Baal
Etymology
The spelling of the English term "Baal" derives from the Greek Báal (Βάαλ) which appears in the New Testament[13] and Septuagint,[14] and from its Latinized form Baal, which appears in the Vulgate.[14]
These forms in turn derive from the vowel-less Northwest Semitic form bʿl (Phoenician and Punic:).[15]
The word's biblical senses as a Phoenician deity and false gods generally were extended during the Protestant Reformation to denote any idols, icons of the saints, or the Catholic Church generally.[16]
In such contexts, it follows the anglicized pronunciation and usually omits any mark between its two As.[6]
In close transliteration of the Semitic name, the ayin is represented, as Baʿal.
In the Northwest Semitic languages—Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, and Aramaic—the word baʿal signified 'owner' and, by extension, 'lord',[14] a 'master', or 'husband'.[17][18]
Cognates include the Akkadian Bēlu ,[c] Amharic bal (ባል),[19] and Arabic baʿl (بعل). Báʿal (בַּעַל) and baʿl still serve as the words for 'husband' in modern Hebrew and Arabic respectively.
They also appear in some contexts concerning the ownership of things or possession of traits.
The feminine form is baʿalah (Hebrew: בַּעֲלָה;[20] Arabic: بَعْلَة), meaning 'mistress' in the sense of a female owner or lady of the house[20] and still serving as a rare word for 'wife'.[21]
Suggestions in early modern scholarship also included comparison with the Celtic god Belenus, however this is now widely rejected by contemporary scholars.[22]
Generic
See also: Bel, Zeus Belos, and other figures named Belus
Like En in Sumerian, the Akkadian bēlu and Northwest Semitic baʿal (as well as its feminine form baʿalah) was used as a title of various deities in the Mesopotamian and Semitic pantheons. Only a definitive article, genitive or epithet, or context could establish which particular god was meant.[23]
Baal (/ˈbeɪ.əl, ˈbɑː.əl/),[6][a] or Baʻal[b] (Hebrew: בַּעַל baʿal), was a title and honorific meaning 'owner', 'lord' in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity.
From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods.[11]
Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have shown that the name Ba'al was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations.[12]
The Hebrew Bible includes use of the term in reference to various Levantine deities, often with application towards Hadad, who was decried as a false god. That use was taken over into Christianity and Islam, sometimes under the form Beelzebub in demonology.