Mali

<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">aha war is cause and effect of chaos/ system fail, doom spiral?</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/11/climate-change-future/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.alternet.org/2020/11/climate-change-future/</a></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">war burkina faso, [tigre ...] more drown meditt</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<strong>War on (of and for) Terror</strong></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the most <a href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Displacement_Vine%20et%20al_Costs%20of%20War%202020%2009%2008.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">dramatic drivers of displacement</a> over the last 20 years, according to researchers from Brown University's Costs of War project, has been that conflict in Afghanistan and the seven other "most violent wars the U.S. military has launched or participated in since 2001." In the wake of the killing of <a href="https://fox8.com/news/on-19th-anniversary-of-9-11-attacks-death-toll-still-rising/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">2,974 people</a> by al-Qaeda militants that September 11th and the decision of George W. Bush's administration to launch a Global War on Terror, conflicts the United States initiated, escalated, or participated in -- specifically, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, the Philippines, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen -- have displaced between <a href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Displacement_Vine%20et%20al_Costs%20of%20War%202020%2009%2008.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">37 million and 59 million</a> people.
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While U.S. troops have also seen combat in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/15/magazine/burkina-faso-terrorism-united-states.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Burkina Faso</a> and Washington has pumped hundreds of millions of dollars of "security assistance" into that country, its displaced aren't even counted in the Costs of War tally. And yet there's a clear link between the U.S.-backed overthrow of Libya's autocrat, Muammar Qaddafi, in 2011 and Burkina Faso's desperate state today. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"Ever since the West assassinated Qaddafi, and I'm conscious of using that particular word, Libya has been completely destabilized," Chérif Sy, Burkina Faso's defense minister, explained in a 2019 interview. "While at the same time it was the country with the most guns. It has become an arms cache for the region."</span>
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Those arms helped destabilize neighboring Mali</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and led to a 2012 coup by a U.S.-trained office</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">r. Two years later, another U.S.-trained officer seized power in Burkina Faso during a popular uprising. This year, yet another U.S.-trained officer </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/mali-coup-leader-was-trained-by-us-special-operations-forces/2020/08/21/33153fbe-e31c-11ea-82d8-5e55d47e90ca_story.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">overthrew</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> yet another government in Mali. All the while, terrorist attacks have been ravaging the region. "The Sahel has seen the </span><a href="https://africacenter.org/spotlight/african-militant-islamist-groups-new-record-violent-activity/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">most dramatic escalation</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> of violence since mid-2017," according to a July report by the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, a Defense Department research institution...</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p></div></div><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">human rights</font></p><p><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/nestle-u-s-a-inc-v-doe/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/nestle-u-s-a-inc-v-doe/</font></a></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><h1 times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" clear="clear" both="both" color="color" rgb="rgb" display="display" inline="inline" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; border: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nestlé U.S.A., Inc. v. Doe</font></h1><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> </span><span class="case-status" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" display="display" inline="inline" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Petition for certiorari denied on January 11, 2016</span><span helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" /></font></p><div class="hr" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" clear="clear" both="both" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><table id="date-docket" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border-collapse="border-collapse" collapse="collapse" border-spacing="border-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><colgroup><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="70px;" /><col width="85px;" /><col width="85px;" /></colgroup><thead style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Docket No.</font></th><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Op. Below</font></th><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Argument</font></th><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Opinion</font></th><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Vote</font></th><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Author</font></th><th align="left" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Term</font></th></tr></thead><tbody style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/15-349.htm" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">15-349</font></a></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://casetext.com/case/doe-v-nestle-usa?ref=Sb!7elzRe" target="blank" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">9th Cir.</font></a></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">N/A</font></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">N/A</font></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">N/A</font></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">N/A</font></td><td style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/terms/ot2015" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">OT 2015</font></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hr" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" clear="clear" both="both" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Issue</span>: (1) Whether a defendant is subject to suit under the Alien Tort Statute for aiding and abetting another person's alleged violation of the law of nations based on allegations that the defendant intended to pursue a legitimate business objective while knowing (but not intending) that the objective could be advanced by the other person's violation of international law; (2) whether the “focus” test of <i style="border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-1191.pdf" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Morrison v. National Australian Bank, Ltd.</a></i> governs whether a proposed application of the Alien Tort Statute would be impermissibly extraterritorial under <i style="border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/10-1491_l6gn.pdf" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.</a></i>; and (3) whether there is a well-defined international-law consensus that corporations are subject to liability for violations of the law of nations.</font></p><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></p><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">same case?</font></p><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestle_USA_v.Doe_I"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://ballotpedia.org/Nestle_USA_v.Doe_I</font></a></p><p helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" style="border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">N<i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">estlé USA v. Doe I</span></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">is a case scheduled for argument before the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">Supreme Court of the United States</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">during the court's</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Supreme_Court_cases,October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">October 2020-2021 term</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The case came on a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip1" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">writ</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">of</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip2" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">certiorari</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">to the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_9th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. It was consolidated with</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cargill v. Doe I</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><span id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The case concerns the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#Alien_Tort_Statute" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Alien Tort Statute</a>.</font></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 10.9688px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(229, 229, 229); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><div style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">HIGHLIGHTS</font></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">The case:</span><span style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"><b> A group of Malian citizens ("claimants") filed a lawsuit under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) against corporations including Nestlé USA and Cargill,</b> Inc. In the lawsuit, the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">claimants alleged they were subjected to child slavery on cocoa farms in Côte d’Ivoire.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);"> The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California dismissed the case on the grounds that corporations could not be held liable under the ATS. On appeal, the 9th Circuit vacated the lower court's ruling.</span></font></li></div><div style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The issue:</font></span><dl style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"1. Whether an aiding and abetting claim against a domestic corporation brought under the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, may overcome the extraterritoriality bar where the claim is based on allegations of general corporate activity in the United States and where plaintiffs cannot trace the alleged harms, which occurred abroad at the hands of unidentified foreign actors, to that activity.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></font></dd><dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.42857; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. Whether the Judiciary has the authority under the Alien Tort Statute to impose liability on domestic corporations."<span id="cite_ref-questions_3-0" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-questions-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></span></font></dd></dl></li></div><div style="background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 1065.06px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">The outcome:</span> The appeal is pending adjudication before the U.S. Supreme Court.</font></li></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You can review the lower court's opinion <a target="blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2019/07/05/17-55435.pdf" https="https" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" thumb="thumb" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" px-icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: url(">here</a>.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></font></p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(50, 56, 61); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Timeline</font></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The following timeline details key events in this case:</font></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.6em 1.6em; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 2, 2020: The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the consolidated cases.</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">October 2, 2019: Cargill, Inc., the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip3" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">petitioner</a>, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">September 25, 2019: Nestlé USA, the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip3" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">petitioner</a>, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 5, 2019: The <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_9th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">9th Circuit</a> <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">reversed</a> the district court's ruling in an amended opinion and denied the petition for rehearing.</font></li></ul><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(50, 56, 61); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Background" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Background</font></span></h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_complaint_and_appeal" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Initial complaint and appeal</font></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A group of anonymous Malian citizens ("claimants") filed a class-action lawsuit under the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#Alien_Tort_Statute" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Alien Tort Statute</a> (ATS) against multinational cocoa suppliers, including Cargill, Inc., and food and beverage companies, including Nestlé USA. The claimants alleged that as children they were forced to work on cocoa farms in Côte d’Ivoire.<span id="cite_ref-Cargill_4-0" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-Cargill-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></span><span id="cite_ref-petition_5-0" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2010, the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Central_District_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central District of California" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S. District Court for the Central District of California</a> dismissed the lawsuit, holding the claimants (1) did not and could not allege the defendants "acted with the purpose and intent that their conduct would perpetuate child slavery in Ivorian farms" and (2) failed to show anything more than "ordinary commercial transactions." The district court also held that international law prevented ATS claims against corporate defendants.<span id="cite_ref-petition_5-1" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On appeal, the <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_9th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit</a> <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">vacated</a> the district court's ruling in an amended opinion and <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip6" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">remanded</a> the case. The 9th Circuit held ATS claims could be brought against corporate defendants.<span id="cite_ref-petition_5-2" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></span></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_appeal" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Second appeal</font></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2016, the Malian citizens filed an amended complaint. The Central District of California dismissed the complaint, holding the claimants' focus was outside the United States, or <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">extraterritorial</i>. On appeal, the 9th Circuit <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip4" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">reversed</a> the district court's judgment, holding that (1) corporations can be sued under the ATS and (2) the claimants' complaints had a sufficient U.S. focus. The 9th Circuit also issued an amended order holding the claimants had <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#" class="customToolTip" customtooltipsource="#CustomToolTip7" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">standing</a>.<span id="cite_ref-petition_5-3" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v.Doe_I#cite_note-petition-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></span></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Alien_Tort_Statute" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alien Tort Statute</font></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Alien Tort Statute (<a target="blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1350" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaavkleqvr4xn3pgqkamqhduxfqtu7kttkpd5ra8ainfartq2irxfwt2qedafttj2fspioe1ecoleuowwjgzyab="AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB" ikegorxxhqb="IkeGOrxXhqB" ua9bfcm0lazuh="uA9Bfcm0lAZuh" yiead="YIeAD" caqsz4kcmuaaaaasuvork5cyii=") right center no-repeat !important; padding-right: 13px !important;" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">28 U.S. Code § 1350</a>) provides:</font></p><div class="scrollable-table-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-x: auto; width: 1097px; max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><table data-nosnippet="" style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: transparent; max-width: 100%; border: none; float: none !important;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td width="20" valign="top" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 3px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“</font></td><td valign="top" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.<span id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-0" class="reference" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nestl%C3%A9_USA_v._Doe_I#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-6" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></span></font></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">”</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(50, 56, 61); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Questions_presented" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Questions presented</font></span></h2><div><span class="mw-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">michael klare: all hell breaking loose etc bks</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">military DoD</font></div><div><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/talkies-january-2-2020/">https://kpfa.org/episode/talkies-january-2-2020/</a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17.024px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[talkies 1/2/20  2010 drought russia lost 1/3 wht crop --></font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> arab spring?! food scarce africa and ME, food #1 expense in poor ppl budget --> anger at elites, libya, syria WAR, threat multiplier] desertification push nomadic into sub-s different ethnic and religion, jihadis exploit; nigeria boko; mali niger</font></p><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17.024px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></p><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17.024px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ctr for naval    CNA report 2007</font></p><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17.024px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></p><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17.024px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">migrants tend to be rural ppl: carrib, centr am ...got to city for jobs (gangs)</font></p><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17.024px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==</font></p></div>