he succeeded his father, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Peter_Grace,Sr." title="Joseph Peter Grace, Sr.">Joseph Peter Grace, Sr.</a> (1872–1950), as President and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO" class="mw-redirect">CEO</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.R.Grace_and_Company" title="W. R. Grace and Company">W. R. Grace and Company</a> in 1945 when his father suffered a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. The firm was founded by his grandfather <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell_Grace" title="William Russell Grace">William R. Grace</a>, the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> to be elected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>. His maternal grandfather was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B.Macdonald" title="Charles B. Macdonald">Charles B. Macdonald</a>, a major figure in early American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> who built the first 18-hole course in the United States. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace#cite_note-2">[3]</a>. He was devoutly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" title="Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Catholic</a>.

<h2>Contents</h2>

</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#Personality">1 Personality</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#Politics">2 Politics</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#Awards_and_memberships">3 Awards and memberships</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#References">4 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#External_links">5 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 style="font-size: large;">Personality</h2>

Peter Grace was the kind of man who, at age seventy, Indian-wrestled fellow chairmen of the board at his desk, showered in the evening to save time getting to work in the morning, wore a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beretta" title="Beretta">Beretta</a> pistol (for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist" title="Terrorist" class="mw-redirect">terrorists</a>), and, as a conservative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party%28United_States%29" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, took out a full-page ad in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> to support President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s tax cuts.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace#cite_note-3">[4]</a>

"There is nothing I dislike more than being a loser in anything," he said in an interview in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_%28magazine%29" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine.

<h2 style="font-size: large;">Politics</h2>

In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_administration" title="Kennedy administration" class="mw-redirect">Kennedy administration</a>, J. Peter Grace was head of the Commerce Department Committee on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_note-4">[5]</a> President Reagan, in announcing the selection of J. Peter Grace to lead <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grace_Commission" title="The Grace Commission">The Grace Commission</a> on waste and inefficiency in the Federal government, said:

We have a problem that's been 40 years in the making, and we have to find ways to solve it. And I didn't want to ruin your appetites, so I waited till now to tell you this, but during the hour we're together here eating and talking, the Government has spent $83 million. And by the way, that includes the price of your lunch. [Laughter] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> is right. There really is no such thing as a free lunch. The interest on our debt for the last hour was about $10 million of that. In selecting your Committee, we didn't care whether you were Democrats or Republicans. Starting with Peter Grace, we just wanted to get the very best people we could find, and I think we were successful. I'll repeat to you today what I said a week ago when I announced Peter's appointment: Be bold. We want your team to work like tireless bloodhounds. Don't leave any stone unturned in your search to root out inefficiency.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_note-5">[6]</a>

</blockquote>

Mr. Grace, a Democrat, was asked what he would say to the campaign theme of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, the 1984 Democratic Presidential candidate, that higher taxes would be required to ease the deficit regardless of who wins the November election.

"I'd tell him he's nuts," Mr. Grace said. "He's wrong. He's wrong."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_note-6">[7]</a>

<h2 style="font-size: large;">Awards and memberships</h2>

In 1967, he was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetare_Medal" title="Laetare Medal">Laetare Medal</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>. In 1984, Mr. Grace received <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred_Year_Association_of_New_York" title="The Hundred Year Association of New York">The Hundred Year Association of New York</a>'s Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." Grace was a member of the international organization the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>. The Order of Malta's mission is to serve the sick and poor through the establishment of hospitals and clinics around the world. Grace was a member of the conservative American organization the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">Council for National Policy</a>. He was responsible for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Peter_Grace#cite_note-7">[8]</a>, and co-founded "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste" title="Citizens Against Government Waste">Citizens Against Government Waste</a>" with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Anderson%28columnist%29" title="Jack Anderson (columnist)">Jack Anderson</a> in 1984.

<h2 style="font-size: large;">References</h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-0">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/21/obituaries/j-peter-grace-ex-company-chief-dies-at-81.html">NY Times Obituary</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-1">^{</a></span}> W. R. Grace & Co.</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-2">^{</a></span}> [ Displaying Abstract ] (2012-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9405E1DB113EE033A25751C0A96E9C946997D6CF">"MISS MACDONALD A BRIDE. - She Is Wedded to Joseph P. Grace at Westbury, L. I. - Marriage Announcement - NYTimes.com"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-24.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-4">^{</a></span}> USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/groupwatch/cnp.php">"Welcome - Right Web - Institute for Policy Studies"</a>. Rightweb.irc-online.org. Retrieved 2012-04-24.</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-5">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/31082d.htm">"Remarks at a White House Luncheon With the Chairman and Executive Committee of the Private Sector Survey on Cost Control"</a>. Reagan.utexas.edu. 1982-03-10. Retrieved 2012-04-24.</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-6">^{</a></span}> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE5D61438F930A2575BC0A962948260">NY Times</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Peter_Grace#cite_ref-7">^{</a></span}> Grace Commission Report</li>

</ol>

<h2 style="font-size: large;">External links</h2>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J._Peter_Grace">J. Peter Grace - SourceWatch</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grace.com/">W. R. Grace & Co. (grace.com)</a></li>

</ul>

hmmn, wacko?By Barbara Aho
THE WESTERN GOALS FOUNDATION<blockquote style="font-size: medium;">John Birch Society founder, Robert Welch, was succeeded upon his death in 1983 by the former Congressman Larry McDonald. Lawrence Patton McDonald was a cousin of George S. Patton, Jr., the famous general who was killed in an automobile accident at the conclusion of World War II. <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#9">9</a>. According to "Conspiracies of World War II" by J.S. Craig, "The common rumor in Germany at the time was that Patton was assassinated due to his wish to join forces with Germany and attack Russia. Patton had openly admitted that the Allies had defeated 'the wrong enemy' and repeatedly praised German industry and the discipline of its people." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#10">10</a>. E. H. Cookridge also recorded Gen. Patton's pro-Nazi attitude and subsequent demise in Gehlen: Spy of the Century -- an expose of the CIA's recruitment of high-level Nazi espionage agents:<blockquote>    "...General Patton was dreaming of rearming a couple of Waffen SS divisions to incorporate them into his US Third Army 'and lead them against the Reds'. Patton had put this plan quite seriously to General Joseph T. McNarney, deputy US military governor in Germany, who had relayed Marshall Zhukov's complaint that the Third Army was too slow in disbanding and confining German units in its Bavarian sector. 'What do you think those bolshies think?' said Patton. 'We're going to have to fight them sooner or later. Why not now while our army is intact and we can kick the Red Army back into Russia? We can do it with my Germans...'    "McNarney, petrified, reported this to his political advisor, Robert Murphy, who promptly asked Patton to come and see him. Patton was not in the least subdued. 'He inquired with a gleam in his eye', Murphy later wrote, 'whether there was any chance of going on to Moscow, which he said he could reach in thirty days, instead of waiting for the Russians to attack the United States.' The outcome of this and other indiscretions was that Eisenhower relieved Patton of his command on October 2, 1945. Two months later he was fatally injured in a car crash." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#11">11</a>.</blockquote>Reinhard Gehlen was one of Adolf Hitler's chief intelligence officers, solely in charge of espionage against the Soviet Union. In 1945, Gehlen offered the United States his considerable experience, expertise and archives on Russia and satellite countries in return for immunity from prosecution as a war criminal. The newly established Central Intelligence Agency formed the "Gehlen Organisation" which was Gehlen's former network for anti-Soviet espionage. Located in West Germany and funded by the CIA, the Gehlen Organisation became the most powerful espionage establishment in Western Europe.In 1979, Gen. Patton's cousin, Congressman Lawrence McDonald, founded the Western Goals Foundation in Arlington, Virginia as a front for the JBS intelligence network. McDonald directed the organization until his untimely death in the downing of the Korean airliner, KAL 007 in 1983, the year he also succeeded Robert Welch as JBS Chairman. Western Goals was discontinued in 1986 following a power struggle for McDonald's position. According to the Interhemispheric Resource Center <a target="blank" href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/articles/display/Western_Goals_Foundation">GroupWatch</a>, files of which are available on the <a target="blank" href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/articles/category/groupwatch_archive">IRC</a> database, Western Goals had worked with Reinhard Gehlen:<blockquote>"McDonald formed a foundation branch in West Germany in 1981. The organization, called the American-European Strategy Research Institute, was set up with a $131,982 injection from the U.S. office. That figure represented more than a third of Western Goals' operating budget at the time..."The German affiliate is Western Goals Europe E.V.(5) This German branch is also known as the American-European Strategy Institute. It acknowledges working with Reinhard Gehlen, a former Nazi who has been honored by the elite lay Catholic organization, the Knights of Malta (SMOM).(8) SMOM gave its highest award of honor, the Gran Croci Al Merito Conplacca, to Gehlen in l948. Gehlen, who was not a Catholic, was awarded the honor because of his efforts in the 'crusade against godless Communism.' Gehlen headed Adolf Hitler's spy operations against the Soviet Union during World War II. After the war, he and his spy apparatus--staffed mostly by former Nazis--were recruited by the CIA. He became the first director of the BND, West Germany's intelligence agency." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#12">12.</a></blockquote>Western Goals drew on both private and official government files to become one of the largest and most influential private intelligence operations in the U.S. According to GroupWatch, Western Goals was able to bypass legal restraints placed on government intelligence agencies:<blockquote>"...groups like Western Goals allow 'the ultra-right [to keep] tabs on its 'subversive' domestic opposition...' In Western Goals' case, this service was apparently not performed only for like-minded private groups. Elton Manzione quotes an East Coast police intelligence source as saying that Western Goals had a reputation of acting as a 'clearinghouse' for some police departments whose intelligence-collecting functions were restricted by laws such as the Freedom of Information Act. Manzione noted that both the CIA and National Security Agency have received information from John Rees' Information Digest (see below). (8)...According to a 1976 investigation by the New York Assembly's Office of Legislative Oversight, Information Digest was supplying information to the FBI, CIA, and the National Security Agency." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#13">13</a>.</blockquote>The internal spying nature of the John Birch Society became known when its espionage against private citizens in connection with the LA Police Department was discovered:<blockquote>"The final straw for the police commission occurred two months earlier, when it was discovered that files previously ordered destroyed had been squirreled away by an intelligence officer, Jay Paul, with the approval of his superiors. Investigators with search warrants seized ninety cartons of files from his mobile home and other locations. Paul was in the process of feeding this data into the computers of Western Goals, a private organization headed by Congressman Larry McDonald, and was also involved with Research West, an operation founded by ex-FBI agents which sold information to corporations. Typical of the files in these cartons was a four-decade dossier on a state supreme court judge, compiled to assess his possible bias against police intelligence practices." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#14">14</a>.</blockquote>One of the earliest members of the Western Goals Foundation and its principal espionage agent was Birch Society member, John Rees, whose Information Digest supplied information to the FBI, CIA, and the National Security Agency. Instrumental in obtaining Rees' entrance to Western Goals was J. Peter Grace, who was also chairman of the Order of the Knights of Malta in the United States. President of W.R. Grace and Co. from 1945 until three years before his death in 1995, J. Peter Grace is profiled in Who's Who in America which lists among his credentials: Bachelor of Arts from Yale University in 1936, Assistant Secretary at W. R. Grace (1936), President and CEO (1945),Newcomen Society, Council on Foreign Relations, Knights of Malta (American Chapter of the Board of Founders), Knights of Malta President, address: 1114 Avenue of the Americas. <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#15">15</a>.</blockquote><a name="grace">THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA</a><blockquote style="font-size: medium;">Considering that the Newcomen Society and CFR to which J. Peter Grace belonged were branches of Cecil Rhodes's eugenics club, <a href="https://watch.pair.com/roundtable.html">The Round Table</a>, it is not out of character that Grace would be involved in <a href="http://www.mt.net/_{watcher/nwonazi.html"}>Project Paperclip</a> -- a post World War II CIA arrangement to remove classified information from dossiers so that former SS members and 900+ Nazi scientists could emigrate to the U. S.  Hundreds of war criminals would find employment within government agencies and companies such as W.R. Grace chemical company.  The <a href="http://www.mosquitonet.com/_{prewett/caqsmom25.1.html"}>Covert Action Information Bulletin</a> documents the close relationship between Reinhard Gehlen, the CIA, the Knights of Malta and the Vatican (by now a <a href="https://watch.pair.com/mystery-babylon-4.html">Rothschild front</a>), which had smuggled Nazi war criminals out of Europe through the infamous "rat lines":<blockquote>    "On November 17, 1948 SMOM awarded one of its highest honors, the Grand Cross of Merit, to Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi chief of intelligence on the Soviet front. He was subsequently installed by the Americans as the first chief of West Germany's equivalent of the CIA, the Bundesnachtrichtdienst (BND: federal secret service), under West German Chancellor Adenauer, a devout Catholic who had received the Magistral Grand Cross personally from SMOM Grand Master Prince Chigi.    "After the appointment of Knight of Malta William Casey as head of the Central Intelligence Agency, and another Knight, James Buckley, as head of U.S. propaganda against Eastern Europe at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, several historians noted with interest President Reagan's call during the summer of 1982 for a 'crusade' against the 'Evil Empire' in Eastern Europe. [including Balkans.....JP]" <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#16">16</a>.</blockquote>The CIA also funded Nazi/SMOM fronts, Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe: "The present head of the Order in the United States is a prominent businessman, J. Peter Grace. Prior to 1971, Grace was associated with Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe, both of which had been established by Reinhard Gehlen and funded by the CIA." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#17">17</a>.  The <a href="http://www.mosquitonet.com/_{prewett/caqsmom25.2.html"}>Covert Action Information Bulletin</a> describes the manner in which Radio Liberty, under the supervision of Grace and other prominent figures, functioned as a front for ex-Nazis:<blockquote>"In 1950, the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism was created. The trustees included J. Peter Grace, Charles Edison, William Henry Chamberlain, H.J. Heinz II, Isaac Don Levine, and Eugene Lyons. The Committee (now known as Radio Liberty), under the guiding hand of the CIA's Frank Wisner, funded numerous emigre 'research institutes' which, according to John Loftus [see UNHOLY TRINITY], were 'little more than front groups for ex-Nazi intelligence officers'.'' <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#18">18</a>.</blockquote>The Sovereign Military Order of Malta or Knights of Malta is a fascist order comprised of several thousand Knights in Europe, North, Central and South America. The origin of the SMOM predates the Crusades which began in the twelfth century. According to the CAIB, "The Knights of Malta participated in the Crusades along with with the Knights Templar and Teutonic Knights.  The Order of St. John recruited successfully among the European aristocracy and soon controlled extensive estates throughout the continent, assimilating those previously belonging to the Knights Templar which it had helped crush during the first two decades of the 14th Century, with the Templar leadership burned alive as heretics."  It may be more accurate to say that the <a href="https://watch.pair.com/mystery-babylon-2.html#templar">Knights Templar</a> had become a become a criminal element whose dishonorable conduct required a change of personnel and therefore the mantle and holdings of the Templars were passed to the Knights of Malta.  As Albert Pike put it, "The Templars were unintelligent and therefore unsuccessful Jesuits." (<a href="http://watch-unto-prayer.org/pike.html">Morals & Dogma</a>)Although the Sovereign Military Order of Malta operates under the aegis of the Roman Catholic Church, the latter has become a front for the House of Rothschild which explains why Knights of Malta include prominent figures in business and government and the SMOM interlocks with other high level organizations of infamous reputation:<blockquote>“Specifically, the Knights of Malta, Italian Masonic lodge ‘P2’, and Holy Roman Empire restorationists ‘<a href="https://watch.pair.com/merovingian.html">The Priory of Sion</a>’ have all been proven to be linked to the hierarchy of the Vatican.  Global members of these fascist groups participate at the highest levels of the military, international politics, and finance. ‘P2’ (Propaganda 2) are perhaps the most visible, and are named after the propaganda machine of Nazi Joseph Goebbels, that effectively mind controlled the German people into believing their Rosicrucian racist ideology that led to the Holocaust." (<a href="http://www.geocities.com/newworldorder_themovie/neonazis.html" target="blank" style="color: blue;">Neo-Nazis</a>)</blockquote><blockquote>"In addition to Casey, and James Buckley, its current members, or Knights [of Malta], after the feudal fashion, include Lee Iacocca, John McCone, William Buckley, Alexander Haig, Alexandre de Marenches (the chief of French Intelligence under Giscard d'Estaing, himself a Knight of SMOM), Otto von Hapsburg, and various leaders of the fascist P-2 Masonic lodge in Italy. While its organizational funding is relatively modest, its leverage is maximized by the presence of its Knights in key positions in other private and governmental structures throughout the world." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#19">19.</a></blockquote></blockquote><a name="conquest">THE CONQUEST OF LATIN AMERICA</a><blockquote>William Russell Grace founded <a href="http://www.grace.com/html/history.html">W. R. Grace & Co.</a> in Peru in 1854. The long history of W.R. Grace & Co. chronicles its global expansion and penetration of Latin America, in which region the Knights of Malta would later rebuild the Nazi network to conduct fascist operations. <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#20">20</a>.<blockquote style="font-size: medium;">"[As of 1986] Grace, whose aides include another Knight of Malta, former United States Treasury Secretary William Simon, runs an organisation called Americares, of which he is chairman. A primary objective of Americares is to raise money for aid to Central America. The agency in charge of distributing this aid is the Order of Malta, working through its field organisation in El Salvadore, Guatemala and Honduras." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#21">21</a>.</blockquote><blockquote style="font-size: medium;">"AmeriCares, with the help of Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America (Prodemca), conducted an advertising campaign in the U.S. on behalf of La Prensa. The ads for La Prensa solicited funds from the public to pay for the shipment of newsprint to Nicaragua.(28) Prodemca was a neoconservative group that provided U.S. government grants to La Prensa and sponsored pro-contra aid ads in U.S. newspapers using funds from Oliver North's secret aid network.(28)"William Simon and <a href="https://watch.pair.com/reich.html">Prescott Bush Jr</a>. are also members of the Knights of Malta, and Simon was also on Prodemca's national council. Both Prodemca and the Knights of Malta were involved in efforts to support the contras and/or private sector opposition groups in Nicaragua. Simon, who was Treasury Secretary under Richard Nixon, was also the chairman of the Nicaraguan Freedom Fund (NFF), a fundraising organization set up in l985 by the Washington Times, a newspaper owned by the <a href="https://watch.pair.com/moon.html">Unification Church</a>. The NFF was established to raise funds for the contras.(12,17)..."  <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#22">22</a>.</blockquote>From 1982-95, J. Peter Grace (CFR) was Chairman of the Advisory Committee of <a target="blank" href="http://www.americares.org/about">AmeriCares</a>, which included William E. Simon (CFR), Treasury Secretary under Richard Nixon. The Honorary Chair of AmeriCares is Zbigniew Brzezinski (BB/CFR/TC); Ambassador-At-Large is Barbara Bush and the Advisory Committee includes: Prescott S. Bush, Jr. [brother to former Pres. George Bush (CFR)], 33º Mason Gen. Colin L. Powell (ret.) (CFR) and Sol M. Linowitz (CFR/TC), chairman of Xerox Corp and officer of the World Future Society. Sol Linowitz was also a representative to the Organization of American States and co-founder in 1964 with <a href="https://watch.pair.com/rockefeller.html">David Rockefeller</a> (CFR) of the International Executive Services Corp, an international business development organization for which Linowitz and Rockefeller received the Medal of Freedom Award in 1998. <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#23">23</a>.The Council on Foreign Relations was funded by the Rockefeller family and has functioned as its agency almost from its inception in 1919. The CFR and its British counterpart, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, were jointly founded by American and British Round Table members following the Paris Peace Conference. According to <a href="http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2807">The Round Table</a>,"Attendees included British and American secret society members who worked for the British Secret Service or the first U.S. central intelligence agency the INQUIRY." The historic meeting was described in Rockefeller "Internationalist": The Man Who Misrules the World.<blockquote style="font-size: medium;">"Conversations between Gen Tasker H. Bliss, Col. E. M. House, Prof. Archibald Cary Coolidge, Whitney H. Shepardson, Dr. James T. Shotwell and others of the American delegation, and British officials such as Sir Robert Cecil, Lionel Curtis, Sir Valentine Chirol, Lord Eustace Percy and Harold Temperley, led to a dinner meeting at the Majestic Hotel, Paris, on May 30, 1919. It was formally agreed that an organization should be created for the study of international affairs. The first two resolutions set forth the proposed form and substance of the undertaking: 'RESOLVED: That those present undertake to form an Institute entitled The Institute of International Affairs. Founded in Paris in 1919 comprised at the outset of two branches, one in the United Kingdom and one in the U.S...'" <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#24">24</a>.</blockquote>CFR member J. Peter Grace's collusion with the Rockefeller exploitation of Latin America was documented in Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil:<blockquote style="font-size: medium;">"David [Rockefeller] made plans to absorb Nelson's old Inter-American Council and the Latin American Information Committee into the Business Group for Latin America. What emerged was the Council for Latin America (now called the Council for the Americas), which united more than 200 corporations with more than 80 percent of U.S. investments in Latin America into a common business front. David set up the council in a Manhattan townhouse across the street from the mansion Junior had give the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)..."David was not just a brother of one of the best known Americans in Latin America, and not just president of the Chase Bank. He also represented the Council for Latin America... Note 32... J. Peter Grace, chairman of W.R. Grace & Company and another leading figure in David's Council for Latin America." <a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html#25.">25</a>.</blockquote>During the period of the Boland Amendment's ban on U.S. government involvement in Latin America, a network of private right-wing groups worked to subvert leftist governments by supporting rebel organizations such as the Nicaraguan Contras. Among these was the Western Goals Foundation whose principals included, besides Larry McDonald, John Rees, Roy Cohn and Gen. George S. Patton III, other persons of note with associations to Nazis, subversive organizations, organized crime, the FBI and CIA:Major General John Singlaub (ret.)...<a name="13">13</a>. Ibid., References: 10. Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, Inside the League: The Shocking Expose of How Terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads Have Infiltrated the World Anti-Communist League (New York, NY: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986); 8. Elton Manzione, "The Private Spy Agency," The National Reporter, Summer 1985. . 
<a name="14">14</a>. Ibid., References: Donner, Protectors of Privilege, pp. 245-89; Joel Sappell, "Jay Paul," Los Angeles Times, 30 April 1984, Part II, p. 1,6. 
<a name="15">15.</a> Who's Who in America, 1976-1977, 1992-1993. 
<a name="16">16</a>. "Nazis, the Vatican and the CIA," Covert Action Information Bulletin, Winter 1986, No. 25, pp. 27-38, <a href="http://www.mosquitonet.com/_{prewett/caqsmom25.1.html">http://www.mosquitonet.com/}prewett/caqsmom25.1.html</a> 
<a name="17">17</a>. Michael Biagent, Richard Lincoln & Henry Lincoln, The Messianic Legacy, Dell Publishing, 1986, p. 361. 
<a name="18">18</a>. "Nazis, the Vatican and the CIA," op.cit.; Reference: 14 John Loftus, The Belarus Secret, ed. by Nathan Miller (New York Knopf, 1982), pp. 106-107, 178. [and see UNHOLY TRINITY by Loftus] 
<a name="19">19</a>. Ibid., <a href="http://www.mosquitonet.com/_{prewett/caqsmom25.1.html">http://www.mosquitonet.com/}prewett/caqsmom25.1.html</a> 
<a name="20">20</a>. Grace History, <a href="http://www.grace.com/html/history.html">http://www.grace.com/html/history.html</a> 
<a name="21">21</a>. The Messianic Legacy, p. 361. 
<a name="22">22</a>. Interhemispheric Resource Center, GroupWatch: AmeriCares Foundation, <a href="http://www.pir.org/gw/americar.txt">http://www.pir.org/gw/americar.txt</a> References: 12. The New Right Humanitarians, The Resource Center, l986; 19. Private Organizations with U.S. Connections in Honduras, The Resource Center, l988. 
<a name="23">23</a>. "Medal Of Freedom Awarded To IESC Co-Founders David Rockefeller And Sol Linowitz," PR Newswire, January 13, 1998. 
<a name="24">24</a>. Rockefeller "Internationalist", pp. 237-38. 
<a name="25.">25.</a> Gerard Colby with Charlotte Dennett,Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, HarperCollins 1996, pp. 474, 539, 887. 
<a name="26">26</a>. Interhemispheric Resource Center, GroupWatch: Western Goals Foundation, <a href="http://www.pir.org/gw/wg.txt">http://www.pir.org/gw/wg.txt</a>; 8. Elton Manzione, "The Private Spy Agency," The National Reporter, Summer 1985. 9. The New Right Humanitarians, the Resource Center, 1986. 10. Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, Inside the League: The Shocking Expose of How Terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads Have Infiltrated the World Anti-Communist League (New York, NY: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986). ...<a href="https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html">https://watch.pair.com/jbs-cnp.html</a></blockquote>==