Rafe Pomerance

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</font></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b style="">Rafe Pomerance</b>&nbsp;(born July 19, 1946) is an American environmentalist. He is Chairman of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arctic 21 (page does not exist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Arctic 21</a>, a network of organizations focused on communicating issues of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Arctic climate change</a>&nbsp;to policy-makers and the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Beginning in the late 1970s, he played a key role in raising awareness of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">risks of climate change</a>&nbsp;for United States policy-makers</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-rich-2018_2-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-rich-2018-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#Early_life_and_education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life and education</span></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#Career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Career</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#Climate_change_activism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Climate change activism</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#Legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Legacy</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pomerance grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut,</span><sup id="cite_ref-thedcline.org_3-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-thedcline.org-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;the son of Josephine (née Wertheim) and architect Ralph Pomerance.</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;He is a grandson of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim" title="Maurice Wertheim" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Maurice Wertheim</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and great-grandson of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr." title="Henry Morgenthau Sr." style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none;">Henry Morgenthau Sr.</a></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He graduated from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University</a>&nbsp;in 1968, with a&nbsp;<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">B.A.</a>&nbsp;in History.</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After graduating from university, Pomerance served as a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">VISTA</a>&nbsp;volunteer.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>He was the operating chief at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth(US)" title="Friends of the Earth (US)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Friends of the Earth</a>&nbsp;for four years until 1984.</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;From 1986 to 1993, he served as a Senior Associate at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World Resources Institute</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1993, he was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Environment and Development under U.S. president&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup>&nbsp;He left the department in 1999 and founded a non-profit, Climate Policy Center.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He is now a consultant for Rethink Energy Florida<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Academy</a>'s Polar Research Board.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate_change_activism">Climate change activism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafe_Pomerance&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Pomerance first became interested in climate change after reading a 1978 EPA report, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Environmental Assessment of Coal Liquefaction: Annual Report</a>". The report's prediction, which "warns that continued use of fossil fuels as a primary energy source for more than 20 to 30 more years could result in increased atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. The&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">greenhouse effect</a>&nbsp;and associate global temperature increase and resulting climate changes could, according to NAS be both 'significant and damaging.'"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;led to Pomerance contacting a number of scientists for answers. He teamed up with scientist&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_J.F.MacDonald" title="Gordon J. F. MacDonald" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gordon MacDonald</a>&nbsp;and began scheduling meetings with government officials to discuss the issue of climate change. Their meeting with top White House scientist,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Frank Press</a>, prompted a National Academy of Sciences study, "Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment", informally known as the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Gregory_Charney#Charney_Report" title="Jule Gregory Charney" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charney report</a>, the first formally recognized report on the impacts of CO2 on the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1981, Pomerance met with atmospheric physicist&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">James Hansen</a>. He chose Hansen to speak as a witness at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Senate</a>&nbsp;hearings, where then-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">House Representative</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Al Gore</a>&nbsp;also spoke. However, these and other scientists' warnings that action needed to be taken were ignored by the Reagan-led government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a></sup>&nbsp;Dismayed by the lack of attention and seriousness that Americans had for the warming planet, Pomerance resigned from Friends of the Earth in 1984.</font></span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Pomerance joined the World Resources Institute in 1986 and continued to attempt to fight for climate change policy. He convinced a senator to hold the June 10 and 11, 1986 hearings on “Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", with Hansen again speaking. </b>Though previously unsuccessful, Hansen's 1988 testimonies on the effects of climate change are now regarded as a turning point in the public's awareness of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup>&nbsp;Press coverage of the event was much more extensive, resulting in higher public awareness of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup>&nbsp;These hearings resulted in, a year later, Reagan announcing his support for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Montreal Protocol</a>, an international agreement aimed at stopping the ozone layer problem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1989, at the World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere, Pomerance suggested proposing a concrete goal. His suggestion was "a 20 percent reduction in carbon emissions by 2000." This goal became internationally known as a target for emission reductions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rich-2018_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-rich-2018-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Pomerance is now considered an "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[18]</a></sup>&nbsp;His lobbying efforts in the 1980s were the subject of a 2018&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">New York Times</a>&nbsp;article entitled&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html" style="background-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" background-position="background-position" right="right" center="center" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change"</a>. The article brought significant attention to his past work.</font></span></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Pomerance is married and has three children. He has lived in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, D.C.</a>&nbsp;since 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-thedcline.org_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_note-thedcline.org-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/how-vanishing-arctic-ice-may-set-stage-extreme-nor-easters-n858886" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Disappearing Arctic ice and more Nor'easters may not be a coincidence"</a>.&nbsp;<i>NBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Disappearing+Arctic+ice+and+more+Nor%27easters+may+not+be+a+coincidence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fhow-vanishing-arctic-ice-may-set-stage-extreme-nor-easters-n858886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-rich-2018-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-rich-2018_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-rich-2018_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRich2018" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rich, Nathaniel (1 August 2018).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Losing Earth: the decade we almost stopped climate change"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>. New York, USA.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Losing+Earth%3A+the+decade+we+almost+stopped+climate+change&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F08%2F01%2Fmagazine%2Fclimate-change-losing-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-thedcline.org-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-thedcline.org_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-thedcline.org_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change"</a>.&nbsp;<i>TheDCLine.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheDCLine.org&rft.atitle=Longtime+Kalorama+Triangle+resident%2C+a+%27dauntless+warrior%2C%27+continues+his+40-year+fight+against+climate+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedcline.org%2F2019%2F04%2F26%2Flongtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Smith, Allen.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/Pomerance-Josephine-Wertheim" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Josephine Wertheim Pomerance"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish Women's Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josephine+Wertheim+Pomerance&rft.pub=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2FPomerance-Josephine-Wertheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Cornell Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Alum+who+sounded+climate+change+alarm+featured+at+Reunion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2F2019%2F06%2Falum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRich1984" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rich, Spencer (8 July 1984).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/07/08/directors-oust-founder-from-friends-of-the-earths-board/e4ee3b84-5646-446f-ac45-12ab75f54c46/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Directors Oust Founder From Friends Of the Earth's Board"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Washington Post</i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Directors+Oust+Founder+From+Friends+Of+the+Earth%27s+Board&rft.date=1984-07-08&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F07%2F08%2Fdirectors-oust-founder-from-friends-of-the-earths-board%2Fe4ee3b84-5646-446f-ac45-12ab75f54c46%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Rafe Pomerance"</a>.&nbsp;<i>1997-2001.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1997-2001.state.gov&rft.atitle=Rafe+Pomerance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fglobal%2Foes%2Fpomerance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Polar Research Board Members"</a>.&nbsp;<i>dels.nas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dels.nas.edu&rft.atitle=Polar+Research+Board+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdels.nas.edu%2Fglobal%2Fprb%2FBoard-Members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whrc.org/staff/rafe-pomerance/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Rafe Pomerance – Woods Hole Research Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rafe+Pomerance+%E2%80%93+Woods+Hole+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhrc.org%2Fstaff%2Frafe-pomerance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Polar Research Board Members"</a>.&nbsp;<i>dels.nas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dels.nas.edu&rft.atitle=Polar+Research+Board+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdels.nas.edu%2Fglobal%2Fprb%2FBoard-Members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuddenZieger1978" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Budden, K; Zieger, W (1978).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION"</a>.&nbsp;<i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>. EPA/600/7-78/019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=ENVIRONMENTAL+ASSESSMENT+OF+COAL+LIQUEFACTION&rft.volume=EPA%2F600%2F7-78%2F019&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Budden&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Zieger%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcfpub.epa.gov%2Fsi%2Fsi_public_record_report.cfm%3FLab%3DORD%26dirEntryId%3D46636%26keyword%3Dliquefaction%26actType%3D%26TIMSType%3D%2B%26TIMSSubTypeID%3D%26DEID%3D%26epaNumber%3D%26ntisID%3D%26archiveStatus%3DBoth%26ombCat%3DAny%26dateBeginCreated%3D%26dateEndCreated%3D%26dateBeginPublishedPresented%3D%26dateEndPublishedPresented%3D%26dateBeginUpdated%3D%26dateEndUpdated%3D%26dateBeginCompleted%3D%26dateEndCompleted%3D%26personID%3D%26role%3DAny%26journalID%3D%26publisherID%3D%26sortBy%3DrevisionDate%26count%3D50%26CFID%3D63976490%26CFTOKEN%3D25706323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change"</a>.&nbsp;<i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=The+Charney+Report%3A+40+years+ago%2C+scientists+accurately+predicted+climate+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMooney2016" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mooney, Chris (June 11, 2016).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/06/11/30-years-ago-scientists-warned-congress-on-global-warming-what-they-said-sounds-eerily-familiar/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"30 years ago scientists warned Congress on global warming. 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(1991). "Global CO2 Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs".&nbsp;<i>The Energy Journal</i>.&nbsp;<b>12</b>&nbsp;(1): 87–107.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6574" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">0195-6574</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41322404" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">41322404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Energy+Journal&rft.atitle=Global+CO2+Emission+Reductions+-+the+Impacts+of+Rising+Energy+Costs&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-107&rft.date=1991&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41322404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0195-6574&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft.au=Richels%2C+Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars"</a>.&nbsp;<i>climate.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climate.org&rft.atitle=Unsung+Heroes+of+the+Climate+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.org%2Farchive%2Fresources%2Fclimate-archives%2Fconferences%2Fwashington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARafe+Pomerance" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>:&nbsp;</font><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Living people</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_activists" title="Category:Climate activists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate activists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Department_of_State_officials" title="Category:United States Department of State officials" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Department of State officials</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cornell_University_alumni" title="Category:Cornell University alumni" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University alumni</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1946_births" title="Category:1946 births" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1946 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_environmentalists" title="Category:American environmentalists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American environmentalists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wertheim_family" title="Category:Wertheim family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wertheim family</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Morgenthau_family" title="Category:Morgenthau family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morgenthau family</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/talking-climate-change-environmental-activist-rafe-pomerance">https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/talking-climate-change-environmental-activist-rafe-pomerance</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ROBERTS GRIST</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Pomerance has championed environmental causes for more than four decades, long enough to see “climate change” shift from academic jargon to household phrase. “We’ve gone from no awareness to total awareness globally,” says Pomerance, chairman of the nonprofit Arctic 21, whose aim is to communicate about climate-related losses in the Arctic.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At an event at Penn’s Kleinman Center for Energy Policy, Pomerance spoke with Vox reporter Dave Roberts, also a Kleinman senior fellow, about energy policy historically and today. Before the conversation, Penn Today asked Pomerance about how we got where we are now, environmentally speaking, and what we can do at both an individual and global scale.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>How did you start in the environmental world?&nbsp;</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">From 1972 to 1977, I was coordinating a coalition of environmental groups focused on amendments to the Clean Air Act. Then, after Jimmy Carter was elected president, I was reading a report from the EPA, which had a brief reference to the fact that coal could tear up the planet. I was astounded and shocked.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">I called up Gordon MacDonald</span>, who was not only a top physicist, but also understood the policy and political world, too. He agreed to see me, and at the end of our meeting I said, ‘<b>If I set up the briefings, will you do them?’ That started a multiyear process of briefing policymakers in the Carter Administration, people on the Hill, the media, and in that decade, the issue [of climate change] came out of hiding. It became the public policy issue I thought it ought to be. We stayed at it until we created events that made it go big time.&nbsp;</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Were there any turning points that stand out?&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Two events were critical. One was June 10-11, 1986, a hearing chaired by a Republican [senator] from Rhode Island, John Chaffee. The first panel brought together the ozone layer issue, the ozone hole, and the climate change forecast for U.S. cities</b>.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The witness on the ozone hole was Bob Watson of NASA, who showed a movie of the ozone hole. Another witness was Jim Hansen, probably the most famous climate scientist, who testified to what U.S. cities would look like, how much warming there would be over this century. The following day was important government witnesses. That panel triggered two days of front-page news.</span>&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Then in July of 1986, Tim Wirth, a [Democratic] senator from Colorado, chaired a hearing where Jim Hansen was again a key witness.</b> That was a hot summer, forest fires, drought, heat in the west. In Hansen’s testimony, he said—and this was the blockbuster—that global temperatures were now outside of natural variability. That hearing went global, too. In the wake, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] was established, with the first meeting held after the 1988 presidential election.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That was already 30 years ago. Have we made any progress?&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In some ways, yes. Back then, nobody knew anything about global warming; nobody understood the problem or knew any details. Now the entire world knows about the issue and awareness is increasing. There’s also been a lot of progress on substitute technologies: Coal, wind, and solar are much cheaper than they were. Third, we now have an IPCC scientific assessment process. We have a global forum every year called the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. There’s a negotiating framework. And in the United States, there’s a lot of activity at the state level.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the global level, what do you see as the most important action for the world to take?&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We need to reform the global economic system to price carbon. Every molecule of CO2 has a global impact. It lives long in the atmosphere and the whole time is trapping radiation and reflecting it back to the Earth. All carbon dioxide is equal, so to speak. What we have here is a problem that triggers a rethink of the world’s global system, economic and energy systems.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In an ideal world, every government would raise taxes together, but that’s a big ask. Basically the world has ended up negotiating, in the Paris Agreement, national targets—voluntary targets—but that’s a very slow process and now everybody is aware of A) how far we are committed to warming, B) how serious it is, and C) how hard it will be to get the concentrations down to safe levels, so there is a lot of urgency.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It sounds pretty overwhelming.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We human beings, homo sapiens, are in charge of the planet, the so-called Anthropocene. It’s now obvious that 7 billion of us are using so much energy and producing so much CO2 that we’re raising the concentration at an unprecedented level in geologic history. We can now see the rapidity of change.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>So, it is overwhelming. You should feel overwhelmed. That’s just the way it is. It’s an overwhelming problem. It’s the largest conscious, organized governmental effort to shift the world economy fast enough to avoid the worst of this. We’re in a new world, one in which we didn’t know we were entering when we launched it</b>.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Let’s end on a positive note. What can people do at the individual level?&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Every individual can innovate ways to cut their own energy use and their own contribution to the buildup of methane, which is a greenhouse gas. On the individual level, it’s a cultural revolution that changes the way we, all of us, think about this, and it’s very difficult because we’re used to the lifestyle.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here you go, here’s a paper cup. [Holds up a cup.] There’s a certain amount of energy that goes into making it. The fact is, we should use it until it falls apart. That’s at the most micro level, but it’s also the cars you buy, the size of homes you live in. There’s a very large consciousness that has to change around what consumption means, and the question is, can we get there in time? [To that end], the single most important policy decision in the climate world will be made by the American people in 2020 presidential election.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Maurice Wertheim</b>&nbsp;(February 16, 1886 – May 27, 1950) was an American&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banker" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment banker" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">investment banker</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">chess</a>&nbsp;player, chess patron, art collector,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">environmentalist</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">philanthropist</a>. Wertheim founded&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim%26_Co." title="Wertheim & Co." style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Wertheim & Co.</a>&nbsp;in 1927.</p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; color: rgb(32, 33, 34);"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="margin: 0px; direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" /></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biography</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Born to a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Jewish</a>&nbsp;family,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;the son of Jacob Wertheim of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, and his wife, Hannah Frank of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>, Wertheim was educated at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_School" title="Dwight School" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Sachs School</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">New York</a>. He then graduated from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Harvard University</a>&nbsp;in 1906 with a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">B.A.</a>&nbsp;and received his&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">M.A.</a>&nbsp;in 1907. In his freshman year, he lived in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harvard_dormitories#Matthews_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Harvard dormitories" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Matthews Hall</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Harvard Yard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He began work at his father's firm, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Cigar_Manufacturers_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United Cigar Manufacturers Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">United Cigar Manufacturers Company</a>. He would later inherit nearly half a million dollars from his father, due to his success with the company. In 1915, he entered into a career as an&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banker" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment banker" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">investment banker</a>&nbsp;in New York, and four years later would become a firm partner of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallgarten%26_Company" title="Hallgarten & Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Hallgarten & Company</a>. He founded his own firm&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim%26_Co." title="Wertheim & Co." style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Wertheim & Company</a>&nbsp;in 1927, developing a very successful business in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">mergers and acquisitions</a>, and becoming wealthy in the process. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">During&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">World War II</a>, he served as a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-dollar_salary" title="One-dollar salary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">dollar-a-year man</a>&nbsp;on the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">War Production Board</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D.Roosevelt,third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">administration</a>&nbsp;of President&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wertheim served on various boards and as a trustee for various organizations. He was trustee of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UJA-Federation_of_New_York" title="UJA-Federation of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital,New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai Hospital, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Mount Sinai Hospital</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">The Nation</a>. He also served as president of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">American Jewish Committee</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wertheim was an amateur chess player and patron of the game. He served as the president of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Chess_Club" title="Manhattan Chess Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Manhattan Chess Club</a>, which he assisted financially and took an avid interest in playing&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">correspondence chess</a>. He financed the 1941&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Chess_Championship" title="U.S. Chess Championship" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">U.S. Chess Championship</a>&nbsp;match between&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Samuel Reshevsky</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.A.Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Horowitz" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">I.A. Horowitz</a>, which was won by Reshevsky.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wertheim financed the American participation in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_vs.USSR_radio_chess_match_1945" title="USA vs. USSR radio chess match 1945" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">USA vs. USSR radio chess match 1945</a>, across ten boards, personally covering travel, site, and broadcast costs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wertheim conceived of the idea for the 1946 chess match between the United States and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Soviet Union</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Moscow</a>, and persuaded the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">U.S. State Department</a>&nbsp;that it would make a difference in thawing the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Cold War</a>. He paid for all the costs, and personally led the team at the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Wertheim amassed a notable collection of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Impressionist</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Post-Impressionist</a>&nbsp;works that contained many famous masterpieces, including paintings and sculptures by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Paul Cézanne</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Edgar Degas</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Édouard Manet</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Henri Matisse</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Pablo Picasso</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Vincent van Gogh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;In his will, he arranged for the donation of his collection of French Impressionist paintings to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogg_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Art Museum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Fogg Art Museum</a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Harvard University</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He was also actively interested in art, fishing, nature conservancy, and theater. He was an active supporter of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">New York Theatre Guild</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, where he later served as director overseeing the Guild's operations. He acquired 1,800 acres (7.3&nbsp;km</span><sup style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; font-size: 11.2px;">2</sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) of land along the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmans_River" title="Carmans River" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Carmans River</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;on eastern&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Long Island</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;for personal use to conserve&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">waterfowl</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and for&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">hunting</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In 1947, Wertheim and his then wife, Cecile, donated the entire stretch of land to the United States government for "the American people"; the land would eventually become known as the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After his death from a heart attack in 1950, a memorial Maurice Wertheim chess tournament was organized in 1951 in New York in his memory; it was won by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Samuel Reshevsky</a>. In 1963, Wertheim's daughter, Barbara, established the Wertheim Study Room in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">New York Public Library</a>&nbsp;in honor of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1909, he married Alma Morgenthau,<sup id="cite_ref-BrookHaven_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-BrookHaven-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;daughter of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr." title="Henry Morgenthau Sr." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Henry Morgenthau Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wiener_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-Wiener-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a></sup>&nbsp;They had three daughters, Josephine Wertheim Pomerance (b. 1910), mother of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance" title="Rafe Pomerance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Rafe Pomerance</a>; historian&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_W.Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Barbara W. Tuchman</a>&nbsp;(1912–1989), </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">mother of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mathews" title="Jessica Mathews" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Jessica Mathews</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">; and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_W.Simon" title="Anne W. Simon" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Anne Rebe Wertheim Langman Simon Werner</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;(1914–1996), previously married to&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E.Simon" title="Robert E. Simon" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Robert E. Simon</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-BrookHaven_9-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-BrookHaven-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[13]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Alma herself had her own philanthropic interests, and, in 1923, was one of the founding members of the League of Composers, also subsidizing its journal,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Music(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Music (magazine)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Modern Music</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, with 1500 annually.</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[14]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">She also collected work by&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Georgia O’Keeffe</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[15]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and, together, the couple supported the Intimate Gallery.</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[16]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;They divorced in 1929. Following their divorce, Alma founded and supported&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cos_Cob_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cos Cob Press (page does not exist)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0);">Cos Cob Press</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;(eventually bought by&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosey%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Boosey and Hawkes</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) in 1929 to publish works of contemporary American composers.</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-:0-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[17]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;She married&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lester_Wiener" title="Paul Lester Wiener" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Paul Lester Wiener</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in 1934 (they divorced in the 1940s)</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-:0-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiener_10-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-Wiener-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[10]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and she died in 1953. He began his second marriage in March 1930 to Ruth White; they did not have children and divorced in 1935 (she remarried&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Smallens" title="Alexander Smallens" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Alexander Smallens</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in 1935).</span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[18]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;He was married for a third time in 1944 to Cecile Berlage, who was his spouse until his death; they did not have children.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">His granddaughter, Betsy Ann Langman, was married to film producer&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Schulberg" title="Budd Schulberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Budd Schulberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[19]</a></sup>&nbsp;His granddaughter, Lynn Langman married attorney and philanthropist,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_H.Lilienthal" title="Philip H. Lilienthal" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Philip H. Lilienthal</a>, in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[20]</a></sup></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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