Bernays, E

see creel commsee hoggan p 28-see uber on UFC:<a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-2838" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-2838</a>----<div></div><div><a href="https://www.desmog.com/2022/02/03/pr-big-oil-attitudes-aronczyk-bernays/">https://www.desmog.com/2022/02/03/pr-big-oil-attitudes-aronczyk-bernays/</a></div><div>
</div><div><div>no lnx ix</div><div>How the PR Industry Has Helped Big Oil Transform the Way We Think About the Environment</div><div>Powered by fossil fuel funding, PR agents have used astroturfing, “manufactured consent,” and other techniques to furtively shape public perceptions in favor of their polluting clients.</div><div>OPINION</div><div>ANALYSIS</div><div>Stella Levantesi</div><div>Feb 3, 2022 </div><div> </div><div>Series: GASLIT</div><div>
</div><div>Editor’s Note: This is the first article in a new column, Gaslit, which will navigate society’s dysfunctional relationship with fossil fuel disinformation. Have a tip or idea? Get in touch.</div><div>
</div><div>Since 2008, the American Petroleum Institute (API), which is the U.S.’s largest oil and gas trade group, has paid the world’s largest PR firm, Edelman, $439.7 million. API isn’t the only group in the oil and gas sector to have paid a PR firm for its services. And Edelman isn’t the only PR firm to have received money from the oil and gas sector. </div><div>
</div><div>For decades, fossil fuel companies have been using PR firms to polish, reinvent, and fabricate their image; protect their reputation; and greenwash their activities, in ways that we are still trying to fully understand.</div><div>
</div><div>It’s not just that they need to, it’s also that they have the power and money to do so.</div><div>
</div><div>“When you make a fortune producing fossil fuels and you don’t wanna give it up, you will spend a lot of money to be able to do that. You’ve got ample funding, so you can afford the best PR firms and huge campaigns,” Oklahoma State University emeritus professor and sociologist Riley Dunlap said. “So, that’s why they do it. To protect their interests and because they can easily afford it.”</div><div>
</div><div>And because oil and gas companies and their trade groups know that PR agents will carry out their work in the shadows. PR firms have developed what authors Melissa Aronczyk and Maria I. Espinoza refer to in their book Strategic Nature as “strategies of silence”: the role of PR agents has been to create and execute strategies for their clients while remaining completely invisible.</div><div>
</div><div>In fact, they have done this so well that, to this day, there is very little literature on the role of PR firms in shaping climate policy and discourse.</div><div>
</div><div>As DeSmog has reported, a recent study, co-authored by Brown University researchers Robert Brulle and Carter Werthman, has begun “lifting the veil of secrecy that envelops PR firms and their work.” Their study challenges the notion that PR agents are neutral mediators merely working to carry out their clients’ wishes. To the contrary, PR agents are actors involved in the processes of shaping environmental culture, policy, and public discourse, as well as creating corporate-image and marketing strategies.</div><div>
</div><div>“The PR agencies themselves are the active developers of these techniques,” Brulle said. “We’re not giving the whole picture if we don’t include them.”</div><div>
</div><div>According to the study, the origins of PR in the political context can be found, among others, in the work of Edward Bernays, often referred to as “the father of public relations” (although Ivy Ledbetter Lee, who started his PR firm 25 years before Bernays, might be better suited to hold this title). Developing his ideas in the 1920s, Bernays’ thought built on existing theories about the role of the public and its relationship to PR within the democratic political context.</div><div>
</div><div>He was the first to imagine the public as a “strategic resource,” Aronczyk and Espinoza write in Strategic Nature. The public, in other words, was not an end in itself but “a means for other ends.”</div><div>
</div><div>Using the public as a “strategic resource” would become a popular strategy for corporate propaganda. PR firms developed a tactic which engaged “third-party mobilization” such as grassroots involvement in order to create the perception of widespread support for an issue, position, campaign, or policy. According to the study by Brulle and Werthman, third-party mobilization is the second-most common PR tactic.</div><div>
</div><div>“The idea of a third party spokesperson is that you get somebody else that’s credible to say what you want them to say,” Brulle said. “It creates this idea that there’s grassroot support for [something], when in reality, it’s all a fabrication of the PR agency or the corporation.”</div><div>
</div><div>Bernays also transformed the phrase “manufacturing consent,” which writer Walter Lippmann originally intended as a critique of political propaganda. One of Bernays’ publicity ideas was so effective that it became a way of life.</div><div>
</div><div>black and white illustration of a woman in 1900 smoking and riding a bicycle</div><div>]</div><div>Working on behalf of the tobacco industry in 1929, he hired women to march in the Easter Sunday Parade in New York City while smoking their “torches of freedom,” a symbolic phrase used to push women to smoke in public despite social taboos at the time. The “Torches of freedom” campaign was created to target women consumers and exploit their desires for freedom, when freedom was, in fact, considered transgression. Campaigns like this one led to higher rates of smoking among women.</div><div>
</div><div>Not only did Bernays make “manufacturing consent” possible, he made it “desirable,” Aronczyk and Espinoza argue. The public was PR’s best resource. Even Bruce Harrison, a pioneer of “corporate environmentalism” —  when companies consider environmental themes in their decision-making process — thought that grassroots involvement was crucial for building public support for the oil and gas industry and that without it, the industry would suffer.</div><div>
</div><div>But to succeed, fossil fuel companies also needed to be seen as “trustworthy” and “socially responsible,” Brulle said. In other words, they needed legitimacy. </div><div>
</div><div>At its core, PR is about legitimacy, and about using “the concepts of truth or facts to persuade others that your view is the best one” as a way to garner support, according to Strategic Nature. Ideas and information, in this context, aren’t absolute categories; they need to be constructed and shaped in order to appeal to different “publics” — or audiences — in different contexts.</div><div>
</div><div>This is why PR isn’t only invested in communication. It also creates dimensions where certain ideas and information, such as “clean coal” or “carbon footprints,” can be chosen over others and made to seem legitimate — what Aronczyk and Espinoza call the creation of “contexts of communication.”</div><div>
</div><div>Third-party mobilization was especially popular after Barack Obama was elected U.S. President in 2008, when fossil fuel companies funded — and PR firms designed — so-called astroturf campaigns to create the perception of existing grassroots efforts to oppose climate change policies. Astroturfing hit a peak around 2009, when Congress was about to pass climate legislation, which is generally when they “crank up their PR machines,” Brulle said. </div><div>
</div><div>But recently, such PR frenzies around legislative efforts have become less common. According to Dunlap, this is because obstruction efforts have become so effective that astroturf campaigns just aren’t as necessary these days.</div><div>
</div><div>“I think one of the reasons we’ve seen some decline in the importance of astroturf groups is that the oil corporations and big conservative philanthropists like the Koch brothers have been so successful in getting the Republican party to buy into their agenda and do their bidding that perhaps there’s no need for these other activities,” Dunlap said.</div><div>
</div><div>One of the reasons Big Oil’s disinformation campaign has been, in fact, so effective is that it has succeeded in turning a physical problem — the planet warming — into political propaganda by means of “social technology,” as Brulle calls it. According to Strategic Nature, the environmental problem became “the wrong kind of problem” when PR firms turned it into a problem of politics, of “individual attention,” of information — of anything other than what it actually was: “a problem of existence.”</div><div>
</div><div>However, before the environment could become any kind of problem, the notion of “the environment” had to be created in the first place. This wording implies that there is something “the environment” is, in fact, external to, that it is separated from human beings. And not only that the environment is separate, but that it can be legitimately used, exploited, owned. </div><div>
</div><div>Separation from “the environment,” encouraged by what is historically defined in Western thought as dualism — basically, nature on one side, humankind on the other — has promoted the illusion that there is an “outside.” (This idea sits in contrast to many Indigenous perceptions of human-nature relationships). British philosopher Timothy Morton says that if you begin to think of the biosphere as a dreaming mind, you will find that everything in that biosphere is a symptom and expression of the biosphere itself. There is no outside. The environment is only perceived as external.</div><div>
</div><div>This framing was convenient for PR firms who needed to put space between “the environment” and its degradation and those responsible for it — especially, corporations. </div><div>
</div><div>Some PR agents in the early 1970s understood that managing environmental problems wasn’t enough. If they wanted to control the social perception of companies’ responsibility for the environment, and consequent political action for it, they had to anticipate problems, and construct them. </div><div>
</div><div>Aronczyk and Espinoza write that W. Howard Chase, founding member of the Public Relations Society of America, was one of the proponents of this idea of “issue management.”</div><div>
</div><div>Chase’s idea for the 1970s Crying Indian ad campaign can be considered a key moment in constructing one of the most flawed cultural narratives around the climate crisis: that just like individuals are singularly responsible for emissions and pollution, it’s individuals — not corporations — who are singularly responsible for solving these problems. </div><div>
</div><div>In the ad, a caricature of an American Indian man (played by an Italian-American actor) paddles a canoe into an industrial waterway. Coming upon a littered shoreline, he sheds a single tear when a person tosses trash out of a passing vehicle and it lands at his feet. A narrator proclaims, “People start pollution. People can stop it.”</div><div>
</div><div>The oil, gas, and plastics industry was more than happy to deviate attention from production (its sphere) to consumption (the general public’s). And we know today that the myth of individual responsibility, which PR agents developed — by using the public as a resource, nonetheless — has been one of the most successful communications strategies of all time.</div><div>
</div><div>PR has played a key — and undeniable — role in both the way we perceive the fossil fuel industry and the way we understand environmentalism and environmental issues today. And it’s done so to the extent that, as Strategic Nature argues, it’s impossible to comprehend the role of the environment in our everyday lives “without understanding how something called ‘the environment’ has been invented and communicated to us throughout our lives” in the first place.</div><div>
</div><div>ANALYSIS OPINION SCIENCE DENIAL</div></div><div>
</div><div>=</div>=<a href="https://rigged.ghost.io/start/">https://rigged.ghost.io/start/</a>NO LNX
RIGGEDSTART HERE: INFORMATION POLLUTION — A BRIEF HISTORYTo understand how each spinmaster, technique, and industry contributed to the current state of disinformation in the U.S., it helps to know the history of how and why the PR industry was created.LATEST POSTGet 'Em While They're Youngby RiggedTO UNDERSTAND HOW EACH SPIN MASTER, TECHNIQUE, AND INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTED TO THE CURRENT STATE OF DISINFORMATION IN THE U.S., IT HELPS TO KNOW THE HISTORY OF HOW AND WHY THE PR INDUSTRY WAS CREATED.In response to a protest, the country’s largest oil company sent in private security teams, who wound up killing several protestors, including women and children. The company’s spokesperson claimed the protestors were hired by a labor union trying to stir up trouble.Sounds like it could have been written about any of a half dozen recent pipeline protests, right? But these are the basic details of a mining strike in 1914, in Ludlow, Colorado. The mine was owned by Standard Oil, and the Rockefeller family had only a few years prior been raked over the coals by a messy antitrust lawsuit and a series of investigative features about their monopoly on the country’s burgeoning oil industry.They needed help burnishing their image, so they called on another industry that was just emerging at the time: Public relations. Ivy Ledbetter Lee, the first modern PR guy, came up with that idea that the protestors were hired agitators. Today we would call them “crisis actors” and it’s an accusation thrown at almost every protest, but few people know the whole thing was created by a PR guy working for an oil company back in 1914.Lee invented all sorts of other tricks of the trade too. The press release, for a start. Before Lee, companies had a pretty adversarial relationship with the press and vice versa. Lee thought businesses would do better to tell journalists more of their story themselves. It was so unusual that when he first began sending press releases to The New York Times, the paper printed them verbatim. On behalf of rail, coal, oil and tobacco clients Lee also created seemingly independent information bureaus, like the Bureau of Railroad Economics, whose experts were regularly quoted criticizing railroad tax proposals. Again, this was more than 100 years ago. And Lee was followed by generation after generation of PR experts, each adding another bell or whistle to America’s disinformation machine—some on behalf of oil, others on behalf of the chemical or tobacco industries, often on behalf of all three at the same time.For years, the story about disinformation has been that Big Tobacco created it all and then Big Oil copied them. And there's a thread of truth there. Some of the same phony scientists who sold America on the idea that smoking was safe turned around and told them not to worry about climate change. But it’s not the whole story. To get that, we need to look at the context that enabled climate denial to flourish, an information system polluted by 100 years of propaganda. And we need to look at who was hiring those phony scientists—not companies, but PR firms. When people focus on one particular form of science denial, or on one technique that this or that industry copied from another, this is the big picture they miss: the disinformation machine driving everything from QAnon conspiracies to climate denial, vaccine hesitation to white nationalism. It’s bigger than any one industry, but it was built on behalf of all of them, and if we want to have any hope of addressing the large, intersecting, complex problems facing us today, it must be better understood. And then reconfigured, or dismantled altogether.*Just as Ivy Lee was building the modern PR industry, the U.S. government realized it needed a bit of propaganda to help sell American citizens on World War I. President Woodrow Wilson had made staying out of the war a key part of his campaign, and now he needed to convince Americans that it was a good idea to join in...without looking like a hypocrite. He tapped George Creel, a journalist turned political campaigner who had helped with Wilson's electoral bid, to build out what was eventually called the Committee on Public Information and generally referred to as The Creel Committee or the Creel Commission. Creel tapped some of the nation's greatest journalists (Ida Tarbell, for one!), filmmakers, artists, and publicity men to create a 360-degree assault on the American public. They made films, created compelling posters, and even launched the world's first "influencers." In cities and towns across the country, Creel and his team found influential members of society and trained them to give 4-minute pro-war speeches before screenings of silent films or big events. They were known as the "4-Minute Men".Several members of the Creel Committee went on to be major influences on the burgeoning PR industry. One of them was a young publicity agent from the theater, Edward Bernays. Bernays had done some creative promotion of plays with particular social missions and had worked for major ballet companies as well, and his work caught the eye of Creel. It didn't hurt that Bernays's uncle was Sigmund Freud—on both sides, in a bizarre and some might say Freudian twist (Edward's mother was Freud’s sister, and Freud was also married to Bernays’ father’s sister). Bernays grew up in Vienna, hearing all about Freud’s theories on the deeply buried human impulses that drive behavior. While Ivy Lee was not part of the Creel Committee, he handled publicity for the American Red Cross during the war effort, and he and Bernays worked together often through their respective positions. Bernays became a trusted colleague of Lee's during the war, the only other PR guy that Lee thought his equal. It was after WWI that Bernays famously said, “If propaganda could be used so effectively in war, why could we not use it in peace?”At the time, democracy was still a relatively new idea, and those in power were almost universally terrified of it. Propaganda—which Bernays later renamed “public relations” because “the Germans had given it a bad name”—was created as a reaction to growing public criticism of the titans of industry who had once been hailed as heroes. But it was also created to provide those in power with the tools to manipulate the masses. Bernays, Lee, and a client they both shared—Adolf Hitler—were all close readers of French philosopher Gustav Le Bon, who posited that the public, or as Le Bon put it “the crowd,” could only be both satisfied and safe when it was controlled. Like Le Bon, Bernays had a real disdain for the public, writing in his seminal book Propaganda:Those who manipulate the unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government, which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested largely by men we have never heard of. In almost every act of our lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by a relatively small number of persons who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires that control the public mind.To be clear, Bernays saw himself as part of that “ruling power,” and he relished the role of manipulator.Ivy Lee died fairly young, in his 50s, and when he did Edward Bernays inherited many of his clients, including both The American Tobacco Company and The American Petroleum Institute, the fossil fuel industry trade group that Lee had helped Standard Oil create as World War I was ending. While Ivy Lee largely focused on shaping and controlling the way the media got information as a way to mold public opinion, Bernays tried to manipulate the masses more directly. His best known trick was obliterating the taboo against women smoking in about six months, a feat he pulled off for American Tobacco.They tasked Bernays with increasing sales, and he actually went to a psychoanalyst to talk about what cigarettes signified. You guessed it, phalluses. This got Bernays thinking about the “penis envy” women supposedly feel and an emergent push for women’s rights, and boom he had it: he would make smoking a women’s empowerment issue. He convinced a few young women he knew to stage a smoking “protest” in New York, calling cigarettes “freedom torches,” then alerted the press to the protest. It made headlines across the country and within a few months women all over the country were smoking and American Tobacco’s sales were soaring.So, to recap, PR emerged as a way for industry to deal with a three-pronged threat: the rise of investigative journalism and activism shining a light on the misdeeds of industry, the emergence of regulation (which previously left industry to its own devices), and the expansion of the vote to members of society that had little in common with captains of industry. It was wildly successful. The first wave of PR effectively put a stop to the muckrakers’ early calls for corporate accountability.Then the Depression hit and once again America’s bosses were the bad guys. Publicists like John W. Hill helped companies like American Steelpaint labor unions, social security, and the New Deal as socialist. Hill paid commentators like George Sokolsky to write op-eds in newspapers and magazines, or join panel discussions on the radio, ginning up fear about these ideas. (At one point, Hill’s firm Hill & Knowlton was paying Sokolsky $40,000 a year to write pieces criticizing Social Security and the New Deal—that's a high six-figure salary in today's dollars). Hill would go on to mastermind the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), a hub of science denial around smoking...that sounds an awful lot like the research bureaus Ivy Lee had set up some 40 years before. Not a huge shock given that Hill idolized Lee.Hill’s client roster also included the American Petroleum Institute, Texaco, and Monsanto during those years, so it's no surprise that you see the same tactics deployed by TIRC then used by oil companies to combat rising concern over "the greenhouse effect" or by agribusiness to combat rising concern over GMOs. In fact Hill would have folks from the tobacco companies and chemical companies join the API, because he spotted ways for all three industries to work together—to lobby together for or against regulation, to trade strategies and ideas, even to create new products together. Without PR firms bringing them together, these industries and companies may have tended to stay in their own worlds, but the type of cross-pollination Hill enabled was hugely influential.In fact it’s how the cigarette filter came about.Cigarette filters are one of the reasons oil and gas companies were named defendants in the tobacco litigation of the 1990s. “When tobacco companies needed to assess the toxics in their cigarettes and in cigarette smoke, the people they turned to to do it were the oil companies,” says Carroll Muffett, President and CEO of the Center for International Environmental Law. Oil companies had been testing exhaust and refinery smoke for years because of the Clean Air Act, so they were the ones that had the sophisticated equipment and the knowledge to test for toxins in cigarette smoke.“And when the oil companies reported back to the tobacco companies on the toxins they were in fact finding in that smoke, you know, what did they do with the information?" Muffett said. "Did they go public and say there's a massive risk here? No. They entered into joint enterprises, joint ventures with the tobacco companies to produce cigarette filters.”Since the inception of the PR industry, its most expert practitioners have deployed a handful of techniques on behalf of multiple industries and really in service of all industry: to paint business as a good faith member of the community, to sway public opinion, to avoid what infamous PR guy Rick Berman calls "public judgement," and to create political will in their favor. But they weren't operating in a vacuum. In deploying these techniques on behalf of industry, they fundamentally shifted the information ecosystem in America.Today, it's not just industries that want to avoid regulation or deal with a crisis who use PR techniques, it's everyone from your local county government to your favorite musician to the most earnest nonprofit. It's the filter through which all information flows to the public. Which doesn't have to be a bad thing, but it has certainly led to the information pollution we have in the U.S. today, where trust in journalists and experts is at an all-time low, the public is tremendously confused, people can (and do) just consume "news" that tracks with their opinions, and so on. To clean up that pollution, it helps to know how to spot these techniques. Our hope with this archive and its corresponding podcast is to help people do just that—not to make people even more suspicious of everything they see, or double down on getting their information only from one trusted YouTuber, but to pull the mask off a bit and help people find their way through the filters to the information they need to make important decisions about their lives.<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div>=no lnx pixWithin a week of Congress declaring war, on April 13, 1917, Wilson issued an executive order creating a new federal agency that would put the government in the business of actively shaping press coverage.That agency was the Committee on Public Information, which would take on the task of explaining to millions of young men being drafted into military service – and to the millions of other Americans who had so recently supported neutrality – why they should now support war.
How Woodrow Wilson’s Propaganda Machine Changed American JournalismGeorge Creel Harris & Ewing/Library of CongressThe new agency – which journalist Stephen Ponder called “the nation’s first ministry of information” – was usually referred to as the Creel Committee for its chairman, George Creel, who had been a journalist before the war. From the start, the CPI was “a veritable magnet” for political progressives of all stripes – intellectuals, muckrakers, even some socialists – all sharing a sense of the threat to democracy posed by German militarism. Idealistic journalists like S.S. McClure and Ida Tarbell signed on, joining others who shared their belief in Wilson’s crusade to make the world safe for democracy.At the time, most Americans got their news through newspapers, which were flourishing in the years just before the rise of radio and the invention of the weekly news magazine. In New York City, according to my research, nearly two dozen papers were published every day – in English alone – while dozens of weeklies served ethnic audiences.Starting from scratch, Creel organized the CPI into several divisions using the full array of communications.The Speaking Division recruited 75,000 specialists who became known as “Four-Minute Men” for their ability to lay out Wilson’s war aims in short speeches.The Film Division produced newsreels intended to rally support by showing images in movie theaters that emphasized the heroism of the Allies and the barbarism of the Germans.The Foreign Language Newspaper Division kept an eye on the hundreds of weekly and daily U.S. newspapers published in languages other than English.
How Woodrow Wilson’s Propaganda Machine Changed American JournalismJames Montgomery Flagg/Library of CongressAnother CPI unit secured free advertising space in American publications to promote campaigns aimed at selling war bonds, recruiting new soldiers, stimulating patriotism and reinforcing the message that the nation was involved in a great crusade against a bloodthirsty, antidemocratic enemy.Some of the advertising showed off the work of another CPI unit. The Division of Pictorial Publicity was led by a group of volunteer artists and illustrators. Their output included some of the most enduring images of this period, including the portrait by James Montgomery Flagg of a vigorous Uncle Sam, declaring, “I WANT YOU FOR THE U.S. ARMY!”
Other ads showed cruel “Huns” with blood dripping from their pointed teeth, hinting that Germans were guilty of bestial attacks on defenseless women and children. “Such a civilization is not fit to live,” one ad concluded.
How Woodrow Wilson’s Propaganda Machine Changed American JournalismFrederick Strothmann/Library of CongressCreel denied that his committee’s work amounted to propaganda, but he acknowledged that he was engaged in a battle of perceptions. “The war was not fought in France alone,” he wrote in 1920, after it was all over, describing the CPI as “a plain publicity proposition, a vast enterprise in salesmanship, the world’s greatest adventure in advertising.”
Buried in paperFor most journalists, the bulk of their contact with the CPI was through its News Division, which became a veritable engine of propaganda on a par with similar government operations in Germany and England but of a sort previously unknown in the United States.
In the brief year and a half of its existence, the CPI’s News Division set out to shape the coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers and magazines. One technique was to bury journalists in paper, creating and distributing some 6,000 press releases – or, on average, handing out more than 10 a day.
The whole operation took advantage of a fact of journalistic life. In times of war, readers hunger for news and newspapers attempt to meet that demand. But at the same time, the government was taking other steps to restrict reporters’ access to soldiers, generals, munitions-makers and others involved in the struggle. So, after stimulating the demand for news while artificially restraining the supply, the government stepped into the resulting vacuum and provided a vast number of official stories that looked like news.
Most editors found the supply irresistible. These government-written offerings appeared in at least 20,000 newspaper columns each week, by one estimate, at a cost to taxpayers of only US$76,000.
In addition, the CPI issued a set of voluntary “guidelines” for U.S. newspapers, to help those patriotic editors who wanted to support the war effort (with the implication that those editors who did not follow the guidelines were less patriotic than those who did).
The CPI News Division then went a step further, creating something new in the American experience: a daily newspaper published by the government itself. Unlike the “partisan press” of the 19th century, the Wilson-era Official Bulletin was entirely a governmental publication, sent out each day and posted in every military installation and post office as well as in many other government offices. In some respects, it is the closest the United States has come to a paper like the Soviet Union’s Pravda or China’s People’s Daily.
How Woodrow Wilson’s Propaganda Machine Changed American JournalismNational ArchivesThe CPI was, in short, a vast effort in propaganda. The committee built upon the pioneering efforts of public relations man Ivy Lee and others, developing the young field of public relations to new heights. The CPI hired a sizable fraction of all the Americans who had any experience in this new field, and it trained many more.
One of the young recruits was Edward L. Bernays, a nephew of Sigmund Freud and a pioneer in theorizing about human thoughts and emotions. Bernays volunteered for the CPI and threw himself into the work. His outlook – a mixture of idealism about the cause of spreading democracy and cynicism about the methods involved – was typical of many at the agency.“The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society,” Bernays wrote a few years after the war. “Propaganda is the executive arm of the invisible government.”
All in all, the CPI proved quite effective in using advertising and PR to instill nationalistic feelings in Americans. Indeed, many veterans of the CPI’s campaign of persuasion went into careers in advertising during the 1920s.
The full bundle of techniques pioneered by Wilson during the Great War were updated and used by later presidents when they sent U.S. forces into battle.

This article was originally published on The Conversation.=sum of prop book:
<a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Propaganda/Propaganda_Bernays.html">http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Propaganda/Propaganda_Bernays.html</a>nyt mag<div class="columnGroup first" style="margin-bottom: 12px; clear: both; margin-right: 7px; margin-left: 10px; width: auto !important;"><div class="articleBody" style="margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.7em;">LUCKY STRIKE CIGARETTES had a problem. Women, an increasingly important market, were not buying Luckies in the expected quantities because, surveys in the 1930's showed, many felt the forest-green package clashed with their wardrobes. The obvious solution would have been to change the color, but George Washington Hill, the president of American Tobacco, adamantly refused, claiming he had already spent millions of dollars to advertise that green package. What to do? "If you won't change the color of the package, change the color of fashion -- to green," advised a young public relations man named Edward Bernays. And Bernays systematically set out to make green the fashion color of the 1934 season.Under the auspices of a local charity, Bernays planned a Green Ball and dispatched a well-connected society matron [? Vanderslip?] ?to the Paris couturiers to coax them into providing green gowns for the event. He convinced a leading textile manufacturer to sponsor a Green Fashions Fall luncheon for fashion editors and invited an art historian and a psychologist to expatiate on the significance of green. He organized a Color Fashion Bureau, which disseminated trends to the press, naturally emphasizing the popularity of the color green.Using green paper, he concocted a letter-writing campaign to interior decorators, art-industry groups, department stores and clubwomen describing the sudden "dominance" of green. He induced department stores to feature green dresses and suits in their window displays, and he persuaded the Reinhardt Galleries to hold a "Green Exhibition" of paintings. The result of this six-month flurry: green became the hot new color of fashion.So it was with Edward L. Bernays, who died March 9 at 103. In a career that began shortly before World War I and ended with his retirement in the early 60's, Bernays, a master huckster, advised companies, individuals and institutions as diverse as Diaghilev's Ballet Russe, General Motors, Procter & Gamble, R. H. Macy & Company, Cartier, Claire Boothe Luce and Samuel Goldwyn.Bernays's detractors called him a glorified press agent at best, a young Machiavelli at worst. He preferred the more majestic appellation "public relations counselor," but the title was at once too august for the kinds of chicanery Bernays practiced and too modest for its impact. In symbolic terms at least, Bernays was one of the signal figures of the century. As the father of modern public relations, he not only taught generations of persuaders how to sway public opinion, whether in the service of selling a product or electing a candidate, but he was, in the cultural historian Ann Douglas's words, the man "who orchestrated the commercialization of a culture."Much has been made of the fact that Bernays was Sigmund Freud's nephew, making psychological manipulation a kind of inheritance. He was born in Vienna in 1891 and immigrated to New York with his parents before his first birthday. His father, a prosperous grain exporter, nudged him into agronomy, but his was not an agrarian temperament. Captivated by the world of journalism, he quickly became a Broadway press agent. "I felt I had at last found my direction," he later wrote.As a press agent, the elfin Bernays with his dark, droopy mustache deployed all the tried-and-true stratagems to cadge newspaper mentions for his clients. Still, he seemed to realize that old-fashioned press agentry wasn't quite dignified enough for a nephew of Freud, and he set out to elevate both himself and his vocation. A brief stint during World War I with a Government agency formed to propagandize America's war effort convinced him that show-business techniques could be applied to corporate clients. As he later wrote, "I could create events and circumstances from which favorable publicity would stem."It sounded nefarious, and it was. To promote Ivory Soap, he organized a national soap-sculpturing contest in schools, though pliable Ivory was the only soap that could be used. To promote a bacon company, he enlisted a prominent doctor to solicit fellow doctors' opinions on the salutary benefits of a heavy breakfast. In trying to re-elect Herbert Hoover, he formed a Non-Partisan Fact-Finding Committee, which issued a poll showing Hoover trouncing the Democratic candidate, Franklin Roosevelt.Bernays defended his shenanigans not only as honorable but as essential to the democratic process. He was, he said, simply sending ideas into the marketplace, where the public could accept or reject them. But for all his professions of faith in democracy, he actually harbored deep suspicions of the public he courted. He concurred with Walter Lippmann's "Public Opinion," which he cited as a profound influence on his own work "Crystallizing Public Opinion" (1923), that man was conformist and malleable and that specialists -- philosopher-kings of sorts -- should guide his decision making. Bernays's own candidate for the task, unsurprisingly, was the public relations counselor who was trained, after all, to understand the public mind just as Uncle Sigmund understood the individual mind. Indeed, in Bernays's opinion, these P.R. men were the "true ruling power of our country."Here Bernays may very well have been right. Before Bernays and fellow P.R. consultants like Ivy Lee and Ben Sonnenberg came on the scene, a reader might have assumed that what he read in the daily newspaper was harvested by reporters steeped in the faith of objectivity. After Bernays, whether the reader realized it or not, information had been commodified. The historian Daniel Boorstin later coined the term "pseudo-events" to describe the sorts of subterfuges the P.R. fraternity devised -- events like the Green Ball, which seemed authentic but were staged for some ulterior purpose.It was an apt word, but it perhaps failed to convey how thoroughly public relations had transfigured the relationship between reality and its commercial facsimile. By the time the P.R. men were done, it was often impossible to tell the real from the bogus, information from misinformation, an actual event from a sponsored one. In short, Bernays helped erect a hall of mirrors that changed the nature of reality itself.It couldn't have happened if there hadn't been a whole phalanx of spin doctors willing to redefine fact. One of them, Henry C. Rogers, who also died this year, at 81, was in his own way as significant a figure as Bernays, though he would never have made such a claim. Self-effacing where Bernays was self-aggrandizing, instinctive where Bernays was theoretical, Rogers made his name operating not in posh corporate board rooms but in the comparatively ignoble precincts of Hollywood. There, he and his longtime partner, Warren Cowan, commanded Rogers & Cowan, the largest and by most measures the most successful P.R. firm for the stars -- one that has served as a model for Hollywood press relations to this day. BORN IN IRVINGTON, N.J., where his parents ran a dry-goods store, Rogers attended the University of Pennsylvania's Warton School with the intention of earning a business degree, but the Depression aborted that plan, and he eventually wound up in Los Angeles in 1935, clipping newspapers for a P.R. woman there. Within a year, despite a severe stutter, he decided to set up his own firm with a $500 loan from his father. "I still don't understand why anyone will pay you to put his name in the paper," his father said common-sensically, "but I'll accept your word on that."Where Bernays applied Freud, Rogers applied show-business flimflam, spending his early years in P.R. seeding columns with mentions of entertainment marginalities. His breakthrough came in 1939 when he met a beautiful but unknown starlet named Rita Hayworth, then a contract player at Columbia Pictures who feared being dropped without some new publicity.Rogers went to an editor at Look magazine, told him that Hayworth spent every cent she made on clothes and produced a telegram from the Fashion Couturiers Association of America (a fictitious organization) that declared Hayworth the best-dressed off-screen actress. Taking the bait, Look provided a photographer, Rogers persuaded clothiers to provide the wardrobe, Hayworth struck a seductive pose that made the magazine's cover and her career, as well as Rogers's, was on its way.The timing couldn't have been better. If Bernays was a man of the 20's and 30's, trying to hold back the tide of the ascendant masses, Rogers -- as tanned, dapper and distinguished as a Hollywood leading man -- was very much a product of the 40's and 50's, satisfying those masses as they luxuriated in their popular culture. Though he, too, later moved into corporate consulting, his stock in trade was promoting the stars. "Dog food and movie stars are much alike," he once wrote, "because they are both products in need of exposure."What Rogers was really selling, however, was the image of a star -- a job that turned out to be as problematic for our perception of reality as Bernays's. In his autobiography, appropriately titled "Walking the Tightrope," Rogers tells of being solicited for a consultation with Montgomery Clift. The actor was feeling increasingly imprisoned by public pressure to reveal more about his personal life. Over lunch at a Manhattan bistro, Clift took two sips from his martini and slid drunkenly to the floor. Rogers hoisted him home; astounded and embarrassed, he didn't take the actor as a client.What Rogers didn't recognize was that Clift may have been a victim of the very trade Rogers plied. His was the tragedy of one who had lost his moorings, his sense of himself, in a sea of images. Writ large, it may be our tragedy, too. Rogers and Bernays helped spawn an industry that now employs about 100,000 and continues to grow -- witness the Department of Energy's use of taxpayer money to hire Carma International to rate its press coverage.These P.R. armies have forged a new world of pseudo-events, video press releases, infomercials, letter-writing campaigns, manufactured celebrities and covert actions -- all of which has made us, like Clift, feel increasingly disoriented and suspicious. We want to believe that there is some reality within the haze in which we are enveloped. The most enduring legacy of Edward Bernays and Henry Rogers is that, all too often, there is only the haze.Photos: Rogers created the P.R. model for Hollywood followed to thisday. (Brad Guice for The New York Times) (pg. 28); Bernays, the original spin doctor, made green the got color of 1934 to sell more Lucky Strikes. (Barry Spector) (pg. 29)</div></div><div class="columnGroup " style="margin-bottom: 12px; clear: both; margin-right: 7px; margin-left: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); width: auto !important;"><div class="articleFooter" style="margin-bottom: 16px;"><div class="authorIdentification" style="margin-bottom: 2.8em;">Neal Gabler is the author of "Winchell: Gossip, Power and the Culture of Celebrity."</div></div></div>wiki annotated below==

torches of liberty coolidge

see century of self

EB said increase and USE fear of reds. UFruit co. Col Arbenz said would take much of UF land; democ socialist w/ no links to USSR; EB arranged trip; fake news bureau in US w/ PR that guate beachhead to attack us.

Bitter Fruit: worked for head of UFC Sam Zemurray 1950; sold commie scare, sam ~ saying indians too igniorant for marxism; p 80

1917 caruso tour, pr advidor to paris peace talks; P&G, Crisco and CBS

elite must use PR to control for the good of all [// Dewey? 180? lippmann?]

media: pals of owner NYT, Scripps-Howard, The New leader, CSM, SF Chron; had list of 25K opinion makers

nephew of freud (by marriage?]

close to new dealers (failed to get P&G to hire more blacks)

el pulpo, the octopus, bad PR for UFC, colonial SZ hired; both jew outsiders self made

EB wrote critical rept on racism, living conds, ignored

new pres Th cabot, bro of JM cabot, asst sec of state for inter Am affairs just before 54 coup

EB PO'd about guate labor Code, union disruptions 83  UFC asked Henry Cabot Lodge sen to object

got NY herald trib to write Comm in the Carribean

academics and state dept saw progress in guate; sided w US on Korea; patterned gov on FDR 85

Sam worked w/ guate gov and unions, then anti-commie ex RKO head ambassador, met w/ possible coup

iran nat'l oil, so UF scared; 2nd PR effort w/ junkets, Toirello objected to BS

53 EB planted a story that red agents in latin Am, trained in Czech

The New Leader ~ commie, conduit to CIA, AFL

fed disinfo to press and congress

hired lobbyist tommy the cork corcoran; put sam and nelson rockefeller together to liberalize banana trade; also La Follette of WI  91

also pals in CIA and flying tigers (CAT, then air america); cia smuggling guns to Arbenz opos (land reform)

cia head?) beetle wanted to be head of UFC?! 93 W Bedell Smith got on bd

had covered flank w/ New dealers,, now courted resurgent right in Ike and Joe McC

Clements at hearst pal of somoza jr in Nic, also PR firm hired to do report on guate, 2nd rept urged action/coup found Armas

RMN protege held hearings on reds on guate aug 54 after coup

UFC spent $1/2 mil /yr on PR 97

JFD sr partner in  which worked for bank tie to guate RR IRCA sullivan and cromwell

JF helped UFC buy RR to keep out competitiors 106  Allen also helped, on bd of bank

JM cabot owned stock in UF; wife of UF pr guy whitman was Ike sec; amb robt hill costa rica

Kermit turned down coup job; internal fights, Cork said UF must be involved?

arbenz bribe failed; wisner asst tracy barnes [julian?]

US cut off guate arms when wd not sign; bought from czech, mostly old German? junk but PO'd US

(earlier aborted  Op Success had planted ussr arms?)

Armas tried to deal w/ US but Peurifoy  an ~ commie dick

cia pirate radio (offical station down for repairs on citiical day in coup, so pirates stole freq]

via bombed missionary radio in screwup

diaz put in as pres but not acceptable to US armas and monzon allmost fought?

armas shut unions labor code changed

cia went after sukarno in indonesia and castro

UFC did not prosper, antitrust suit by state dept (despirte moveWhy the Kremlin hates banaas 229

merger, ceo jumped out 44th floor of pan am bldg

rmn visited armas guate 55  corruption, casinos,

armas shot by guy wo apparnetluy killed self

cia trained cubans in guate, later berets trained ~ insurgents 9origin in Op success) 30K kia 1966

80's army became a caste, death squads

1400 pp rept 36 yrs, 150K killed , 50k disappeared (Bp author bated to death 2 days later) 264

later study said 93% of death caised by gov, backed by US gov and biz

bitter fruit  steve schlesinger and st kinzer Harv UP 1999

Dulles bros paid atten after UF land taken (it was mostly unused, they had way more than needed even if some fallow ~ disease

and they were offered compensation [but at declared too low price?]

-----noam:

<a href="http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/bernprop.html">http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/bernprop.html</a>

<h2>Propaganda (1928) by Edward Bernays</h2></center>

[The] American business community was also very impressed with the propaganda effort. They had a problem at that time. The country was becoming formally more democratic. A lot more people were able to vote and that sort of thing. The country was becoming wealthier and more people could participate and a lot of new immigrants were coming in, and so on.</blockquote>

So what do you do? It's going to be harder to run things as a private club. Therefore, obviously, you have to control what people think. There had been public relation specialists but there was never a public relations industry. There was a guy hired to make Rockefeller's image look prettier [ivy?] and that sort of thing. But this huge public relations industry, which is a U.S. invention and a monstrous industry, came out of the first World War. The leading figures were people in the Creel Commission. In fact, the main one, Edward Bernays, comes right out of the Creel Commission. </blockquote><blockquote>He has a book that came out right afterwards called Propaganda. The term "propaganda," incidentally, did not have negative connotations in those days. It was during the second World War that the term became taboo because it was connected with Germany, and all those bad things. But in this period, the term propaganda just meant information or something like that. So he wrote a book called Propaganda around 1925, and it starts off by saying he is applying the lessons of the first World War. The propaganda system of the first World War and this commission that he was part of showed, he says, it is possible to "regiment the public mind every bit as much as an army regiments their bodies." These new techniques of regimentation of minds, he said, had to be used by the intelligent minorities in order to make sure that the slobs stay on the right course. We can do it now because we have these new techniques.</blockquote>

This is the main manual of the public relations industry. Bernays is kind of the guru. He was an authentic Roosevelt/Kennedy liberal. He also engineered the public relations effort behind the U.S.-backed coup which overthrew the democratic government of Guatemala.</blockquote>

His major coup [heh] , the one that really propelled him into fame in the late 1920s, was getting women to smoke. Women didn't smoke in those days and he ran huge campaigns for Chesterfield. You know all the techniques—models and movie stars with cigarettes coming out of their mouths and that kind of thing. He got enormous praise for that. So he became a leading figure of the industry, and his book was the real manual.

<div align="right">—Noam Chomsky</div>

<center>(From Chomsky's "What Makes Mainstream Media

Mainstream": a talk at Z Media Institute, June 1997)</center>

</blockquote>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

----

<h1 dir="ltr" class="title">The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention</h1>

By Richard H. Immerman

http://books.google.com/books?id=uigKBMGMmjMC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=bernays+cia+guatemala&source=bl&ots=PTYYNo4qr7&sig=R3OZVVKgeHg31iOH8AI-GCbrjiM&hl=en&ei=vGGSTIRek8KwA5L_gcAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=bernays%20cia%20guatemala&f=false

----

Guatemala 1954

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/QO">Berlet,C. Right Woos Left. 1991-12-16</a> (56)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/DY">Covert Action Quarterly</a> 1993-#44 (22)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/cB">Ewen,S. PR! A Social History of Spin. 1996</a> (3-18, 34-5, 146, 159-72, 190, 215, 294, 361-2, 373-80, 399-400)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/TZ">Green,F. American Propaganda Abroad. 1988</a> (13-4)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/QZ">Hersh,B. The Old Boys. 1992</a> (338)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/DG">Immerman,R. The CIA in Guatemala. 1982</a> (79, 111-4)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/KZ">Left Business Observer</a> 1989-#31 (4)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/aL">McCann,T. An American Company. 1976</a> (24, 28, 45-8, 50, 55, 62)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/CR">Mother Jones</a> 1985-01 (28)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/CG">NACLA. Guatemala. 1974</a> (59-60)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/WW">NameBase NewsLine</a> 1997-04 (3)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/eD">Rampton,S. Stauber,J. Trust Us, We're Experts! 2001</a> (18-9, 40-52)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/dD">Sargent,P. What Makes Lives. 1940</a> (189)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/AR">Schlesinger,S. Kinzer,S. Bitter Fruit. 1983</a> (79-90)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/YR">Stauber,J. Rampton,S. Toxic Sludge Is Good for You. 1995</a> (1, 22-6, 32-4, 202)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/aS">Swanberg,W.A. Luce and His Empire. 1972</a> (55, 87, 194-5)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/bY">Tye,L. The Father of Spin. 1998</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/CZ">Washington Post</a> 1991-11-23 (B1, 2)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb01/JK">Who's Who in America. 1984-1985</a></li>

</ul>

=

wiki

Edward Louis Bernays (November 22, 1891 – March 9, 1995) was an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">public relations</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">propaganda</a>, referred to in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">obituary</a> as "the father of public relations".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a> He combined the ideas of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Gustave Le Bon</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter" title="Wilfred Trotter" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wilfred Trotter</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">crowd psychology</a> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">psychoanalytical</a> ideas of his uncle, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Sigmund Freud</a>.

He felt this manipulation was necessary in society, which he regarded as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational" title="Irrational" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">irrational</a> and dangerous as a result of the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_instinct" title="Herd instinct" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">herd instinct</a>' that Trotter had described.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Adam Curtis</a>'s award-winning 2002 documentary for the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">BBC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_of_the_Self" title="The Century of the Self" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Century of the Self</a>, pinpoints Bernays as the originator of modern public relations, and Bernays was named one of the 100 most influential Americans of the 20th century by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Life magazine</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Life_and_influences" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1 Life and influences</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Techniques" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">2 Techniques</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Philosophy_and_public_relations" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">3 Philosophy and public relations</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">3.1 Propaganda</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Campaigns" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">3.3 Campaigns</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Overthrow_of_government_of_Guatemala" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">4 Overthrow of government of Guatemala</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Recognition_and_criticism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">5 Recognition and criticism</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Works" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">6 Works</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#Notes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">8 Notes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">9 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">10 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">Life and influences<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and influences" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and influences" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h2>

Born 1891 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Vienna</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jewish</a> parents, Bernays was a double nephew of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">psychoanalysis</a> pioneer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Sigmund Freud</a>. His mother was Sigmund's sister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud_family" title="Freud family" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Anna</a>and his father was Ely Bernays, brother of Freud's wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Martha Bernays</a>. In 1892 his family moved to New York City, where he attended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School" title="DeWitt Clinton High School" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">DeWitt Clinton High School</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a> In 1912 he graduated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cornell University</a> with a degree in agriculture, but chose journalism as his first career. He married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_E._Fleischman" title="Doris E. Fleischman" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Doris E. Fleischman</a> in 1922.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-nytobit-5" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a>

Bernays, working for the administration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Woodrow Wilson</a> during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">World War I</a> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Committee on Public Information</a>, was influential in promoting the idea that America's war efforts were primarily aimed at “bringing democracy to all of Europe". Following the war, he was invited by Woodrow Wilson to attend the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919.

Stunned by the degree to which the democracy slogan had swayed the public both at home and abroad, he wondered whether this propaganda model could be employed during peacetime. Due to negative implications surrounding the word <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">propaganda</a> because of its use by the Germans in World War I, he promoted the term "Public Relations".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a> According to the BBC interview with Bernays's daughter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bernays" title="Anne Bernays" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Anne</a>, Bernays felt that the public's democratic judgment was "not to be relied upon" and he feared that "they [the American public] could very easily vote for the wrong man or want the wrong thing, so that they had to be guided from above". This "guidance" was interpreted by Anne to mean that her father believed in a sort of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_despotism" title="Enlightened despotism" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">enlightened despotism</a>" ideology.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a>

This thinking was heavily shared and influenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Walter Lippmann</a>, one of the most prominent American political columnists at the time. Bernays and Lippmann sat together on the U.S. Committee on Public Information, and Bernays quotes Lippmann extensively in his seminal work <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Propaganda</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays also drew on the ideas of the French writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_LeBon" title="Gustave LeBon" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Gustave LeBon</a>, the originator of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">crowd psychology</a>, and of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter" title="Wilfred Trotter" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wilfred Trotter</a>, who promoted similar ideas in the anglophone world in his book <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincts_of_the_Herd_in_Peace_and_War" title="Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War</a>. Bernays refers to these two names in his writings. Trotter, who was a head and neck surgeon at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">University College Hospital</a>, London, read Freud's works, and it was he who introduced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wilfred Bion</a>, whom he lived and worked with, to Freud's ideas. When Freud fled Vienna for London after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Anschluss</a>, Trotter became his personal physician, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wilfred Bion</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ernest Jones</a> became key members of the Freudian psychoanalysis movement in England, and would develop the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_Dynamics" title="Group Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Group Dynamics</a>, largely associated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock_Institute" title="Tavistock Institute" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Tavistock Institute</a> where many of Freud's followers worked. Thus ideas of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_psychology" title="Group psychology" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">group psychology</a> and psychoanalysis came together in London around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">World War II</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays's public relations efforts helped to popularize Freud's theories in the United States. Bernays also pioneered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">PR</a> industry's use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">psychology</a>and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences" title="Social sciences" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">social sciences</a> to design its public persuasion campaigns:

If we understand the mechanism and motives of the group mind, is it not possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without their knowing about it? The recent practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">propaganda</a> has proved that it is possible, at least up to a certain point and within certain limits.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a>

</blockquote>

He called this scientific technique of opinion-molding the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineering_of_Consent" title="The Engineering of Consent" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">engineering of consent</a>'.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a>

Bernays began his career as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_agent" title="Press agent" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">press agent</a> in 1913, counseling to theaters, concerts and the ballet. In 1917, US President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Woodrow Wilson</a> engaged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Creel" title="George Creel" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">George Creel</a> and realizing one of his ideas, he founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Committee on Public Information</a>. Bernays, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Byoir" title="Carl Byoir" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Carl Byoir</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Price_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Price Jones (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Price Jones</a> worked together to influence public opinion towards supporting American participation in World War I.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

In 1919, he opened an office as Public Relations Counselor in New York. He held the first Public Relations course at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York University</a> in 1923, publishing the first groundbreaking book on public relations entitled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystallizing_Public_Opinion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystallizing Public Opinion (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Crystallizing Public Opinion</a> that same year.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a>

As for Bernay's many accomplishments, he also worked with a vast number of famous clients, including President Calvin Coolidge, Procter & Gamble, CBS, the United Fruit Company, the American Tobacco Company, General Electric, Dodge Motors, and the fluoridationists of the Public Health Service. Beyond his contributions to these famous and powerful clients, Bernays revolutionized public relations by combining traditional press agentry with the techniques of psychology and sociology to create what one writer has called "the science of ballyhoo".[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">Techniques</h2>

Bernays refined and popularized the use of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">press release</a>, following its invention by PR man <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee" title="Ivy Lee" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ivy Lee</a>, who had issued a press release after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Atlantic_City_train_wreck" title="1906 Atlantic City train wreck" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1906 Atlantic City train wreck</a>. One of the most famous campaigns of Bernays was the women's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smoking" title="Cigarette smoking" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">cigarette smoking</a> campaign in 1920s. Bernays helped the smoking industry overcome one of the biggest social taboos of the time: women smoking in public. Women were only allowed to smoke in designated areas, or not at all. If caught violating this rule, women would have been arrested.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a> Bernays staged the 1929 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Easter parade</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York City</a>, showing models holding lit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Strike" title="Lucky Strike" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Lucky Strike</a> cigarettes, or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torches_of_Freedom" title="Torches of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Torches of Freedom</a>". After the historic public event, women started lighting up more than ever before. It was through Bernays that women's smoking habits started to become socially acceptable. Bernays created this event as news, which, of course, it wasn’t.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] Bernays convinced industries that the news, not advertising, was the best medium to carry their message to an unsuspecting public.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

One of Bernays's favorite techniques for manipulating public opinion was the indirect use of "third party authorities" to plead his clients' causes. "If you can influence the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_leader" title="Opinion leader" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">leaders</a>, either with or without their conscious cooperation, you automatically influence the group which they sway", he said. In order to promote sales of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">bacon</a>, for example, he conducted a survey of physicians and reported their recommendation that people eat heavy breakfasts. He sent the results of the survey to 5,000 physicians, along with publicity touting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">bacon and eggs</a> as an ideal heavy breakfast, and superior for health to the then traditional breakfast of tea (or coffee) and toast. .[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays also drew upon his uncle Sigmund's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">psychoanalytic</a> ideas for the benefit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">commerce</a> in order to promote, by indirection, commodities as diverse as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">cigarettes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap" title="Soap" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">soap</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books" title="Books" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">books</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

In addition to the theories of his uncle, Bernays used those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ivan Pavlov</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

PR industry historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cutlip" title="Scott Cutlip" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Scott Cutlip</a> describes Bernays as "perhaps the most fabulous and fascinating individual in public relations, a man who was bright, articulate to excess, and most of all, an innovative thinker and philosopher of this vocation that was in its infancy when he opened his office in New York in June 1919."[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays used the “Freudian Theory” to deal with the public's conception of communism, as he believed that we should not be easing the public's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism#Fear_of_communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">fear of communism</a>, but rather promote that fear and play with the public's emotions of it. This theory in its own was so powerful that it became a weapon of its own during the cold war.

Bernays's papers, opened in April 2010,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a> contain a wealth of information on the founding of the field in the twenties. The Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel Edward L. Bernays (1965) contains an overview of the decade. Many of the essays selected for the Coolidge-Consumerism collection from the Bernays Papers were written as early drafts for The Biography of an Idea.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays, who pursued his calling in New York City from 1919 to 1963, styled himself a "public relations counsel." He had very pronounced views on the differences between what he did and what people in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">advertising</a> did. A pivotal figure in the orchestration of elaborate corporate advertising campaigns and multi-media consumer spectacles, he nevertheless is among those listed in the acknowledgments section of the seminal government social science study "Recent Social Trends in the United States" (1933).[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

On a par with Bernays as the most sought-after public relations counsel of the decade was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee" title="Ivy Lee" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ivy Ledbetter Lee</a>, among whose chief clients were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John D. Rockefeller</a>, Sr., Bethlehem Steel[schwab], Armour & Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Lee is represented in the Coolidge-Consumerism collection by "Publicity: Some of the Things It Is and Is Not" (1925).[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

The belief that propaganda and news were legitimate tools of his business, and his ability to offer philosophical justifications for these beliefs that ultimately embraced the whole democratic way of life, in Bernays's mind set his work in public relations apart from what ad men did. The Bernays essays "A Public Relations Counsel States His Views" (1927) and "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">This Business of Propaganda</a>" (1928) show that Bernays regarded advertising men as special pleaders, merely paid to persuade people to accept an idea or commodity. The public relations counsel, on the other hand, he saw as an Emersonian-like creator of events that dramatized new concepts and perceptions, and even influenced the actions of leaders and groups in society.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] (Though it is doubtful that transcendentalist Emerson, enamored as he was with the spiritual traditions of India and their denunciaton of materialism -and promotion of a simplified, "inward" existence, instead- would have found Bernays and his efforts on behalf of corporations appealing.)

Bernays's vision was of a utopian society in which individuals' dangerous libidinal energies, the psychic and emotional energy associated with instinctual biological drives that Bernays viewed as inherently dangerous given his observation of societies like the Germans under Hitler, could be harnessed and channeled by a corporate elite for economic benefit. Through the use of mass production, big business could fulfill the constant cravings of the inherently irrational and desire-driven masses,[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">clarification needed</a> What mass irrationality?][<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] simultaneously securing the niche of a mass production economy (even in peacetime), as well as sating the dangerous animal urges[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">clarification needed</a> What dangerous urges?] that threatened to tear society apart[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]if left unquelled.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays's magisterial, philosophical touch[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] is in evidence in "Manipulating Public Opinion" (1928) when he writes: "This is an age of mass production. In the mass production of materials a broad technique has been developed and applied to their distribution. In this age, too, there must be a technique for the mass distribution of ideas." Yet he recognized the potential danger in so grand a scheme and in "This Business of Propaganda" (1928), as elsewhere, sounded the great caveat to his vision: a public relations counsel "must never accept a retainer or assume a position which puts his duty to the groups he represents above his duty to society."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-PetersSimonson2004-13" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a> (A curious comment, considering his willingness to promote products of questionable value to humanity --- such as the aforementioned cigarettes: a publicity campaign he regretted later in life, after his wife died of lung cancer.)

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Propaganda (book)</a></div>

The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">democratic</a> society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">government</a> which is the true ruling power of our country. ...We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. ...In almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics" style="line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">politics</a> or business, in our social conduct or our <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical" title="Ethical" class="mw-redirect" style="line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ethical</a> thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons...who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a>In Propaganda (1928), Bernays argued that the manipulation of public opinion was a necessary part of democracy:

Articles in the journals of opinion, such as the one by Marlen Pew, Edward L. Bernays Critiqued as "Young Machiavelli of Our Time",<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a> and the debate between Bernays and Everett Dean Martin in Forum, Are We Victims of Propaganda?, depicted Bernays negatively.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a> He and other publicists were often attacked as propagandists and deceptive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" title="Psychological manipulation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">manipulators</a>, who represented <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_group" title="Lobby group" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">lobby groups</a> against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">public interest</a> and covertly contrived events that secured coverage as news stories, free of charge, for their clients instead of securing attention for them through paid advertisements.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays's brilliance for promotion in this vein emerges clearly when one reads, in the Bernays Typescript on Publicizing the New Dodge Cars, 1927-1928: "Two Sixes", the story of how he managed to secure newspaper coverage for the radio programs he developed to promote the Dodge Brothers' new six-cylinder cars. TheBernays Typescript on Publicizing the Fashion Industry, 1925-27: "Hats and Stockings" and the Bernays Typescript on Art in the Fashion Industry, 1923-1927, reveal a similar flair for consumer manipulation in the arena of fashion.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

As is evident from the description of his campaign to publicize the Dodge cars, Bernays had a particular gift[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] for the marketing strategy called the "tie-up" or "tie-in". In this strategy, one venue, opportunity, or occasion for promoting a consumer product, for example, radio advertising, is linked to another, say, newspaper advertising, and even, at times, to a third, say a department store exhibition salesroom featuring the item, and possibly even a fourth, such as an important holiday, for example Thrift Week.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-Thrift_Week-17" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a>

In addition to famous corporate clients, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Procter & Gamble</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company" title="American Tobacco Company" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">American Tobacco Company</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_SA" title="Cartier SA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Cartier Inc.</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Foods" title="Best Foods" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Best Foods</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS" title="CBS" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">CBS</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">United Fruit Company</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">General Electric</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Dodge Motors</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridation" title="Fluoridation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">fluoridationists</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Service" title="Public Health Service" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Public Health Service</a>, Knox-Gelatin, and innumerable other big names, Bernays also worked on behalf of many non-profit institutions and organizations. These included, to name just a few, the Committee on Publicity Methods in Social Work (1926–1927), the Jewish Mental Health Society (1928), the Book Publishers Research Institute (1930–1931), the New York Infirmary for Women and Children (1933), the Committee for Consumer Legislation (1934), the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy (1940),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-Hasselriis1959-19" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-JensenJensen2003-20" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a> the Citywide Citizens' Committee on Harlem (1942), and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (1954–1961). For the U.S. Government, he worked for the President's Emergency Committee on Employment (1930–1932) and President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Calvin Coolidge</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

In the 1950s, some of his ideas and vision helped portray India as the most democratic republic in Asia by having the People’s Congress of India adapt a Bill of Rights. Freedom of the Press, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Assembly, and Freedom of Petition were added to the constitution of India.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

The amusing Bernays Typescript on Public Relations Work and Politics, 1924: "Breakfast with Coolidge" shows that President Coolidge too was among his clients. Bernays was hired to improve Coolidge's image before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.presidential_election,1924" title="U.S. presidential election, 1924" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">1924 presidential election</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Another selection from his papers, the Typescript on Publicizing the Physical Culture Industry, 1927: "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Bernarr Macfadden</a>", reveals Bernays's opinion of the leader of the physical culture movement. Yet another client, department store visionary Edward A. Filene, was the subject of the Typescript on a Boston Department Store Magnate. Bernays's Typescript on the Importance of Samuel Strauss: "1924 - Private Life" shows that the public relations counsel and his wife were fans of consumerism critic Samuel Strauss.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

<h3 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px;">Campaigns<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaigns" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaigns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h3>

<div class="notice plainlinks">This list is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important;" xmlns:data="data">expanding it</a>.</div>

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<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Some of the campaigns Bernays worked on:</dd>

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<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1913 Bernays was hired by the actor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(actor)" title="Richard Bennett (actor)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Richard Bennett</a> to protect a play that supported sex education against police interference. Bernays set up a front group called the "Medical Review of Reviews Sociological Fund" (officially concerned with fighting venereal disease) for the purpose of endorsing the play.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-sludge-21" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1915 Diaghilev's Ballet Russes American tour convinced magazines to write articles that told people that Ballet is fun to watch.</li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1920 Successfully hosted the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">NAACP</a> convention in Atlanta, Georgia. His campaign was considered successful because there was no violence at the convention. His campaign focused on the important contributions of African-Americans to Whites living in the South. He later received an award from the NAACP for his contribution.</li></ul><div style="">
</div><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data">

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the 1920s, working for the American Tobacco Company, he sent a group of young models to march in the New York City parade. He then told the press that a group of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">women's rights</a> marchers would light "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torches_of_Freedom" title="Torches of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Torches of Freedom</a>". On his signal, the models lit Lucky Strike cigarettes in front of the eager photographers. The New York Times (1 April 1929) printed: "Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of 'Freedom'". This helped to break the taboo against women smoking in public. During this decade he also handled publicity for the NAACP.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bernays once engineered a "pancake breakfast" with vaudevillians for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Calvin Coolidge</a> in what is widely considered one of the first overt media acts for a president.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]</li></ul><div style="">
</div><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data">

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bernays used his uncle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Sigmund Freud</a>'s ideas to help convince the public, among other things, that bacon and eggs was the true all-American breakfast.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></li></ul><div>
</div><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data">

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In October 1929, Bernays was involved in promoting "Light's Golden Jubilee." The event, which spanned across several major cities in the U.S., was designed to celebrate the 50th anniversary of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Thomas Edison</a>'s invention of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-bulb" title="Light-bulb" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">light-bulb</a> (though the light-bulb had been previously invented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Joseph Swan</a>). The publicity elements of the Jubilee – including the special issuance of a U.S. postage stamp and Edison's "re-creating" the invention of the light bulb for a nationwide radio audience – provided evidence of Bernays's love for big ideas and "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyhoo" title="Ballyhoo" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ballyhoo</a>". A follow up event staged in 1954 (and directed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">television</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">David O. Selznick</a>) was styled "Light's Diamond Jubileee".[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
</li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bernays attempted to help Venida hair nets company to get women to wear their hair longer so they would use hair nets more. The campaign failed but did get government officials to require hair nets for some jobs.</li></ul><div>
</div><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data">

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bernays worked with Procter & Gamble for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_(soap)" title="Ivory (soap)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ivory soap</a>. The campaign successfully convinced people that Ivory soap was medically superior to other soaps. He also promoted soap through sculpting contests and floating contests because the soap floated better than its competitors.</li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bernays helped the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_Company_of_America" title="Aluminum Company of America" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Aluminum Company of America</a> (Alcoa) and other special interest groups to convince the American public that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">water fluoridation</a> was safe and beneficial to human health. This was achieved by using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Association" title="American Dental Association" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">American Dental Association</a> in a highly successful media campaign.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the 1930s, his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Cup" title="Dixie Cup" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Dixie Cup</a> campaign was designed to convince consumers that only disposable cups were sanitary.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]</li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the 1930s, he attempted to convince women that Lucky Strike cigarettes' forest green pack was the most fashionable color. Letters were written to interior and fashion designers, department stores, and prominent women of society pushing green as the new hot color for the season. Balls, gallery exhibitions, and window displays all featured green after Bernays got through with them. The result was that green did indeed become a very hot color for the 1934 season and Lucky Strike kept their pack color and female clientele intact.</li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 1939 he was the publicity director for the New York World's Fair</li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">After his semi-retirement in the 1960s he worked with the pro-health anti-smoking lawyer John Banzhaf's group, ASH and supported other anti-smoking campaigns.</li>

</ul>

Bernays's most extreme political propaganda activities were said to be conducted on behalf of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">multinational corporation</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company" style=" text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">United Fruit Company</a> (today's<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Chiquita Brands International" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Chiquita Brands International</a>) and the U.S. government to facilitate the successful overthrow (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_PBSUCCESS" title="Operation PBSUCCESS" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Operation PBSUCCESS</a>) of the democratically elected president of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Guatemala</a>, Colonel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman" title="Jacobo Arbenz Guzman" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jacobo Arbenz Guzman</a>. Bernays's propaganda (documented in the BBC documentary, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_of_the_Self" title="The Century of the Self" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Century of the Self</a>), branding Arbenz as communist, was published in major U.S. media. According to a book review by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stauber" title="John Stauber" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Stauber</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Rampton" title="Sheldon Rampton" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Sheldon Rampton</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Tye" title="Larry Tye" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Larry Tye</a>'s biography of Bernays, The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & The Birth of PR, "the term '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">banana republic</a>' actually originated in reference to United Fruit's domination of corrupt governments in Guatemala and other Central American countries."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a>

Much of Bernays's reputation today stems from his persistent public relations campaign to build his own reputation as "America's No. 1 Publicist". During his active years, many of his peers in the industry were offended by Bernays's continuous self-promotion. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cutlip" title="Scott Cutlip" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Scott Cutlip</a>, "Bernays was a brilliant person who had a spectacular career, but, to use an old-fashioned word, he was a braggart."[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

"When a person would first meet Bernays", says Cutlip, "it would not be long until Uncle Sigmund would be brought into the conversation. His relationship with Freud was always in the forefront of his thinking and his counseling." According to Irwin Ross, another writer, "Bernays liked to think of himself as a kind of psychoanalyst to troubled corporations." In the early 1920s, Bernays arranged an English-language translation of Freud's General Introduction to Psychoanalysis for the US publication. In addition to publicizing Freud's ideas, Bernays used his association with Freud to establish his own reputation as a thinker and theorist—a reputation that was further enhanced when Bernays authored several landmark texts of his own, most notably Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871409755" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN 0-87140-975-5</a>), Propaganda (1928, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080461511X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN 0-8046-1511-X</a>) and "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineering_of_Consent" title="The Engineering of Consent" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Engineering of Consent</a>" in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (March 1947).[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays defined the profession of "counsel on public relations" as a "practicing social scientist" whose "competence is like that of the industrial engineer, the management engineer, or the investment counselor in their respective fields." To assist clients, PR counselors used "understanding of the behavioral sciences and applying them—sociology, social psychology, anthropology, history, etc." In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Propaganda</a>, his most important book,[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>] Bernays argued that the scientific manipulation of public opinion was necessary to overcome chaos and conflict in society.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">citation needed</a>]

Bernays's celebration of propaganda helped define public relations, but it did not win the industry many friends. In a letter to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">President Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Felix Frankfurter</a> described Bernays and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee" title="Ivy Lee" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ivy Lee</a> as "professional poisoners of the public mind, exploiters of foolishness, fanaticism and self-interest." And history showed the flaw in Bernays's identification of the "manipulation of the masses" as a natural and necessary feature of a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">democratic</a> society. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">fascist</a> rise to power in Germany demonstrated that propaganda could be used to subvert democracy as easily as it could be used to "resolve conflict."

In his 1965 autobiography, Bernays recalls a dinner at his home in 1933 where

<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Karl von Wiegand, foreign correspondent of the Hearst newspapers, an old hand at interpreting Europe and just returned from Germany, was telling us about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Goebbels</a> and his propaganda plans to consolidate Nazi power. Goebbels had shown Wiegand his propaganda library, the best Wiegand had ever seen. Goebbels, said Wiegand, was using my book Crystallizing Public Opinion as a basis for his destructive campaign against the Jews of Germany. This shocked me. ... Obviously the attack on the Jews of Germany was no emotional outburst of the Nazis, but a deliberate, planned campaign.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></dd>

</dl>

According to John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, in a published review of Larry Tye's biography of Bernays,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">It is impossible to fundamentally grasp the social, political, economic and cultural developments of the past 100 years without some understanding of Bernays and his professional heirs in the public relations industry. PR is a 20th-century phenomenon, and Bernays -- widely eulogized as the "father of public relations" at the time of his death in 1995 -- played a major role in defining the industry's philosophy and methods.</dd>

</dl>

As a result his legacy remains a highly contested one, as evidenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Adam Curtis</a>' 2002 BBC documentary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_of_the_Self" title="The Century of the Self" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">The Century of the Self</a>.

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">Works<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/broadwayanth00bernrich" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">The Broadway Anthology</a> (1917, co-author)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/215243834" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">215243834</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A Public Relations Counsel (1927)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">An Outline of Careers; a practical guide to achievement by thirty-eight eminent Americans (1927)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Verdict of public opinion on propaganda (1927)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Propaganda</a> (1928), Horace Liveright, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804615112" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN 978-0-8046-1511-2</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">This Business of Propaganda (1928)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Universities—pathfinders in public opinion (1937)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Careers for men; a practical guide to opportunity in business, written by thirty-eight successful Americans (1939)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Speak up for democracy; what you can do—a practical plan of action for every American citizen (1940)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Future of private enterprise in the post-war world (1942)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Democratic leadership in total war (1943)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Psychological blueprint for the peace—Canada, U.S.A. (1944)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations_(book)" title="Public relations (book)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Public relations</a> (1945)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Take your place at the peace table (1945)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">What the British think of us; a study of British hostility to America and Americans and its motivation, with recommendations for improving Anglo-American relations (1950, co-author with his wife Doris Fleischman)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Engineering of consent (1955, contributor) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/550584" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">550584</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Your future in public relations (1961)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Biography of an idea: memoirs of public relations counsel (1965)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Case for Reappraisal of U.S. Overseas Information Policies and Programs (Special Study) (1970), by Edward L. Bernays and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burnet_Hershey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burnet Hershey (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Burnet Hershey</a>(editors)</li>

</ul>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">See also<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Crowd manipulation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Propaganda</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" title="Spin (public relations)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Spin (public relations)</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychology" title="Mass psychology" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Mass psychology</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Bernays" title="Isaac Bernays" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Isaac Bernays</a> (1792–1849) his grandfather</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bernays" title="Anne Bernays" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Anne Bernays</a>, his daughter</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud_family" title="Freud family" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Freud family</a>, his relatives</li>

</ul>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">Notes<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h2>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }The New York Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/16/specials/bernays-obit.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/16/specials/bernays-obit.html</a> <code style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">|url=</code> missing title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bare_url_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">help</a>).</li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Trotter (1919).</li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Ewen, Stuart (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bway.net/_{drstu/chapter.html}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"Chapter 1: Visiting Edward Bernays"</a>. PR! A Social History Of Spin -Chapter 1. Basic Books.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Colford, Paul D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/102844501.html?dids=102844501:102844501&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+05%2C+1991&author=By+Paul+D.+Colford.+STAFF+WRITER&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=A+BIRTHDAY+SALUTE+TO+THE+FATHER+OF+PUBLIC+RELATIONS+For+Immediate+Release%3A+Edward+Bernays+Is+100&pqatl=google" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"A BIRTHDAY SALUTE TO THE FATHER OF PUBLIC RELATIONS For Immediate Release: Edward Bernays Is 100"</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Newsday</a>, December 5, 1991. Accessed September 14, 2009. "Through most of his life, home base was Manhattan, where Bernays grew up and graduated from P S 184 and DeWitt Clinton High School, then at 10th Avenue and 58th Street, before going on to Cornell University."</li>

<li id="cite_note-nytobit-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-nytobit_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Cook, Joan (July 12, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F16F7385C11728DDDAB0994DF405B8084F1D3" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Doris Fleischman Bernays Dead; Pioneer Public Relations Counsel.</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">New York Times</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_relations" title="History of public relations" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">History of public relations</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjP2gHoBLvA" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"THE CENTURY OF THE SELF"</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Edward Bernays <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Propaganda</a>, 2005 ed., p47</li>

<li id="cite_note-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Bernays, Edward L.; Cutler, H.W. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gromitinc.com/lego/Library/Engineering_of_consent.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">The Engineering of Consent</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 8. Retrieved 19 October 2012. "Any person or organization depends ultimately on public approval, and is therefore faced with the problem of engineering the public's consent to a program or goal."</li>

<li id="cite_note-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Pro-Res/Public-Relations.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Public Relations</a> Reference for Business</li>

<li id="cite_note-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F6081EFC3D5D1A7A93CAAB1788D85F468285F9" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">“Smoking in Public Barred for Women; Police Enforce law”</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Butler, John P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms003016&faSection=overview&faSubsection=eadheader&dmdid=d36418e2" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved April.</li>

<li id="cite_note-PetersSimonson2004-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-PetersSimonson2004_13-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Peters, John Durham; Simonson, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=34kSkJuYCIYC&pg=PA51" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Mass communication and American social thought: key texts, 1919-1968</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 51–57.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2839-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2839-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">978-0-7425-2839-0</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-14" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/EdwardLBernays-Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Edward Bernays Propaganda (1928) p. 10</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-15" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-15" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Cutlip, Scott M. (1994). The unseen power: public relations, a history. L. Erlbaum Associates. p. 185. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-1464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-1464-7" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">0-8058-1464-7</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-16" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=cool&itemLink=r?ammem/coolbib:@field%28TITLE+@od1%28Edward+L+Bernays+Papers+++Are+We+Victims+of+Propaganda?+A+Debate++Everett+Dean+Martin+and+Edward+L++Bernays+%29%29&hdl=amrlm:me20:0001" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"Everett Dean Martin and Edward L. Bernays, ''Are We Victims of Propaganda?'' (Library of Congress reproduction from The Forum Magazine, March, 1929)"</a>. Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2010-02-12.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Thrift_Week-17" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-Thrift_Week_17-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newthrift.org/ntw2012/index.php" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"National Thrift Week"</a>. Institute for American Values. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</li>

<li id="cite_note-18" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-18" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Bernays, Edward L. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cHzZAAAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Biography of an idea: memoirs of public relations counsel</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 606. "I offered to help organize the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy, made up for the most part of Americans of Danish ..."</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hasselriis1959-19" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-Hasselriis1959_19-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Hasselriis, Caspar Henrik Wolffsen (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zGjXAAAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Helligdag: erindringer</a> (in Danish). Udgivet af Dansk samvirke hos E. Munksgaard. p. 143. "... at han vilde engagere den kendte Public Relations Ekspert Edward L. Bernays til at være Raadgiver. ... Resultatet blev Dannelsen af »American Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy«, et Navn foreslaaet af Mr. Bernays, som mente, ..."</li>

<li id="cite_note-JensenJensen2003-20" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-JensenJensen2003_20-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Jensen, Mette Bastholm; Jensen, Steven L. B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ur8wAQAAIAAJ" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Denmark and the Holocaust</a>. Institute for International Studies, Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-989305-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-989305-1-8" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">978-87-989305-1-8</a>. "The "Father of Public Relations and Spin" and nephew of Sigmund Freud Edward L. Bernays (1890-1995), was also hired by the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy as a ..."</li>

<li id="cite_note-sludge-21" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-sludge_21-0" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Rampton, Sheldon; Stauber, John (2001), Trust us, we're experts, pp. 44f.</li>

<li id="cite_note-22" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-22" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Stephen Bender. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig6/bender2.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Karl Rove & the Spectre of Freud’s Nephew</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LewRockwell.com" title="LewRockwell.com" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">LewRockwell.com</a>, 2005-02-04</li>

<li id="cite_note-23" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-23" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Alix Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4612464" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Morning Edition</a>, 2005-04-22</li>

<li id="cite_note-24" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-24" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Murray N. Rothbard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard85.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Fluoridation Revisited</a>. The Rothbard-Rockwell Report, January 1993</li>

<li id="cite_note-25" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-25" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26Ir2xhL_po" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"THE CENTURY OF THE SELF"</a>. THE CENTURY OF THE SELF. peter1979sk. Retrieved 26 November 2011.</li>

<li id="cite_note-26" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-26" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Dennis W. Johnson. Routledge Handbook of Political Management, (New York: Routledge, 2009), 314 n. 3; see Edward Bernays, Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel Edward L. Bernays (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=XmV6JivU8kUC&pg=PA314&lpg=PA314&dq=bernays+Goebbels+autobiography&source=bl&ots=jPmzepf51-&sig=JvCCkEifEbww3NOlBvKX9iV3aq4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KdkBULPXO4nxqAHc-OW2DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bernays%20Goebbels%20autobiography&f=false" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-27" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays#cite_ref-27" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">^{</a> }Stauber, John and Sheldon Rampton. 1999. "The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of PR by Larry Tye." PR Watch 6:2, Second Quarter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q2/bernays.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a>.</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">References<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">American National Biography v. 2, Oxford University Press, 1999.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stauber" title="John Stauber" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Stauber</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Rampton" title="Sheldon Rampton" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Sheldon Rampton</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/books/tsigfy.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Toxic Sludge Is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Edward Bernays, Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of a Public Relations Counsel</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Larry Tye, The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of Public Relations (1998, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517704358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN 0-517-70435-8</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mala.bc.ca/_{soules/media112/pr.htm}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">excerpt</a>)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Scott Cutlip, The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History (1994, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805814647" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN 0-8058-1464-7</a>)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stuart Ewen, PR! A Social History of Spin (1996, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465061680" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">ISBN 0-465-06168-0</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mala.bc.ca/_{soules/media112/pr.htm}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">excerpt</a>)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Curtis, Adam</a> (2008-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mojw7DIpu1k" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"Century Of Self.1-1 Happiness Machines"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 2010-02-12.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4612464" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">"Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations"</a>. National Public Radio. Retrieved 2010-02-12.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Olasky" title="Marvin Olasky" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Marvin Olasky</a> column on his interview with Bernays at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townhall.com/Columnists/MarvinOlasky/2006/07/27/deliver_us_from_chaos" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Townhall.com</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter" title="Wilfred Trotter" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Wilfred Trotter</a> (1919). Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War - 4th impression, with postscript. New York, MacMillan.</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px;">External links<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; direction: ltr;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">edit source</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bernays&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">editbeta</a>]</h2>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/1999Q2/bernays.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">The Father of Spin</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bway.net/_{drstu/chapter.html}" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Visiting Edward Bernays - Chapter 1 of a book by Stuart Ewen (1996)</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infectiousvideos.com/index.php?p=showvid&sid=1117&fil=0000000056&o=0&idx=6&sb=daily&a=playvid&r=Torches_of_Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Torches of Freedom Video Clip</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prmuseum.com/bernays/bernays_video_torches.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Edward L. Bernays tells the story of "Torches of Freedom" in his own words -video clip -1999</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corbettreport.com/mp3/episode033_meet_edward_bernays.mp3" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakbamaaab="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKBAMAAAB" hnkoaaaamfbmvex="HNKOAAAAMFBMVEX" fyri0xt5gzpczguyv0bw8eubomu3u5qqlwafo4hv25q3w1clljoejjkrlhtubctpaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaaddjrefucftjyggufbrnybbsuljkydcckikcifkaeuzmiohndgrys="fyrI0Xt5gzPCzGuyv0bw8eubomu3u5qQlWafo4HV25q3w1CLljOEjjKRlHTuBCtpAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAADdJREFUCFtjYGgUFBRnYBBSUlJkYDCCkIKCIFKAEUZmiohNdGRYs" xw6vggkbhc1xcmjb8y5bma6nkltrujfj0aaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Meet Edward Bernays (audio documentary)</a></li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.neu.edu/archives/collect/findaids/m99find.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Edward L. Bernays papers, 1982-1998 (bulk 1993-1995)</a> are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.</li>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/110971-1/Larry+Tye.aspx" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii="); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;" xmlns:data="data">Booknotes interview with Larry Tye on The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & The Birth of Public Relations, September 20, 1998.</a></li>

</ul>