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</font></div><div><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The impact of agriculture on climate change is significant.&nbsp;<b>According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the agriculture sector is responsible for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">10 percent of the total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions</a>,</b>&nbsp;after transportation (29 percent), electricity production (25 percent), industry (23 percent), and commercial and residential usage (13 percent).<b>&nbsp;However,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/02/5-reasons-agricultures-greenhouse-gas-emissions-are-usually-underestimated/?sh=6b8cd6b96ac8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">according</a>&nbsp;to Peter Lehner, managing attorney for EarthJustice, a nonprofit environmental law firm, the EPA estimate is "almost certainly significantly quite low."</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Lehner&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/02/5-reasons-agricultures-greenhouse-gas-emissions-are-usually-underestimated/?sh=1de40f7a6ac8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">argues</a>&nbsp;that most analyses exclude five unique sources of emissions from the farming sector: soil carbon (carbon released during the disturbance of soil), lost sequestration (carbon that would still be sequestered in the ground had that land not been converted into farmland), input footprints (carbon footprint for products used in agriculture, like the manufacturing of fertilizer), difficult measurements (it is harder to measure the carbon emissions of biological systems like agriculture than it is to measure the emissions of other industries that are not biological, like transportation), and potent gases (like methane and nitrous oxide).</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Regarding that last source: Focusing on carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas often ignores powerful planet-warming gases that are emitted by agriculture and that are even more potent than carbon dioxide. Methane,</b>&nbsp;which is emitted by the burps and farts of ruminants like cows and sheep, has up to&nbsp;<a href="https://unece.org/challenge" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">86 times</a>&nbsp;more global warming potential over a 20-year period than carbon dioxide (and also impacts public health,&nbsp;<a href="https://independentmediainstitute.org/methane-the-forgotten-climate-change-driver-thats-poisoning-frontline-communities-take-action-tuesday-earthfoodlife/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">particularly in frontline communities</a>). Nitrous oxide, a byproduct of fertilizer runoff, has&nbsp;<a href="https://civileats.com/2019/09/19/the-greenhouse-gas-no-ones-talking-about-nitrous-oxide-on-farms-explained/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">300 times</a>&nbsp;more warming potential than carbon dioxide (and also&nbsp;<a href="https://eos.org/articles/index-suggests-that-half-of-nitrogen-applied-to-crops-is-lost" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">harms plants and animals</a>).</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Most other studies, including by the [United Nations (UN)] and others, say that agriculture contributes much closer to 15 or 20 percent or more of world greenhouse gas emissions," Lehner&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/02/5-reasons-agricultures-greenhouse-gas-emissions-are-usually-underestimated/?sh=6b8cd6b96ac8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">points out</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Disappointingly, agriculture was not a central topic of discussion at&nbsp;<a href="https://asiatimes.com/2021/11/world-leaders-face-stark-choices-at-cop26/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">COP26</a>,</b>&nbsp;the international climate summit that recently concluded in Glasgow, Scotland. "Despite [the] huge impact to ecological systems and climate,"&nbsp;<a href="https://vegnews.com/2021/11/opinion-cop26-animal-agriculture" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">writes</a>&nbsp;Suzannah Gerber, a nutrition scientist and fellow of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture—a research agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture—"specific high-level talks about agriculture comprised less than 5 percent of all official negotiations and less than 10 percent of side events, favoring the less controversial topic of renewable energy."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And while renewable energy supporters cheered the fact that the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2021/glasgow-climate-pact-full-text-cop26/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Glasgow Climate Pact</a>&nbsp;is the first UN climate agreement to explicitly mention "coal" and "fossil fuels"—something that the fossil fuel industry fought hard against in previous summits, and that&nbsp;<a href="https://www.france24.com/en/environment/20211113-cop26-climate-deal-reached-in-glasgow-after-marathon-talks" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">China and India managed to water down in the current agreement</a>—the&nbsp;<a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cop26_auv_2f_cover_decision.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">pact</a>&nbsp;makes no mention of the words "agriculture" or "food."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Meat Is Murder—for Animals and the Environment</font></strong></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Forests continue to be clear-cut to&nbsp;<a href="https://sentientmedia.org/how-does-agriculture-cause-deforestation/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">make room for farms</a>, such as factory farms—which supply humans' appetite for meat—and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.salon.com/2015/07/18/ramen_noodles_partner/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">plantations</a>&nbsp;that produce the world's most used vegetable oil: palm oil.</b>&nbsp;And while deforestation and methane emissions were main topics at COP26 (resulting in pledges to reduce both), agriculture—which is intimately linked to deforestation and land-use change—was relegated to a sideline topic. "Unlike forest, finance and transport—that got the feted 'title of a day' at … [COP26]—agriculture was taken up as part of 'Nature Day' on a Saturday,"&nbsp;<a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/cop26-report-card-agriculture-continues-to-remain-subterranean-even-in-glasgow-80180" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">reported</a>&nbsp;Richard Mahapatra for Down to Earth. "Outside the venue, thousands protested against a gamut of things, including step-motherly treatment to food systems that have been a major source of greenhouse gas… emissions."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Within agriculture,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-how-much-food-contributes-to-climate-change/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">producing meat is the main climate problem</a>: Plant-based foods account for 29 percent of the global food production greenhouse gas emissions, while animal-based food accounts for almost twice as much—57 percent—with beef being the main contributor. "Every bite of burger boosts harmful greenhouse gases,"&nbsp;<a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1025271" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">said</a>&nbsp;the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). "Research shows that if cows were a nation, they would be the world's third-largest greenhouse gas emitter,"&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/whats-your-burger-more-you-think" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">according</a>&nbsp;to UNEP. "As humans, meat production is one of the most destructive ways in which we leave our footprint on the planet."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And many, many more human footprints are on the way. By 2050, the human population is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/world-population-to-reach-99-billion-by-2050" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">expected</a>&nbsp;to reach a staggering 9.9 billion people. (Today, there are 7.7 billion people on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2019.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">planet</a>; just 50 years ago, the global population was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">less than half</a>&nbsp;that number.) To ensure global food security in 2050, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said that&nbsp;<a href="https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/feeding-world-sustainably" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">food production</a>&nbsp;must increase by 60 percent.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A More Sustainable Future Is Plant-Powered</font></strong></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Animal-based agriculture is ultimately a poor way to feed a skyrocketing human population. "Farming animals is notoriously inefficient and wasteful when compared to growing plants to feed humans directly, with the end result that 'livestock' animals take drastically more food from the global food supply than they provide,"&nbsp;<a href="https://awellfedworld.org/issues/hunger/why-we-need-plant-based-approaches/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">writes</a>&nbsp;Ashley Capps, a researcher specializing in farmed animal welfare for A Well-Fed World, an international food security organization advocating for the transition to plant-based agriculture.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"This is because in order to eat farmed animals, we have to grow the crops necessary to feed them, which amounts to vastly more crops than it would take to feed humans directly," writes Capps. "To give one example, it takes 25 pounds of grain to yield just one pound of beef—while crops such as soy and lentils produce, pound for pound, as much protein as beef, and sometimes more."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Switching to plant-based agriculture would help prevent food shortages, hunger and even famine at a time when&nbsp;<a href="https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/worlds-food-supply-made-insecure-climate-change" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">climate change is creating food insecurity across the globe</a>. Patricia Espinosa, executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, had&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/24/world-conflict-and-chaos-could-be-the-result-of-a-summit-failure" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">warned</a>&nbsp;during the Saudi Green Initiative Forum on October 24 that failure to stem the climate crisis "would mean less food, so probably a crisis in food security."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Well-Fed World&nbsp;<a href="https://awellfedworld.org/food-insecurity-climate-change/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">points out</a>&nbsp;that "[c]limate change is a hunger risk multiplier, with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wfp.org/publications/climate-crisis-and-malnutrition-case-acting-now" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">20 percent more people projected to be at risk of hunger by 2050</a>&nbsp;due to extreme weather events. Unfortunately, the world's most food insecure populations are also those disproportionately harmed by climate-related events, including increased heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, tsunamis and flooding."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Climate, Conflict and COVID-19: A Perfect Storm</font></strong></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"A perfect storm of conflict, climate crises, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising costs for reaching people in need is causing a seismic hunger crisis,"&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wfp.org/appeal-billionaires-famine" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">warns</a>&nbsp;the World Food Program, the food assistance branch of the UN. The agency has recently launched a public appeal to the world's billionaires to donate&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wfp.org/appeal-billionaires-famine" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">$6.6 billion to save 42 million people</a>&nbsp;across 43 countries from famine.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Concurrently replacing all animal-based items in the U.S. diet with plant-based alternatives will add enough food to feed, in full, 350 million additional people, well above the expected benefits of eliminating all supply chain food waste," according to a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/115/15/3804" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">2018 study</a>&nbsp;by an international team of researchers published in the journal Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. The authors note that the results of their study "highlight the importance of dietary shifts to improving food availability and security."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The dietary shift from meat to plants is something that UNEP has underscored as a way to combat climate change and increase the efficiency of our food system. In their&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Emissions Gap Report 2021</a>, the agency noted that—in addition to switching from the combustion of natural gas to renewables—"behavioral changes such as reduced consumption of cattle-based foods and reduced food waste and loss" present a significant opportunity to reduce methane emissions. "[F]ast methane action, as opposed to slower or delayed action, can contribute greatly to reducing midterm (2050) temperatures," the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">report</a>&nbsp;states.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">COP26's Missed Opportunity</font></strong></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In many ways, this behavioral change is already underway, as&nbsp;<a href="https://sentientmedia.org/increase-in-veganism/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">veganism is on the rise</a>. "It can be difficult to get an accurate picture of how many vegans there are in the U.S., but one survey found a 300 percent increase in vegans between 2004 and 2019, amounting to about 3 percent of the total population or nearly 10 million people,"&nbsp;<a href="https://sentientmedia.org/increase-in-veganism/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">notes</a>&nbsp;Sentient Media, a nonprofit animal rights journalism organization. Still, even though there has been a steady increase in plant-based diets,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/26/1023636/sustainable-meat-livestock-production-climate-change/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">meat consumption is hitting record levels</a>, aided by carnivores in low- and middle-income countries where incomes are on the rise, like&nbsp;<a href="https://sentientmedia.org/in-veg-friendly-india-meat-consumption-is-on-the-rise/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">India</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/sponsored/china-appetite-still-growing" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">China</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Considering the growing interest in plant-based eating, the COP26 negotiators missed an opportunity to make dietary and agricultural changes a main thrust of the global climate solution. "Without positions and main messages from COP26 leadership, the need to address the climate change contributions from diet will not be able to gain ground,"&nbsp;<a href="https://vegnews.com/2021/11/opinion-cop26-animal-agriculture" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">writes</a>&nbsp;Gerber. In the UN-managed "Blue Zone" at the Glasgow Science Center, for example, while COP26 attendees were presented with mainly animal-based food choices, only&nbsp;<a href="https://vegnews.com/2021/11/opinion-cop26-animal-agriculture" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">38 percent</a>&nbsp;of the menu was plant-based, as opposed to the earlier promise of ensuring "50 percent plant-based offerings within the Blue Zone."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels (which will help avoid the worst impacts of climate change), the world must achieve net zero emissions by 2050. To meet this goal, the COP26 organizers&nbsp;<a href="https://ukcop26.org/cop26-goals/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">listed</a>&nbsp;four distinct strategies: accelerate the phase-out of coal; curtail deforestation; speed up the switch to electric vehicles, and encourage investment in renewables.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They would have done well to add a fifth: transition the world to a plant-based diet.</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58508001">https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58508001</a></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx pix</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Record number of environmental activists murdered</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Claire Marshall</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BBC Environment & Rural Affairs Correspondent</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Published 13 September</font></p><p>
</p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">image captionSouth African environmental activist Fikile Ntshangase was shot dead in her own home</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A record number of activists working to protect the environment and land rights were murdered last year, according to a report by a campaign group.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>227 people were killed around the world in 2020, the highest number recorded for a second consecutive year, the report from Global Witness said.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Almost a third of the murders were reportedly linked to resource exploitation - logging, mining, l</font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">arge-scale agribusiness</font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">, hydroelectric dams and other infrastructure.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The report called the victims "environmental defenders" killed for protecting natural resources that need to be preserved, including forests, water supplies and oceans.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Since the Paris Agreement on climate change was signed in 2015, the organisation says on average four activists have been killed each week.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It said this "shocking figure" was likely to be an underestimate because of growing restrictions on journalists and other civic freedoms.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Logging was the industry linked to the most murders with 23 cases - with attacks in Brazil, Nicaragua, Peru and the Philippines.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Indigenous peoples, most often on the frontline of climate change, accounted for a further one third of cases. Colombia had the highest recorded attacks, with 65 people killed last year.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Unbearably heavy burden'</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A senior campaigner for Global Witness, Chris Madden, called on governments to "get serious about protecting defenders." He said companies must start "putting people and planet before profit' or he warned that "both climate breakdown and the killings" would continue.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"This dataset is another stark reminder that fighting the climate crisis carries an unbearably heavy burden for some, who risk their lives to save the forests, rivers and biospheres that are essential to counteract unsustainable global warming. This must stop''.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The organisation called on governments to formally recognise the human right to a safe, healthy and sustainable environment, and ensure commitments made at November's UN climate change conference, COP26, integrate human rights protections.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In response, COP26 president Alok Sharma told the BBC he had "prioritised meeting people on the front line of climate change," to ensure the voices of all are heard."</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Shot dead in her living room'</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Those murdered included<b>&nbsp;South African</b>&nbsp;Fikile Ntshangase, 65, who was involved in a legal dispute over the extension of an opencast mine operated by Tendele Coal near Somkhele in KwaZulu-Natal province. She was shot dead in her own living room.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Her daughter, Malungelo Xhakaza, 31, said her "mother's struggle lives on." She said: "To this day no arrests have been made in the investigation into my mother's murder. There has been no accountability. It seems to me that someone wants this mine expansion and the extraction to go ahead, no matter the cost."</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Petmin Limited, which owns the Somkhele mine through its subsidiary Tendele Coal Mining, told Global Witness that it "acknowledges community tensions may have been a factor in Fikile's death." The company said it "strongly condemns any form of violence or intimidation" and has offered full co-operation with the police.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Óscar Eyraud Adams</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">image captionÓscar Eyraud was killed in his home in Mexico in 2020</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The killings also included Óscar Eyraud Adams, who was murdered in Mexico in September 2020. He was working to help the indigenous Kumiai community in Baja California have better access to water.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Witness said activists still under threat included communities in Guapinol in Honduras, where dozens of people have been protesting against an iron oxide mining concession that was granted by the central government in a protected area. Campaigners believe the Guapinol river, a vital water source, is threatened. The organisation says "many community members remain incarcerated."</font></p><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/11/trump-defeat-2648880103">https://www.alternet.org/2020/11/trump-defeat-2648880103</a></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">White House has ordered agencies not to cooperate with Biden's presidential transition team, and President Donald Trump continues to refuse to accept defeat in the 2020 election, which means Biden cannot receive security briefings or access government funds for the transition. But while the standoff continues in the U.S., other countries are already preparing for a new administration. For more on how the historic U.S. election is playing out internationally, we speak with analysts from around the world, including<b>&nbsp;Maria Luísa Mendonça, director of the Network for Social Justice and Human Rights in Brazil,</b>&nbsp;where far-right President Jair Bolsonaro has not acknowledged Biden's victory. "The progressive movements in Brazil can also be inspired by that election here," says Mendonça. "I think that the U.S. can play a much more positive role in Latin America."</font></p><h5 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Transcript</font></h5><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>AMY GOODMAN:</strong>&nbsp;As President Donald Trump continues to refuse to accept President-elect Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 presidential election, the White House has ordered agencies not to cooperate with Biden's presidential transition team. Joe Biden is not yet receiving daily intelligence briefings, five days after he was declared the winner. At this point after Trump's victory in 2016, Trump was receiving those daily briefings. The holdup hinges on the little-known-to-the-public General Services Administration, which officially begins the transition and has refused to sign the paperwork to do so. Republican Senator James Lankford of Oklahoma said Wednesday he will intervene if Biden is not receiving the briefings by Friday.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This comes as the State Department is refusing to pass on messages to Biden from world leaders, and Biden's transition team is coordinating Biden's calls without State Department support. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has refused to acknowledge Biden's win and said there would be a "smooth transition to a second Trump administration."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today, we'll get response to the historic U.S. election from around the world, from Brazil to South Africa, from Turkey to United Kingdom. First, we go to Brazil, where staunch Trump ally President Jair Bolsonaro has not acknowledged Biden's victory. On Tuesday, as Brazil's COVID death toll passed 162,000, second only to the United States, Bolsonaro again downplayed the virus and attacked concerned Brazilians, using an offensive term for the LGBTQ community.</font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1em 40px 1em -5px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(11, 13, 101); line-height: 32px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 24px; width: 602.543px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><strong>PRESIDENT JAIR BOLSONARO:</strong>&nbsp;[translated] Everything now is the pandemic. We have to put a stop to that. I'm sorry for all those who have died. I'm sorry. All of us are going to die one day. Everyone is going to die. You are going to die one day. There is no point in escaping from that, escaping from reality. We have to stop being a country of sissies. I'm giving the press a full plate.</span>
</font></blockquote><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>AMY GOODMAN:</strong>&nbsp;The word Bolsonaro actually used was far more derogatory than the one that we translated here.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Well, for more, we're joined by Maria Luísa Mendonça. She is director of the Network for Social Justice and Human Rights in Brazil, a visiting scholar at the City University of New York Graduate Center.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maria Luísa, welcome back to&nbsp;<em>Democracy Now!</em>&nbsp;If you can talk about the&nbsp;<b>significance of the Biden victory a</b>nd the close relationship between Jair Bolsonaro and President Trump, what the ending of that alliance can mean, and what Jair Bolsonaro is doing right now in Brazil, especially when it comes to COVID?</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>MARIA LUÍSA MENDONÇA:</strong>&nbsp;Yes, that was a very important victory for Brazilians, because the progressive movements in Brazil can also be inspired by this election here. It's important to remember that the result of this election in the U.S. is because of the work of grassroots movements here that elected Biden.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">And now Bolsonaro in Brazil is even more isolated. And I think that he also plays this game of a&nbsp;<b>fake nationalism</b>&nbsp;when he defends that there should be no regulation, no environmental regulation, and the environmental destruction in the Amazon, in the Brazilian savanna, is increasing. But that is a fake nationalism, because the fires and the destruction of the Amazon really benefits large multinational cooperations, mining, agribusiness, financial corporations.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So, I think that it's important also for the social movements in the U.S. to make sure that Biden will have a different foreign policy in relation to Latin America, because we&nbsp;<b>have to remember that Bolsonaro is actually a result of a parliamentary coup against President Dilma Rousseff in 2016 that opened the space for this far-right government.</b>&nbsp;So I think the U.S. can play a much more positive role in Latin America, and we need to hold the administration accountable now.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And I think — but, in general, there is a global far-right movement that Bolsonaro and Trump are part of. And I think that the election here in the U.S., the result of the election, will have a positive impact not just in the U.S., but in other parts of the world.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>NERMEEN SHAIKH:</strong>&nbsp;Maria —</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>MARIA LUÍSA MENDONÇA:</strong>&nbsp;And then, in terms of the — yes.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>NERMEEN SHAIKH:</strong>&nbsp;No, please, go ahead.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>MARIA LUÍSA MENDONÇA:</strong>&nbsp;Yeah, in terms of the coronavirus response, Trump and Bolsonaro have very similar policies. They really don't believe in science. They don't promote any type of protection. They put the population at risk. They don't express any solidarity for the suffering of the millions of people who have been infected and so many people who have died.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">So, also, Bolsonaro even has played down the vaccine. You know, he is doing everything he can to postpone a vaccine in Brazil. And Brazil actually has a very good infrastructure for mass vaccination.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Historically, the country always had very mass vaccination campaigns. And Bolsonaro is even trying to avoid that, you know, the Brazilian science advance the implementation of the vaccine in Brazil.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>NERMEEN SHAIKH:</strong>&nbsp;Maria Luísa, can you talk a little bit more about that, the fact that Bolsonaro has just rejected a vaccine that Brazilian scientists — it's a vaccine from China, but Brazilian scientists have also been working on that vaccine. Why did Bolsonaro do that? I mean, it doesn't make any sense for Bolsonaro to be opposed to these vaccines, given especially the death toll in Brazil, second only to the U.S. Over 160,000 people have died now of COVID.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><strong>MARIA LUÍSA MENDONÇA:</strong>&nbsp;Yes, exactly. Brazil has very good scientists that have a lot of experience with mass vaccination. But that's all ideological. You know, the Bolsonaro position is based on xenophobia, racism and ignoring science. And that, in a way, is similar to Trump, as well. They both have promoted drugs that have no evidence of being effective for the treatment of coronavirus. And, you know, he's putting the Brazilian society at risk, because even ignoring the effects of a vaccine is something very extreme. And that's the result, of course, of the influence of the evangelical movement in his government. And so, this is not based on science. It's just based on far-right ideology.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>NERMEEN SHAIKH:</strong>&nbsp;And, Maria Luísa, could you say a little more about the relationship between Trump and Bolsonaro? I mean, not only has Bolsonaro not yet congratulated Biden, but his son, Eduardo Bolsonaro, wore a hat with the logo "Trump 2020" leading up to the election. And in the days following the election, as the vote count was happening here in the U.S., he questioned publicly on social media how Biden's votes were going up so quickly. That's a highly extraordinary move for someone in a foreign — in another government to make about internal elections elsewhere.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><strong>MARIA LUÍSA MENDONÇA:</strong>&nbsp;Yeah, this is also a very big change in terms of the tradition of foreign policy in Brazil. Brazil has had a tradition of being independent, of not interfering in foreign affairs. So, you know, the Brazilian diplomacy has had this tradition historically, and now this position of Bolsonaro and his sons of basically allying with Trump and making Brazil be so dependent on whatever Trump talks about.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;They have the same discourse. And they also are part of this global organization that is — one of the leaders is Steve Bannon, for example. So, the discourse is very similar between Bolsonaro and Trump. The policies are very similar. So, of course, there is a coordinating effort that is global to advance those views. But that goes against the history of Brazilian foreign policy.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So, I think that now with a change in administration here in the U.S., that can even influence perhaps the position of mainstream media in Brazil, that plays a key role also in manipulating information. And so, you know, I think, hopefully, the decision here, whatever happens here, will have — with the Biden administration and if Biden really has a different type of policy for Latin America, that will have an impact and will advance progressive forces in Brazil, as well.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>AMY GOODMAN:</strong>&nbsp;Very quickly, Maria Luísa, I wanted to play one more clip of the Brazilian president indirectly swiping at Joe Biden during an event on Tuesday. Bolsonaro's comments come after Biden criticized the far-right leader's handling of deforestation in the Amazon.</font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1em 40px 1em -5px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(11, 13, 101); line-height: 32px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 24px; width: 602.543px; background: rgb(245, 245, 245);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>PRESIDENT JAIR BOLSONARO:</strong>&nbsp;[translated] I recently heard a presidential candidate from a country say that if I don't put out the fire in the Amazon, he is going to raise trade barriers against Brazil. How do we deal with all of that?&nbsp;<b>Diplomacy is not enough. When there is no more saliva, then there must be gunpowder</b>. But they have to know that we own the Amazon. That's what the world is like. Nobody has what we have.
</font></blockquote><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>AMY GOODMAN:</strong>&nbsp;So, that's Bolsonaro saying "there must be gunpowder." You know, as we watched in the western United States as the fires enveloped parts of California, Oregon and Washington, they're actually dwarfed by the fires in the Amazon, the lungs of the world. If you, in 30 seconds, can talk about what he is getting at, and what you think is most critical for Biden to do?</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MARIA LUÍSA MENDONÇA:</strong><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Yeah, I think it's&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">very important for us to boycott four Brazilian commodities that are the main cause of deforestation and destruction — timber, sugar, soy and beef from Brazil —</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;because these policies, the destruction of the Amazon, is really benefiting large agribusiness corporations, including<b>&nbsp;</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><b>U.S. agribusiness corporations</b>. So, it's not about protecting the Brazilian society. It's protecting large agribusiness corporations, timber companies and mining companies.&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So, we need to have solidarity, you know, the environmental movements in Brazil and here. We need to build an international environmental movement and make sure that the world also can help Brazil by boycotting these four commodities.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>AMY GOODMAN:</strong>&nbsp;Maria Luísa Mendonça, we want to thank you for being with us, director of the Network for Social Justice and Human Rights in Brazil.</font></p><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">yikes OMFG note models not good at tip pt</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/top-scientists-warn-of-an-amazon-tipping-point/2019/12/20" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/top-scientists-warn-of-an-amazon-tipping-point/2019/12/20</font></a></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">dec. 20, 2019 at 12:14 p.m. PST</font></div><div class="article-body" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="teaser-content"><section><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Deforestation and other fast-moving changes in the Amazon threaten to turn parts of the rainforest into savanna, devastate wildlife and release billions of tons carbon into the atmosphere, two renowned experts warned Friday<b>.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The precious Amazon is teetering on the edge of functional destruction and, with it, so are we,” Thomas Lovejoy of&nbsp;<b>George Mason University and Carlos Nobre of the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil, both of whom have studied the world’s largest rainforest for decades, wrote in an&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">editorial in the journal Science Advances.</span>“Today, we stand exactly in a moment of destiny: The tipping point is here, it is now.”</b></font></p></div></section></div><div class="remainder-content"><section><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Combined with recent news that the thawing Arctic permafrost may be beginning to fill the atmosphere with greenhouse gases, and that Greenland’s ice sheet is melting at an accelerating pace, it’s the latest hint that important parts of the climate system may be moving toward&nbsp;<b>irreversible changes at a pace that defies earlier predictions.</b></font></p><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The speed of the transformation in some key systems, such as Greenland’s ice and the Arctic’s permafrost, has “indeed been underestimated by climate science</b>,” said Stefan Rahmstorf, the head of Earth system analysis at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “And that’s partly because we cannot really capture them well in our models.”</font></span></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">In interviews, Lovejoy and Nobre said they decided to sound a dire alarm about the Amazon after witnessing the acceleration of troubling trends. The combination of rising temperatures,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/08/21/amazonian-rainforest-is-ablaze-turning-day-into-night-brazils-capital-city/?tid=lk_inline_manual_7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">crippling wildfires&nbsp;</a>and ongoing land clearing for cattle ranching and crops has extended dry seasons, killed off water-sensitive vegetation and&nbsp;<u>created conditions for more fire.</u></b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy hide-for-print ma-0 mb-md interstitial italic" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 1.75;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/national/climate-environment/thermometers-climate-change/?tid=lk_interstitial_manual_8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">How we know that global warming is real</a>]</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The Amazon is 17&nbsp;percent deforested,&nbsp;but for the large portion of it inside Brazil, the figure is closer to 20&nbsp;percent. The fear is that soon there will be so little forest that the trees, which not only soak up enormous quantities of rainwater but also give off mist that aids agriculture and sustains innumerable species, won’t be able to recycle enough rainfall.At that point, much of the rainforest could decline into a drier savanna ecosystem. Rainfall patterns would change across much of South America.&nbsp;<u>Several hundred billion tons of carbon dioxide could wind up in the atmosphere, worsening climate change. And such a feedback loop would be tough to reverse.</u></b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">That point of no return, commonly referred to by scientists as a tipping point, “is much closer than we anticipated,” Nobre said in an interview.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The troubling news comes on top of other alarming developments regarding the Earth’s climate.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>This month, nearly 100 scientists&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/12/10/greenland-ice-losses-have-septupled-are-pace-sea-level-worst-case-scenario-scientists-say/?tid=lk_inline_manual_15" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">detailed how the Greenland ice sheet’s&nbsp;</a>losses have accelerated in recent decades, growing from 33&nbsp;billion tons lost per year in the 1990s to a current average of 254&nbsp;billion tons annually.</b></font></p></div><div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Greenland is losing ice faster than expected, partly because&nbsp;<b>climate models aren’t good at predicting extreme melting events</b>, but also because many of the ice sheet’s smaller glaciers have started to speed up, too,</span>” said Andrew Shepherd, a glaciologist at the University of Leeds in Britain who led the latest study. “So the [worst]-case scenario now becomes business as usual."</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Separately, a report this month from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration laid out evidence suggesting that the global Arctic already has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide because of the thawing permafrost. That would be a profound shift for a region that includes vast stretches of Alaska, Canada, Siberia and Greenland, and which has<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/national/climate-environment/climate-change-siberia/?tid=lk_inline_manual_20" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">&nbsp;long stored massive amounts of carbon&nbsp;</a>in its frozen soil.</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>At the same time, a global die-off of coral reefs in 2016 and 2017, which included the loss of nearly half of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, shocked scientists.</b></font></p></div><div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Compared to coral bleaching in 1998 and 2002, the 2016 event was much more extreme — hotter, far more extensive, and deadlier,” said Terry Hughes, an expert on the reef and the director of the ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University in Australia. “The reef has changed forever."</font></p><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>While the speed of the changes involving the Amazon, permafrost and ice sheets has surprised experts, models that scientists created decades ago regarding the average global temperature have largely held true.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The world has experienced about 1 degree Celsius, or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, of warming since the late 19th century, largely because of greenhouse gas emissions from human activity.</font></p></div><div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But much&nbsp;<b>of the Arctic<b>&nbsp;</b>has already warmed by 2 degrees Celsius and some regions even more.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The Amazon also is warming at an accelerated rate.</b>&nbsp;An analysis by The Washington Post of global temperature changes found that almost the entirety of Brazil has warmed by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, since the late 1800s.</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Higher temperatures and deforestation are drying out parts of the Amazon and posing a fundamental threat to the rainforest.</b></font></p><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the southern Amazon dry season in particular, temperatures are&nbsp;<b>already 3 degrees Celsius higher than in the 1980s,</b>&nbsp;and the dry season is getting longer, exceeding four months in some regions, Nobre said.</font></p></div><div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Particularly worrying, he said, is a recent study showing how trees are faring in more than 100 locations across the Amazon.&nbsp;</b>Led by Adriane Esquivel Muelbert of the University of Leeds, researchers found forest transition has begun — trees accustomed to dry conditions are more likely to grow now while trees that require more moisture are disproportionately dying in places where climate changes are the greatest.</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Paulo Brando, a tropical ecologist and professor at the University of California at Irvine who has long studied the Amazon, said it is tricky to try to determine the tipping point.</font></p><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"The definition of ‘tipping point’ can be quite broad,” Brando said, so it is difficult to say whether the Amazon has reached what scientists would call a point of irreversible change. But this much is clear, he added: “<b>We’re not moving away from that tipping point. We’re probably driving very fast toward that direction</b>.”</font></p></div><div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The impact of changes to the Amazon reach far beyond South America. The rainforest stores an immense amount of carbon in its enormous trees, and if they die, that carbon is released.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In a radically different part of the world, scientists last week described something eerily similar.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ted Schuur, an expert on northern permafrost at Northern Arizona University, wrote in NOAA’s 2019 Arctic Report Card that recent studies suggest that the thawing of the permafrost — a repository for millennia of dead plant and animal remains — is likely to be contributing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as those once-frozen materials begin to decompos.</font></p><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">For the “science community at large,” Schuur said in an email, “this is a ‘surprising’ confirmation that the data show the Arctic currently acting as a carbon source.”</b></font></p></div><div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schurr’s reasoning is based heavily on a groundbreaking study led by Susan Natali of the Woods Hole Research Center, research that is in many ways parallel to the new Amazon study. It pools the results from large numbers of scientists across the Arctic to show that in winter, permafrost soils are already emitting a lot of carbon. And those releases are probably enough to offset what happens in the growing season, when Arctic plant growth absorbs carbon.</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The models that scientists have used to try to determine how the Arctic region is processing carbon were too conservative when it came to losses in winter in particular,</b>&nbsp;Natali said<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. As a result, the potential for a transition of the Arctic from a “sink” that takes up carbon to a “source” that emits it may have been underestimated.</span></font></p><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"The models, they project that to be happening quite a ways out in the future, but I would say it’s happening now,” Natali said.</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Occasional extreme heat events in the Arctic can cause abrupt hillside collapses or “thaw slumps,” which rapidly expose very old and deep permafrost to the open air. Meanwhile, worsening Arctic fires can quickly remove insulating soil and vegetation layers from large stretches of permafrost, suddenly exposing it to the sun.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It’s like you’re opening the top of a cooler,” Natali said.</font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">In combination, the Amazon and Arctic news underscores that even as humans are&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/12/03/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-will-hit-yet-another-record-high-this-year-experts-project/?tid=lk_inline_manual_51" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(213, 213, 213);">largely failing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions</a>, the Earth may increase such emissions yet further.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Still, it is possible to slow the transformation of the Amazon through reforestation, researchers said.</b></font></p></div><div><p class="font--body font-copy color-gray-darkest ma-0 pad-bottom-md undefined" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.75; padding-bottom: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>“A tipping point is a way to talk about a moment of system shift or system change,” Lovejoy said. “In this case, it’s not going to be instantaneous, and that’s good news. It allows you to do something about it.</b>”</font></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><a href="https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/4/paulo_paulino_guajajara_amazon_indigenous_killings">https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/4/paulo_paulino_guajajara_amazon_indigenous_killings</a></div><div>
</div><div><span style="color: rgb(25, 31, 36); font-family: Roboto, " helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">indigenous forest protector named Paulo Paulino Guajajara was shot dead in the Amazon by illegal loggers on Saturday. It is the latest incident in a wave of violence targeting indigenous land protectors since the election of Brazil’s far-right President Jair Bolsonaro last year. Guajajara was killed when he and another forest protector were ambushed by a group of illegal loggers inside the Araribóia reservation in the northeastern state of Maranhão. We speak with João Coimbra Sousa, a field coordinator and legal adviser for Amazon Watch, in São Luís in the northeastern state of Maranhão. And in San Francisco, we speak with Christian Poirier, program director at Amazon Watch.</span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(25, 31, 36); font-family: Roboto, " helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">...</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">There are markets that are sustaining these actors, these logging mafias, the worst actors in Brazil’s agribusiness sector, that are exporting commodities to the North. We are buying these products; we are complicit in what’s happening today. And our financial institutions, institutions like</span><b style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">&nbsp;JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock,&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="box-sizing: border-box;">BNP</span>&nbsp;Paribas, Santander in Spain, are fueling this crisis with their money to the worst actors in the soy, in the beef and in the timber industries,</b><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">&nbsp;for example, that are decimating the Amazon and its peoples today. We have a responsibility in the North.</span></div><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;=</font></p><p><a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/08/30/amazon-rainforest-fire-blackrock-jbs/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://theintercept.com/2019/08/30/amazon-rainforest-fire-blackrock-jbs/</font></a></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">...<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0.1em; box-shadow: none; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 30px;">FINK</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">, the influential chief executive of BlackRock, which manages more than $6 trillion in investments, wants the public to know that he is using his enormous power to press companies to “serve a social purpose.” Fink — a Democratic donor who</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://twitter.com/jeffhauser/status/1092776845387464704" style="letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">reportedly</a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">&nbsp;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">promised to help Joe Biden get elected president —</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/2018-larry-fink-ceo-letter" style="letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">wrote</a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">&nbsp;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.01em;">to businesses his firm invests in last year to urge them to consider their “impact on the environment” and the threat of climate change.</span></font></p><div data-reactid="212" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“Stakeholders are pushing companies to wade into sensitive social and political issues,” Fink wrote in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/business/dealbook/blackrock-larry-fink-letter.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">a follow-up letter</a>&nbsp;this year, “especially as they see governments failing to do so effectively.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>That desire to be seen as an ethical investor has not, however, stopped BlackRock from contributing to the climate crisis by providing significant financing to the world’s biggest meatpacker, JBS, which has been caught&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-environment-cattle/brazils-jbs-accused-of-violating-amazon-rainforest-protection-laws-idUSKBN1722O1" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">year</a>&nbsp;after&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2019-07-02/jbs-brazilian-butchers-took-over-the-world" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">year</a>&nbsp;buying cattle raised on illegally deforested Amazon land</b>.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At least some of the thousands of fires burning huge swathes of the rainforest in Brazil, eroding a crucial safeguard against climate change, appear to have been started by cattle farmers. Cattle ranching is “the largest driver of deforestation in every Amazon country, accounting for 80 percent of current deforestation rates,”&nbsp;<a href="https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/amazon/land-use/cattle-ranching" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">according to researchers</a>&nbsp;at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/27/how-beef-demand-is-accelerating-amazons-deforestation-climate-peril/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">reported this week</a>, cattle ranchers in Brazil “have been pushing their herds into the Amazon, clear-cutting and burning the forest as they go” to meet the surging demand for beef exported by Brazilian agribusiness firms to mainly China, Iran, Egypt, Russia, and the United States.</font></p></div><div class="PromoteRelatedPost-promo" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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</font></a></div><div class="PromoteRelatedPost-promo-link-text" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h6 class="PromoteRelatedPost-promo-link-eyebrow" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; font-kerning: normal; font-feature-settings: " kern="kern" padding-bottom="padding-bottom" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Related</font></h6><h4 class="PromoteRelatedPost-promo-link-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; font-kerning: normal; font-feature-settings: " kern="kern"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">A Top Financier of Trump and McConnell Is a Driving Force Behind Amazon Deforestation</font></h4></div></div><div data-reactid="214" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">About a third of that beef is exported by JBS, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ad8aa950-8d9d-11e7-a352-e46f43c5825d" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">spectacularly corrupt</a>Brazilian meat-packing conglomerate BlackRock is heavily invested in. But even as Fink publicly urged business leaders to consider their environmental impact, BlackRock increased its stake in JBS by $41 million between 2016 and 2018, according to research conducted for Friends of the Earth.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, The Guardian, and Repórter Brasil&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/02/revealed-amazon-deforestation-driven-global-greed-meat-brazil" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">revealed</a>&nbsp;in February that a giant ranching company that was fined for using deforested Amazon land delivered hundreds of heads of cattle raised in the Amazon to other farms the firm owned for fattening. Cattle was later sent from those farms to slaughter at JBS plants.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It’s not just private American capital that is funding the destruction of the Amazon. Public money is at work, too. President Donald Trump has been compensating American farmers hurt by his trade war to the tune of billions of dollars, and $62 million of that has gone to JBS, because the company has an American subsidiary.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>As Colorado’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/news/another-40m-in-federal-subsidies-awarded-to-jbs-usa-lawmaker-introduces-bill-to-prioritize-american-purchases/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Greeley Tribune reported</a>&nbsp;in May, “JBS USA secured nine contracts for federal purchases of JBS pork since mid-January, totaling nearly 18.5 million pounds of pork for $40.1 million</b>. That’s in addition to previously awarded contracts for nearly 9.8 million pounds of pork for $22.3 million. In total, the company, a subsidy of Brazil-based JBS SA, will receive $62.4 million from the program, which is meant to mitigate trade war impacts to local farmers.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2016, Fink was angling to become treasury secretary under Hillary Clinton.Fink was&nbsp;<a href="https://theintercept.com/2016/03/02/larry-fink-and-his-blackrock-team-poised-to-take-over-hillary-clintons-treasury-department/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">on the short list&nbsp;</a>to replace Tim Geithner as President Obama’s treasury secretary, and in 2013, hired Cheryl Mills, a close aide to Clinton, at BlackRock. Just ahead of the 2016 election,&nbsp;<a href="https://fortune.com/2016/11/08/blackrock-larry-fink-blackstone-treasury-secretary/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">he was endorsed for the position by Steve Schwarzman,&nbsp;</a>a top Republican donor and the co-founder and CEO of Blackstone. Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass.,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/elizabeth-warren-just-gave-hillary-clinton-a-big-warning/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">had promised</a>&nbsp;to work to block any Clinton nominees from BlackRock.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">BlackRock began as a fund inside of Blackstone, but Fink and Schwarzman had a falling out in the 1990s that led to a split.&nbsp;<a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/08/27/amazon-rainforest-fire-blackstone/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">As The Intercept reported earlier this week,</a>&nbsp;Blackstone is also heavily involved in deforestation of the Amazon, through its financing of highway and port projects that facilitate agribusiness.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to&nbsp;<a href="https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2019-complicity-in-destruction-2.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">a recent study by Amazon Watch</a>, a nonprofit monitoring group, AgroSB, the JBS supplier, was fined in 2017 and 2018 by Brazil’s main environmental agency, known by its Portuguese acronym IBAMA. That agency has lost a quarter of its funding since January, when Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, a far-right former army captain, took office promising to roll back protection for the Amazon to boost agribusiness. Government data&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-environment-ibama-exclusive-idUSKCN1VI14I" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">provided to Reuters</a>&nbsp;by opposition lawmakers showed that the cuts to IBAMA’s budget included a 23 percent reduction in funding for the prevention and control of forest fires.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This summer,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/28/world/americas/amazon-fires-brazil.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">the New York Times reported</a>, “Ibama was unable to carry out operations in the state of Pará, where deforestation has been soaring, because the local police officers would not provide backup.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As the Amazon burns, Bolsonaro has&nbsp;<a href="https://noticias.uol.com.br/meio-ambiente/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2019/08/06/bolsonaro-ironiza-criticas-sobre-desmatamento-sou-o-capitao-motosserra.htm" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">mocked environmentalists</a>&nbsp;for nicknaming him “Captain Chainsaw,” disputed data from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research showing that deforestation in the Amazon was up 88 percent in June compared to the same month in 2018, promised “to develop this wonderful region called the Amazon,” and even promoted a conspiracy theory that local environmentalists, not ranchers, had started the fires there.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 1em; letter-spacing: 0.01em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;=</font></p><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">ff 75% ghg land use 25% DN</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://yyy.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/03/ipcc-land-use-food-production-key-to-climate-crisis-leaked-report</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">guk no lnx</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We must change food production to save the world, says leaked report</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cutting carbon from transport and energy ‘not enough’ IPCC finds</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robin McKie</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sun 4 Aug 2019 04.00 EDT First published on Sat 3 Aug 2019 08.00 EDT</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Hereford beef cattle.&nbsp; The IPCC report says meat consumption should be cut to reduce methane emissions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Hereford beef cattle. The IPCC report says meat consumption should be cut to reduce methane emissions. Photograph: Australian Scenics/Getty Images</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Attempts to solve the climate crisis by cutting carbon emissions from only cars, factories and power plants are doomed to failure, scientists will warn this week.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A leaked draft of a report on climate change and land use, which is now being debated in Geneva by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), states that it will be impossible to keep global temperatures at safe levels unless there is also a transformation in the way the world produces food and manages land.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Humans now exploit 72% of the planet’s ice-free surface to feed, clothe and support Earth’s growing population, the report warns. At the same time, agriculture, forestry and other land use produces almost a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sign up to the Green Light email to get the planet's most important stories</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Read more</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition, about half of all emissions of methane, one of the most potent greenhouse gases, come from cattle and rice fields, while deforestation and the removal of peat lands cause further significant levels of carbon emissions. The impact of intensive agriculture – which has helped the world’s population soar from 1.9 billion a century ago to 7.7 billion – has also increased soil erosion and reduced amounts of organic material in the ground.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In future these problems are likely to get worse. “Climate change exacerbates land degradation through increases in rainfall intensity, flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, wind, sea-level rise and wave action,” the report states.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is a bleak analysis of the dangers ahead and comes when rising greenhouse gas emissions have made news after triggering a range of severe meteorological events. These include news that:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• Arctic sea-ice coverage reached near record lows for July;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The heatwaves that hit Europe last month were between 1.5C and 3C higher because of climate change;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• Global temperatures for July were 1.2C above pre-industrial levels for the month.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This last figure is particularly alarming, as the IPCC has warned that rises greater than 1.5C risk triggering climatic destabilisation while those higher than 2C make such events even more likely. “We are now getting very close to some dangerous tipping points in the behaviour of the climate – but as this latest leaked report of the IPCC’s work reveals, it is going to be very difficult to achieve the cuts we need to make to prevent that happening,” said Bob Ward, policy director at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The new IPCC report emphasises that land will have to be managed more sustainably so that it releases much less carbon than at present. Peat lands will need to be restored by halting drainage schemes; meat consumption will have to be cut to reduce methane production; while food waste will have to be reduced.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Among the measures put forward by the report is the proposal of a major shift towards vegetarian and vegan diets. “The consumption of healthy and sustainable diets, such as those based on coarse grains, pulses and vegetables, and nuts and seeds … presents major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,” the report states.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There also needs to be a big change in how land is used, it adds. Policies need to include “improved access to markets, empowering women farmers, expanding access to agricultural services and strengthening land tenure security”, it states. “Early warning systems for weather, crop yields, and seasonal climate events are also critical.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The chances of politicians and scientists achieving these goals are uncertain, however. Nations are scheduled to meet in late 2020, probably in the UK, at a key conference where delegates will plant how to achieve effective zero-carbon emission policies over the next few decades.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The US, the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases, will have just had its presidential elections. A new Democrat incumbent would likely be sympathetic to moves to control global heating. Re-election of Donald Trump, who has called climate change “a hoax”, would put a very different, far gloomier perspective on hopes of achieving a consensus.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">trump faLLOUT:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/amazon-deforestation-unrecoverable-tipping-point-2639358982.html"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.ecowatch.com/amazon-deforestation-unrecoverable-tipping-point-2639358982.html</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Amazon rainforest in Brazil is being clear cut so rapidly — a rate of three football fields per minute — that it is approaching a "tipping point" from which it will not recover,&nbsp;</b>according to&nbsp;<span style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">the Guardian</span>.lnx]</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As trees are lost, researchers said there is a&nbsp;<b>risk that large areas could transition from rainforest to savannah as they lose the ability to make their own rainfall from evaporation and from plants giving off water&nbsp;</b>vapor, according to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-bolsonaro-illegal-deforestation-amazon-rainforest-tipping-point-1451270" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">Newsweek</a>.</font></p><div class="rebellt-item col1" data-id="1" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem1"><p /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A transition on that scale could have significant implications for global warming since the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/rainforests" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">rainforest</a>&nbsp;absorbs vast amounts of atmospheric carbon. Recent&nbsp;<a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76?hwshib2=authn%253A1562396078%253A20190704%253Ac3ad5971-c185-4942-9acd-92aa24c51c06%253A0%253A0%253A0%253AS1lvoYPtq07c7tMzRommqA%253D%253D" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">research</a>&nbsp;has shown the potential for massive tree plantings to remove excess carbon from the atmosphere.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"It's very important to keep repeating these concerns. There are a number of tipping points which are not far away," said Philip Fearnside, a professor at Brazil's National Institute of Amazonian Research, as&nbsp;<span style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">the Guardian</span>&nbsp;reported. "We can't see exactly where they are, but we know they are very close. It means we have to do things right away. Unfortunately that is not what is happening. There are people denying we even have a problem."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The alarming rate of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/deforestation" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">deforestation</a>&nbsp;and its acceleration confirms suspicions that new president&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/jair-bolsonaro" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">Jair Bolsonaro</a>&nbsp;has allowed illegal land invasion, logging and burning. Bolsonaro has called his&nbsp;<a href="http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/alerts/legal/amazon/aggregated/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">own government's satellite data</a>&nbsp;lies.&nbsp;</b>The president's comments followed preliminary satellite data that showed more than 400 square miles of the rainforest had been cleared in the first half of July — an increase of 68 percent from the entire month of July last year, according to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49052360" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">BBC</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bolsonaro, the far right politician who has said he is fulfilling a mission from God, dismissed concerns expressed by European Union members and called it hypocritical since so many European forests have been wiped out.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"You have to understand that the Amazon is Brazil's, not yours," Bolsonaro said, as&nbsp;<span style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">the Guardian</span>&nbsp;reported. "If all this devastation you accuse us of doing was done in the past the Amazon would have stopped existing, it would be a big desert."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></div><div class="rebellt-item col1" data-id="2" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem2"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The DETER-B satellite system that the Brazilian government started to use in 2015 to track deforestation has shown that the record setting July deforestation is on pace to clear enough forest to fit New York City twice by the end of the month.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The DETER satellite data is considered preliminary. Detailed figures are released at the end of the year when data from other satellites and observatories is also collected, according to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/brazil-bolsonaro-illegal-deforestation-amazon-rainforest-tipping-point-1451270" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">Newsweek</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Unfortunately, it is absurd, but it should not catch anyone by surprise. President Jair Bolsonaro and minister Ricardo Salles are dismantling our socio-environmental policies," said Carlos Rittl, the executive secretary of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.observatoriodoclima.eco.br/en/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">Climate Observatory</a>, an NGO formed by a coalition of environmental groups, as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/25/amazonian-rainforest-near-unrecoverable-tipping-point" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">the Guardian</a>&nbsp;reported.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After years of conservation, Brazil's environmental track record has nose-dived in the first seven months of Bolsonaro's administration</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He has given environmental oversight to the agriculture minister, who is the leader of a farming lobby.&nbsp;<b>His foreign minister called climate science a part of a global Marxist plot.</b>The government has invited businesses to register land counter-claims in areas that are protected nature reserves, indigenous territories and areas dedicated to sustainable production by native forest people, according to&nbsp;<span style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">the Guardian</span>.</span></font></p></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/humanrights?src=hash" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://twitter.com/hashtag/humanrights?src=hash</a></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">4x/week kia</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/photo-series-highlights-plight-environmental-rights-defenders" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/photo-series-highlights-plight-environmental-rights-defenders</a></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/2017-deadliest-year-environmental-activism-report-180722174539780.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/2017-deadliest-year-environmental-activism-report-180722174539780.html</a></font></p><h1 class="post-title" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.14; word-break: break-word; clear: both; margin-bottom: 15px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2017 was deadliest year for environmental activism: report</font></h1><p class="article-heading-des" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.12;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At least 207 activists were killed, with Brazil, the Philippines and Colombia named as the most dangerous countries.</font></p><p class="speakable" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">arly four land and environmental activists were killed each week in 2017, making it the deadliest year on record, according to a new report by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Global Witness</a>. &nbsp;</font></p><p class="speakable" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the report,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/at-what-cost/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">published on Tuesday</a>, the UK-based watchdog said 207 people lost their lives last year in their fight against companies and governments that seize land and harm the environment.</font></p><p class="speakable" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/regions/latin-america.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Latin America</a>&nbsp;was once again the most dangerous region for environmental activism, accounting for nearly 60 percent of the total killings.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/brazil.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Brazil</a>&nbsp;remained the country with most registered deaths, the report said.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At least 57 people were killed in 2017, marking the most deaths of land and environmental defenders ever registered in one year in any country.</font></p><div class="article-also-read article-embed-tb-block article-embedded-card " style="font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; width: 263px; float: right; margin: 6px 0px 15px 30px; clear: both; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 10px 0px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><div class="topic-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; margin-top: 0px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">READ MORE</font></div><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; word-break: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a class="article-embed-title" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/colombia-social-leaders-scared-surge-murders-180723073240153.html" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.14; text-decoration-line: none !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Colombia's social leaders 'very scared' amid surge in murders</font></a></h4></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">President Michel Temer and his predecessor&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/people/dilma-rousseff.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Dilma Rousseff</a>&nbsp;weakened laws and institutions designed to protect environmental defenders and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/activists-decry-temer-amazon-deforestation-bill-170722042156015.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">made it easier&nbsp;for industries</a>&nbsp;to proceed with projects without consent from affected communities.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Despite the country's constitution recognising the rights of indigenous people to their ancestral land, there has been a drastic decrease in demarcations. Under Rousseff, the average number shrank from 13 to three per year. There have been none since&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/brazil-senate-strips-dilma-rousseff-presidency-160831133704441.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">she was removed from office in August 2016</a>, the report found.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John Knox, the&nbsp;UN&nbsp;special rapporteur on human rights and the environment, said Latin America's population and endemic corruption make it a particularly dangerous area for environmental activists.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"You see indigenous peoples who are still directly dependent on natural resources in forests or sometimes fisheries who are already discriminated against or marginalised," he said.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"When conflicts between the companies and governments that want to profit from natural resources and the people who depend upon them occur in countries or regions that have a weak rule of law, then they are much more likely to result in violence and killing," he told Al Jazeera.&nbsp;</font></p><div style="font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><div class="imagecontainer item" data-image-url="/mritems/Images/2018/7/22/e840be95d11f47889603af9b440d0910_18.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 6px; float: none;"><table class="image" border="0" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box; border-spacing: 0px; background-color: transparent;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="padding: 0px 0px 8px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">
</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="caption" style="padding: 0px 0px 8px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; line-height: 1.5;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of the 10 most dangerous countries, seven are in Latin America [Thom Pierce/Guardian/Global Witness/UN Environment]&nbsp;</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/colombia.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Colombia</a>, at least 24 environmental&nbsp;activists were killed in 2017, according to the report.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The 2016&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/colombia-signs-revised-peace-deal-farc-rebels-161124163848718.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">peace agreement</a>&nbsp;between the government and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/organisations/farc.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">FARC</a>) has led to a worsening situation for environmental activists as rival actors vie to fill the power vacuum in the countryside, competing for land and natural resources once controlled by the FARC, the report said.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the country's ombudsman's office,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/colombia-social-leaders-scared-surge-murders-180723073240153.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">more than 300 rights defenders</a>&nbsp;- including&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px !important; line-height: 1.7 !important;">environmental</span>, land and human rights activists - have been killed since the beginning of 2016.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/mexico.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Mexico</a>&nbsp;saw the largest year on year increase in deaths, surging from three in 2016 to 15 in 2017. The attacks took place in a context of impunity, with increased violence against activists in areas where drug cartels operate, according to the report.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/philippines.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">&nbsp;Philippines</a>&nbsp;recorded the highest number of killings ever seen in an Asian country, Global Witness said.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The combination of bountiful natural resources, a large indigenous population and high levels of corruption, as well as the residue of colonial-era land disputes, provide fertile ground for violence against activists in the island nation, the report said.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The Philippines has traditionally been the worst-hit country in Asia but there's a clear worsening of the situation under President [Rodrigo] Duterte," said Ben Leather, a senior campaigner at Global Witness and the author of the report.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"His aggressively&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/rodrigo-duterte-human-rights-160806211448623.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">anti-human rights discourse</a>&nbsp;and his use of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/philippines-extends-martial-law-eradicate-isil-171213054746303.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">martial law</a>, which has put the army into areas which are resource-rich, have meant that a bad situation in the Philippines has got drastically worse under his rule," Leather told Al Jazeera.&nbsp;</font></p><div class="infogram-embed" data-id="290d3881-8eaf-4c53-98c4-57f17ee07f08" data-type="interactive" data-title="Killings by year" data-processed="1" id="ig-5dbd06fe-1be1-a95e-a555-c1773c80f1c6" style="font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252); min-height: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In December 2017, more than 200 people were forced to flee a village near the southern town of Lake Sebu, after the military killed eight people and wounded five others in a dispute over the expansion of a coffee plantation, according to an investigation by human rights groups.&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In his annual State of the Nation address on Monday,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/people/rodrigo-duterte.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, who has come under heavy criticism over his human rights record and deadly anti-drug crackdown,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/philippines-duterte-vows-continue-chilling-war-drugs-180723180900751.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">hit back at critics</a>, claiming his tactics were justified as they were saving lives.&nbsp;</font></font></font></p><div class="article-also-read article-embed-tb-block article-embedded-card " style="font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; width: 263px; float: right; margin: 6px 0px 15px 30px; clear: both; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 10px 0px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><div class="topic-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; margin-top: 0px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">READ MORE</font></font></font></div><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; word-break: break-word; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="article-embed-title" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/intimidation-murder-brazilians-fight-unequal-land-ownership-180725032455226.html" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.14; text-decoration-line: none !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Intimidation and murder: Brazilians fight unequal land ownership</font></a></font></font></font></font></h4></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Your concern is human rights, mine is human lives," he said.</font></font></p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 40px; margin-bottom: 10px; word-break: break-word; width: 710px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Culture of impunity&nbsp;</font></font></h2><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to Global Witness, violence against activists is made possible due to impunity and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/issues/corruption.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;">corruption</a>.</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report states that 92 percent of those responsible for these killings are never brought to justice.&nbsp;</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Witness also found that that seven "massacres" - which it defines as any incident in which more than four people were killed at the same time - took place in 2017, more than ever before.&nbsp;</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The fact that very few of the cases of past killings of defenders have ever been prosecuted gives would-be perpetrators the green light to attack without consequence, leading to increasingly flagrant attacks and massacres," Leather said.&nbsp;</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"In many cases, governments and corrupt officials within them are colluding with big business to impose development projects and other business ventures onto communities without their consent.</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"So, when those communities take a stand, both the interests of the business and the corrupt officials are threatened, which means there's less of an incentive for those governments to bring the killers to justice," he told Al Jazeera.&nbsp;</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></font></p><div class="moveable_w" data-element-id="chart_162710376" data-object-id="44dcb5a0-b3d4-4536-84da-b8aed3cf421a" data-object-type="chart" data-content-type="23" style="font-size: small; position: relative; margin-left: 0px;"><div class="moveable chart ig-theme-group-text" id="chart_162710376" style="direction: ltr; outline: 0px; position: relative; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px !important;"><div id="Chart_162710376" class="inner notranslate" style="line-height: normal;"><div class="igc-root" role="tabpanel" style="line-height: normal;"><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal;"><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">207</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental and land activists killed in 2017</font></font></div></div></div><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; margin-top: 20px;"><div class="igc-textual-icon" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); padding-right: 20px; float: left; padding-top: 8px; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><svg width="50" height="50" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path class="igc-textual-path" fill="#8fcbea" transform="translate(0, 0)" 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/></font></font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">60%</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of those killed were in Latin America</font></font></div></div></div><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; margin-top: 20px;"><div class="igc-textual-icon" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); padding-right: 20px; float: left; padding-top: 8px; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><svg width="50" height="50" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 29 33" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path class="igc-textual-path" fill="#41a1a2" transform="translate(0, 0)" d="M28.961,14.48C28.961,6.496,22.465,0,14.48,0C6.496,0,0,6.496,0,14.48C0,14.48,0,20.559,0,20.559C0,23.516,2.406,25.922,5.363,25.922C6.595,25.922,7.598,26.924,7.598,28.157C7.598,28.157,7.598,31.196,7.598,31.196C7.598,31.64,7.958,32,8.402,32C8.402,32,20.558,32,20.558,32C21.003,32,21.363,31.64,21.363,31.196C21.363,31.196,21.363,28.157,21.363,28.157C21.363,26.924,22.365,25.922,23.598,25.922C26.555,25.922,28.961,23.516,28.961,20.558C28.961,20.558,28.961,14.48,28.961,14.48C28.961,14.48,28.961,14.48,28.961,14.48M23.598,24.313C21.479,24.313,19.754,26.038,19.754,28.157C19.754,28.157,19.754,30.391,19.754,30.391C19.754,30.391,18.324,30.391,18.324,30.391C18.324,30.391,18.324,28.157,18.324,28.157C18.324,27.713,17.964,27.353,17.519,27.353C17.075,27.353,16.715,27.713,16.715,28.157C16.715,28.157,16.715,30.391,16.715,30.391C16.715,30.391,15.284,30.391,15.284,30.391C15.284,30.391,15.284,28.157,15.284,28.157C15.284,27.713,14.924,27.353,14.48,27.353C14.036,27.353,13.676,27.713,13.676,28.157C13.676,28.157,13.676,30.391,13.676,30.391C13.676,30.391,12.245,30.391,12.245,30.391C12.245,30.391,12.245,28.157,12.245,28.157C12.245,27.713,11.885,27.353,11.441,27.353C10.997,27.353,10.637,27.713,10.637,28.157C10.637,28.157,10.637,30.391,10.637,30.391C10.637,30.391,9.206,30.391,9.206,30.391C9.206,30.391,9.206,28.157,9.206,28.157C9.206,26.038,7.482,24.313,5.363,24.313C3.292,24.313,1.608,22.629,1.608,20.559C1.608,20.559,1.608,14.48,1.608,14.48C1.608,7.382,7.382,1.608,14.48,1.608C21.578,1.608,27.352,7.382,27.352,14.48C27.352,14.48,27.353,20.558,27.353,20.558C27.353,22.629,25.668,24.313,23.598,24.313C23.598,24.313,23.598,24.313,23.598,24.313M15.243,19.851C15.134,19.523,14.827,19.301,14.481,19.301C14.135,19.301,13.827,19.522,13.718,19.851C13.718,19.851,12.198,24.41,12.198,24.41C12.116,24.655,12.157,24.924,12.308,25.134C12.46,25.344,12.702,25.468,12.961,25.468C12.961,25.468,16,25.468,16,25.468C16.259,25.468,16.501,25.344,16.652,25.134C16.804,24.925,16.844,24.655,16.763,24.41C16.763,24.41,15.243,19.851,15.243,19.851C15.243,19.851,15.243,19.851,15.243,19.851M7.948,13.835C5.829,13.835,4.105,15.559,4.105,17.679C4.105,19.798,5.829,21.522,7.948,21.522C10.068,21.522,11.792,19.798,11.792,17.679C11.792,15.559,10.068,13.835,7.948,13.835C7.948,13.835,7.948,13.835,7.948,13.835M21.012,13.835C18.893,13.835,17.169,15.559,17.169,17.679C17.169,19.798,18.893,21.522,21.012,21.522C23.132,21.522,24.856,19.798,24.856,17.679C24.856,15.559,23.132,13.835,21.012,13.835C21.012,13.835,21.012,13.835,21.012,13.835" /></font></font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">115</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Killings linked to government security forces</font></font></div></div></div><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; margin-top: 20px;"><div class="igc-textual-icon" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); padding-right: 20px; float: left; padding-top: 8px; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><svg width="50" height="50" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path class="igc-textual-path" fill="#69c8c9" transform="translate(0, 0)" 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/></font></font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">25%</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of those killed were from indigenous groups</font></font></div></div></div><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; margin-top: 20px;"><div class="igc-textual-icon" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); padding-right: 20px; float: left; padding-top: 8px; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><svg width="50" height="37.5" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path class="igc-textual-path" fill="#0098cc" transform="translate(0, 0)" d="M6.181,15.781C5.979,15.979,5.867,16.251,5.867,16.533C5.867,16.816,5.979,17.088,6.181,17.291C6.379,17.488,6.651,17.6,6.933,17.6C7.211,17.6,7.488,17.488,7.691,17.285C7.888,17.088,8,16.811,8,16.533C8,16.256,7.888,15.979,7.685,15.781C7.291,15.381,6.576,15.381,6.181,15.781C6.181,15.781,6.181,15.781,6.181,15.781M6.933,9.6C3.11,9.6,0,12.71,0,16.533C0,20.356,3.11,23.467,6.933,23.467C10.756,23.467,13.867,20.356,13.867,16.533C13.867,12.71,10.756,9.6,6.933,9.6C6.933,9.6,6.933,9.6,6.933,9.6M6.933,22.4C3.699,22.4,1.067,19.767,1.067,16.533C1.067,13.299,3.699,10.667,6.933,10.667C10.167,10.667,12.8,13.299,12.8,16.533C12.8,19.767,10.167,22.4,6.933,22.4C6.933,22.4,6.933,22.4,6.933,22.4M26.976,18.448C26.779,18.645,26.667,18.923,26.667,19.2C26.667,19.483,26.779,19.755,26.976,19.957C27.179,20.155,27.451,20.267,27.733,20.267C28.015,20.267,28.288,20.155,28.485,19.952C28.688,19.755,28.8,19.483,28.8,19.2C28.8,18.923,28.688,18.645,28.485,18.448C28.091,18.048,27.376,18.048,26.976,18.448C26.976,18.448,26.976,18.448,26.976,18.448M29.867,15.511C29.867,15.511,29.867,13.333,29.867,13.333C29.867,11.449,28.55,10.133,26.667,10.133C26.667,10.133,25.6,10.133,25.6,10.133C25.6,10.133,25.6,5.333,25.6,5.333C25.6,5.094,25.894,4.8,26.133,4.8C26.428,4.8,26.667,4.561,26.667,4.267C26.667,3.972,26.428,3.733,26.133,3.733C26.133,3.733,24,3.733,24,3.733C23.178,3.733,22.4,4.511,22.4,5.333C22.4,5.333,22.4,10.133,22.4,10.133C22.4,10.133,18.022,10.133,18.022,10.133C18.022,10.133,15.987,1.478,15.987,1.478C15.977,1.437,15.963,1.398,15.944,1.362C15.916,1.306,15.247,0,13.867,0C13.867,0,3.733,0,3.733,0C3.438,0,3.2,0.239,3.2,0.533C3.2,0.828,3.438,1.067,3.733,1.067C3.733,1.067,5.867,1.067,5.867,1.067C5.867,1.067,5.867,7.467,5.867,7.467C5.867,7.467,4.267,7.467,4.267,7.467C3.972,7.467,3.733,7.706,3.733,8C3.733,8.294,3.972,8.533,4.267,8.533C4.267,8.533,6.933,8.533,6.933,8.533C11.345,8.533,14.933,12.122,14.933,16.533C14.933,16.533,14.933,19.2,14.933,19.2C14.933,19.494,15.172,19.733,15.467,19.733C15.467,19.733,23.503,19.733,23.503,19.733C23.767,21.834,25.561,23.467,27.733,23.467C30.086,23.467,32,21.553,32,19.2C32,17.625,31.14,16.25,29.867,15.511C29.867,15.511,29.867,15.511,29.867,15.511M23.467,5.333C23.467,5.094,23.761,4.8,24,4.8C24,4.8,24.641,4.8,24.641,4.8C24.572,4.97,24.533,5.151,24.533,5.333C24.533,5.333,24.533,10.133,24.533,10.133C24.533,10.133,23.467,10.133,23.467,10.133C23.467,10.133,23.467,5.333,23.467,5.333C23.467,5.333,23.467,5.333,23.467,5.333M6.933,7.467C6.933,7.467,6.933,1.067,6.933,1.067C6.933,1.067,13.867,1.067,13.867,1.067C14.481,1.067,14.866,1.632,14.965,1.795C14.965,1.795,16.926,10.133,16.926,10.133C16.926,10.133,13.349,10.133,13.349,10.133C11.706,8.487,9.436,7.467,6.933,7.467C6.933,7.467,6.933,7.467,6.933,7.467M16,18.667C16,18.667,16,16.533,16,16.533C16,14.539,15.345,12.699,14.25,11.2C14.25,11.2,26.667,11.2,26.667,11.2C27.773,11.2,28.541,11.814,28.743,12.8C28.743,12.8,26.667,12.8,26.667,12.8C26.372,12.8,26.133,13.039,26.133,13.333C26.133,13.628,26.372,13.867,26.667,13.867C26.667,13.867,28.8,13.867,28.8,13.867C28.8,13.867,28.8,15.074,28.8,15.074C28.458,14.986,28.102,14.933,27.733,14.933C25.562,14.933,23.767,16.566,23.503,18.667C23.503,18.667,16,18.667,16,18.667C16,18.667,16,18.667,16,18.667M27.733,22.4C25.969,22.4,24.533,20.965,24.533,19.2C24.533,17.435,25.969,16,27.733,16C29.498,16,30.933,17.435,30.933,19.2C30.933,20.965,29.498,22.4,27.733,22.4C27.733,22.4,27.733,22.4,27.733,22.4" /></font></font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">46</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Killings linked to agribusiness</font></font></div></div></div><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; margin-top: 20px;"><div class="igc-textual-icon" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); padding-right: 20px; float: left; padding-top: 8px; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><svg width="50" height="35.9375" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32 23" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path class="igc-textual-path" fill="#98c93c" transform="translate(0, 0)" 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/></font></font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">57</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Activists killed in Brazil, the worst year on record for any country</font></font></div></div></div><div class="igc-textual-entry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; margin-top: 20px;"><div class="igc-textual-icon" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); padding-right: 20px; float: left; padding-top: 8px; text-align: center; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><svg width="50" height="45.3125" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32 29" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path class="igc-textual-path" fill="#006699" transform="translate(0, 0)" d="M14.47,6.534C14.47,6.534,18.366,2.666,18.366,2.666C18.977,2.059,18.981,1.072,18.374,0.461C17.768,-0.15,16.781,-0.154,16.17,0.453C16.17,0.453,12.273,4.321,12.273,4.321C11.662,4.927,11.658,5.915,12.265,6.526C12.872,7.137,13.859,7.14,14.47,6.534C14.47,6.534,14.47,6.534,14.47,6.534M25.538,7.677C24.931,7.066,23.944,7.062,23.333,7.669C23.333,7.669,19.436,11.537,19.436,11.537C18.825,12.143,18.822,13.13,19.428,13.742C20.035,14.353,21.022,14.356,21.633,13.75C21.633,13.75,25.53,9.881,25.53,9.881C26.141,9.275,26.144,8.288,25.538,7.677C25.538,7.677,25.538,7.677,25.538,7.677M23.169,6.733C23.169,6.733,19.205,2.741,19.205,2.741C19.205,2.741,14.539,7.373,14.539,7.373C14.539,7.373,15.619,8.461,15.619,8.461C15.606,8.48,15.593,8.498,15.578,8.514C12.577,11.59,9.575,14.665,6.568,17.734C6.485,17.819,6.343,17.845,6.228,17.897C6.039,17.983,5.804,18.022,5.667,18.16C3.842,19.995,2.034,21.848,0.211,23.685C-0.02,23.917,-0.058,24.135,0.08,24.408C0.571,25.375,1.303,26.109,2.281,26.565C2.445,26.642,2.799,26.558,2.93,26.42C4.734,24.517,6.516,22.592,8.298,20.668C8.395,20.564,8.45,20.418,8.51,20.286C8.614,20.059,8.654,19.779,8.812,19.604C9.755,18.563,10.724,17.546,11.684,16.521C13.599,14.475,15.514,12.43,17.477,10.333C17.477,10.333,18.502,11.366,18.502,11.366C18.502,11.366,23.169,6.733,23.169,6.733C23.169,6.733,23.169,6.733,23.169,6.733M30.71,25.823C30.71,25.823,30.695,25.823,30.695,25.823C30.695,25.823,30.411,25.822,30.411,25.822C30.317,25.819,30.222,25.813,30.129,25.807C29.584,25.773,29.221,25.413,29.182,24.875C29.136,24.244,28.79,23.907,28.15,23.907C24.238,23.903,20.325,23.903,16.413,23.907C15.796,23.907,15.446,24.252,15.403,24.861C15.366,25.383,15.048,25.732,14.545,25.799C14.51,25.803,14.474,25.807,14.436,25.808C14.14,25.823,13.842,25.812,13.545,25.826C13.017,25.94,12.605,26.391,12.529,26.931C12.521,26.991,12.516,27.051,12.516,27.113C12.516,27.113,12.516,27.366,12.516,27.366C12.516,27.396,12.517,27.425,12.519,27.454C12.564,28.126,13.123,28.656,13.806,28.656C13.806,28.656,30.71,28.656,30.71,28.656C31.422,28.656,32,28.079,32,27.366C32,27.366,32,27.113,32,27.113C32,26.4,31.422,25.823,30.71,25.823C30.71,25.823,30.71,25.823,30.71,25.823" /></font></font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-text innertext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); overflow: hidden; line-height: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="igc-textual-figure" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-wrap: initial; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">92%</font></font></div><div class="igc-textual-fact" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-top: 10px; letter-spacing: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of killings went unpunished</font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="moveable_w" data-element-id="particle_601a4223-7d6d-41f7-a81d-05fec4b6e12c" data-object-id="601a4223-7d6d-41f7-a81d-05fec4b6e12c" data-object-type="particle" data-content-type="captiontext" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position: relative; margin-left: 0px;"><div class="moveable particle caption-text ig-theme-group-text" id="particle_601a4223-7d6d-41f7-a81d-05fec4b6e12c" style="outline: 0px; position: relative; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><div class="captiontext"><div class="innertext" data-placeholder="" style="line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Source: Global Witness</font></font></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/human-rights-center/programs/technology/human-rights-investigations-lab-internships/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/human-rights-center/programs/technology/human-rights-investigations-lab-internships/</a></font></font></font></font></p></div></div>