citizens council white ccc

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</div><div><div>=</div><div><a href="https://www.rawstory.com/2016/05/trumpism-goes-local-montana-republicans-are-helping-this-white-nationalist-get-into-office/">https://www.rawstory.com/2016/05/trumpism-goes-local-montana-republicans-are-helping-this-white-nationalist-get-into-office/</a></div><div>
</div><div> Liberty University-educated white supremacist is <a href="http://mtcowgirl.com/2016/05/09/montana-candidate-outraged-over-harriet-tubman-and-white-people-who-adopt-non-white-babies/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">running for a seat</a> in the Montana statehouse — and his campaign has attracted support from some prominent Republicans in the state.Taylor Rose, the former vice-president of the white nationalist Youth for Western Civilization (YWC) campus group, spent significant time as a college student in Europe — where he made contacts with far-right and anti-Muslim groups — before returning to the U.S. and working as a <a href="http://www.wnd.com/author/trose/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">staff reporter</a> for the right-wing World Net Daily.<div class="rs_ad_block story_page_incontent_p2" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 728px;"><div class="teadsNative1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></div>The 29-year-old Rose became enamored by European right-wing nationalism during the 2008 presidential campaign, saying he was <a href="http://dixienet.org/rights/taylor_rose_interview.php" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">attracted to its focus</a> on cultural and identity issues instead of economics and politics."Christianity will become the unifying religious force for the Right-Wing movements in Europe and the USA, for the only way to have a true revival of Occidental power both inwardly and outwardly is for the Occident to return to its historical foundations rooted in Christianity,” Rose said, referring to the West in opposition to the Oriental east. “Humanism is a failure and the only hope for a restoration of strength and liberty is a conviction in the inspiration of Christianity’s absolutes.”He wrote a 2012 book, “Return of the Right: How the Conservative Movement is Taking Back Western Civilization,” that is promoted by white nationalist groups such as the Council of Conservative Citizens — the group that <a href="https://www.rawstory.com/2015/06/white-nationalist-who-inspired-dylann-roof-wants-you-to-know-hes-not-racist-because-he-likes-bb-king/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">inspired racist killer Dylann Roof</a>.Rose co-founded a Liberty campus chapter of YWC, a right-wing, anti-immigrant group that had branches at seven universities — including Towson University, whose chapter was founded by white nationalist Matthew Heimbach.Heimbach, who recently <a href="https://www.rawstory.com/2016/03/white-nationalist-admits-shoving-black-woman-at-trump-rally-but-protesters-could-face-charges/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">made national news</a> for shoving a black woman at a Donald Trump rally, has gone on to become one of the nation’s most prominent young white supremacists.Rose is running against state Rep. Zac Perry, a moderate Democrat who recently defeated Tea Party Republican Jerry O’Neil, and has drawn the support of several prominent Republicans.<div class="rs_ad_block story_page_incontent_p6" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 728px;" /><a href="http://www.dailyinterlake.com/news/local_montana/local-campaign-spending-ramps-up-for-primary/article_9341090e-13c3-11e6-b64a-77466a69baf5.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">As of last week</a>, Rose had raised $3,805 and spent $1,511, while the incumbent Perry has raised $4,587 and spent $490.Greg Gianforte, the Republican gubernatorial candidate, gave Rose $170 in campaign contributions, and he got the same amount from GOP state Sen. Mark Blasdel.He also received $100 from GOP state rep. Greg Hertz.<div class="rs_ad_block story_page_incontent_p10" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 728px;"><div id="incontentp10_ll_target" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></div>Rose’s campaign website claims he managed U.S. Sen. Steve Daines’ (R-MT) “campaign in the Northwest,” and he also claims he worked for state Sen. Jennifer Fielder, the vice-chair of the Montana Republican Party and CEO of the Koch-linked <a href="https://www.rawstory.com/2016/02/koch-backed-lobbying-group-is-spreading-ammon-bundys-lies-misspellings-and-all/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">American Lands Council</a>.He’s among a <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/19/meet-new-wave-extremists-gearing-2016-elections" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">handful of right-wing extremist</a> candidates <a href="https://www.rawstory.com/2016/05/this-trump-loving-kentucky-republican-shares-some-troubling-views-with-racist-gunman-dylann-roof/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">campaigning this year</a>, although not all of them boast the same connections to the GOP establishment.Watch this interview with Rose posted online by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efoBTg9j3-s" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; opacity: 1; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgb(221, 175, 175) 0px -4px 0px inset;">Ryan Girdusky</a>:</div><div>
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</div><div>=</div><div>white citizens councils<a href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/171836">https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/171836</a>
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</div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils</a></div><div>
</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" lang="en"><div class="mw-parser-output">Citizens' Councils (also referred to as White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">white supremacist</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme right" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">extreme right</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-FOIA-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> organizations in the United States, concentrated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">South</a>. The first was formed on July 11, 1954.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-usm.edu-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> After 1956, it was known as the Citizens' Councils of America. With about 60,000 members across the United States,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-adl-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> mostly in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">South</a>, the groups were founded primarily to oppose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">racial integration</a> of schools, but they also opposed voter registration efforts and integration of public facilities during the 1950s and 1960s. Members used intimidation tactics including economic boycotts, firing people from jobs, propaganda, and violence against citizens and civil-rights activists.By the 1970s, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s and enforcement of constitutional rights by the federal government, the influence of the Councils had waned considerably yet remained an institutional basis for the majority of white residents in Mississippi. The successor organization to the White Citizens' Councils is the St. Louis-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council of Conservative Citizens</a>, founded in 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-adl-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Republican politician and past Senate Majority Leader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Trent Lott</a> of Mississippi was allegedly a member<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> while North Carolina Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jesse Helms</a> and Georgia Congressman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bob Barr</a> were both strong supporters of the Council of Conservative Citizens; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Duke</a> also spoke at a fund raising event, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Buchanan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Patrick Buchanan</a>'s campaign manager was linked to both Duke and the Council.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>In 1996, a Charleston, SC, drive-by shooting by Klan members of three African American males occurred after a Council rally; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylann_Roof" title="Dylann Roof" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dylann Roof</a>, the perpetrator responsible for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">murder of nine Emanuel AME church members in Charleston</a> in 2015, espoused Council of Conservative Citizens rhetoric in a manifesto.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;" lang="en"><h2 style="background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;" /></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1History</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#Birth_and_development" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.1Birth and development</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#Economic_retaliation_and_violence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.2Economic retaliation and violence</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#Political_influence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.3Political influence</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#School_desegregation_and_the_demise_of_the_councils" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.4School desegregation and the demise of the councils</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">History[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Birth and development[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and development" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 1954 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US Supreme Court</a> ruled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_vs.Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown vs. Board of Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brown vs. Board of Education</a> that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Some sources claim that the White Citizens' Council first started after this in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Greenwood, Mississippi</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-orig.jacksonsun.com-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> Others say that it originated in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianola,Mississippi" title="Indianola, Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Indianola, Mississippi</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> The recognized leader was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B.Patterson" title="Robert B. Patterson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert B. Patterson</a> of Indianola,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-usm.edu-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" title="Plantations in the American South" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">plantation</a> manager and a former captain of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mississippi State University</a>football team. Additional chapters spread to other southern towns. At this time, most southern states enforced racial segregation of all public facilities; in places where local laws did not require segregation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Crow</a>harassment enforced it. After preliminary post-Civil War Reconstruction efforts led by blacks and poorer whites, the subsequent period from 1890 to 1908 led to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">disfranchisement of most blacks</a> through the passing of new constitutions and other laws making voter registration and elections more difficult, and led to the founding of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite civil rights organizations winning some legal challenges, most blacks in the 1950s were still retaliated against for registering to vote, as well as for riding buses and sitting at lunch counters,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> in the South and remained so even after passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.Patterson and his followers formed the White Citizens Council in part to respond with economic retaliation and violence to increased civil rights activism. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a> (RCNL), a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">grassroots</a>civil rights organization founded in 1951 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.R.M.Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">T. R. M. Howard</a> of the all-black town <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Bayou,Mississippi" title="Mound Bayou, Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mound Bayou, Mississippi</a> was also 40 miles from Indianola. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Henry" title="Aaron Henry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Aaron Henry</a>, a later official in the RCNL and the future head of the Mississippi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NAACP</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-BeitoBeito2009-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> had met Patterson during their childhood.Within a few months, the White Citizens Council had attracted similar racist members; new chapters developed beyond Mississippi in the rest of the Deep South. The Council often had the support of the leading white citizens of many communities, including business, law enforcement, civic and sometimes religious leaders, many of whom were members. Member businesses, such as newspaper publishing, legal representation, medical service, were known for collectively acting against registered voters whose names were first published in local papers before additional retaliatory actions were taken against them.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:0-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a>Sometimes they were directly involved in voter purges to remove Black voters.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:1-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Economic retaliation and violence[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic retaliation and violence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png/220px-Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png/330px-Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png/440px-Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="587" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="220" height="227" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" user-select="user-select" none="none" hidden="hidden" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" user-select="user-select" none="none" hidden="hidden" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Clipping from Citizens' Councilnewspaper, June 1961</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizens.council.june.1961.silver.lining.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" user-select="user-select" none="none" hidden="hidden" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Unlike the </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ku Klux Klan</a> but working in unison, the White Citizens Council met openly, and was seen superficially as "pursuing the agenda of the Klan with the demeanor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rotary Club</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Payne2007-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> Although the White Citizens Council publicly eschewed the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence" title="Violence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">violence</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-usm.edu-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> the economic and political tactics used against registered voters and activists embraced institutional violence. The White Citizens Council members collaborated to threaten jobs, causing people to be fired or evicted from rental homes; they boycotted businesses, ensured that activists could not get loans, among other tactics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-orig.jacksonsun.com-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:0-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> As historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M.Payne" title="Charles M. Payne" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles Payne</a> notes, "Despite the official disclaimers, violence often followed in the wake of Council intimidation campaigns."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Payne2007-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> Occasionally some Councils directly incited violence, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lynchings</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">shootings</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rapes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson" title="Arson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">arson</a>, as did <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Perez" title="Leander Perez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Leander Perez</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_school_desegregation_crisis" title="New Orleans school desegregation crisis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Orleans school desegregation crisis</a>. In some cases, Council members were directly involved in acts of violence, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nat King Cole</a> being assaulted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Birmingham</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_De_La_Beckwith" title="Byron De La Beckwith" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Byron De La Beckwith</a> murdering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Medgar Evers</a>.For instance, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Bus Boycott" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a>, at which Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James Eastland</a> "ranted against the NAACP"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:2-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> at a large openly held Council meeting in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Coliseum" title="Garrett Coliseum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Garrett Coliseum</a>, a mimeographed flyer publicly espousing extreme racial White Citizens Council and Ku Klux Klan rhetoric was distributed, parodying the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Declaration of Independence</a> and saying:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_genocide" title="Black genocide" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">abolish the Negro race</a>, proper methods should be used. Among these are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun" title="Gun" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">guns</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">bows</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">arrows</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingshot" title="Slingshot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sling shots</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife" title="Knife" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">knives</a>.
We hold these truths to be self-evident that all whites are created equal with certain rights; among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of dead <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">niggers</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:2-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></blockquote>The Citizens' Councils used economic tactics against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">African Americans</a> whom they considered as supportive of desegregation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">voting rights</a>, or for belonging to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NAACP</a>, or even suspected of being activists; the tactics included "calling in" the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgages" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mortgages</a> of black citizens, denying loans and business credit, pressing employers to fire certain people, and boycotting black-owned businesses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Dittmer1995-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> In some cities, the Councils published lists of names of NAACP supporters and signers of anti-segregation petitions in local newspapers in order to encourage economic retaliation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> For instance, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_City,Mississippi" title="Yazoo City, Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yazoo City, Mississippi</a> in 1955, the Citizens' Council published in the local paper the names of 53 signers of a petition for school integration. Soon afterward, the petitioners lost their jobs and had their credit cut off.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> As Charles Payne puts it, the Councils operated by "unleashing a wave of economic reprisals against anyone, Black or white, seen as a threat to the status quo."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Payne2007-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> Their targets included black professionals such as teachers, as well as farmers, high school and college students, shop owners, and housewives.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:0-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Medgar Evers</a>' first work for the NAACP on a national level involved interviewing Mississippians who had been intimidated by the White Citizens' Councils and preparing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">affidavits</a> for use as evidence against the Councils if necessary.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Vollers1995-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> Evers was assassinated in 1963 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_De_La_Beckwith" title="Byron De La Beckwith" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Byron De La Beckwith</a>, a member of the White Citizens' Council as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> The Citizens' Council paid his legal expenses in his two trials in 1964, which both resulted in hung juries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a> In 1994, Beckwith was tried by the state of Mississippi based on new evidence, in part revealed by a lengthy investigation by the Jackson Clarion Ledger; he was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-NYT-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Political influence[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political influence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 142px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg/140px-Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg/210px-Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="376" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="140" height="238" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" user-select="user-select" none="none" hidden="hidden" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" user-select="user-select" none="none" hidden="hidden" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Joe D. Waggonner, Jr.</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_d_waggonner_jr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" user-select="user-select" none="none" hidden="hidden" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Many leading state and local politicians were members of the Councils; in some states, this gave the organization immense influence over state legislatures. In Mississippi, the </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission" title="Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">State Sovereignty Commission</a> funded the Citizens' Councils, in some years providing as much as $50,000. This state agency, funded by the taxes paid by all citizens, also shared information with the Councils that it had collected through investigation and surveillance of integration activists.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Vollers1995-1-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> For example, Dr. M. Ney Williams was both a director of the Citizens' Council and an adviser to governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ross Barnett</a> of Mississippi.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a> Barnett was a member of the Council, as was Jackson mayor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_C.Thompson" title="Allen C. Thompson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allen C. Thompson</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a> In 1955, in the midst of the bus boycott, all three members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Montgomery</a> city commission in Alabama announced on television that they had joined the Citizens' Council.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a>Numan Bartley wrote, "In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louisiana</a> the Citizens' Council organization began as (and to a large extent remained) a projection of the Joint Legislative Committee to Maintain Segregation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-Bartley1999-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a> In Louisiana, leaders of the original Citizens' Council included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">State Senator</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gubernatorial</a> candidate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M.Rainach" title="William M. Rainach" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William M. Rainach</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Waggonner" title="Joe Waggonner" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joe D. Waggonner, Jr.</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">publisher</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Touchstone" title="Ned Touchstone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ned Touchstone</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge" title="Judge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Judge</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Perez" title="Leander Perez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Leander Perez</a>, considered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">political boss</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Plaquemines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Bernard_Parish,Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">St. Bernard</a> parishes near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Orleans</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> After he left the editorship of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Journal" title="Shreveport Journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shreveport Journal</a> in 1971, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shannon(journalist)" title="George Shannon (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Shannon</a> relocated to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jackson</a>, Mississippi, to work on The Citizen, a monthly magazine of the Citizens' Council. The Citizen halted publication in January 1979, by which time Shannon had returned to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shreveport</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a>On July 16, 1956, "under pressure from the White Citizens Councils,"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-bagdikian-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Louisiana State Legislature</a> passed a law mandating racial segregation in nearly every aspect of public life; much of the segregation already existed under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Crow</a> custom. The bill was signed into law by governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Earl Long</a> on July 16, 1956 and went into effect on October 15, 1956. The act read, in part:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">An Act to prohibit all interracial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">dancing</a>, social functions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">entertainments</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">athletic training</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game" title="Game" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">games</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sports</a>, or contests and other such activities; to provide for separate seating and other facilities for white and negroes [lower case in original] ... That all persons, firms, and corporations are prohibited from sponsoring, arranging, participating in or permitting on premises under their control ... such activities involving personal and social contact in which the participants are members of the white and negro races ... That white persons are prohibited from sitting in or using any part of seating arrangements and sanitary or other facilities set apart for members of the negro race. That negro persons are prohibited from sitting in or using any part of seating arrangements and sanitary or other facilities set apart for white persons.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-bagdikian-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></blockquote>Another disposition they managed to pass was a public challenge law allowing two voters to challenge another voter to see if he was lawfully registered, disposition they used to purge the rolls of Black voters, in one parish, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienville_Parish,Louisiana" title="Bienville Parish, Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bienville</a>, 95% of Black voters were purged.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-:1-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> Similarly, they were involved in handing to the registers pamphlets such as Voter Qualification Laws in Louisiana: The Key to Victory in the Segregation Struggle and making them participate to mandatory semonaries about preventing Black registration and purging Black voters.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a>Major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media" title="News media" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">media outlets</a> observed the support <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Wallace</a> received from groups such as White Citizens' Councils. It has been noted that members of such groups had permeated the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_presidential_campaign,1968" title="George Wallace presidential campaign, 1968" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wallace campaign by 1968</a> and, while Wallace did not openly seek their support, nor did he refuse it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">School desegregation and the demise of the councils[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: School desegregation and the demise of the councils" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden;"><div class="thumbimage" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Council_School_Advert(Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4).png" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Council School Advert (Clarion Ledger Sept 6 1968 page 4).png" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Council_School_Advert%28Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4%29.png/400px-Council_School_Advert%28Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4%29.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Council_School_Advert%28Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4%29.png/600px-Council_School_Advert%28Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Council_School_Advert%28Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4%29.png/800px-Council_School_Advert%28Clarion_Ledger_Sept_6_1968_page_4%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="815" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" height="326" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">A 1968 advertisement for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,Mississippi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jackson area</a> schools operated by the Council</div></div></div>Throughout the last half of the 1950s, the White Citizens' Councils produced racist children's books that taught that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">heaven</a> (in the Christian conception) is segregated.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a> The White Citizens' Council in Mississippi prevented school integration until 1964.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-barbour-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a> As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="School desegregation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">school desegregation</a>increased in some parts of the South, in some communities the White Citizens' Council sponsored "council schools," private institutions set up for white children, as these were beyond the reach of the ruling on public schools.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a> Many of these private "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation academies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">segregation academies</a>" continue to operate today.By the 1970s, as white Southerners' attitudes toward desegregation began to change following passage of federal civil rights legislation and enforcement of integration and voting rights in the 1960s, the activities of the White Citizens' Councils began to wane. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council of Conservative Citizens</a>, founded by former White Citizens' Council members,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-adl-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> continued the agendas of the earlier Councils.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Civil Rights Movement</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of African-American Civil Rights Movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Timeline of African-American Civil Rights Movement</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenders_of_State_Sovereignty_and_Individual_Liberties" title="Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties</a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-FOIA-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-FOIA_1-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lazar, Ernie (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crws.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/.../FINDING%20AID%2008-23-16.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"FINDING AID – FBI AND OTHER FILES (Ernie Lazar Collection)"</a> (PDF). Berkely Center for Right Wing Studies. The University of California – via Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkely+Center+for+Right+Wing+Studies&rft.atitle=FINDING+AID+%E2%80%93+FBI+AND+OTHER+FILES+%28Ernie+Lazar+Collection%29&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Lazar&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrws.berkeley.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F...%2FFINDING%2520AID%252008-23-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-usm.edu-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-usm.edu_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-usm.edu_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-usm.edu_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usm.edu/crdp/html/cd/citizens.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"July 11, 1954"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi" title="University of Southern Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Southern Mississippi</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=July+11%2C+1954&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+Mississippi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usm.edu%2Fcrdp%2Fhtml%2Fcd%2Fcitizens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-adl-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-adl_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-adl_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-adl_3-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804231655/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Council of Conservative Citizens"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anti-Defamation League</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on August 4, 2011. Retrieved September 8,2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Conservative+Citizens&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Flearn%2Fext_us%2FCCCitizens.asp%3Fxpicked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/barr121298.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Washingtonpost.com Special Report: Clinton Accused"</a>. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Washingtonpost.com+Special+Report%3A+Clinton+Accused&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fspecial%2Fclinton%2Fstories%2Fbarr121298.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.adl.org/mwd/ccc.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Anti-Semitic Incidents Continue to Surge in 2017"</a>. Archive.adl.org. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.adl.org&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitic+Incidents+Continue+to+Surge+in+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.adl.org%2Fmwd%2Fccc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817070615/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150622/PC16/150629806/presidential-candidates-give-away-cash-from-council-of-conservative-citizens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150622/PC16/150629806/presidential-candidates-give-away-cash-from-council-of-conservative-citizens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">the original</a> on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Farticle%2F20150622%2FPC16%2F150629806%2Fpresidential-candidates-give-away-cash-from-council-of-conservative-citizens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-orig.jacksonsun.com-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-orig.jacksonsun.com_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-orig.jacksonsun.com_7-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orig.jacksonsun.com/civilrights/sec2_citizencouncil.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"White Citizens' Councils aimed to maintain 'Southern way of life'"</a>. The Jackson Sun. Retrieved September 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Citizens%27+Councils+aimed+to+maintain+%27Southern+way+of+life%27&rft.pub=The+Jackson+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forig.jacksonsun.com%2Fcivilrights%2Fsec2_citizencouncil.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roberts(journalist)" title="Gene Roberts (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Roberts, Gene</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Klibanoff" title="Hank Klibanoff" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hank Klibanoff</a> (2006). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Race_Beat" title="The Race Beat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation</a>. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A.Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 66. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40381-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40381-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-679-40381-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+Beat%3A+The+Press%2C+the+Civil+Rights+Struggle%2C+and+the+Awakening+of+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-679-40381-7&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Gene+and+Hank+Klibanoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cobb, James C. (December 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/134814.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"The Real Story of the White Citizens' Council"</a>. History News Network. Retrieved September 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Story+of+the+White+Citizens%27+Council&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F134814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E.Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a> "This Nonviolent Stuff'll Get You Killed."</li><li id="cite_note-BeitoBeito2009-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-BeitoBeito2009_11-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T.Beito" title="David T. Beito" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Beito, David T.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Royster_Beito" title="Linda Royster Beito" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Beito, Linda Royster</a> (April 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dS4eA77qau0C" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Black maverick: T.R.M. Howard's fight for civil rights and economic power</a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 95–97. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03420-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03420-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-252-03420-6</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+maverick%3A+T.R.M.+Howard%27s+fight+for+civil+rights+and+economic+power&rft.pages=95-97&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009-04-08&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03420-6&rft.aulast=Beito&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Beito%2C+Linda+Royster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdS4eA77qau0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-:0-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:0_12-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:0_12-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:0_12-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Halberstam, David (October 1, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-white-citizens-councilsrespectable-means-for-unrespectable-ends/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"The White Citizens Councils:Respectable Means for Unrespectable Ends"</a>. Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 2018-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+White+Citizens+Councils%3ARespectable+Means+for+Unrespectable+Ends&rft.date=1956-10-01&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-white-citizens-councilsrespectable-means-for-unrespectable-ends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-:1-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:1_13-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:1_13-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/196/908/1690500/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"United States v. Association of Citizens Councils of La., 196 F. Supp. 908 (W.D. La. 1961)"</a>. Justia Law. Retrieved 2018-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Association+of+Citizens+Councils+of+La.%2C+196+F.+Supp.+908+%28W.D.+La.+1961%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2FFSupp%2F196%2F908%2F1690500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Payne2007-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Payne2007_14-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Payne2007_14-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Payne2007_14-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Payne, Charles M. (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eh_iGj2bzsC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle</a>. University of California Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25176-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25176-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-520-25176-2</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27ve+Got+the+Light+of+Freedom%3A+The+Organizing+Tradition+and+the+Mississippi+Freedom+Struggle&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25176-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eh_iGj2bzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-:2-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:2_15-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-:2_15-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Oates, Stephen. Let the Trumpet Sound. pp. 91–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+the+Trumpet+Sound&rft.pages=91-92&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/rosaparks/0/inquiry/main/questions/23/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Historical Thinking Matters: Rosa Parks"</a>. historicalthinkingmatters.org. Retrieved 2018-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicalthinkingmatters.org&rft.atitle=Historical+Thinking+Matters%3A+Rosa+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalthinkingmatters.org%2Frosaparks%2F0%2Finquiry%2Fmain%2Fquestions%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Dittmer1995-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Dittmer1995_17-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dittmer, John</a> (May 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-k9Wyp87Z7cC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi</a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 46–48. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06507-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-252-06507-1</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+People%3A+The+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights+in+Mississippi&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06507-1&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-k9Wyp87Z7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McMillen, Neil R. (1971). The Citizen's Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954–1964. Urbana: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 211. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00177-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00177-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-252-00177-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizen%27s+Council%3A+Organized+Resistance+to+the+Second+Reconstruction%2C+1954%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-252-00177-X&rft.aulast=McMillen&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wakefield" title="Dan Wakefield" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wakefield, Dan</a> (October 22, 1955). "Respectable Racism". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Nation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Respectable+Racism&rft.date=1955-10-22&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988">reprinted in <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carson, Clayborne</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J.Garrow" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Garrow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Garrow, David J.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kovach" title="Bill Kovach" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kovach, Bill</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j8OAQAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963</a>. Library of America. pp. 222–227. Retrieved September 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporting+Civil+Rights%3A+American+journalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=222-227&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Kovach%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Vollers1995-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Vollers1995_20-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryanne_Vollers" title="Maryanne Vollers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Vollers, Maryanne</a> (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zix1QgAACAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Ghosts of Mississippi: The Murder of Medgar Evers, the Trials of Byron de la Beckwith, and the Haunting of the New South</a>. Little, Brown. pp. 57–58. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-91485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-91485-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-316-91485-7</a>. Retrieved September 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+of+Mississippi%3A+The+Murder+of+Medgar+Evers%2C+the+Trials+of+Byron+de+la+Beckwith%2C+and+the+Haunting+of+the+New+South&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1995-04&rft.isbn=978-0-316-91485-7&rft.aulast=Vollers&rft.aufirst=Maryanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZix1QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Burford, Sarah (November 19, 2011). "Newest Navy Vessel Named for Civil Rights Martyr Medgar Evers". Afro - American Red Star. Washington, D.C. p. A.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro+-+American+Red+Star&rft.atitle=Newest+Navy+Vessel+Named+for+Civil+Rights+Martyr+Medgar+Evers&rft.pages=A.1&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft.au=Burford%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Luders, Joseph (Jan 2006). "The Economics of Movement Success: Business Responses to Civil Rights Mobilization". The American Journal of Sociology. 111 (4): 963–0_10. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F498632" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">10.1086/498632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Movement+Success%3A+Business+Responses+to+Civil+Rights+Mobilization&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=963-0_10&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F498632&rft.au=Luders%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-NYT-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-NYT_23-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Stout, David (January 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/us/byron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Byron De La Beckwith Dies; Killer of Medgar Evers Was 80"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Byron+De+La+Beckwith+Dies%3B+Killer+of+Medgar+Evers+Was+80&rft.date=2001-01-23&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F01%2F23%2Fus%2Fbyron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Vollers1995-1-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Vollers1995-1_24-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vollers, Maryanne (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zix1QgAACAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Ghosts of Mississippi: The Murder of Medgar Evers, the Trials of Byron de la Beckwith, and the Haunting of the New South</a>. Little, Brown. p. 75. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-91485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-91485-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-316-91485-7</a>. Retrieved September 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+of+Mississippi%3A+The+Murder+of+Medgar+Evers%2C+the+Trials+of+Byron+de+la+Beckwith%2C+and+the+Haunting+of+the+New+South&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1995-04&rft.isbn=978-0-316-91485-7&rft.aulast=Vollers&rft.aufirst=Maryanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZix1QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Leonard" title="George Leonard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Leonard, George B.</a>; Harris, T. George; Wren, Christopher S. (December 31, 1962). "How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Look</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Look&rft.atitle=How+a+Secret+Deal+Prevented+a+Massacre+at+Ole+Miss&rft.date=1962-12-31&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft.au=Harris%2C+T.+George&rft.au=Wren%2C+Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988">Reprinted in <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j8OAQAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963</a>. Library of America. pp. 671–701. Retrieved September 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporting+Civil+Rights%3A+American+journalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=671-701&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Kovach%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Sitton" title="Claude Sitton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sitton, Claude</a> (June 13, 1963). "N.A.A.C.P. Leader Slain in Jackson; Protests Mount". New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=N.A.A.C.P.+Leader+Slain+in+Jackson%3B+Protests+Mount&rft.date=1963-06-13&rft.aulast=Sitton&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988"> reprinted in <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j8OAQAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963</a>. Library of America. pp. 831–835. Retrieved September 14,2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporting+Civil+Rights%3A+American+journalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=831-835&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Kovach%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Reddick, L.D. (Winter 1956). "The Bus Boycott in Montgomery". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissent(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dissent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissent&rft.atitle=The+Bus+Boycott+in+Montgomery&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Reddick&rft.aufirst=L.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988">reprinted in <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j8OAQAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963</a>. Library of America. pp. 252–265. Retrieved September 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporting+Civil+Rights%3A+American+journalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=252-265&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Kovach%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Bartley1999-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-Bartley1999_28-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bartley, Numan V. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOy6PLcuey4C" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s</a>. LSU Press. p. 86ff. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2419-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-8071-2419-2</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Massive+Resistance%3A+Race+and+Politics+in+the+South+during+the+1950s&rft.pages=86ff&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2419-2&rft.aulast=Bartley&rft.aufirst=Numan+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOy6PLcuey4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McMillen, Neil R. (1971). "Chapter IV Louisiana: And Catholics Too". The Citizen's Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954–1964. Urbana: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. 59–72. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00177-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00177-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-252-00177-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV+Louisiana%3A+And+Catholics+Too&rft.btitle=The+Citizen%27s+Council%3A+Organized+Resistance+to+the+Second+Reconstruction%2C+1954%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=59-72&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-252-00177-X&rft.aulast=McMillen&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/general_library/archives/finding_aids/MUM00072.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Periodicals: The Citizen"</a>. olemiss.edu. Retrieved June 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Periodicals%3A+The+Citizen&rft.pub=olemiss.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olemiss.edu%2Fdepts%2Fgeneral_library%2Farchives%2Ffinding_aids%2FMUM00072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-bagdikian-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-bagdikian_31-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-bagdikian_31-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bagdikian" title="Ben Bagdikian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bagdikian, Ben</a> (October 20–22, 1957). "You Can't Legislate Human Relations". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Providence_Journal" title="The Providence Journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Providence Journal</a> and Evening Bulletin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Providence+Journal+and+Evening+Bulletin&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Legislate+Human+Relations&rft.date=1957-10-20%2F1957-10-22&rft.aulast=Bagdikian&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988"> reprinted in <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carson, Clayborne</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J.Garrow" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Garrow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Garrow, David J.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kovach" title="Bill Kovach" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kovach, Bill</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j8OAQAAMAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963</a>. Library of America. pp. 390–395. Retrieved September 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporting+Civil+Rights%3A+American+journalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=390-395&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rft.au=Garrow%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Kovach%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/225/353/1872222/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"United States v. State of Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. 353 (E.D. La. 1963)"</a>. Justia Law. Retrieved 2018-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+State+of+Louisiana%2C+225+F.+Supp.+353+%28E.D.+La.+1963%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2FFSupp%2F225%2F353%2F1872222%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Diamond, Sara (1995). Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 142–146. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-864-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-864-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-89862-864-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Dominion%3A+Right-Wing+Movements+and+Political+Power+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=142-146&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-864-7&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_B.Tyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy B. Tyson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tyson, Timothy B.</a> (May 3, 2005). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Done_Sign_My_Name" title="Blood Done Sign My Name" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blood Done Sign My Name</a>: A True Story. Random House. p. 182. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8311-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-1-4000-8311-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Done+Sign+My+Name%3A+A+True+Story&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8311-4&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Timothy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-barbour-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-barbour_35-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/22/barbour_is_an_unreconstructed_southerner_prof" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Dr. John Dittmer, "'Barbour is an Unreconstructed Southerner': Prof. John Dittmer on Mississippi Governor's Praise of White Citizens' Councils"</a>, December 22, 2010 video report by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democracy Now!</a>, accessed November 21, 2011</li><li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_ref-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McMillen, Neil R. (1971). The Citizen's Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954–1964. Urbana: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 301. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00177-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00177-X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-252-00177-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizen%27s+Council%3A+Organized+Resistance+to+the+Second+Reconstruction%2C+1954%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-252-00177-X&rft.aulast=McMillen&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Further reading[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="refbegin" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Geary, Daniel and Sutton, Jennifer. "Resisting the Wind of Change: The Citizens' Councils and European Decolonization," in Cornelius A. van Minnen and Manfred Berg, eds., The U.S. South and Europe, University of Kentucky Press, 2013.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_R._McMillen" title="Neil R. McMillen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">McMillen, Neil R.</a> (October 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5djXaCZwXfQC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954–64</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06441-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-252-06441-8</a>. Retrieved September 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizens%27+Council%3A+Organized+Resistance+to+the+Second+Reconstruction%2C+1954%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06441-8&rft.aulast=McMillen&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5djXaCZwXfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens%27_Councils&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022715/http://www.citizenscouncils.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=newspaper" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">The Citizens' Council</a> - Historical resource website by Edward Sebesta, with digitized copies of the full run of The Citizens Council newspaper, 1955–1961. Originally a publication of the Mississippi Citizens' Council, the monthly publication became the official paper of the Citizens' Councils of America in October 1956.<ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Available in PDF from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22The%20Citizens%27%20Council%22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Internet Archive</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A complete set of The Citizens' Council (1961-1973) is available at the University of North Carolina Libraries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/general_library/archives/finding_aids/MUM00072.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Finding aid for the Citizens' Council Collection"</a>. The University of Mississippi. Retrieved 2018-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Mississippi&rft.atitle=Finding+aid+for+the+Citizens%27+Council+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olemiss.edu%2Fdepts%2Fgeneral_library%2Farchives%2Ffinding_aids%2FMUM00072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usm.edu/crdp/html/cd/citizens.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Civil Rights Documentation Project"</a>, University of Southern Mississippi</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/22/barbour_is_an_unreconstructed_southerner_prof" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Dr. John Dittmer, "'Barbour is an Unreconstructed Southerner': Prof. John Dittmer on Mississippi Governor's Praise of White Citizens' Councils"</a>, December 22, 2010 video report by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democracy Now!</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/spring00humanrights/chaney.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman: The Struggle for Justice"</a>, American Bar Association</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CItizensCouncilMovement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">FBI files on the Citizens' Council Movement</a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/05622/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"William Kauffman Scarborough Papers, 1951-2015"</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Kauffman+Scarborough+Papers%2C+1951-2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinding-aids.lib.unc.edu%2F05622%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizens%27+Councils" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></blockquote></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citizens%27_Councils" title="Category:Citizens' Councils" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens' Councils</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1954" title="Category:Organizations established in 1954" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Organizations established in 1954</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Far-right_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Far-right politics in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Far-right politics in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:White_supremacist_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Category:White supremacist groups in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">White supremacist groups in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Category:Council of Conservative Citizens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1954_establishments_in_Mississippi" title="Category:1954 establishments in Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1954 establishments in Mississippi</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_segregation_in_Mississippi" title="Category:Education segregation in Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Education segregation in Mississippi</a></li></ul></div></div><div>
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