Anderson, John

=<div>jacked around by stone/roy cohn?</div><div>
</div><div>used to split vote; salerno</div><div>hmmn</div><div>https://www.nsfwcorp.com/dispatch/gary-johnson-swindle/</div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson</div><div>
</div><div>John Bayard Anderson (born February 15, 1922) is a former United States Congressman and Presidential candidate from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Illinois</a>. He was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Representative" title="U.S. Representative" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. Representative</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 16th congressional district" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">16th Congressional District of Illinois</a> for ten terms, from 1961 through 1981. Anderson was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republican</a> but ran as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent(politician)#United_States" title="Independent (politician)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">independent candidate</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1980 presidential election</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> He has been a political reform leader, including serving 12 years as chair of the board of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">FairVote</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3000001907349px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3000001907349px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_early_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Early life, education, and early career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Political_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Political career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#1980_Presidential_campaign" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 1980 Presidential campaign</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Rise" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.1 Rise</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Run_as_independent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.2 Run as independent</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Fall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.3 Fall</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Later_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 Later career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 Bibliography</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life, education, and early career<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and early career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Anderson was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rockford, Illinois</a>, where he grew up, the son of Mabel Edna (née Ring) and E. Albin Anderson, a Swedish immigrant.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a> In his youth, he worked in his family's grocery store.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Ad-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> He graduated as the valedictorian of his class at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Central_High_School" title="Rockford Central High School" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rockford Central High School</a>. He graduated from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Illinois</a> in 1939, and started law school, but his education was interrupted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">World War II</a>. He enlisted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Army</a> in 1943, and served as a staff sergeant in the U.S. Field Artillery until the end of the war, receiving four <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star" title="Battle star" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">battle stars</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Ad-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> After the war, Anderson returned to complete his education, eventually earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Juris Doctor</a> (J.D.) from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Law" title="University of Illinois College of Law" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Illinois College of Law</a> in 1946. He was admitted to the Illinois <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar(law)" title="Bar (law)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">bar</a> the same year, and practiced law in Rockford.Soon after, Anderson moved east to attend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Harvard Law School</a>, obtaining a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Master of Laws</a> (LL.M.) in 1949. While at Harvard, he served on the faculty of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University_School_of_Law" title="Northeastern University School of Law" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Northeastern University School of Law</a> in Boston. In another brief return to Rockford, Anderson practiced at the law firm Large, Reno & Zahm (now Reno & Zahm LLP). Thereafter, Anderson joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Foreign Service</a>. From 1952 to 1955, he served in Berlin as the Economic Reporting Officer in the Eastern Affairs Division, as an adviser on the staff of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_High_Commission" title="Allied High Commission" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States High Commissioner for Germany</a>. At the end of his tour, he left the foreign service and once again returned to the practice of law in Rockford.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Political career<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Political career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Soon after his return, Anderson was approached about running for public office. In 1956, Anderson was elected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%27s_attorney" title="State's attorney" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">State's Attorney</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_County,Illinois" title="Winnebago County, Illinois" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Winnebago County, Illinois</a>, first winning a four-person race in the April primary by 1300 votes and then the general election in November by 11,000 votes. After serving for one term, he was ready to leave that office when the local US Congressman unexpectedly stepped down in 1959. Anderson joined the race with four other contenders. He won first the primary (by 5900 votes) in April and then the general election (by 45,000 votes) in November.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a> He served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States House of Representatives</a> in the solidly Republican 16th District of Illinois for ten terms, from 1961 to 1981.Initially, Anderson was among the most conservative members of the Republican caucus. Three times (in 1961, 1963, and 1965) in his early terms as a Congressman, Anderson introduced a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">constitutional amendment</a> to attempt to "recognize the law and authority of Jesus Christ" over the United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a> The bills died quietly, but came back to haunt Anderson in his presidential candidacy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a>As he continued to serve, the atmosphere of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1960s</a> weighed on Anderson and he began to re-think some of his beliefs. In the second half of his first decade in Washington, Anderson's positions on social issues shifted to the left, though his fiscal philosophy remained largely conservative. At the same time, he was held in high esteem by his colleagues in the House. In 1964, he won appointment to a seat on the powerful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rules Committee</a>. In 1969, he became <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Conference_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chairman</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">House Republican Conference</a>, the number three position in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Leaders of the United States House of Representatives" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">House Republican hierarchy</a> in what was (at that time) the minority party.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a>Anderson increasingly found himself at odds with conservatives in his home district and other members of the House. He broke with the administration on Vietnam, was not always a faithful supporter of the Republican agenda, and was a very controversial critic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Richard Nixon</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate" title="Watergate" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Watergate</a>. In 1974, he was re-elected in Rockford with the lowest percentage of his career. His spot as the chairman of the House Republican Committee was challenged three times after his election. And, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gerald Ford</a> was defeated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1976" title="United States presidential election, 1976" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1976 Presidential campaign</a>, Anderson lost a key ally in Washington.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[12]</a>In late 1977, a fundamentalist television minister from Rockford, Don Lyon, announced that he would challenge Anderson in the Republican primary for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 16th congressional district" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">16th congressional district</a>. It was a contentious campaign, where Lyon with his experience before the camera proved to be a formidable candidate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[13]</a> He raised a great deal of money, won backing from many conservatives in the community and party, and put quite a scare into the Anderson team. Though Anderson was a leader in the House and the campaign commanded national attention, Anderson won the primary by 16% of the vote. Anderson was aided in this campaign by strong newspaper endorsements and crossover support from independents and Democrats.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[14]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">1980 Presidential campaign<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: 1980 Presidential campaign" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation" style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 135.796875px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 996px;">This article's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TONE" title="Wikipedia:TONE" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (May 2014)</td></tr></tbody></table>Feeling that his time in the House was coming to an end (because of elements of boredom, restlessness, and his unwillingness to face the indignity of other challenges to his leadership position and House seat),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a>Anderson began considering other options soon after the 1976 presidential campaign. While many urged him to run for the Senate seat held by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Adlai Stevenson III</a> (even after Stevenson dropped out of the race), Anderson had higher sights: the Republican presidential nomination. In 1978, he ran a true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_committee" title="Exploratory committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">exploratory</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[16]</a> finding little public or media interest. Anderson postponed his decision to run, lost his campaign manager, and struggled to raise money, but in late April 1979 he made the decision to enter the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" title="United States Republican Party" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republican</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">primary</a> anyway, joining a crowded field that included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dole" title="Robert Dole" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Robert Dole</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John Connally</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Howard Baker</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>.He did not fare much better as an announced candidate in the summer and fall, but the last six weeks of 1979 saw a modest reversal of his fortunes. He introduced (as congressional legislation) his signature campaign proposal, advocating that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States#Federal_taxes" title="Fuel taxes in the United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">50-cent a gallon gas tax</a> be enacted with a corresponding 50% reduction in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security(United_States)#Taxation" title="Social Security (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">social security taxes</a>. This idea, while not broadly supported, was hailed as interesting and innovative.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a> Experts agreed that it would reduce consumption dramatically and cost average families nothing if they drove less than about 18,000 miles a year, depending upon the fuel efficiency of their vehicles.He also improved in other areas: his modest fund-raising improved to the point where he qualified for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_funds#U.S.federal_funding" title="Matching funds" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">federal matching funds</a>. He built modest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,1980" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">state campaigns</a> in four targeted states—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" title="New Hampshire primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Hampshire</a>, Massachusetts, Illinois, and Wisconsin. He won some political support among Republicans, picking up a few important endorsements along the way that helped legitimize him in the race. Most importantly, he began to build support among media elites, who appreciated his articulateness, straightforward manner, moderate positions, and his refusal to walk down the conservative path that all of the other Republicans were traveling.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[18]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rise<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Rise" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The turning point for Anderson occurred in the first political event of 1980, a Republican candidates debate in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Des Moines, Iowa</a> on January 5. On stage Anderson successfully showed that he was very different from the others in the GOP race. He was alone in supporting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jimmy Carter</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_grain_embargo" title="1980 grain embargo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">grain embargo</a> against the Soviet Union as a reaction to its recent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afganistan" title="Soviet invasion of Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">invasion of Afghanistan</a>, an unpopular position in an agricultural state. Anderson also took issue with the other candidates who criticized his 50/50 plan, whose only new strategies for dealing with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" title="1979 energy crisis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">energy crisis</a> were deregulating the industry and mining more coal.When questioned about which episode in their career they most regretted, none of the other candidates would answer the question, except Anderson, who cited his vote for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gulf of Tonkin resolution</a>. Unlike the others, he said lowering taxes, increasing defense spending, and balancing the budget were an impossible combination. In a stirring summation,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Mason_2011.2C_120-127-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[19]</a> Anderson invoked his father's emigration to the United States and said that we would have to make sacrifices today for a better tomorrow. For the next week, Anderson's name and face were all over the national news programs, in newspapers, and in national news magazines.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Mason_2011.2C_120-127-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[19]</a>Anderson was not competing in the Iowa caucuses and spent less than $2000 in the state, but he finished with a surprising 4.3% of the vote, good for sixth place. In New Hampshire, he campaigned very hard and made one memorable appearance before a gun owners group. After all of the other candidates took the stage and invoked their personal histories as patriots, hunters, and members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">NRA</a>, Anderson stood before them and made a modest statement about licensing gun owners. He said that it was an important thing to do to get cheap guns out of the hands of criminals, mental incompetents, and convicted felons. He left the stage to a chorus of lusty boos, catcalls and threats. The television networks were covering the event, portraying Anderson to a national audience as a man of character and principle.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Mason_2011.2C_133-156-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[20]</a> When the voters in New Hampshire went to the polls, Anderson again exceeded the expectations, finishing fourth with just under 10% of the vote.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Mason_2011.2C_133-156-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[20]</a>Anderson was hitting his stride, just after he left New Hampshire for the next round of primaries. Campaigning in a liberal state like Massachusetts and riding the wave of national media coverage and greater campaign funds coming into his effort, he rose in the polls dramatically. When voters went to the voting booths, Anderson was at his peak. He was declared the winner in both Massachusetts and Vermont by the Associated Press,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[21]</a> but in the wee hours of the morning ended up losing both primaries by an eyelash. In Massachusetts, he lost to George Bush by 0.3% and in Vermont he lost to Reagan by 690 votes. Nonetheless, Anderson was now a top-tier candidate in the Republican race and for the first time a true contender for the nomination.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Mason158-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[22]</a>The next major primary for Anderson was in Illinois, his home state. He arrived there after his New England triumph and had a lead in the state polls. But his Illinois campaign struggled despite endorsements from the state's two largest newspapers. His campaign, no longer taken lightly by his opponents, was outmatched organizationally and he was ganged up upon in a candidate's debate. Reagan defeated him 48% to 37%. Anderson carried Chicago and Rockford (the state's two largest cities at the time), but he was clobbered in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois" title="Southern Illinois" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">southern section of the state</a>. The next week, there was a primary in Connecticut, which (while Anderson was on the ballot) his team had chosen not to campaign actively in. While this strategy of bypassing the event had worked for him in some southern primaries, as a front runner, he no longer could pick and choose his campaigns. He finished third in Connecticut with 22% of the vote, and it seemed to most like any other loss, whether Anderson said he was competing or not. Next was Wisconsin, and this was thought to be Anderson's best chance for victory. But the bloom was off the rose by this time and he again finished third, winning 27% of the vote.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[23]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Run as independent<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Run as independent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Anderson was at a crossroads. He seemed to have three options: to continue as a Republican despite the fact that the calendar was not friendly and he had lost three consecutive primaries in states where he needed to do well; to drop out of the race; or to mount an independent candidacy. The third option had a huge amount of support. The presumptive major party nominees, Carter and Reagan, then engendered little enthusiasm. Pollsters were finding that Anderson was much more popular across the country with all voters than he was in the Republican primary states. Without any campaigning, he was running at 22% nationally in a three-way race. With the support of one of the premier media strategists of the day, David Garth, Anderson decided to join the race.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[24]</a>Anderson faced a huge number of obstacles as a non-major party candidate: having to qualify for 51 ballots (which the major parties appeared on automatically), having to raise money to run a campaign (the major parties received close to $30 million in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_election_campaign_fund_checkoff" title="Presidential election campaign fund checkoff" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">government money for their campaigns</a>), having to win national coverage, having to build a campaign overnight, and having to find a suitable running mate among them. Initially, Anderson did very well as an independent. He built a new campaign team, qualified for every ballot, raised a great deal of money, and rose in the polls to as high as 26% in a Gallup poll.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[25]</a>But the summer was cruel to Anderson. He had an overseas campaign tour to show his foreign policy credentials and it took a drubbing on national television. The major parties, particularly the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republicans</a>, basked in the spotlight of their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">national conventions</a> where Anderson was left out of the coverage. Anderson made an appearance with Ted Kennedy and it too was a huge error. By the third week of August he was in the 13–15% range in the polls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[26]</a>Anderson again recovered and went on a modest spree of successes. A critical issue for him was appearing in the fall <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" title="United States presidential election debates" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">presidential debates</a> and he won an important victory when the League of Women Voters created a qualification threshold of 15% for him to appear. Late in August, Anderson released a 317-page comprehensive platform that was very well received. In late August, he named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Patrick Lucey</a>, the former two-term Democratic Governor of Wisconsin and Ambassador to Mexico as his running mate. In early September, a court challenge to Federal Election Campaign Act was successful and Anderson qualified for post-election public funding. Also, Anderson submitted his petitions for his fifty-first ballot. Then, the League ruled that the polls showed that he had met the qualification threshold and said he would appear in the debates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[27]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fall<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Fall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>This set off a controversy. Carter said that he would not appear on stage with Anderson, and sat out the debate, which hurt the President in the eyes of voters. Reagan and Anderson had a debate in Baltimore on September 21, 1980. Anderson did well, and polls showed he won a modest debate victory over Reagan. But Reagan, who had been portrayed by Carter throughout the campaign as something of a warmonger, proved to be a reasonable candidate and carried himself well in the debate. The debate was Anderson's big opportunity. He needed a break-out performance, but what he got was a modest victory. In the following weeks, Anderson slowly faded out of the picture with his support dropping from 16% to 10–12% in the first half of October. By the end of the month, Reagan debated Carter alone and Anderson's support continued to fade. Although Reagan would win a sizable victory, the polls showed the two major party candidates closer (Gallup's final poll was 47–44–8<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[28]</a>) going into the election and it was clear that many would-be Anderson supporters were now supporting their second choice. In the end, Anderson finished with just under 7% of the vote.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[29]</a>Most of Anderson's original support came from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rockefeller Republicans</a>, who were more liberal than Reagan, but it bled away. Many prominent intellectuals, including the author and activist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gore Vidal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">All in the Family</a> creator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Norman Lear</a>, and the editors of the liberal magazine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The New Republic</a>, also endorsed the Anderson campaign. He also had the support of many independents. Cartoonist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Garry Trudeau</a>'s<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Doonesbury</a> ran several strips sympathetic to the Anderson campaign.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Doonesbury.40_30-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[30]</a> According to the recently published journals of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M.Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr." class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>, former First Lady <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a> voted for Anderson, as did Schlesinger himself. Although the Carter campaign feared Anderson could be a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">spoiler</a>, Anderson's campaign turned out to be "simply another option for frustrated voters who had already decided not to back Carter for another term. Polls found Anderson voters nearly as likely to list Reagan as their second choice as Carter."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[31]</a>Anderson did not carry a single precinct in the country.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[32]</a> Anderson's finish was still the best showing for a third party candidate since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George Wallace</a>'s 14% in 1968 and the sixth best for any such candidate in the 20th century (trailing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s 27% in 1912, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M.LaFollette" title="Robert M. LaFollette" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Robert LaFollette</a>'s 17% in 1924, Wallace, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ross Perot</a>'s 19% and 8% in 1992 and 1996, respectively).[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]He pursued Ohio's refusal to provide ballot access to the U.S. Supreme Court and won 5–4 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_v.Celebrezze" title="Anderson v. Celebrezze" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Anderson v. Celebrezze</a>. His inability to make headway against the de facto two-party system as an independent in that election would later lead him to become an advocate for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">instant-runoff voting</a>, helping to found <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">FairVote</a> in 1992.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Later career<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Later career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>By the end of the campaign, Anderson's support came mostly from college students. He capitalized on that by becoming a visiting professor at a series of universities: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Stanford University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Duke University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Law" title="University of Illinois College of Law" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Illinois College of Law</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brandeis University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Bryn Mawr College</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oregon State University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University" title="Nova Southeastern University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nova Southeastern University</a> (his most recent post). He was Chair of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">FairVote</a>from 1996 to 2008 and continues to serve on its board, served as President of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Association" title="World Federalist Association" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">World Federalist Association</a> and on the advisory board of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Campaign" title="Public Campaign" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Public Campaign</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a>, and is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">of counsel</a> to the Washington, DC-based law firm of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg%26_Lieberman" title="Greenberg & Lieberman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Greenberg & Lieberman</a>, LLC<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[33]</a> He was the first executive director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_National_Interest" title="Council for the National Interest" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council for the National Interest</a>, founded in 1989 by former Congressmen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Paul Findley</a> (R-IL) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pete McCloskey</a> (R-CA) to promote American interests in the middle east.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[34]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[35]</a>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2000 U.S. presidential election</a>, he was briefly considered as possible candidate for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Reform Party</a> nomination but instead endorsed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ralph Nader</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[36]</a> In January 2008, Anderson indicated strong support for the candidacy of fellow Illinoisan, Democratic contender <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[37]</a>In 2012, he played a role in the creation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Party(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Justice Party</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">progressive</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">social-democratic</a> party organized to support the candidacy of former Salt Lake City mayor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rocky Anderson</a> (no relation) for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2012 U.S. presidential election</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-Rocky_Anderson_returns_this_time_shooting_for_nation.27s_top_office-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[38]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Anderson#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[39]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_v.Celebrezze" title="Anderson v. Celebrezze" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Anderson v. Celebrezze</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party(United_States)" title="Third party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Third party (United States)</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bibliography<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B.Anderson&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Amy, Douglas J. (2002). Real Choices / New Voices (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231125496" title="Special:BookSources/0231125496" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">0231125496</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson&rft.au=Amy%2C+Douglas+J.&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.btitle=Real+Choices+%2F+New+Voices&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0231125496&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bisnow, Mark (1983). Diary of a Dark Horse: The 1980 Anderson Presidential Campaign. Carbondale: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Southern Illinois University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809311143" title="Special:BookSources/0809311143" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">0809311143</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson&rft.au=Bisnow%2C+Mark&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Bisnow&rft.btitle=Diary+of+a+Dark+Horse%3A+The+1980+Anderson+Presidential+Campaign&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0809311143&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mason, Jim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noholdingbackbook.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2210%22%20height%3D%2210%22%3E%3Cg%20transform%3D%22translate%28-826.429%20-698.791%29%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%225.982%22%20height%3D%225.982%22%20x%3D%22826.929%22%20y%3D%22702.309%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%2F%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M831.194%20698.791h5.234v5.391l-1.571%201.545-1.31-1.31-2.725%202.725-2.689-2.689%202.808-2.808-1.311-1.311z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M835.424%20699.795l.022%204.885-1.817-1.817-2.881%202.881-1.228-1.228%202.881-2.881-1.851-1.851z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E) 100% 50%;">No Holding Back: The 1980 John B. Anderson Presidential Campaign</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham,_MD" title="Lanham, MD" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lanham, MD</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University Press of America</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761852263" title="Special:BookSources/0761852263" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">0761852263</a>.</li></ul></div><div>==</div>