Hearst, WmR
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</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-image="background-image" none="none" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold" outline="outline">William Randolph Hearst</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> opened a nationwide popular readership for direct election of U.S. Senators in a 1906 series of articles using flamboyant language attacking "The Treason of the Senate" in his </span><i style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Cosmopolitan Magazine</i><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">. David Graham Philips, one of the "yellow journalists" whom President </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-image="background-image" none="none" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold" outline="outline">Teddy Roosevelt</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> called "muckrakers", described </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Aldrich" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-image="background-image" none="none" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold" outline="outline">Nelson Aldrich</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> of Rhode Island as the principal "traitor" among the "scurvy lot" in control of the Senate by theft, perjury, and bribes corrupting the state legislatures to gain election to the Senate.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Seventeenth Amendment</b> (<b>Amendment XVII</b>) to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">United States Constitution</a> established the popular election of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">United States Senators</a> by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:Senate" title="Article One of the United States Constitution" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Article I, §3</a>, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">state legislatures</a>. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election" title="By-election" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">special election</a> can be held.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The amendment was proposed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_United_States_Congress" title="62nd United States Congress" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">62nd Congress</a> in 1912 and became part of the Constitution in 1913 on ratification by three-fourths (36) of the state legislatures. Sitting Senators were not affected by the Amendment's provisions until their existing terms expired, so the Amendment took six years to fully implement. The transition began with two special elections in 1913 and 1914 - the first in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Maryland,1913" title="United States Senate special election in Maryland, 1913" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Maryland</a> and the second in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama,1914" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in Alabama, 1914" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Alabama</a>. The transition then began in earnest with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,1914" title="United States Senate elections, 1914" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">November 1914 election</a>, and was complete on 4 March 1919 when the Senators chosen at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,1918" title="United States Senate elections, 1918" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">November 1918 election</a> took office.</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Text" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Text</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Background</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_composition" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Original composition</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Issues" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Issues</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Calls_for_reform" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Calls for reform</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Proposal_and_ratification" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Proposal and ratification</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Proposal_in_Congress" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Proposal in Congress</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Ratification_by_the_states" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Ratification by the states</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Effect" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Effect</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Filling_vacancies" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Filling vacancies</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#First_direct_elections_to_the_Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">First direct elections to the Senate</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Interpretation_and_advocacy_for_reform_or_repeal" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Bibliography" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Text"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Text</font></span></h2></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman">Calls for a constitutional amendment regarding Senate elections started in the early 19th century, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_R.Storrs" title="Henry R. Storrs" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Henry R. Storrs</a> in 1826 proposing an amendment to provide for popular election.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup> Similar amendments were introduced in 1829 and 1855, with the "most prominent" proponent being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Andrew Johnson</a>, who raised the issue in 1868 and considered the idea's merits "so palpable" that no additional explanation was necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee536_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-Bybee536-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup> In the 1860s, there was a major Congressional dispute over the issue, with the House and Senate voting to veto the appointment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P.Stockton" title="John P. Stockton" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">John P. Stockton</a> to the Senate due to his approval by a plurality of the New Jersey Legislature rather than a majority. In reaction, the Congress passed a bill in July 1866 that required state legislatures to elect senators by an absolute majority.<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee536_22-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-Bybee536-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">By the 1890s, support for the introduction of direct election for the Senate had substantially increased, and reformers worked on two fronts. On the first front, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Populist Party</a> incorporated the direct election of senators into its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Platform" title="Omaha Platform" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Omaha Platform</a>, adopted in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oregon_ballot_measures#1908" title="List of Oregon ballot measures" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">In 1908</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Oregon</a> passed the first law that based the selection of U.S. senators on a popular vote. Oregon was soon followed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Nebraska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup> Proponents for popular election noted that ten states already had non-binding primaries for Senate candidates,<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee_1997_p. 537_25-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-Bybee_1997_p.537-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup> in which the candidates would be voted on by the public, effectively serving as advisory referenda instructing state legislatures how to vote;<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee_1997_p. 537_25-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-Bybee_1997_p.537-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup> reformers campaigned for more states to introduce a similar method.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">William Randolph Hearst</a> opened a nationwide popular readership for direct election of U.S. Senators in a 1906 series of articles using flamboyant language attacking "The Treason of the Senate" in his <i>Cosmopolitan Magazine</i>. David Graham Philips, one of the "yellow journalists" whom President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Teddy Roosevelt</a> called "muckrakers", described <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Aldrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Nelson Aldrich</a> of Rhode Island as the principal "traitor" among the "scurvy lot" in control of the Senate by theft, perjury, and bribes corrupting the state legislatures to gain election to the Senate. A few state legislatures began to petition the Congress for direct election of senators. By 1893, the House had the two-thirds vote for just such an amendment. However, when the joint resolution reached the Senate, it failed from neglect, as it did again in 1900, 1904 and 1908; each time the House approved the appropriate resolution, and each time it died in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">On the second national legislative front, reformers worked toward a constitutional amendment, which was strongly supported in the House of Representatives but initially opposed by the Senate. Bybee notes that the state legislatures, which would lose power if the reforms went through, were supportive of the campaign. By 1910, 31 state legislatures had passed resolutions calling for a constitutional amendment allowing direct election, and in the same year ten <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Republican</a> senators who were opposed to reform were forced out of their seats, acting as a "wake-up call to the Senate".<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee_1997_p. 537_25-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-Bybee_1997_p.537-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">Reformers included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">William Jennings Bryan</a>, while opponents counted respected figures such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Elihu Root</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" title="George Frisbie Hoar" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">George Frisbie Hoar</a> among their number; Root cared so strongly about the issue that after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, he refused to stand for re‑election to the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee538_11-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-Bybee538-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup> Bryan and the reformers argued for popular election through highlighting perceived flaws with the existing system, specifically corruption and electoral deadlocks, and through arousing populist sentiment. Most important was the populist argument; that there was a need to "Awaken, in the senators...a more acute sense of responsibility to the people", which it was felt they lacked; election through state legislatures was seen as an anachronism that was out of step with the wishes of the American people, and one that had led to the Senate becoming "a sort of aristocratic body – too far removed from the people, beyond their reach, and with no special interest in their welfare".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup> The settlement of the West and continuing absorption of hundreds of thousands of immigrants expanded the sense of "the people."...</p></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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The Great American Railroad War: How<b> Ambrose Bierce and Frank Norris Took On the Notorious Central Pacific Railroad</b>
Dennis Drabelle
Macmillan, Aug 21, 2012 - History - 320 pages
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSMPBuHcCbUC">https://books.google.com/books?id=lSMPBuHcCbUC</a>
=</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">went after SPRR octopus?</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-corrections-45618">https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-corrections-45618</a></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">THE CORRECTIONS</font></font></font></font></div><div>In 1896, William Randolph Hearst unleashed his pit-bull ace reporter, Ambrose Bierce, in the nation’s capital to expose the Railroad robber baron's grip on California’s Legislature. Reforms happened. The state was returned to its people. Trouble is, some of those fixes are bringing California to its knees.</div><div>
</div><div>DENNIS DRABELLE UPDATED:JUN 14, 2017 ORIGINAL:AUG 28, 2012</div><div>
</div><div>THE MORASS THAT IS CALIFORNIA POLITICS today may have originated in mid-January of 1896, when a middle-aged man boarded an eastbound train in Oakland. With his ex-soldier’s ramrod bearing and his red-gold hair turning gray, the traveler was not likely to have gone unrecognized. He was Ambrose Bierce, the West’s most famous newspaperman, who used his San Francisco Examiner column to skewer fools and rogues, as well as to coin the acerbic definitions later collected in his Devil’s Dictionary. (Example: “PEACE, n: In international affairs, a period of cheating between two periods of fighting.”)</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Although the conservative Bierce admired businessmen, he was en route to Washington DC to lead a SWAT team of journalists, cartoonists, and accountants in an effort to prevent California’s most powerful corporation, the <b>Central Pacific Railroad,</b> from doing what American capitalists so love to do: obtain a favor from Congress</span>.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Bierce was overriding his instincts for two reasons. First, his boss, Examiner publisher <b>William Randolph Hearst, a Democrat, </b>had asked him to go after<b> the railroad, which had long been identified with the Republican Party</b>. Hearst not only paid Bierce a handsome salary but also let him write what he pleased. Bierce couldn’t deny that Hearst had earned the right, for once, to draft him for a pet cause.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Then, too, Bierce loathed dishonesty more than he revered capitalism. Backed by generous federal subsidies, the Central Pacific came into being as a segment of America’s f<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">irst transcontinental line, linking up with the Union Pacific at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. In the process, the <b>Central Pacific’s owner-builders—Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker, known as the Big Four</b>—had each siphoned away a private fortune of about $20 million from the federal pot</span>.<b> By ’96, death had reduced the Big Four to a Big One, but the 74-year-old Huntington was overbearing enough for four. </b>In pitting the pugnacious columnist against the notorious robber baron, Hearst was practically doing Bierce a favor.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Huntington couldn’t help but take notice of Bierce’s journey—it had been trumpeted on the Examiner’s front page. But Huntington had deep pockets, a couple dozen lobbyists at his disposal, and the ear of the Republican Party, which controlled both houses of Congress.</span> What’s more, the issues involved were geographically remote and hard to understand: In addition to land, the subsidies had consisted of federal bonds handed over to the railroad to sell as its own certificates.<b> Those bonds—with interest, the tab added up to roughly $75 million—were now coming due, and the Central Pacific sought to postpone repayment to the United States for 75 more years. Huntington reckoned that Congress wouldn’t want to dwell on such distant complexities for long.</b></div><div>
</div><div><b>Out in California, the Progressive movement was making some noise, but Huntington was accustomed to having his way in the Golden State. He saw no reason why it shouldn’t be the same at the national level.</b></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Huntington was about to learn how mighty the pen can be, and the Progressive movement would take heart from the outcome. Yet given the current state of governance in California, it’s fair to say that the railroad tycoon had the last laugh.</span></div><div>
</div><div>BORN IN 1842, Ambrose Bierce grew up in rural Indiana, where he cultivated a deep love of reading. When the Civil War broke out, Bierce joined the Ninth Indiana Volunteers. He was a distinguished cartographer and<b> aide to a general, until he took a bullet in the head during the 1864 Battle of Kennesaw Mountain</b>. He recovered, and his time in action ended shortly thereafter. After the war, he fetched up in San Francisco, where he tried his hand at writing. Bierce’s Civil War tales exude authenticity because he, almost alone among 19th-century American fiction writers, could draw upon firsthand knowledge of combat. In the 1870s, he found a niche as an elegant gossip columnist, a forerunner of Herb Caen and his “three-dot journalism.”</div><div>
</div><div>In 1887, at a point when Bierce’s career was stagnating, Hearst beckoned. Newly installed as the publisher of a newspaper that his millionaire father had given him as a present, the young mogul wanted to make a splash in journalism, and who better than Bierce to send water flying? <b>At the Examiner, Bierce consolidated his position as the West Coast’s chief scourge of blockheads and knaves, the Big Four very much among them</b>.</div><div>
</div><div>Huntington, Stanford, Hopkins, and Crocker were all Easterners lured by the Gold Rush to California, where they quickly realized that the surest way to succeed was not by prospecting but by<b> selling prospectors what they needed. All four settled in Sacramento, where Huntington and Hopkins met and became partners in a hardware store, Stanford sold groceries, and Crocker peddled dry goods. They also had in common their opposition to slavery, allegiance to the Republican Party, and outsized ambition</b>. In the early 1860s, they saw merit in a scheme proposed by an engineer named Theodore Judah. At the time, everyone paid lip service to the idea of connecting the American West and East by train, but Judah had gone so far as to scout the least troublesome route over the Sierra Nevada.</div><div>
</div><div>Judah died of yellow fever in 1863, but his know-how had helped persuade Congress to subsidize the grand project. The Big Four carried on without him. Stanford was the group’s unctuous figurehead, Hopkins the geeky bookkeeper, <b>Crocker the swaggering construction manager, and Huntington—operating out of New York and Washington—the crafty fund-raiser and influence-peddler.</b></div><div>
</div><div>They entered into a race from opposite directions with the Union Pacific (the more miles of track laid by a railroad, the larger its share of the<b> federal subsidies). On the way, both sets of owners had the same underhanded idea: they should establish a construction firm, ostensibly independent, but in fact owned by them</b>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">After steering construction contracts to the new company, they could pay themselves fat dividends on the sly. The Union Pacific came to grief when it was learned that the firm had bribed members of Congress, in what became known as the Crédit Mobilier scandal. Hopkins made sure that the Central Pacific eluded scrutiny—by destroying the company’s ledgers—but his efforts accomplished only so much.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">For a while, the Big Four had a fifth partner, David Colton, who bought his way into the Central Pacific but never paid his full share. After his death in 1878, the surviving partners tried to collect from his widow, who fought back by releasing damning letters to the press. Spelled out for all to read were Huntington’s recommendations that Colton stoop to such methods as bribing state legislatures to enact pro-railroad bills.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">In California, strategic payments gave the railroad such a stranglehold that when a state constitutional convention established a commission to regulate the railroad, the Central Pacific managed to dominate it, too.</span> Nor was the corporate image burnished when three of the Big Four built gaudy mansions on San Francisco’s Nob Hill.[spite fence?] A magazine cartoonist played upon the company’s growing unpopularity by depicting it as an<b> octopus</b> whose tentacles were squeezing the life out of various sectors of the California economy. (Frank Norris was to borrow that motif for his muckraking novel about a thinly disguised version of the Central Pacific, The Octopus, published in 1901.)</div><div>
</div><div><b>Still, the railroad’s power remained intact. In early 1896, Huntington and his lobbyists sought to punt repayment of the company’s federal debt well into the next century, and few sporting men in Washington would have bet against them.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Once he reached Washington, Bierce set up shop in a hotel near the White House. He faced two challenges. He had to master a wealth of factual, financial, and legal material that Huntington and his minions already knew intimately. And he had to make Easterners care about a subject removed from them by three decades and three thousand miles. Hearst stood ready to bankroll a special Washington edition of the Examiner. Printing it was one thing, however; getting people to read it was another. Bierce’s job was to fill that special’s pages with cogent, sparkling copy.</div><div>
</div><div>He had some advantages, though. He lived in an age when verbal combat was a much-practiced art—words didn’t just ring out; they slapped, kicked, gouged, and pulled hair—and there was no better word warrior than Bierce. Nor, as Huntington’s forces soon discovered, was he slow to take advantage of an opening.</div><div>
</div><div><b>In early February, the Huntington-friendly Washington Post reprinted a telegram in which a number of prominent Californians endorsed the railroad’s bid for debt postponement. </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">As it turned out, however, some of the nabobs listed as signers had never even heard of the telegram and in fact, their views were quite the opposite. Bierce gleefully devoted several articles to this sloppy work by Huntington’s staff.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Soon he was launching broader attacks. He cited facts and figures, but above all he flexed his rhetorical muscles. Here, for example, is his diatribe against Huntington after the old man testified before a House committee:</div><div>
</div><div>Mr. Huntington is not altogether bad. Though severe, he is merciful. He tempers invective with falsehood. He says ugly things of his enemy, but he has the tenderness to be careful that they are mostly lies.... Mr. Huntington’s rancor blown about in space as a pestilential vapor will outlive all things that be. It is his immortal part.</div><div>
</div><div>Elsewhere in the same piece, Bierce summed up Huntington as “an inflated old pigskin.”</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Before long, le tout Washington couldn’t wait for its daily dose of salty witticisms at Huntington’s expense. Bierce had succeeded admirably in calling attention to the railroad’s scheme. Meanwhile, the California congressional delegation lined up against the railroad, with one exception: a Democratic representative named Grove Johnson, whom Bierce mocked as a hireling of the railroad. At one hearing, Bierce wrote, Johnson “modestly bent his goatlike head and emitted a faint odor of violets.”</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Huntington met with another setback after an anti-railroad senator questioned him at length about how much he’d invested at the dawn of the project. (The idea was to highlight the disparity between how little he had put in, and how much he had taken out.) Lots and lots of money, Huntington replied, the implication being that his great wealth was justified by the risks he’d taken. Then the senator sprang his trap, giving Huntington copies of his Sacramento tax records for the early 1860s. They exposed him as a man of decidedly modest means. “It was obvious that the old man had been caught in rank perjury,” Bierce commented.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><b>But the Republican majority stuck with Huntington, until he pushed his luck by asking Congress for a second favor—to referee a conflict between Santa Monica and Los Angeles over the location of a deepwater port for Southern California</b>. Huntington favored Santa Monica, and it soon became clear why: he owned land there, and a port would surely multiply the land’s value. Bierce jumped all over this “coincidence,” which, unlike the matter of the Central Pacific’s federal bonds, was easy to comprehend. Bierce’s next story was headlined “Another Thieves’ Scheme on the Pacific Coast.”</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">In California, leaders of the state Republican Party took note of Bierce’s scathing and relentless reports. For the sake of its candidates in the upcoming fall elections, the party made a dramatic decision: to break with Huntington and oppose his railroad bill. The national party deferred to its California offspring, and with that—five months after it had started—the game was over. Congress ultimately settled the matter by ordering the Central Pacific to retire its debt within 10 years, and Bierce and Hearst were lauded as giant-killers.</span></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><b>Emboldened by Huntington’s defeat, California Progressives went on to score impressive victorie</b>s, notably the election of their man for governor in 1910. His name was <b>Hiram Johnson,</b> and in a twist that almost defies belief, he was the son of Grove Johnson, the congressman whose steadfast support of the railroad in 1896 had left him odd man out in the California delegation. Governor Johnson pushed through a series of measures to bring railroads under control, as well as state constitutional amendments authorizing the initiative, referendum, and recall.</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>OF ALL THE BIG FOUR'S SINS, the most grievous was its poisoning of the California body politic. The Progressive-era safety valves were put in place to assuage the widespread fear that big money had swamped government and left the normal checks and balances unable to loosen corporations’ grips on the levers of power.</b> A century later, however, the perverse effect of that “cure” has been to hobble the state, which finds itself drowning in deficits, furloughing its employees, beggaring its educational system, and sometimes going for months on end without a budget.[PROP 13 HOWARD JARVIS SWORN NEMESIS OF MTA PROP 49/59]</div><div>
</div><div><b>As they were designed to do, initiatives bypass the normal legislative process by which, as bills are refined and debated, diverse interests get to have their say. Instead, voters are presented with up-or-down votes on what are typically raw and rigid proposals</b>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">And in an irony that the Big Four might have appreciated, gathering signatures to put an initiative on the ballot, buying ads to influence voters, hiring lawyers to contest alleged defects in an election—all of these tasks have become so costly that <b>large corporations</b> [GUN TO HEAD SODA TAX] and well-heeled interest groups enjoy a decided advantage whenever a measure touches upon their prerogatives</span>. In 1996, for example, an initiative to establish a no-fault insurance system for motor-vehicle accidents drew the ire of trial lawyers, and they opened their wallets to beat it.<b> In 2005, after a disastrous experiment in deregulation of the state’s electric utilities</b>,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> the utilities poured millions of dollars into defeating an initiative to reimpose strict regulation</span>. Big money, in short, still has California over a barrel, just as it did in the Gilded Age.</div><div>
</div><div><b>The state is a prisoner of its own reforms, especially those traceable to the frustration people felt in the late 19th century over how single-mindedly, and with so little regard for ethics, the Central Pacific worked its will. A healthy representative government should be able to do without the initiative, referendum, and recall. Today it can be argued that California government will never fully regain its health with them.</b></div><div>
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</div><div>WHILE IRONIC, of course the state’s current troubles can’t be blamed on Bierce or Progressives; they were only trying to save their state. One thing seems clear now, however: among the actors in the 1896 drama, the defeated Huntington is the one who left the deepest, and darkest, imprint on the state.</div><div>
</div><div>This article is adapted from Dennis Drabelle’s new book, The Great American Railroad War: How Ambrose Bierce and Frank Norris Took on the Central Pacific Railroad, published in August by St. Martin’s Press.</div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</font><div><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;">P</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 700;">rologue: A Beleaguered Capital</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.70588; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 680px; position: static; float: none; width: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When dawn broke in Washington, D.C., on Saturday, March 4, 1933, the atmosphere was celebratory, if anxious. Slate gray and ominous, the sky suggested a calm before the storm. Even before the sun rose, more than a hundred thousand people had gathered on the east side of the Capitol<b>. General Douglas MacArthur was in command of the inaugural parade, </b>and he habitually expected the worst. By that morning, American depositors had transferred more than $1.3 billion in gold to foreign accounts, millions of people had been turned away from their banks, and rioting was expected in cities throughout the nation, prompting some state governors to predict a violent revolution.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.70588; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 680px; position: static; float: none; width: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Army machine guns and sharpshooters were placed at strategic locations along the route. Not since the Civil War had Washington been so fortified.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Journalist Arthur Krock likened the climate to "that which might be found in a beleaguered capital in wartime." Armed police guarded federal buildings, and</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> rumors swirled that Roosevelt was going to appropriate dictatorial powers and impose<b> martial law.</b> But if he had ever really entertained such a notion — as unused drafts of an inaugural address indicated — he abandoned it. Despite efforts made by William Randolph Hearst, Walter Lippmann, Bernard Baruch, and others to convince him of the necessity for a benevolent despot to seize control of the country, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was unswayed.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.70588; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 680px; position: static; float: none; width: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hearst,</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the nation's most powerful publisher, went so far as to produce a Hollywood movie — </span><em style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Gabriel Over the White House</em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, starring Walter Huston — to instruct both Roosevelt and the American public how to succumb to dictatorship. Even though Italy's Benito Mussolini and Fascism were enormously popular and highly regarded in America at the time, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Roosevelt distrusted autocracy, did not believe that one could count on a benevolent dictator to remain so, and, especially, maintained an absolute commitment to the U.S. Constitution. "We could have had a dictator ... and we would have had one but for the President himself, to whom the whole idea was hateful,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" a U.S. Army general later said in a speech at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York. Instead, Roosevelt determined to incite the public to action rather than to capture extra-constitutional authority for himself. He wanted not to assume enhanced powers, not to take advantage of a quavering nation to elevate his own stature, but rather to ignite the citizenry to banish apathy and recapture a spirit of confidence and achievement. He sought not to issue comforting bromides — as his predecessor, Herbert Hoover, had done incessantly — but to raise a battle cry, a call to arms for Americans to overcome their fear and march bravely into the unknown. His overarching message: If they had lost faith in themselves, he would restore it.</span></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">kpfa boost rev billy g for libertarianism kpfa 9/21/16 10 am</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-september-21-2016/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-september-21-2016/</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">With Kevin M. Kruse, professor of History at Princeton University in New Jersey. He is the author or co-editor of several books, his latest is One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">About the book:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>One Nation Under God </b>tells the story of how in the middle of the 20th century, corporate titans and evangelical activists created the pervasive myth that America was, is, and always will be a fundamentally Christian nation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As Kruse argues, the belief that America is fundamentally and formally a Christian nation originated from corporate opposition to FDR’s New Deal in the 1930s. Corporations from General Motors to Hilton Hotels bankrolled conservative clergymen, encouraging them to attack the New Deal as a program of “pagan statism” that perverted the central principle of Christianity: the sanctity and salvation of the individual. Their campaign for “freedom under God” culminated in the election of their close ally Dwight Eisenhower in 1952.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In Eisenhower’s hands, a religious movement born in opposition to the government was transformed into one that fused faith and the federal government as never before. During the 1950s, Eisenhower revolutionized the role of religion in American political culture, inventing new traditions from inaugural prayers to the National Prayer Breakfast. Meanwhile, Congress added the phrase “under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance and made “In God We Trust” the country’s first official motto. With private groups joining in, church membership soared to an all-time high of 69%. During this moment, Americans began to think of their country as an officially Christian nation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But as Americans moved from broad generalities to the details of issues such as school prayer, cracks began to appear. Religious leaders began to reject this “lowest common denomination” public religion, leaving conservative political activists to champion it alone. In Richard Nixon’s hands, a politics that conflated piety and patriotism became sole property of the right.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Provocative and authoritative, One Nation Under God reveals how the unholy alliance of money, religion, and politics created a false origin story that continues to define and divide American politics to this day.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">*Get this interview and many others on the history of religion and politics as a part of our KPFA Fund drive Religion Pack, when you donate now. Other interviews included in the pack:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Karen Amstrong – A History of Religious and Violence</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Reza Aslan – Jesus and the Roman Occupation of Palestine</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Kertzer – The Pope and Mussolini</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Gerald Russell – History of Religion</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearst
dad
He was appointed as a Democrat to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> to fill the vacancy caused by the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller%28California_senator%29" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (California senator)">John F. Miller</a>,
and served from March 23, 1886 to August 4, 1886, when a successor was
elected. In 1887 he was elected to the Senate as a Democrat and served
from March 4, 1887 until his death. As senator, Hearst focused on
reducing Central Pacific’s power in American commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams.2C_R.Hall_1896.p.25_19-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearst#cite_note-Williams.2C_R.Hall_1896.p.25-19">[19]</a></sup>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst</a></font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>William Randolph Hearst</b> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted;">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;"><span title="'h' in 'hi'" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted;">h</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;"><span title="/ɜr/ 'ir' in 'bird'" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted;">ɜr</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted;">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;"><span title="'t' in 'tie'" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted;">t</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;">/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation’s largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">journalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WVobit_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-WVobit-2" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after taking control of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner" title="The San Francisco Examiner" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The San Francisco Examiner</a></i>from his father. Moving to New York City, he acquired <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Journal" title="New York Journal" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The New York Journal</a></i> and engaged in a bitter circulation war with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Joseph Pulitzer</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York World</a></i> that led to the creation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">yellow journalism</a>—sensationalized stories of dubious veracity. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He was twice elected as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Democrat</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, and ran unsuccessfully for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Mayor of New York City</a> in 1905 and 1909, for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Governor of New York</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_election,1906" title="New York state election, 1906" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1906</a>, and for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Lieutenant Governor of New York</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_election,1910" title="New York state election, 1910" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1910</a>. Nonetheless, through his newspapers and magazines, he exercised enormous political influence, and was famously blamed for pushing public opinion with his yellow journalism type of reporting leading the United States into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-American_War" title="Spanish-American War" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">war with Spain</a> in 1898.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">His life story was the main inspiration for the development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">the lead character</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Orson Welles</a>'s film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Citizen Kane</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> His mansion, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hearst Castle</a>, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Simeon,California" title="San Simeon, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">San Simeon</a>, California, halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, was donated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" title="Hearst Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hearst Corporation</a> to the state of California in 1957, and is now a State Historical Monument and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">National Historic Landmark</a>, open for public tours. Hearst formally named the estate <i>La Cuesta Encantada</i> (“The Enchanted Slope”), but he usually just called it “the ranch.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Early_life" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Publishing_business" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing business</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#New_York_Morning_Journal" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>New York Morning Journal</i></span></font></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Yellow_Journalism_and_rivalry_with_the_New_York_World" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Yellow Journalism and rivalry with the New York <i>World</i></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Politics" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#The_Spanish-American_War" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The Spanish-American War</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Expansion" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Expansion</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Involvement_in_politics" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Involvement in politics</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Personal_life" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></font></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Marion_Davies" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Marion Davies</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#California_properties" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">California properties</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Art_collection" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Art collection</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#St.Donat.27s_Castle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">St. Donat's Castle</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#The_Family_Club" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Family Club</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Death_and_legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Death and legacy</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Criticism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#In_fiction" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">In fiction</span></font></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Citizen_Kane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Citizen Kane</i></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Other_works" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other works</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco to millionaire mining engineer, goldmine owner and U.S. senator (1886–91) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">George Hearst</a> and his wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Hearst" title="Phoebe Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Phoebe Apperson Hearst</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">His paternal great grandfather, John Hearst of Scottish origin, emigrated to America with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">South Carolina</a>. Their immigration to America was spurred in part by the colonial government's policy that encouraged the immigration of Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The names “John Hearse” and “John Hearse Jr.” appear on the council records on the October 26, 1766, being credited with meriting 400 and 100 acres (1.62 and 0.40 km<sup style="line-height: 1;">2</sup>) of land on the Long Canes (in what became Abbeville District), based upon 100 acres (0.40 km<sup style="line-height: 1;">2</sup>) to heads of household and 50 acres (200,000 m<sup style="line-height: 1;">2</sup>) for each dependent of a Protestant immigrant. The “Hearse” spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. A separate theory purports that one branch of a “Hurst” family of Virginia (originally from Plymouth Colony) moved to South Carolina at about the same time and changed the spelling of its surname of over a century to that of the emigrant Hearsts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> Hearst's mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was of Irish ancestry; her family came from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway" title="Galway" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Galway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> She was the first woman regent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">University of California, Berkeley</a>, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_A.Hearst_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Following preparation at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Paul%27s_School(Concord,New_Hampshire)" title="St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">St. Paul's School</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Concord</a>, New Hampshire, Hearst enrolled in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Harvard College</a> class of 1885. While there he was a member of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D.Club" title="A.D. Club" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">A.D. Club</a> (a Harvard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_club" title="Final club" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Final club</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hasty Pudding Theatricals</a>, and of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon" title="Harvard Lampoon" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Harvard Lampoon</a> before being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion(academia)" title="Expulsion (academia)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">expelled</a> for antics ranging from sponsoring massive beer parties in Harvard Square to sending pudding pots used as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">chamber pots</a> to his professors (their images were depicted within the bowls).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing_business">Publishing business</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_York_Morning_Journal" style="line-height: 1.3;"><i>
New York Morning Journal</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=3" title="Edit section: New York Morning Journal" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>Searching for an occupation, in 1887 Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">San Francisco Examiner</a>,</i> which his father received in 1880 as repayment for a gambling debt.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Giving his paper a grand motto, “Monarch of the Dailies,” he acquired the best equipment and the most talented writers of the time<b>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ambrose Bierce</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jack London</a>, and political cartoonist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Davenport" title="Homer Davenport" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Homer Davenport</a>. A self-proclaimed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism" title="Populism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">populist</a>, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest.</b> Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Early in his career at the <i>San Francisco Examiner,</i> Hearst envisioned running a large newspaper chain, and "always knew that his dream of a nation-spanning, multi-paper news operation was impossible without a triumph in New York."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> In 1895, with the financial support of his mother, he bought the failing <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Morning_Journal" title="New York Morning Journal" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York Morning Journal</a>,</i> hiring writers like<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Stephen Crane</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Hawthorne" title="Julian Hawthorne" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Julian Hawthorne</a> and entering into a head-to-head circulation war with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, owner and publisher of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York World</a>,</i> from whom he “stole”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F.Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Richard F. Outcault</a>, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzer's Sunday staff as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Another prominent hire was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J.Montague" title="James J. Montague" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">James J. Montague</a>, who came from the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Oregonian" title="Portland Oregonian" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Portland Oregonian</a></i> and started his well-known “More Truth Than Poetry” column at the Hearst-owned <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Journal_American" title="New York Journal American" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York Evening Journal</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-nyt-obit-11" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Hearst purchased the “penny paper,” so called because its copies sold for only a penny apiece, the <i>Journal</i> was competing with New York’s 16 other major dailies, with a strong focus on Democratic Party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and “quickly established himself as the most attractive employer” among New York newspapers. He was generous, paid more than his competitors, gave credit to his writers with page-one bylines, and was unfailingly polite, unassuming, “impeccably calm,” and indulgent of “prima donnas, eccentrics, bohemians, drunks, or reprobates so long as they had useful talents.” <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst's activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, "While others Talk, the <i>Journal</i> Acts."</font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Yellow_Journalism_and_rivalry_with_the_New_York_World">Yellow Journalism and rivalry with the New York <i>World</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=4" title="Edit section: Yellow Journalism and rivalry with the New York World" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The New York <i>Journal</i> and its chief rival, the New York <i>World,</i> mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Journalism" title="Yellow Journalism" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Yellow Journalism</a>,” after Outcault's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Kid" title="Yellow Kid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Yellow Kid</a> comic. Pulitzer's <i>World</i> had pushed the boundaries of mass appeal for newspapers through bold headlines, aggressive news gathering, generous use of cartoons and illustrations, populist politics, progressive crusades, an exuberant public spirit, and dramatic crime and human-interest stories. Hearst's <i>Journal</i> used the same recipe for success, forcing Pulitzer to drop the price of the <i>World</i> from 2 cents to a penny. Soon the two papers were locked in a fierce, often spiteful competition for readers in which both papers would spend large sums of money and see huge gains in circulation.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Within a few months of purchasing the <i>Journal,</i> Hearst would hire away Pulitzer's three top editors: Sunday editor Morrill Goddard, who greatly expanded the scope and appeal of the American Sunday newspaper, Solomon Carvalho, and a young <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brisbane" title="Arthur Brisbane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Arthur Brisbane</a>, who would become managing editor of the Hearst newspaper empire, and a legendary columnist. Contrary to popular assumption, they were not lured away by higher pay—rather, each man had grown tired of both the temperamental, domineering Pulitzer and the paranoid, back-biting office politics which he encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While Hearst's many critics attribute the <i>Journal’s</i> incredible success to cheap sensationalism, as Kenneth Whyte noted in <i>The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise Of William Randolph Hearst,</i> “The <i>Journal</i> was a demanding, sophisticated paper by contemporary standards. Rather than racing to the bottom, he [Hearst] drove the <i>Journal</i> and the penny press upmarket.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> Though yellow journalism would be much maligned, "All good yellow journalists...sought the human in every story and edited without fear of emotion or drama. They wore their feelings on their pages, believing it was an honest and wholesome way to communicate with readers." But, as Whyte pointed out, "This appeal to feelings is not an end in itself...[they believed] our emotions tend to ignite our intellects: a story catering to a reader's feelings is more likely than a dry treatise to stimulate thought."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The two papers would finally declare a truce in late 1898, after both papers lost vast amounts of money covering the Spanish-American War. Indeed, Hearst probably lost several million dollars in his first three years as publisher of the <i>Journal.</i> (Actual figures are impossible to verify.) But the paper began turning a profit after it settled its rivalry with the <i>World.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=5" title="Edit section: Politics" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Under Hearst, the <i>Journal</i> remained loyal to the populist wing of the Democratic Party, and was the only major publication in the East to support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">William Jennings Bryan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Bimetallism</a> in 1896. Their coverage of that historic election was probably the most important of any newspaper in the country, <b>exposing both the unprecedented role of money in the Republican campaign and the dominating role played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">William McKinley</a>'s political and financial manager, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Mark Hanna</a>, the first national party 'boss' in American history.</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Only a year after taking over the paper, Hearst could boast that sales of the <i>Journal’s</i> post-election issue (including the Evening and German-language editions) topped 1.5 million, a record “unparalleled in the history of the world.” <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <i>Journal's</i> political coverage, however, was not entirely one-sided. While most editors of the time “believed their papers should speak with one voice on political matters,” Hearst “helped to usher in the multi-perspective approach we identify with the modern op-ed page.” <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst used the power of his newspaper chain to editorialize for the passage of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_State_Narcotic_Drug_Act" title="Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act</a> after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">American Bar Association</a> had approved of it in 1932. Dr. William C. Woodward, legislative counsel of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">American Medical Association</a>, suggested the support of the Hearst papers would ensure the passage of the act,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitebread.26Bonnie_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Whitebread.26Bonnie-21" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> although Dr. Woodward testified before the House Ways and Means Committee that "Newspaper exploitation of the habit (of smoking marijuana) for has done more to increase it than anything else."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> In 1937 <b>Hearst used his papers to push for the passage of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marijuana Tax Act of 1937" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Marijuana Tax Act of 1937</a>.</b> Hearst was commended by a conference of judges, lawyers and politicians for "pioneering the national fight against dope" for the anti-marijuana editorials and articles in his papers.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitebread.26Bonnie_21-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Whitebread.26Bonnie-21" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> <b>In later years, however, Heart's "pioneering" has been widely viewed as mere pandering to the corporate interests of DuPont, as well as protecting his own substantial forest products interests against the industrial use of hemp.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> Hearst's editorial efforts with respect to the ban on hemp coincide with the court-ordered reorganization of the Hearst corporation's non-publishing assets, mainly mining and forest products, in 1937</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Spanish-American_War">The Spanish-American War</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <i>Morning Journal's</i> daily circulation would routinely climb above the 1 million mark after the sinking of the <i>Maine</i> and U.S. entry into the Spanish-American War, a war that some dubbed, "The <i>Journal's</i> War" due to the paper's immense influence in provoking American outrage against Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> Much of the coverage leading up to the war, beginning with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution in 1895, was tainted by rumor, propaganda, and sensationalism, with the “yellow” papers regarded as the worst offenders. Indeed, the <i>Journal</i> and other New York newspapers were so one-sided and full of errors in their reporting that coverage of the Cuban crisis and the ensuing Spanish-American War are often cited as low points in the history of the American press.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <b>Huge headlines in the <i>Journal</i> assigned blame for the <i>Maine’s</i> destruction on sabotage - based on no actual evidence - and stoked public outrage and indignation against Spain.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nevertheless, the <i>Journal’s</i> crusade against Spanish rule in Cuba was not due to mere jingoism or a desire to sell papers, although “the democratic ideals and humanitarianism that inspired their coverage are largely lost to history,” as are their “heroic efforts to find the truth on the island under unusually difficult circumstances.” <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The <i>Journal's</i> journalistic activism in support of the Cuban rebels, rather, was an extension of Hearst's pro-democratic ideals. Hearst was personally dedicated to the cause of the Cuban rebels, and the <i>Journal</i> did some of the most important and courageous reporting on the conflict - as well as some of the most sensationalistic. In fact, their stories on the Cuban rebellion and Spain's atrocities on the island - many of which turned out to be true - were motivated primarily by outrage at Spain's brutal policies on the island, which led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of innocent Cubans.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While Hearst and the yellow press did not directly cause America's war with Spain, they did inflame public opinion to a fever pitch, which was a major influence in Pres. McKinley's decision to use force against Spain. Furthermore, Congressmen and other public officials of the time received most of their information from newspapers, and the <i>Journal,</i> the <i>World,</i> and the more respectable <i>New York Herald</i> had by far the most informative, extensive, and influential coverage.</font></b></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Hearst sailed to Cuba with a small army of <i>Journal</i> reporters to cover the Spanish-American War in person, bringing along portable printing equipment, which was used to print a single edition newspaper in Cuba after the fighting had ended. Two of the <i>Journal's</i> correspondents, James Creelman and Edward Marshall, were wounded in the fighting. A leader of the Cuban rebels, Gen. Calixto Garcia, gave Hearst a Cuban flag that had been riddled with bullets as a gift, in appreciation of Hearst's major role in Cuba's liberation</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Expansion">Expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=7" title="Edit section: Expansion" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In part to aid in his political ambitions, Hearst opened newspapers in some other cities, among them Chicago, Los Angeles and Boston. The creation of his Chicago paper was requested by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Democratic National Committee</a>, and Hearst used this as an excuse for Phoebe Hearst to transfer him the necessary start-up funds. By the mid-1920s he had a nation-wide string of 28 newspapers, among them the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Examiner" title="Los Angeles Examiner" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Los Angeles Examiner</a>,</i>the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_American" title="Boston American" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Boston American</a>,</i> the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Georgian" title="Atlanta Georgian" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Atlanta Georgian</a>,</i> the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Examiner" title="Chicago Examiner" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Chicago Examiner</a>,</i> the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Times" title="Detroit Times" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Detroit Times</a>,</i> the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a>,</i> the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Times(historical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Times (historical) (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Washington Times</a>,</i> the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Herald" title="Washington Herald" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Washington Herald</a>,</i> and his flagship the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">San Francisco Examiner</a>.</i></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst also diversified his publishing interests into book publishing and magazines; several of the latter are still in circulation, including such periodicals as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cosmopolitan</a>,</i> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Good Housekeeping</a>,</i> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town%26_Country(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Town and Country</a>,</i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar" title="Harper's Bazaar" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Harper's Bazaar</a>.</i></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
<b>Hearst's father, US Senator George Hearst, had acquired land in the Mexican state of Chihuahua after receiving advance notice that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Geronimo</a> – who had terrorized settlers in the region – had surrendered. George Hearst was able to buy 670,000 acres (270,000 ha),<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw58_30-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Nasaw58-30" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babicora_Ranch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babicora Ranch (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Babicora Ranch</a>, at 20–40 cents each because only he knew that they had become much more secure.<sup id="cite_ref-Brechin_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Brechin-31" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> George Hearst was on friendly terms with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Porfirio Díaz</a>, the Mexican dictator, who helped him settle boundary disputes profitably</b>. The ranch was expanded to nearly 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) by George Hearst, then by Phoebe Hearst after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Brechin_31-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Brechin-31" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson89_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Robinson89-32" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> The younger Hearst was at Babicora as early as 1886, when, as he wrote to his mother, “I really don't see what is to prevent us from owning all Mexico and running it to suit ourselves.”<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw58_30-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Nasaw58-30" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> <b>During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Mexican Revolution</a>, his mother's ranch was looted by irregulars under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Pancho Villa</a>.</b> Babicora was then occupied by Carranza's forces. Phoebe Hearst willed the ranch to her son in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> Babicora was sold to the Mexican government for $2.5 million in 1953, just two years after Hearst's death.<sup id="cite_ref-time.com_35-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-time.com-35" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup>In 1924 he opened the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_Mirror" title="New York Daily Mirror" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York Daily Mirror</a>,</i> a racy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">tabloid</a> frankly imitating the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York Daily News</a>,</i> Among his other holdings were two news services, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal News (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Universal News</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">International News Service</a>, or INS, the latter of which he founded in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-time_com_29-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-time_com-29" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> He also owned INS companion radio station <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS(AM)" title="WINS (AM)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">WINS</a> in New York); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate" title="King Features Syndicate" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">King Features Syndicate</a>, which still owns the copyrights of a number of popular comics characters; a film company, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Productions" title="Cosmopolitan Productions" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cosmopolitan Productions</a>; extensive New York City real estate; and thousands of acres of land in California and Mexico, along with timber and mining interests.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst promoted writers and cartoonists despite the lack of any apparent demand for them by his readers. The press critic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.Liebling" title="A. J. Liebling" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">A. J. Liebling</a> reminds us how many Hearst stars would not be deemed employable elsewhere. One Hearst favorite, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">George Herriman</a>, was the inventor of the dizzy comic strip <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Krazy Kat</a>;</i> not especially popular with either readers or editors at the time of its initial publication, it is now considered by many to be a classic, a belief once held only by Hearst himself.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Two months before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, he became one of the sponsors of the first round-the-world voyage in an airship, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">LZ 127 <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a> from Germany. His sponsorship was conditional on the trip starting at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Engineering_Station_Lakehurst" title="Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Lakehurst Naval Air Station, NJ</a>, so the ship's captain, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Eckener" title="Hugo Eckener" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Dr. Hugo Eckener</a>, first flew the <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> across the Atlantic from Germany to pick up Hearst's photographer and at least three Hearst correspondents. One of them, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Marguerite_Hay_Drummond-Hay" title="Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay</a>, by that flight became the first woman to travel around the world by air.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_36-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Time-36" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup></font></b></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Hearst news empire reached a circulation and revenue peak about 1928, but the economic collapse of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Great Depression</a> and the vast over-extension of his empire cost him control of his holdings. It is unlikely that the newspapers ever paid their own way; mining, ranching and forestry provided whatever dividends the Hearst Corporation paid out. When the collapse came, all Hearst properties were hit hard, but none more so than the papers; adding to the burden were the Chief's now-conservative politics, increasingly at odds with those of his readers. Having been refused the right to sell another round of bonds to unsuspecting investors, the shaky empire tottered. Unable to service its existing debts, Hearst Corporation faced a court-mandated reorganization in 1937. From that point, Hearst was reduced to being merely another employee, subject to the directives of an outside manager.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> Newspapers and other properties were liquidated, the film company shut down; there was even a well-publicized sale of art and antiquities. While World War II restored circulation and advertising revenues, his great days were over. Hearst died of a heart attack in 1951, aged eighty-eight, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,California" title="Beverly Hills, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Beverly Hills</a>, California, and is buried at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Lawn_Memorial_Park" title="Cypress Lawn Memorial Park" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cypress Lawn Memorial Park</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colma,California" title="Colma, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Colma</a>, California.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" title="Hearst Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hearst Corporation</a> continues to this day as a large, privately held <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">media conglomerate</a> based in New York City.</font></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Involvement_in_politics">Involvement in politics</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Democratic member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">United States House of Representatives</a>, in which he served two terms, covering the period from 1903 to 1907, he narrowly failed in attempts to become mayor of New York City in both 1905 and 1909 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">governor of New York</a> in 1906, nominally remaining a Democrat while also creating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Independence_Party" title="United States Independence Party" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Independence Party</a>. He was defeated for the governorship by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Charles Evans Hughes</a>. Hearst's unsuccessful campaigns for office after his tenure in the House Of Representatives earned him the unflattering but short-lived nickname of “William 'Also-Randolph' Hearst.”<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">His defeat in the New York City mayoral election, in which he ran under a short-lived third party of his own creation, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Ownership_League" title="Municipal Ownership League" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Municipal Ownership League</a>, is widely attributed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Tammany Hall</a>. Tammany, then the dominant Democratic organization in New York City and infamous at the time for its widespread corruption, was said to have used every dirty trick in the book to derail Hearst's campaign. He also sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1904, but found that his support for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">William Jennings Bryan</a> in previous years was not reciprocated, and Bryan did not endorse him. The conservative wing of the party was ascendant and nominated Judge <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_B.Parker" title="Alton B. Parker" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Alton B. Parker</a> instead. <b>An opponent of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">British Empire</a>, Hearst opposed American involvement in the First World War and attacked the formation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">League of Nations</a>.</b> Hearst's last bid for office came in 1922 when he was backed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Tammany Hall</a> leaders for the U.S. Senate nomination in New York. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Al Smith</a> vetoed this, earning the lasting enmity of Hearst. Although Hearst shared Smith's opposition to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Prohibition</a> he swung his papers behind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Herbert Hoover</a> in the 1928 presidential election. Hearst's support for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, via his allies <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">William Gibbs McAdoo</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Nance Garner</a>, can also be seen as part of his vendetta against Smith, who was an opponent of Roosevelt's at that convention.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst's reputation triumphed in the 1930s as his political views changed. In 1932, he was a major supporter of Roosevelt. His newspapers energetically supported the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New Deal</a> throughout 1933 and 1934. Hearst broke with FDR in spring 1935 when the President vetoed the Patman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjusted_Compensation_Payment_Act" title="Adjusted Compensation Payment Act" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Bonus Bill</a>. Hearst papers carried the old publisher's rambling, vitriolic, all-capital-letters editorials, but he no longer employed the energetic reporters, editorialists and columnists who might have made a serious attack. His newspaper audience was the same working class that Roosevelt swept by three-to-one margins in the 1936 election.<b> In 1934 after checking with Jewish leaders to make sure the visit would prove of benefit to Jews, Hearst visited Berlin to interview <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Adolf Hitler</a>. Hitler asked why he was so misunderstood by the American press. “Because Americans believe in democracy,” Hearst answered bluntly, “and are averse to dictatorship.”<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup> Hearst's Sunday papers ran columns without rebuttal by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hermann Göring</a> and Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Alfred Rosenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brechin_1999_39-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Brechin_1999-39" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1903, Hearst married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Hearst" title="Millicent Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Millicent Veronica Willson</a> (1882–1974), a 21-year-old chorus girl, in New York City. Evidence in Louis Pizzitola's book <i>Hearst Over Hollywood</i> indicates that Millicent's mother Hannah Willson ran a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Tammany</a>-connected and -protected brothel quite near the headquarters of political power in New York City at the turn of the 20th century. Millicent bore him five sons: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Randolph_Hearst" title="George Randolph Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">George Randolph Hearst</a>, born on April 23, 1904; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst,Jr." title="William Randolph Hearst, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">William Randolph Hearst, Jr.</a>, born on January 27, 1908; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_Hearst" title="John Randolph Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Randolph Hearst</a>, born in 1910; and twins<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Apperson_Hearst" title="Randolph Apperson Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Randolph Apperson Hearst</a> and David Whitmire (né Elbert Willson) Hearst, born on December 2, 1915<b>. Hearst was the grandfather of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Patricia "Patty" Hearst</a>, widely known for being kidnapped by and then joining the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Symbionese Liberation Army</a> in 1974</b> (her father was Randolph Apperson Hearst, Hearst's fourth son).</font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Marion_Davies">Marion Davies</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=10" title="Edit section: Marion Davies" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 22.4px;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; padding: 3px !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariondavies.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mariondavies.jpg/170px-Mariondavies.jpg" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mariondavies.jpg/255px-Mariondavies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mariondavies.jpg/340px-Mariondavies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="4077" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" height="236" width="170" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left; padding: 3px !important;"><div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 3px; border: none !important; background-image: none !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariondavies.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; display: block; background-image: none !important; border: none !important;"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" style="border: none !important; vertical-align: middle; display: block; background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important;" height="11" width="15" /></a></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marion Davies</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="California_properties" style="line-height: 1.6;">
California properties</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=11" title="Edit section: California properties" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>Conceding an end to his political hopes, Hearst became involved in an affair with popular film actress and comedienne <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Marion Davies</a> (1897–1961), and from about 1919, he lived openly with her in California. The affair dominated Davies's life. Millicent separated from Hearst in the mid-1920s after tiring of his longtime affair with Davies, but the couple remained legally married until Hearst's death. Millicent built an independent life for herself in New York City as a leading philanthropist, was active in society, and created the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Milk_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Milk Fund (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Free Milk Fund</a> for the poor in 1921. After the death of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Lake" title="Patricia Lake" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Patricia Lake</a>, Davies's supposed niece, it was speculated that Lake was in fact Hearst's daughter by Davies.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Beginning in 1919, Hearst began to build <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Hearst Castle</a>, which he was destined never to complete, on a 240,000 acres (97,000 hectares) ranch at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Simeon,California" title="San Simeon, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">San Simeon</a>, California, which he furnished with art, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique" title="Antique" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">antiques</a> and entire rooms brought from the great houses of Europe. He also used the ranch for an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Arabian horse</a> breeding operation. San Simeon was also used in the 1960 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus(1960_film)" title="Spartacus (1960 film)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Spartacus</a></i> as the estate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> (played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Laurence Olivier</a>).</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He also had a property on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCloud_River" title="McCloud River" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">McCloud River</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskiyou_County,California" title="Siskiyou County, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Siskiyou County</a>, in far northern California, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyntoon" title="Wyntoon" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wyntoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup><b> Wyntoon was designed by famed architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Morgan" title="Julia Morgan" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Julia Morgan</a>, who also designed Hearst Castle.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1947, Hearst paid $120,000 for an H-shaped Beverly Hills mansion on 3.7 acres three blocks from Sunset Boulevard. This home, known as Beverly House, was once perhaps the “most expensive” private home in the U.S., valued at $165 million (£81.4 million). It has 29 bedrooms, three swimming pools, tennis courts, its own cinema and a nightclub. Lawyer and investor Leonard Ross has owned it since 1976. The estate went on the market for $95 million at the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> The property had not sold by 2012 but was then listed at a significantly increased asking price of $135 million.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Beverly House, as it has come to be known, has some cinematic connections. It was the setting for the gruesome scene in the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Godfather</a></i> depicting a horse's severed head in the bed of film-producer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Woltz" title="Jack Woltz" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jack Woltz</a>. The character was head of a film company called <i>International,</i> the name of Hearst's early film company.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup> According to <i>Hearst Over Hollywood.</i><b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F.Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" title="Jacqueline Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> stayed at the house for part of their honeymoon. </b>They watched their first film together as a married couple in the mansion's cinema. It was a Hearst-produced film from the 1920s.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst's mother also owned the Hacienda del Pozo de Verona at Pleasanton, California, now demolished.</font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Art_collection">Art collection</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=12" title="Edit section: Art collection" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst was renowned for his extensive collection of art from around the globe and through the centuries. Most notable in his collection were his Greek vases, Spanish and Italian furniture, Oriental carpets, Renaissance vestments, an extensive library with many books signed by their authors, and paintings and statues from all over. In addition to collecting pieces of fine art, he also gathered manuscripts, rare books, and autographs.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely_43-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Seely-43" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">His house was often visited by varied celebrities and politicians as guests who stayed in rooms furnished with pieces of antique furniture and decorated with artwork by several famous artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely_43-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Seely-43" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Beginning in 1937, Hearst began selling some of his art collection to help relieve the burden he had suffered from the depression. The first year he sold 11 million dollars worth. In 1941 he put about 20,000 items up for sale that were a good indication of his wide and varied tastes. Included in the items he put up for sale were paintings by van Dyke, crosiers, chalices, <b>Charles Dickens's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideboard" title="Sideboard" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">sideboard</a>,</b> pulpits, stained glass, arms and armor, George Washington's waistcoat, and Thomas Jefferson's Bible. Despite the magnitude of these sales, when Hearst Castle was finally given to the State of California there were still enough items for the whole house to be considered as a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely_43-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Seely-43" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="St.Donat.27s_Castle">St. Donat's Castle</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=13" title="Edit section: St. Donat's Castle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After seeing photographs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Donat%27s_Castle" title="St Donat's Castle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">St. Donat's Castle</a> in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Country Life</a> Magazine,</i> Hearst bought the Welsh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Vale of Glamorgan</a> property and revitalized it in 1925 as a love gift to Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup> The Castle was restored by Hearst, who spent a fortune buying entire rooms from castles and palaces in Europe. The Great Hall was bought from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradenstoke_Priory" title="Bradenstoke Priory" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Bradenstoke Priory</a> in Wiltshire and reconstructed brick by brick in its current site at St. Donat's Castle. The road haulage work was carried out by freight brokers Holme & Simpson, later North British Transport Ltd. From the Bradenstoke Priory he also bought and removed the guest house, Prior's lodging, and great tithe barn; of these, some of the materials became the St. Donat's banqueting hall, complete with a sixteenth-century French chimney-piece and windows; also used were a fireplace dated to c. 1514 and a fourteenth-century roof, which became part of the Bradenstoke Hall, despite this use being questioned in Parliament. Hearst built 34 green and white marble bathrooms for the many guest suites in the castle, and completed a series of terraced gardens which survive intact today. Hearst and Davies spent much of their time entertaining and held a number of lavish parties, the <b>guests at which included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Winston Churchill</a> and a young <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F.Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John F. Kennedy</a>.</b> Upon visiting St. Donat's, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">George Bernard Shaw</a> was quoted as saying: "This is what God would have built if he had had the money." When Hearst died, the castle was bought and is still owned and used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_College" title="Atlantic College" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Atlantic College</a>, an international boarding school.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Family_Club">The Family Club</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=14" title="Edit section: The Family Club" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Once a decorated member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Club" title="Bohemian Club" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Bohemian Club</a>, Hearst branched off to form his own private club, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family(club)" title="The Family (club)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Family</a>. The Family keeps a clubhouse in San Francisco and a rural retreat in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,California" title="Woodside, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Woodside</a>, California.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=15" title="Edit section: Death and legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1947, Hearst left his San Simeon estate to seek medical care, which was unavailable in the remote location. He died in Beverly Hills on August 14, 1951, at the age of 88. He was interred in the Hearst family mausoleum at the Cypress Lawn Cemetery in Colma, California. Like their father, none of Hearst's five sons succeeded in graduating from college,<sup id="cite_ref-Nasaw2_45-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Nasaw2-45" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> but they all followed their father into the media business, and Hearst's namesake, William Randolph, Jr., became a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning newspaper reporter.</font></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=16" title="Edit section: Criticism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As Martin Lee and Norman Solomon noted in their 1990 book <i>Unreliable Sources,</i> Hearst “routinely invented sensational stories, faked interviews, ran phony pictures and distorted real events.” This approach came to be known as “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">yellow journalism</a>,” so named after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Yellow Kid</a>, a character in the <i>New York World's</i> color <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">comic strip</a> <i>Hogan's Alley.</i></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst's use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">yellow journalism</a> techniques in his <i>New York Journal</i> to whip up popular support for U.S. military adventurism in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in 1898 was also criticized in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Upton Sinclair</a>'s 1919 book, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brass_Check" title="The Brass Check" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism</a>.</i> According to Sinclair, Hearst's newspaper employees were "willing by deliberate and shameful lies, made out of whole cloth, to stir nations to enmity and drive them to murderous war." Sinclair also asserted that in the early 20th century Hearst's newspapers lied “remorselessly about radicals,” excluded “the word Socialist from their columns” and obeyed "a standing order in all Hearst offices that American Socialism shall never be mentioned favorably." In addition, Sinclair charged that Hearst's “Universal News Bureau" re-wrote the news of the London morning papers in the Hearst office in New York and then fraudulently sent it out to American afternoon newspapers under the by-lines of imaginary names of non-existent "Hearst correspondents" in London, Paris, Venice, Rome, Berlin, etc. Another critic, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lundberg" title="Ferdinand Lundberg" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ferdinand Lundberg</a>, extended the criticism in <i>Imperial Hearst</i> (1936), charging that Hearst papers accepted payments from abroad to slant the news. After the war, a further critic, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">George Seldes</a>, repeated the charges in <i>Facts and Fascism</i> (1947). Also, biographer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.Scott_Berg" title="A. Scott Berg" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">A. Scott Berg</a> notes that<b> in the late 1920s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Charles Lindbergh</a> refused Hearst's very generous offer to sponsor him in a motion-picture career, in part because the famous aviator had little respect for the content and tone of Hearst's publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_46-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Berg-46" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup></b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Although he frequently lambasted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">magnates</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P.Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">J.P. Morgan</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilts" title="Vanderbilts" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Vanderbilts</a> in public, in private Hearst entered into partnership with them in lucrative ventures such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cerro de Pasco</a> mines in Peru</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brechin_1999_39-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-Brechin_1999-39" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_fiction">In fiction</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=17" title="Edit section: In fiction" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Citizen_Kane"><i>Citizen Kane</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=18" title="Edit section: Citizen Kane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the most influential films of all time was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Orson Welles</a>'s 1941 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Citizen Kane</a>,</i> which was loosely based on parts of Hearst's life. (Welles and co-writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_J.Mankiewicz" title="Herman J. Mankiewicz" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Herman J. Mankiewicz</a> added bits and pieces from the lives of other rich men of the time, among them <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McCormick" title="Harold McCormick" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Harold McCormick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Samuel Insull</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Howard Hughes</a>, to these parts of Hearst's life and composited them into Kane.) Hearst, enraged at the idea of <i>Citizen Kane</i> being a thinly disguised and very unflattering portrait of him and ignoring the other elements that made up the character of Kane, used all his resources and influence in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the film from being released - all without his ever even having seen it in the first place. Welles and the studio, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO" title="RKO" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">RKO</a>, resisted the pressure, but Hearst and his Hollywood friends succeeded in getting theater chains to limit bookings of<i>Citizen Kane,</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> resulting in mediocre box-office numbers and seriously harming Welles's career.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nearly sixty years later, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO" title="HBO" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">HBO</a> offered a fictionalized version of Hearst's efforts in its picture <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_281" title="RKO 281" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">RKO 281</a>.</i> Hearst is portrayed in the film by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cromwell" title="James Cromwell" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">James Cromwell</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>Citizen Kane</i> was twice ranked No.1 on the list of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movies" title="AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">American Film Institute's 100 greatest films of all time</a> (1998 & 2007). Hearst's own image has largely been informed and reinforced by the film.</font></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_works">Other works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=19" title="Edit section: Other works" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h3><ul style="line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The character of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Wynand" title="Gail Wynand" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Gail Wynand</a> in<b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ayn Rand</a>'s 1943 novel <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Fountainhead</a></i> is based on Hearst.</b><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst is a major character in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Gore Vidal</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratives_of_Empire" title="Narratives of Empire" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Narratives of Empire</a></i> historic novel series.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cat%27s_Meow" title="The Cat's Meow" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Cat's Meow</a></i> is a 2001 drama film inspired by the mysterious death of film mogul <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H.Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Thomas H. Ince</a>. The film takes place aboard publisher William Randolph Hearst's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oneida(SP-432)" title="USS Oneida (SP-432)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">yacht</a> on a weekend cruise celebrating Ince's 42nd birthday in November 1924.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The novel <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath(Westerfeld_novel)" title="Goliath (Westerfeld novel)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Goliath</a></i> (2011) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Westerfeld" title="Scott Westerfeld" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Scott Westerfeld</a> depicts Hearst in World War I.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hearst is portrayed during the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle" title="Roscoe Arbuckle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Roscoe Arbuckle</a> trial in the 2009 novel Devil's Garden by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Atkins" title="Ace Atkins" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ace Atkins</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Randolph_Hearst&action=edit§ion=20" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Terranova" title="Josephine Terranova" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Josephine Terranova</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Ranch" title="Hearst Ranch" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Hearst Ranch</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">History of American newspapers</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Ovila" title="Santa Maria de Ovila" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Santa Maria de Ovila</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Bernard_de_Clairvaux_Church" title="St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hacienda(Milpitas_Ranchhouse)" title="The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_New_York_Hotel" title="Warwick New York Hotel" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Warwick New York Hotel</font></a></li></ul></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div></div></div>