Byrd-Hagel resolution

<div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">july 1997</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">see GCC, API, EBH</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution</a><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; color: rgb(32, 33, 34);"><div class="mw-parser-output">The Byrd–Hagel Resolution was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">United States</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Senate</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution(law)" title="Resolution (law)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Resolution</a> passed unanimously with a vote of 95–0 on 25 July 1997, sponsored by Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Chuck Hagel</a> (R-NE) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Robert Byrd</a> (D-WV). The resolution stated that the US should not sign a climate treaty that would 'mandate new commitments to limit or reduce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">greenhouse gas emissions</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Kyoto_Protocol" title="List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Annex I Parties</a>, unless ...[it]... also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period', or would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States. This effectively prohibited the US from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">ratifying</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Kyoto Protocol</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[1]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Impact[</h2>Despite the unanimous passage of the Byrd-Hagel resolution, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">U.N. Ambassador</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Burleigh" title="Peter Burleigh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Peter Burleigh</a> signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Kyoto Protocol</a> on behalf of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Clinton Administration</a> on November 12th 1998.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a> However the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Clinton Administration</a> ultimately withheld the treaty from acquiring Senate approval due to potential political backlash and disapproval.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W.Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Bush administration</a>, Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Robert Byrd</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Jesse Helms</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Pat Roberts</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Larry Craig</a> issued a letter to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">President George W. Bush</a> to identify the President's stance on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Kyoto Protocol</a> and climate change policy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[4]</a> President Bush responded "I oppose the Kyoto Protocol because it exempts 80 percent of the world, including major population centers such as China and India, from compliance, and would cause serious harm to the U.S. economy. The Senate's vote, 95-0, shows that there is a clear consensus that the Kyoto Protocol is an unfair and ineffective means of addressing global climate change concerns."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">[5]</a>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Obama administration</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">U.S</a>. pursued climate policies such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Accord" title="Copenhagen Accord" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Copenhagen Accord</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Paris Agreement</a> in advocating for more comprehensive environmental reform and to allow nations to self determine their own emission based commitments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[6]</a> In a 2014 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Time</a> article, former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">Chuck Hagel</a> stated that "Congress should play an active role in the negotiations—not by blocking the deal, but by sending a new Global Climate Change Observer Group to report on the proceedings in Paris and closely evaluate other countries’ climate plans".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Related Legislation[</h2>H.Res.211 was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">U.S.</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">House of Representatives</a> Resolution that was introduced with the support of 102 cosponsors on July 31st 1997.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[8]</a> H.Res.211 maintained similar language to the Byrd-Hagel Resolution incurring that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);">Kyoto Protocol</a> should "(1) mandate new commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex 1 Parties, unless the protocol or other agreement also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period; or (2) result in serious harm to the U.S. economy."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[9]</a> Despite the initial popularity of the resolution it ultimately was referred to the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade where no subsequent action took place. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;">[10]</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="https://www.c2es.org/content/congress-climate-history/">https://www.c2es.org/content/congress-climate-history/</a></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Congress has debated climate change for nearly 30 years with varying results. Laws and congressionally approved funding have led to new programs to reduce emissions and incentives to speed the deployment of clean energy. Other efforts to address climate change more holistically, including by using market-based approaches, have not advanced.Some major milestones on climate in Congress include:1992: Senate approves U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. The process of designing a global agreement to tackle climate change began in the early 1990s. In 1992, President George H.W. Bush signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which committed all nations to take action and laid the foundation for future agreements. At the time, President Bush declared, “The United States fully intends to be the world’s pre-eminent leader in protecting the global environment.” The U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent to the treaty in October 1992.1992: Renewable energy gets a boost. To help support the fledgling wind industry, Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) added the renewable energy production tax credit to the 1992 Energy Policy Act, which has been critical in the rapid expansion of the wind energy industry. The tax credit has been extended in short stints – with occasional lapses – since then. An investment tax credit for solar energy installations was later added to the tax code through the Energy Policy Act of 2005.1997: Senate pre-empts Kyoto Protocol. In June 1997, six months ahead of a U.N. climate conference in Kyoto, Japan, the Senate adopted a nonbinding resolution introduced by Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-WV), with Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) and 44 other cosponsors, stating that the United States should not enter into any international climate agreement that did not include comparable emissions commitments by developing countries or that “would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States…” The Clinton Administration proceeded to negotiate and sign the Kyoto Protocol, which set emission targets for developed countries only. But the agreement was never submitted to the Senate for advice and consent, and in 2001, President George W. Bush declared that the United States would not join it.2003-2007: Bipartisan bills in the Senate. By the 108th Congress (2003-2004) significant bipartisan efforts to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions started to gain traction. Among other bills in 2003, Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) and Sen. Joe Lieberman (D-CT) offered The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 to institute a cap-and-trade program to reduce emissions from electricity, manufacturing, commercial, and transportation sectors of the economy (representing 85 percent of U.S. emissions). The bill had a House companion and was reintroduced in the 109th and 110th Congresses.2007: Congress mandates emissions reporting. As part of the Fiscal Year 2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act, signed into law in 2007, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was ordered to publish a rule requiring public reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from large sources. The Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program database provides comprehensive nationwide greenhouse gas emissions data (electric power companies were already reporting their carbon dioxide emissions under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990). Over 40 source categories are now covered by the reporting program.2008-2010: Cap-and-trade legislation passes the House. Shortly after being elected, President-elect Barack Obama declared a comprehensive climate and energy bill among his top legislative priorities. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 by a vote of 219 to 212 in June 2009. The legislation, written by Rep. Henry Waxman (D-CA) and Rep. Edward Markey (D-MA), would have established an economy-wide greenhouse gas cap-and-trade system and critical complementary measures. The Senate failed to pass its own comprehensive climate and energy bill, and the measure died.Other major climate legislation was proposed during this period:<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 30px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px;">The American Clean Energy Leadership Act of 2009 would have established a renewable energy standard and addressed several other energy-related issues.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px;">John Kerry (D-MA), Joseph Lieberman (I-CT), and Lindsey Graham (R-SC) worked outside of the committee process in an attempt to broaden the base of support for climate legislation within the Senate. Kerry and Lieberman released a draft discussion of their American Power Act in May 2010 that would have established a cap-and-trade system for utilities and industry, and a fee for transportation fuels.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px;">Maria Cantwell (D-WA) and Susan Collins (R-ME) introduced a Carbon Limits and Energy for America’s Renewal Act, which would have capped carbon dioxide emissions while allowing very limited emissions trading, and rebating the revenue from this system directly back to the public on a per capita basis.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px;">Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) introduced the Clean Energy Standard Act to enact a tradeable energy standard to reduce emissions in the power sector.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px;">Richard Lugar (R-IN) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) introduced the Practical Energy and Climate Plan, intended to reduce oil imports, improve and create new efficiency standards, and establish a clean energy standard.</li></ul>Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) was expected to combine elements of the climate and energy legislative proposals into a comprehensive climate bill. Citing a lack of bipartisan support in the Senate, however, Reid announced in July 2010 that upcoming energy legislation would not include a cap on greenhouse emissions. This effectively ended action on climate legislation for the 111th Congress.2012: Shoring up flood protection. Funding the National Flood Insurance Program, established in 1968, is important for the many communities likely to face increased flooding from sea level-rise and more frequent and extreme downpours. In May 2012, Congress passed the National Flood Insurance Program Extension Act reauthorizing the program for five years, ending a series of short-term extensions. The bill was a major step toward actuarial pricing and full accounting of climate risk, ensuring that climate impact projections are factored into future calculations of flood risk. Although the word “climate” does not appear in the text, the bill directed the Federal Emergency Management Agency to use “the best available science regarding future changes in sea levels, precipitation, and intensity of hurricanes” – likely projected impacts of climate change – as it updates flood maps and sets insurance premiums.2015: Extension/phasedown of renewable energy tax credits. After more than 20 years of regular extensions of the production tax credit for wind power and investment tax credit for solar power, Congress agreed in late 2015 on a multi-year extension and ultimate phase-out of the incentives. The tax credits have been critical in making renewable energy cost-competitive and continue to help reduce carbon emissions from power sector in the absence of federal regulations. The production tax credit will phase out through 2019. The investment tax credit for solar will end in 2021.2016: Formation of the Climate Solutions Caucus. In February 2016, Rep. Carlos Curbelo (R-FL) and Rep. Ted Deutch (D-FL) launched the bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus in the House of Representatives. The caucus describes its mission as educating members on “economically-viable options to reduce climate risk and protect our nation’s economy, security, infrastructure, agriculture, water supply and public safety.” The caucus has been adding dozens of members in Republican-Democratic pairs.</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=yikes GCC  EBH ~<div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://theintercept.com/2022/04/12/ipcc-report-global-climate-coalition/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://theintercept.com/2022/04/12/ipcc-report-global-climate-coalition/</a></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">OF THE PRIMARY reports that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publishes every four to six years, the mitigation report, focused on what can be done and what’s holding climate action back, only gets more important with every cycle. While the latest <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box;">mitigation </a><a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box;">report</a> states clearly that politics and corporate power are the only real impediments to action — not a lack of scientific evidence, technological or policy options, or even money — IPCC authors <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/05/ipcc-report-scientists-climate-crisis-fossil-fuels" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box;">declined to engage</a> with this problem both in the press conference for the report and in the report’s <a href="https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box;">summary for policymakers</a>. Now, a week after the report’s release, here comes a paper revealing that the IPCC itself has been the target of U.S. vested interests since its inception.</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div data-reactid="180" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">In 1988, climate scientist James Hansen gave <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">a stark warning</a> to the U.S. Senate, testifying, “It is time to stop waffling so much and say that the evidence is pretty strong that the greenhouse effect is here.” Later that year, the IPCC was formed to bring the world’s climate scientists together to help inform governments, the media, and the public about climate change. Just one year before all this action on the “greenhouse effect,” global leaders had effectively joined forces to address the hole in the ozone layer, adopting the <a href="https://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Montreal Protocol</a> and agreeing to a mandatory phaseout of the chemicals associated with ozone depletion. Greenhouse gas-emitting industries were very concerned that they would be targeted next. Almost immediately, what environmental sociologists call the “climate countermovement” began to form in response.one key entity in that movement was the Global Climate Coalition, which emerged in 1989 as a project of the National Association of Manufacturers, with founding members from the coal, electric utility, oil and gas, automotive, and rail sectors. Many scholars have noted the influential role the GCC played in obstructing climate policy in the 1990s, but the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2022.2058815" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-sizing: border-box;">first peer-reviewed paper</a> on the group, published this week, reveals that the original and lasting intention of the GCC was to push for voluntary efforts only and torpedo international momentum toward setting mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions.</div><div data-reactid="191" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Casting doubt on the science was part of that strategy from the beginning — the paper points to a 1994 communications strategy, for example, that suggested industry spokespeople downplay IPCC findings with following talking point: “The IPCC reports no evidence that directly links manmade GHG emissions to changes in global average temperatures.” Also common, though, were the delay tactics we still see today, particularly the economic argument against acting on the climate crisis and the jingoistic argument that America shouldn’t allow the rest of the world to tell it what to do.“People have been very stuck on this idea that the industry strategy went from climate denial to delay,” said the paper’s author, Brown University environmental sociologist Robert Brulle. “That’s historically inaccurate. It was always about delay, and the PR guys viewed casting doubt on climate science as one of their key talking points, but not the only one and not the central one.”Leaning on economic and cultural arguments came naturally for the public relations teams working on climate. Those arguments were <a href="https://rigged.ghost.io/start/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">first developed</a> to help companies like <a href="https://rigged.ghost.io/ivy-lee-the-godfather/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Standard Oil</a> and <a href="https://rigged.ghost.io/edward-bernays-the-freudian-slip/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">American Tobacco</a> stave off regulation at the turn of the 20th century and have been deployed consistently, and effectively, ever since.</div><div data-reactid="195" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Brulle points to the GCC’s involvement in the passage of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC — the framework underpinning the annual Conference of the Parties meetings of global leaders to discuss international climate commitments — as a prime example of how industries have suggested voluntary action as a way to preempt government regulation. “They supported that because it was toothless. It was all about the need to further study the problem and for corporations and governments to take voluntary action.”Melissa Aronczyk, a media studies scholar at Rutgers University, also documented the influence that the GCC and its primary PR person, E. Bruce Harrison, had on the UNFCCC process in “<a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-strategic-nature-9780190055356?cc=us&lang=en&" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">A Strategic Nature: Public Relations and the Politics of American Environmentalism</a>,” a new book written with Maria Espinoza. “Harrison was invited as communications counsel to the CEOs who were participating at that Earth Summit in Rio [de Janeiro] in 1992,” Aronczyk explained. That was the summit at which global leaders drafted and adopted the UNFCCC. Notably, the U.N.-appointed organizer of that conference was Maurice Strong, a former oilman who believed that no effective climate treaty could be passed without buy-in from corporate interests....Because business communities had been invited to the conference and because they knew that their buy-in was so important, they planned extensively in the lead-up to the conference to be able to present what they call their own sustainable development charter. It was a nonbinding, nonlegal document that proposed a voluntary, self-regulating approach,” Aronczyk said. “And as you can imagine, this charter did not contain anything that would have really transformed how companies did business. … But it paid a lot of lip service to the idea of going green, and because they got out in front of the actual conference, they were really able to put that document forward and stave off other kinds of more binding legislation.”The GCC worked to steer the Conference of the Parties and the IPCC in this direction as well. Many of the source documents Brulle cites in his paper, including Harrison’s 1994-1995 communications plan for the GCC, show this strategy explicitly. “The economic consequences of future actions by the COP are likely to attract more attention than statements about scientific uncertainties,” Harrison’s plan reads. “Especially if the economic stakes can be made apparent to ‘people on Main Street.’” It goes on to lay out specific messages that GCC members should emphasize to the press, politicians, and the public, including: “Voluntary programs for reducing [greenhouse gas] emissions are allowing industry to balance economics and environmental performance without impairing competitiveness.”What’s also painfully obvious in these documents is just how close the international process came to forcing action on climate in the 1990s — the decade in which it would have had the most impact. The 1994-95 GCC communications plan shows that the group and the industries it represented were losing the fight and that momentum was building for a binding international treaty that would mandate emissions reductions. “Dozens of U.N. agencies, international organizations and special interest groups are driving events — regardless of economic costs and remaining scientific uncertainties — toward a conclusion inimical to the interests of the GCC and the U.S. economy,” the plan reads.</div><div data-reactid="201" style="font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box;">A few pages later it notes, “The window for influencing U.S. decisions on future U.N. actions is relatively narrow. During the next 18-24 months there will be a number of critical decision points as the Parties to the FCCC advance toward the COP’s 1997 deadline for elaborating new policies and measures.”The 1997 Conference of the Parties was, of course, when the <a href="https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Kyoto Protocol</a> was introduced; the international agreement mandated emissions reductions for certain countries, something the Clinton administration had already indicated it supported. It was a make-or-break moment for industries concerned about the impact that mandatory emissions reductions would have on their bottom line, and the GCC redoubled its efforts.First it targeted key U.S. politicians. Working with Sens. Chuck Hagel and Robert Byrd, Brulle writes, the group rounded up support for an amendment to set strict criteria for any international climate accord. “This effort contributed to the passage of the Byrd-Hagel Amendment in July 1997,” Brulle writes. “This amendment required that any climate accord would have to include [emissions] reductions by developing countries and could not result in serious harm to the U.S. economy. These provisions damaged the credibility of the U.S. because it showed a lack of consensus among the different branches of government about an international climate accord.”That argument stands in stark contrast to the fossil fuel industry’s narrative today, which holds that out-of-touch climate elitists are trying to force emissions reductions on countries that deserve to use fossil fuels to develop. Passage of the Byrd-Hagel amendment was the GCC’s first big victory after its success in shaping the UNFCCC. In the wake of that victory, GCC members poured $13 million into a PR campaign centered on the argument that the international accord would raise gasoline prices and harm the economy. The tag line of the anti-Kyoto campaign was “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kxk_c3BcE8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">It’s not global and it won’t work.</a>”“They get a map of the globe and they start cutting out the countries that don’t have to comply,” Brulle said. “And then they hold up this map with all of these holes in it, and they said, ‘This is unfair. It won’t work and it’s not fair.’ And that’s what they ran on. And guess what? It works! It was very effective. And you still hear that today when folks argue against climate policy by saying, ‘What about China? What about India?’”The group also commissioned third-party economists and policy analysts to bolster its argument that mandatory emissions cuts would spell death for the American economy. “It was very much, play up the economic impact, play up the threat to the ‘American way of life,’” Brulle said. “When you can attack the science, do that, but always, always play up the economics.”That’s particularly interesting in the context of recent research in which some of the same economists the GCC hired have admitted that their models were deeply flawed. The paper “<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09644016.2021.1947636" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Weaponizing Economics</a>,” published last year by Stanford University researcher Ben Franta, shows that the economists working for the GCC and other anti-climate policy groups in the 1990s were using models that inflated the cost of climate policy while ignoring entirely the economic benefit of avoiding climate impacts.Franta found that the same small group of economists was being routinely commissioned not only by the GCC but also the American Petroleum Institute (a founding GCC member) and various conservative think tanks; every time a policy was proposed that would limit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gas emissions, this same model would get trotted out, and industry spokespeople and politicians would warn that acting on climate change would put companies out of business and cost the average American family thousands of dollars.“Eventually their analyses became conventional wisdom,” Franta said. “The scientific merchants of doubt ultimately failed; their power waned. But this, the economics part, their power did not really wane in the same way. And you know, the implications are larger. I mean, it’s a fraudulent economic product. And now we have economists who worked on those models saying, by their own admission, that this analysis that showed it would be too expensive to act on climate is not true. And this has been going on for decades. So now the question is, what do we do about this?”Brulle’s recent findings make it that much more concerning that the IPCC allowed mentions of obstructionism and vested interests to be scrubbed from its summary for policymakers. “That document was like Star Wars without Darth Vader,” he said. “This research gives us a history of what actually happened. It puts Darth Vader back in the story.”</div></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/a-lesson-from-kyotos-failure-dont-let-congress-touch-a-climate-deal/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/a-lesson-from-kyotos-failure-dont-let-congress-touch-a-climate-deal/</a></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">In 1997, <a href="http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/kyotofin.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">more than 150 countries</a> came together in Kyoto, Japan, to negotiate a deal</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions driving global warming. </div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Back then, the negotiations centered around developed countries, like the U.S., </div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Japan and Australia with the intention that richer countries would lead the way and create a legally binding treaty with emissions targets and reduction timelines.</div><article id="post-97122" class="post-97122 fte_features type-fte_features status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry tag-climate-change tag-global-warming tag-paris-climate-talks espn_verticals-science vertical-science topic-slug-paris-climate-talks" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" text-rendering="text-rendering" optimizelegibility="optimizelegibility" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border="border" font-variant-numeric="font-variant-numeric" inherit="inherit" font-variant-east-asian="font-variant-east-asian" font-stretch="font-stretch" line-height="line-height" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline"><div class="entry-content single-post-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 26px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 575px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Eighteen years later, the world is still trying to agree on how to tackle climate change. But this time around, the U.S. pledge does not require congressional approval. That approach echoes an important lesson from Kyoto: A treaty’s worth is directly tied to the president’s ability to enact it.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">In Kyoto, one of the U.S.’s top priorities was to establish a structure and market for limiting and trading emissions. Elliot Diringer, who attended the Kyoto talks as communications director for the Clinton administration’s White House Council on Environmental Quality, told me recently that emissions trading had proved very effective for tackling acid rain and that American negotiators considered that problem a good model to apply to greenhouse gases.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">But the agreement never went into effect in the U.S. After Kyoto, where Al Gore, then the vice president, spoke of <a href="http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/kyotofin.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">setting “binding emissions limits,”</a> the Clinton administration returned home to a Congress that refused to take part in the treaty. Before the conference, the GOP-controlled Senate passed the <a href="https://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Byrd-Hagel resolution</a> in a 95 to 0 vote; it resolved that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that mandated the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions unless it also required reductions from developing countries during the same time period. [also could not affect economy X%  ?]That meant Clinton never got the Kyoto Protocol ratified, and George W. Bush never tried. The U.S.’s abandonment of the treaty didn’t kill it, but it severely limited its effectiveness.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">The lesson of Kyoto was stark. “We learned the limits of what the U.S. can agree to,” said Rafe Pomerance, who went to Kyoto as deputy assistant secretary of state for environment and development. “Climate change policy is not fully dictated by negotiations,” he said. “They’re dictated by domestic political opportunities and constraints.” President Obama can pledge only what he can achieve through executive action, and that means that the agreement has to be a non-binding commitment that does not require congressional approval. “If the U.S. Congress won’t move, the U.S. is heavily constrained and therefore the world is constrained,” Pomerance said. Whether or not the U.S. is the largest emitter (<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/jun/19/china.usnews" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">China overtook the U.S. as the world’s biggest emitter in 2007</a>), it’s still a major actor.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">So the Paris negotiations have taken an alternative tactic. At Kyoto, actual targets were hashed out at negotiations run by Argentinian Ambassador Raul Estrada-Oyuela, who famously insisted on keeping the talks moving forward and even physically stopped the clocks at one point to ensure that a deal was struck. This time, the meeting is taking a bottom-up approach. Rather than negotiating their targets in Paris, countries submitted their pledges ahead of time, and there’s little expectation that these pledges will be negotiated further, as they were in Kyoto. (The U.S. arrived in Kyoto with a proposal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels but left having agreed to reduce them to 7 percent <i style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">below 1990 levels.)<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">The Paris approach is less ambitious, but it’s probably more realistic. The pledge that his administration submitted to the climate conference — <a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/americas-new-climate-policy-is-its-boldest-ever-and-still-not-enough/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">to reduce emissions by 26 percent to 28 percent below 2005 levels by 2025</a> — relies on actions administered through the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy, which gets around the need for congressional ratification. Republican members of Congress are already fighting these measures, and if a Republican takes the White House, the administrative actions could be undone.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">While politicians talk about what to do, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise. Since the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, the number of weather and climate disasters worldwide <a href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/6cb9f12d72b04554bc1235ef49593fe2/earth-wilder-warmer-place-last-climate-deal-made" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">has risen 42 percent, and the seas have risen nearly 6.2 centimeters</a>, on average.</div></article><div class="mini-bio" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" text-rendering="text-rendering" optimizelegibility="optimizelegibility" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border="border" font-variant-numeric="font-variant-numeric" inherit="inherit" font-variant-east-asian="font-variant-east-asian" font-stretch="font-stretch" line-height="line-height" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" max-width="max-width" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><p style="margin: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Christie Aschwanden is FiveThirtyEight’s lead writer for science. </div><div style="">
</div><div style=""></div><div style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution</a></div><div style="">
</div><div style=""><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">The Byrd–Hagel Resolution was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Senate</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Resolution</a> passed unanimously with a vote of 95–0 on 25 July 1997, sponsored by Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chuck Hagel</a> (R-NE) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Byrd</a> (D-WV). The resolution stated that the US should not sign a climate treaty that would 'mandate new commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Kyoto_Protocol" title="List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Annex I Parties</a>, unless ...[it]... also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period', or would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States. This effectively prohibited the US from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ratifying</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kyoto Protocol</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Notes</h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809040037/https://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Byrd-Hagel Resolution"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="National Center for Public Policy Research" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Center for Public Policy Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2016-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Byrd-Hagel+Resolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcenter.org%2FKyotoSenate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByrd%E2%80%93Hagel+Resolution" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></div><div style="clear: both;">stub</div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Climate change policy in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change policy in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1997_in_the_environment" title="Category:1997 in the environment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1997 in the environment</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1997_in_law" title="Category:1997 in law" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1997 in law</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Byrd" title="Category:Robert Byrd" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Byrd</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:105th_United_States_Congress" title="Category:105th United States Congress" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">105th United States Congress</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_energy_legislation" title="Category:United States federal energy legislation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States federal energy legislation</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_legislation_stubs" title="Category:United States federal legislation stubs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States federal legislation stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div style=""></div><div style=""><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/climate/stories/clim121197b.htm">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/climate/stories/clim121197b.htm</a></div><div style="">
</div><div style="">S<a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="display: inline !important;"><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enate Republicans Call Kyoto Pact Dead</a></h2></div><div style=""><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="display: inline !important;"><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><a name="top" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</a></h2></div><a name="top" style="">By Helen Dewar and Kevin Sullivan
Washington Post Staff Writers
Thursday, December 11, 1997; Page A37</a><a name="top" style="">The difficulty delegates to the global warming conference in Kyoto encountered in reaching agreement on reducing greenhouse gases is likely to pale beside the trouble Republicans have promised the Clinton administration when it seeks ratification of the newly negotiated international treaty.</a>As finalized early this morning, Japanese time, the Kyoto accord calls for industrialized nations to cut their greenhouse emissions by 6 percent to 8 percent below 1990 levels by 2012. It left aside until at least next year the contentious issue of how much developing countries would be required to cut their own emissions.Hours before the final agreement was reached, however, key Senate Republicans declared the accord "dead on arrival," and a leading Democratic supporter urged that the Senate delay a vote in light of its bleak prospects.Sen. Larry E. Craig (Idaho), head of the Republican Policy Committee, told reporters here that the treaty is "designed to give some nations a free ride, it is designed to raise energy prices in the United States and it is desigened to perpetuate a new U.N. bureaucracy to manage global resource allocation." It also would undermine the recent reform of farm programs and threaten U.S. agricultural production, warned Sen. Pat Roberts (R-Kan.).Rejecting Democratic proposals to postpone consideration of the accord, Craig called on President Clinton to "promptly submit the treaty and allow the Senate to kill it." Even if the administration delayed submitting it for ratification -- perhaps until a developing countries treaty can be reached next year -- Craig said he expects the Senate will act on its own to declare its opposition to the pact, serving notice in advance that the United States will not ratify it. Ratification requires a two-thirds vote in the Senate.The comments of Craig and other Republican leaders were made at a news conference called yesterday to denounce what they had heard about the emerging agreement. Judging from what they had learned from congressional observers in Kyoto, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Chairman Frank H. Murkowski (R-Alaska) said, "It's dead on arrival."In Kyoto, a leading Democratic member of the observer delegation agreed that the treaty was not acceptable to the Senate in its current form. "What we have here is not ratifiable in the Senate in my judgment," Sen. John F. Kerry (D-Mass.) said. According to aides in Washington, Kerry wanted Clinton to sign the deal but hold off submission of it until follow-on conferences scheduled for Bonn in June and Buenos Aires in November.At those meetings, the next step in the process of designing an international strategy to combat global warming, international delegates will again discuss more active participation by developing countries, which was essentially removed from the pact during the final hours of deliberation in Kyoto because of objections from China and India.U.S. opponents of a global warming pact, including the Republicans and major American industries, especially coal, oil, steel and electric power producers, have argued that a deal that requires industry in this country to go through the expensive process of significantly cutting emissions of greenhouse gases was unfair unless the same requirements applied to all nations.The treaty approved by consensus in Kyoto will be available for signature at United Nations headquarters in New York beginning March 15. Once a country signs, it has a year to ratify the pact. Technically, the administration could wait years before acting on the pact. Countries that do not sign during the allotted period may still become parties to the treaty at any point in the future.Kerry said a delay in formal approval of the treaty need not impede compliance with its goals, noting that the United States often has gone along with treaties before they were ratified. He and Sen. Joseph I. Lieberman (D-Conn.), who also supports the treaty, said in Kyoto that they are confident strong U.S. public support for action on global warming will help them eventually push the pact through the Senate."The people are ahead of the politicians on this one," Lieberman said.Kalee Kreider, director of Greenpeace's U.S. climate change campaign, said in Kyoto that environmental groups in the United States would begin an extensive grass-roots campaign to increase public support for the accord. She said the groups have been focusing their effort on government officials in the time leading up to the Kyoto conference, and "we haven't done as much public education as we should have."Kreider said U.S. opponents of the treaty have greatly overstated its economic effect and insisted that a multimillion-dollar advertising campaign mounted this fall by industries opposed to emissions cuts failed to weaken public support for fighting global warming.Republicans said yesterday they were adamantly opposed to any delay in submitting the treaty for ratification, warning they would object to any steps to implement the treaty "piecemeal," as Craig put it, without Senate approval.Although yesterday's news that the treaty was nearing agreement in Kyoto brought a new round of Senate denunciations, the global warming pact was in trouble from the start. During the summer, the Senate voted 95 to 0 to assert its opposition to any treaty that endangers the U.S. economy and spares developing countries from constraints imposed on developed nations.On Tuesday, Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) wrote Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-Neb.), head of the Senate observer group, saying the treaty was falling short of these conditions and declaring the Senate "will not ratify a flawed climate change treaty."He criticized Vice President Gore, who in a Kyoto speech on Monday promised increased flexibility on the part of U.S. negotiators, saying Gore's intervention "further clouded an already murky situation" and "added to the bleak prospects for Senate ratification.""If they [the administration] won't take our advice, we won't give our consent," said Sen. Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.). Few on either side of the already rancorous debate over the pact could remember many major treaties -- even going back to bitter Cold War-era arguments over arms control -- that headed toward the Senate in such tattered shape.One major reason is that, as Craig put it yesterday, the issue carries "so much domestic political baggage," and Republicans lost no time in rummaging through the contents.It seems that Clinton and Gore are "rushing to reach a deal at any cost," Craig asserted. In a preview of political debates to come, Craig said that if the treaty is signed on behalf of the United States, "it will be the first time in history that an American president has allowed foreign interests to control and limit the growth of the U.S. economy."Anticipating the fierce criticism from Republicans, Clinton last night told a Democratic fund-raising dinner in New York that technological advances can mean a cleaner environment without economic damage. "We will fulfill our moral obligation to leave our children and our grandchildren a planet upon which they can live in peace with one another because of the resources that are left."Staff writer Peter Baker in New York contributed to this report. Dewar reported from Washington, Sullivan from Kyoto.<div style="">=</div><div style="">frontline 4 22<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chapter iv. The Grand Fog<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">March 17, 1995<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE, 1993-2001:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Two weeks from now, this issue of global climate change will be discussed by more than 120 different countries in Berlin. This administration will be at the forefront of this global effort.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I wanted the United States of America to lead the world community to agree on a set of global initiatives and policies.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] The United States is committed to reaching 1990-levels of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2000. Let us make sure that our next steps are the right ones. Thank you very much.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD, State Dept. Special Adviser on Env., 1993-97:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We said that the United States was prepared to engage in targets and timetables. I mean, that was obviously a massive threshold for us to cross.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.N. CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I declare open the first session of the Conference of the Parties. The convention is coming of age.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">The question was, who goes first?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AL GORE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was in no way possible to get a global treaty with a proposal that the poorest countries in the world would have to take the same obligations that the wealthy countries were undertaking.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And the idea was, those who developed the most and had contributed historically the most to the problem should step up to the plate first in the effort to reduce emissions.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.N. CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I should bang the hammer now.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AL GORE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">That was the formula that the world agreed was the only way to make progress toward a truly global agreement.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">At a follow-up in Kyoto, Japan, negotiators hope to agree on binding limits.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FEMALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The negotiators did agree they would exempt developing countries from the caps negotiated in Kyoto.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AL GORE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But the fossil fuel companies took that feature of the agreement and made that a bete noire. They made that a politically salient issue that they used to great effect.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO, Former Exec. Director, Greenpeace USA:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This is a plan from the PR firm E. Bruce Harrison, after Berlin, prepared for the GCC board. This is the strategy of the grand fog. [Reading] "Third-party recruitment and op-ed placement efforts will continue, although with a new emphasis on economists." So the strategy is evolving.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PAUL BERNSTEIN, Charles River Associates, 1996-2004, 2006-11:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 1996, I had finished up grad school and accepted a job at Charles River Associates. We were doing work for the American Petroleum Institute, so they had a particular point of view. If the U.S. goes ahead and reduces its emissions, and countries like China and India don't do anything, the U.S. puts itself at a competitive disadvantage. To try and put numbers on what those damages would do, how much they were hurt, I think is important, right?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We wrote a couple papers on our findings. I had general surprise of how much attention it got. It was finding its way into the airwaves.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FEMALE ADVERTISEMENT VOICE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Our president must decide if he'll sign a U.N. climate treaty that could increase the cost of gasoline by 50 cents a gallon and raise electricity and natural gas prices by 25 to 50%. Meanwhile, countries like China, India and Mexico are exempt.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE ADVERTISEMENT ACTOR:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We pay the price, and they're exempt?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FEMALE ADVERTISEMENT VOICE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It’s not global, and it won’t work.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PAUL BERNSTEIN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">There's great pressure that came from the clients to talk about jobs. We tried to tell clients we really can't measure jobs accurately. But you have to get paid at the end of the day. So we ended up doing the best we could talking about jobs. But you don’t really—you don't really know.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ROBERT MURRAY, CEO, Murray Energy:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] The first people that will lose their jobs are the American coal miner.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN SHLAES:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] It would cost probably 5, 6, 700,000 jobs a year.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ANDREW CARD, President, American Automobile Manufacturers Association:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] And that would hurt the U.S. automobile industry, and it would hurt the U.S. economy.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">WILLIAM O’KEEFE, Vice President of American Petroleum Institute:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] Every independent—and I say every independent economic study has come to the same conclusion: that the impact is negative, and it's going to cost jobs.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BENJAMIN FRANTA, Graduate fellow, Stanford University:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although the studies themselves acknowledge their funding from the industry, that funding is often not acknowledged when the results are presented to the public through advertorials that oil companies would take out in big venues like The New York Times without saying that the industry had paid for the study or what the limitations of the studies were. So it gave an impression that there were independent economists coming to this conclusion, when in reality they are hired by the fossil fuel industry. The analysis completely ignored the benefits of taking action about climate change.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NARRATOR:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Neither the API nor Charles River Associates responded to questions about their work together.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PAUL BERNSTEIN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I had misgivings about just telling half the story. What do we get? If we reduce emissions, we get less damage from climate change. And we’re not putting that in there.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yeah, I wish I weren't a part of that, looking back. I wish I weren't a part of delaying action. Clearly on the wrong side of history.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Louisiana, 2021<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Eighteen weather- and climate-related disasters, with a damage total of more than $1 billion each.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Global damages estimated at around $280 billion.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">These natural disasters could push the nation's infrastructure to the brink.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">November 1996<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE VOICE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Please welcome our chairman, Lee Raymond. Lee?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">LEE RAYMOND:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Right now, a United Nations effort is moving toward a decision in 1997 to cut the use of fossil fuels, based on the unproved theory that they affect the Earth's climate. If implemented, such a policy could inflict severe economic damage. So it's critical that we in the industry provide a voice of common sense on this important issue.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It means cooperating more closely with other associations within our industry. And it extends to the circle of logical allies outside our industry that stand with us on any given issue. One example is our close cooperation with the automobile industry. Recently, they have become engaged in the global climate issue and are active, aggressive allies.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">If we all work toward the same goal, I believe we can change the perceptions of the American people about energy.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It's a call to arms. He's trying to rally the oil industry to speak as one to oppose climate change action—to fight, basically, the run-up to the Kyoto Protocol.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This is when it really ramps up. We know Exxon has been funding a bunch of right-wing and libertarian conservative think tanks. Suddenly, in '97, the sums in those grants goes way up. They know that this is the big fight.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the run-up to Kyoto, you're seeing these ad campaigns, the denial ad campaigns. You're seeing TV ads, you're seeing print ads. There's op-eds.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Millions and millions of dollars worth of advertising. "Why is the U.S. being obliged to do more than everyone else?"<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"It's not global, and it won't work." And everybody sung from the same song sheet.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JERRY TAYLOR:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The administration had just completely misread the political situation. There was no way in heck that the American public was going to accept regulating greenhouse gases in a fashion which would disadvantage American industry. That's an easy argument to make politically. You can make that in your sleep.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FRED SINGER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] The biggest loser in all of this will be science. And I'm here to defend science.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">And then the Senate issues this Byrd-Hagel Resolution, which passes 95 to zero.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">SEN. CHUCK HAGEL, R-Nebraska, 1997-2009:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] S. Res. 98 puts the administration on notice that an overwhelming and bipartisan majority of the United States Senate rejects its current negotiating position on a proposed new global climate treaty.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For me, it was a big deal. As a freshman senator, it was my first year in the Senate, with Bob Byrd.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">SEN. ROBERT BYRD, D-West Virginia, 1959-2010:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] Any effort to avoid the effects of global climate change will be doomed to failure from the start without the participation of the developing world.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">[Archive] This treaty would be a lead weight on our nation's future economic growth, killing jobs and opportunities for generations of Americans to come.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">Byrd-Hagel got 95 votes—95 senators. Nobody voted against it.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">[Archive] Even using conservative assumptions, Charles River Associates, a leading economic modeling firm, for example, has estimated that holding emissions at 1990 levels would reduce economic growth by 1% a year, rising to 3%—<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">I was not going to support a treaty that would affect our economy and everything else when we didn't have the absolute scientific evidence, first of all, to prove it, and second, and maybe even more important, let all these other countries off.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">[Archive] If anything has become clear during congressional hearings on this issue, it is that the science is unclear; is that the scientific community has not even come close to definitively concluding that we have a problem.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">I'm not a scientist. I'm not a climatologist. I listened to a lot of people. I asked for a lot of opinions. I had scientists coming in, I had other people come in.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We unearthed documents that show a series of meetings and briefings.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">Oh, wow. It's quite amazing. Here's a memo from the American Petroleum Institute. They're putting on a luncheon, they're hosting Sen. Hagel and they're going to brief him. [Reading] "Scientists do not have a precise understanding of this issue." Doubt, doubt.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">Meeting with Sen. Hagel and the Ford Motor Company. This is the American Automobile Manufacturers Association. The Aluminum Association. Chemical Manufacturers Association.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You know, I'm emphasizing Sen. Hagel, but this is happening all throughout the Senate. Ninety-five senators voted this certain way. But if you pull that lens back, you’re going to see they're working politicians with the most sophisticated legislative campaigns.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What were they saying to you in those meetings? And did you learn anything that did help to shape your views?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Well, they made their case, they made their point. So you listen to them like you would anybody. I wasn't surprised by anything I heard.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">You met Lee Raymond, the chairman and CEO of Exxon. What kind of relationship did you have with him?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">Well, Lee Raymond was a South Dakota boy. I remember that. I didn't have a close relationship with him. But I listened to him. He's head of the largest oil company in the country. I listened to everybody's opinions.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So this is a page from a briefing document. And it’s—the title is "The Dilemma for Congress." [Reading] "Draft resolution is attached for your consideration."<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">So the American Automobile Manufacturers Association is putting forth, on behalf, I think, of the Global Climate Coalition the draft resolution for the Senate to preemptively kill the Kyoto Protocol.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">You mean the Byrd-Hagel Resolution? They didn't draft that. We had many people coming forward with written examples—"Why don't you do this?" That's not unusual at all. Because our staffs work with them and so on. But that resolution wasn't an AMA resolution. That resolution was decided by us, by the senators.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">December 1997<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vice President Al Gore is on his way to Kyoto, Japan, to attend the global warming summit. Now the goal of the conference is an international treaty to protect the environment, but so far, it's been hard to find anything the diplomats can agree on.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TIMOTHY WIRTH, Undersecretary of State, 1993-Nov. '97:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">I think Byrd-Hagel really destroyed any hope of getting something done in Kyoto. There was no argument by the administration against the Byrd-Hagel Resolution. The Clinton administration certainly didn’t want to go into open war.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AL GORE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] To those who seek to obfuscate and obstruct, we say we will not allow you to put narrow special interests above the interests of all humankind.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE PROTESTER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Corporate American leadership will not save the world!<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was just an unbelievable mess. He did broker a deal and got as much out of Kyoto as he could have. But we were not going to get steep cuts in CO2 emissions out of a global agreement with all the industry fighting against them.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FEMALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Delegates from the U.S. and 149 other countries have approved the treaty known as the Kyoto Protocol. President Clinton is praising the agreement, but he may have trouble getting it ratified.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">JERRY TAYLOR:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">The Clinton administration never even put the Kyoto Protocol up for a vote in the Senate. It was DOA. And I think they understood that within a week of return from Kyoto.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I feel that at the end of the day, the Clinton-Gore administration was not able to deliver on the lofty promise of American leadership. The door closed for the next 10 years. So it was a significant missed opportunity.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">JERRY TAYLOR:cato koch libtard<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">When I became part of that world, we thought the odds were pretty long against us. We did not expect to prevail in the climate debate.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">[Archive]—to protect against a problem that most scientists don't say exist.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">By the end of the decade, however, the climate skeptics and denialists were in a position of strength. Now, they had pretty much run the table. In every decisive fight, we had won.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AL GORE:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">They won the battle. I was intent that they would not win the war. It became clear to me at that point that it was going to be a longer war.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NARRATOR:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;">We approached multiple members of the industry coalition that campaigned against Kyoto. None would sit for an interview. For its part, Exxon Mobil has stated publicly that "we recognize that our past participation in industry coalitions to oppose ineffective climate policies subjects us to criticism by climate-activist groups" and that the Kyoto Protocol was "unrealistic" and "economically damaging."<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Central Japan, 2021 b roll catastrope?]<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FEMALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It is unequivocal that human activities are responsible for climate change. That’s the finding of a new study by the U.N.’s intergovernmental panel on climate change.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A dire warning and a stark reality. The head of the U.N. referred to this as "code red" for humanity.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Global temperatures are the hottest in 100,000 years, and many effects of climate change are already irreversible.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">If we want to avoid catastrophe, we have to drastically cut emissions—now.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We now know that Exxon was making a concerted effort through the 1990s to cast doubt on the science. Do you feel that you were misled?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Well, what we now know about some of these large oil companies’ positions, they lied. And yes, I was misled. Others were misled. When they had evidence in their own institutions that countered what they were saying publicly—I mean, they lied.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">If they had said that, if they had held their hands up then and said, "Yes, this is real," could it have been different?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Oh, absolutely. It would have changed everything. I think it would have changed the average citizen’s appreciation of climate change.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And yours?<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHUCK HAGEL:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And mine, of course. It would have put the United States and the world on a whole different track, and today we would have been so much further ahead than we are. It’s cost this country, and it cost the world.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NARRATOR:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Exxon Mobil continues to defend its record on climate change.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Congressional Hearing<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">October 2021<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DARREN WOODS:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">My name is Darren Woods. I'm the chairman and chief executive officer of Exxon Mobil Corp.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Exxon Mobil has long recognized that climate change is real and poses serious risks. But there are no easy answers. Our position in this space has been consistent with the general consensus in the scientific community.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MARTIN HOFFERT:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I’m 83 years old. Three or four decades ago, we predicted it. As a scientist, to have those predictions come true, that's sort of the golden icon that you look for. However, as a human being, and as an inhabitant of planet Earth, I'm horrified to watch the lack of response to this. I’m trying as much as possible to distance myself emotionally.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So you're angry.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MARTIN HOFFERT:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yes. I'm furious.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EDWARD GARVEY:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It's heartbreaking to me. I saw all of that potential there, at least at that point in time, to really solve the problem in many different ways. Had Exxon chosen to pick up the ball then and begin to lead, the discussions would have been about how to do it. We had solar scientists doing research. We had lithium battery chemists doing research. Think of how important these sciences are to the world currently.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Parts of the world are going to suffer enormously, unnecessarily so, and for something that we could have done something about. Not doing anything for decades, that—that's just squandered time, and we're going to pay for it.<h3 style="font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal; width: auto; max-width: 660px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Part Two: Doubt</h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES, Director, Climate Investigations Center:<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 1998, there was this meeting in D.C. It's convened by the American Petroleum Institute. Exxon is in the room, Chevron, Southern Company, with various think tank officers, communications professionals and right-wing libertarian professionals. They're hatching a plan to stop people from worrying about climate change.---</div><div style="">===</div></div>