Hagel, C
<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">frosh on byrd hagel?!</font>
<b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">one of 4 on DC letter to ambush CTW</font></b>
<b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">helms, hagel, pat roberts, larry craig</font></b>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> but green mil? nat sec threat w/ durbin</font>
<b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Byrd-Hagel!</font></b></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">July 25, 1997</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. BYRD (for himself, Mr. HAGEL</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Mr. HOLLINGS, Mr. CRAIG, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Mr. INOUYE</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Mr. WARNER, Mr. FORD, Mr. THOMAS, Mr. DORGAN, </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. HELMS</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Mr. LEVIN, Mr. ROBERTS, Mr. ABRAHAM, Mr. </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MCCONNELL, Mr. ASHCROFT, Mr. BROWNBACK,</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mr. KEMPTHORNE, Mr. THURMOND, Mr. BURNS, Mr. CONRAD, Mr. GLENN, Mr. ENZI, Mr</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. INHOFE</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Mr. BOND, Mr. COVERDELL, Mr. DEWINE, Mrs. HUTCHISON, Mr. GORTON, Mr. HATCH, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. CLELAND, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. HUTCHINSON, Mr. JOHNSON, Ms. LANDRIEU, Ms. MIKULSKI, Mr. NICKLES,<b> Mr. SANTORUM, Mr. SHELBY,</b> Mr. SMITH of Oregon, Mr. BENNETT, Mr. FAIRCLOTH, Mr. FRIST, Mr. GRASSLEY, Mr. ALLARD, Mr. MURKOWSKI, Mr. AKAKA, Mr. COATS, Mr. COCHRAN, Mr. DOMENICI, Mr. </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GRAMM,</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Mr. GRAMS, Mr. LOTT, Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN, Mr. ROBB, Mr. ROCKEFELLER, Mr. SESSIONS, Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire, Mr. SPECTER, Mr. STEVENS, Mr. LUGAR, Mr. REID, Mr. BRYAN, Mr. THOMPSON, and Mr. CAMPBELL) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 21, <b>1997</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" /></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Reported by Mr. HELMS, without amendment</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution</a></font></p><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The <b style="">Byrd–Hagel Resolution</b> was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Senate</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution(law)" title="Resolution (law)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Resolution</a> passed unanimously with a vote of 95–0 on 25 July 1997, sponsored by Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Chuck Hagel</a> (R-NE) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Byrd</a> (D-WV). </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The resolution stated that the US should not sign a climate treaty that would 'mandate new commitments to limit or reduce </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">greenhouse gas emissions</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> for the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Kyoto_Protocol" title="List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Annex I Parties</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, unless ...[it]... <b>also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period', or would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States. This effectively prohibited the US from </b></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">ratifying</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Kyoto Protocol</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><b>[</b>1]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Despite the unanimous passage of the Byrd-Hagel resolution, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">U.N. Ambassador</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Burleigh" title="Peter Burleigh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Peter Burleigh</a> signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Kyoto Protocol</a> on behalf of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Clinton Administration</a> on November 12th 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a></sup> However the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Clinton Administration</a> ultimately withheld the treaty from acquiring Senate approval due to potential political backlash and disapproval.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a></sup></font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W.Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Bush administration</a>, Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Byrd</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jesse Helms</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Pat Roberts</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Larry Craig</a> issued a letter to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">President George W. Bush</a> to identify the President's stance on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Kyoto Protocol</a> and climate change policy</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[4]</a></sup> President Bush responded "I oppose the Kyoto Protocol because it exempts 80 percent of the world, <b>including major population centers such as China and India, from compliance,</b> and would cause serious harm to the U.S. economy. The Senate's vote, 95-0, shows that there is a clear consensus that the Kyoto Protocol is an unfair and ineffective means of addressing global climate change concerns."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Obama administration</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S</a>. pursued climate policies such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Accord" title="Copenhagen Accord" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Copenhagen Accord</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paris Agreement</a></b> in advocating for more comprehensive environmental reform and to allow nations to self determine their own emission based commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup> In a 2014 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Time</a> article, former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chuck Hagel</a> stated that "Congress should play an active role in the negotiations—not by blocking the deal, but by sending a new Global Climate Change Observer Group to report on the proceedings in Paris and closely evaluate other countries’ climate plans".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Legislation">Related Legislation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">H.Res.211 was a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S.</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">House of Representatives</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Resolution that was introduced with the support of 102 cosponsors on July 31st 1997.</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> H.Res.211 maintained similar language to the Byrd-Hagel Resolution incurring that the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Kyoto Protocol</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> should "(1) mandate new commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex 1 Parties, unless the protocol or other agreement also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period; or (2)</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> result in serious harm to the U.S. economy.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Despite the initial popularity of the resolution it ultimately was referred to the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade where no subsequent action took place</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. </span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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ITS CURIOUS ABSENCE FROM EVALUATIONS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT.” <i>Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School</i>, Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, 2018, pp. 7–9.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4130796/paris-climate-conference-chuck-hagel/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("");" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" e54="e54" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Chuck Hagel: Climate Change Is a National Security Problem"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=All+Info+-+H.Res.211+-+105th+Congress+%281997-1998%29%3A+Expressing+the+sense+of+the+House+of+Representatives+regarding+the+conditions+for+the+United+States+becoming+a+signatory+to+any+international+agreement+on+greenhouse+gas+emissions+under+the+United+Nations+Framework+Convention+on+Climate+Change.&rft.date=1997-08-21&rft.aulast=Knollenberg&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F105th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F211%2Fall-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByrd%E2%80%93Hagel+Resolution" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: both;"><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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<div class="byline story" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="field field-name-field-sources field-type-node-reference field-label-hidden"><span class="field-items"><span class="field-item even"><a href="http://alternet.org/" style="">AlterNet</a> <span class="print-footnote" style="">[1]</span></span></span></span> / By <a href="http://www.alternet.org/authors/cliff-weathers" style="">Cliff Weathers</a> <span class="print-footnote" style="">[2]</span></font></div>
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<h1 property="dc:title" datatype="" class="node-title"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GOP Senator Attacks Retired Military Brass for Saying Climate Change Threatens Security</font></h1></div><div class="the_body body_story clearfix" style="">
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<div class="story-date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="field field-name-field-date field-type-date field-label-hidden" style=""><span class="field-items" style=""><span class="field-item even" style=""><span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-05-16T11:34:00-07:00" style="">May 16, 2014</span></span></span></span> | </font></div>
<p><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Republican Sen. James Inhofe is once again dismissing a report on climate change, attacking the integrity of the report's authors. While that's not news in itself, the targets of Inhofe's derision are 16 retired three- and four-star generals and admirals. Inhofe claims that retired military officers are just desperate for publicity, and don't understand the defense needs of the nation.</font></b>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The generals and admirals wrote a federally funded report on climate change, assessing the threats of global weather events on national security. </font>
<b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Other Republicans, however, have been notably quiet since the report's release. Typically, they form a chorus to shout down any climate-change report, claiming that man-made climate change is fraud perpetuated by the "liberal agenda.” This time, the authors of the report are not scientists and environmentalists, the typical targets of conservative derision. It would be political suicide for any Republican to categorize such a large group of career military officers as liberals, especially in an election year.</font></b>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The authors of the climate change report focused solely on their area of expertise, national security. They serve as the military advisory board for the <b>CNA Corporation,</b> a non-profit research and analysis organization in Alexandria, VA. They warned that climate change is not only a menace to the environment but presents the U.S. with several new security threats. The advisory board's report said that climate change has already led to conflicts over food and water because of droughts and extreme weather, and it anticipates that the incidence of these conflicts will increase exponentially. The report also predicted that the increase in catastrophic weather events would create more demand for U.S. military troops, and could cause damage to naval ports and military bases.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Climate change can act as a threat multiplier for instability in some of the most volatile regions of the world, and it presents significant national security challenges for the United States,” says the report, adding that conflicts will likely be felt “even in stable regions.”</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report says that climate events like flooding, prolonged drought and rising sea levels could result in population dislocation, waves of refugees and food insecurity. These would serve as “catalysts for instability and conflict,” in more vulnerable regions, aggravating existing stressors such as poverty, political instability and social tensions. Such conditions can enable terrorist activity and other forms of violence, according to the report. </font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report concluded that the U.S. military should shift course, and adopt strategies to manage catastrophes and conflicts both domestically and internationally.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report's forward was written by<b> former Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta.</b> They warned that “we no longer have the option to wait and see” and pleaded for a “bipartisan call to action.”</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Responding to the report, Secretary of State John Kerry <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/us/politics/climate-change-deemed-growing-security-threat-by-military-researchers.html" style="">told the New York Times</a> <span class="print-footnote" style="">[3]</span> that American foreign policy will need to adjust to respond to the climate events predicted. Kerry said, “The intelligence community takes it seriously, and it's translated into action.”</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Tribes are killing each other over water today. Think of what happens if you have massive dislocation, or the drying up of the waters of the Nile, of the major rivers in China and India,” Kerry said.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pentagon officials also said they would use the report's findings to shape military policy; however, it is already moving in that direction. Last month, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel hosted 10 defense ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations at a meeting in Hawaii where they discussed how their militaries can work together to effectively tackle non-traditional security challenges, including climate change and natural disasters. And in March, the Department of Defense announced it had drawn a direct link between the effects of global warming and terrorism.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The department certainly agrees that climate change is having an impact on national security, whether by increasing global instability, by opening the Arctic or by increasing sea level and storm surge near our coastal installations,” said John Conger, the deputy under secretary of defense for installations and environment. “We are actively integrating climate considerations across the full spectrum of our activities to ensure a ready and resilient force.”</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the report's authors, retired Rear Admiral David Titley, the<b> former oceanographer of the Navy,</b> told the Huffington Post he hopes the message will be received differently by climate-change deniers as it comes from retired and respected U.S. military brass.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“This report is signed, not by environmentalists or climate scientists, but by 16 admirals and generals who collectively have over 500 years of service to our country,” said Titley, who is now a meteorology professor at Penn State University.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is some speculation that the report could spawn a National Intelligence Estimate regarding climate change. NIEs are authored by the U.S.' 16 intelligence organizations and various military organizations and are used to evaluate security threats here and abroad, typically suggesting actions to be taken.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 2007, then <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Sen. Hagel,</span> a Republican, called for legislation requiring federal intelligence agencies to collaborate on a National Intelligence Estimate to evaluate the security challenges presented by climate change. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He was joined by Democratic Sen. Dick Durbin</span>. Although Hagel and Durbin's bill died in committee, a NIE was later released in 2008. No NIE on climate change has been released since</b>. </font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Any mention of climate change by scientists, the media and the Obama administration is met with piranha-like attacks by Republicans that often climax in an abundance of media appearances to denounce the messengers. But with the exception of Inhofe, they've been notably hesitant to attack former top military officers.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Inhofe, of Oklahoma, is a ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. He calls himself "a vocal skeptic of the established science that greenhouse-gas emissions contribute to global warming." He claims to believe the science of climate change is a "hoax."</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"There is no one in more pursuit of publicity than a retired military officer," said Inhofe of the CNA Corporation study. "I look back wistfully at the days of the Cold War. Now you have people who are mentally imbalanced, with the ability to deploy a nuclear weapon. For anyone to say that any type of global warming is anywhere close to the threat that we have with crazy people running around with nuclear weapons, it shows how desperate they are to get the public to buy this."</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Climate change, which was once considered an issue that would only pose problems many years from now, has moved firmly into the present. Although scientists caution against linking any single atypical climate event to climate change, they note that together these aberrant and severe weather events are consistent with global warming.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In March, the United Nations released a report stating that climate change is already cutting into the global food supply and fueling wars and natural disasters. The report stated that political instability and riots in Asia and Africa in 2008 were a direct result of food-price shocks brought on by regional weather events. The UN report warned that governments are unprepared to protect those most at risk.</font></p>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Syria's civil war is believed to have been spurred by the droughts which have distressed the country since 2006. Three-quarters of the nation's crops have failed and nearly all of its livestock have died of thirst or hunger. Syria’s farmers abandoned their farms, fleeing to the cities in search of jobs and critically insufficient food supplies, creating regional social unrest. UN observers estimated that between 2 and 3 million of Syria’s 10 million rural inhabitants were reduced to extreme poverty, and this is the core cause of recent national instability.</font></div>
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<div class="field-item odd"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.alternet.org/tags/terrorism" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" style="">terrorism</a> <span class="print-footnote" style="">[6]</span>,</font></div>
<div class="field-item even"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.alternet.org/tags/national-security" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" style="">national security</a> <span class="print-footnote" style="">[7]</span></font></div>
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<div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Chuck_Hagel">https://ballotpedia.org/Chuck_Hagel</a></font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel</a></font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Charles Timothy Hagel</b> (<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">]</a></sup> born October 4, 1946)<sup id="cite_ref-APDec17_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-APDec17-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup> is an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_veteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Military veteran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">military veteran</a> and former politician who served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nebraska</a> from 1997 to 2009 and as the <b>24th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States secretary of defense</a> from 2013 to 2015 in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Obama administration</a>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Office_Chuck_Hagel_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Historical_Office_Chuck_Hagel-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A recipient of two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Purple Hearts</a> while an infantry squad leader in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vietnam War</a>, Hagel returned home to start careers in business and politics. He co-founded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Cellular" title="Vanguard Cellular" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vanguard Cellular</a>, the primary source of his personal wealth, and served as president of the McCarthy Group, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">investment banking</a> firm, and CEO of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems%26_Software" title="Election Systems & Software" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">American Information Systems Inc.</a>, a computerized voting machine manufacturer. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Republican Party</a>, Hagel was first elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Senate</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska,1996" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Nebraska, 1996" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">1996</a>. He was reelected in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska,2002" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Nebraska, 2002" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">2002</a>, but did not run in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska,2008" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Nebraska, 2008" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">2008</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On January 7, 2013, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Barack Obama</a> nominated Hagel to serve as Secretary of Defense.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> On February 12, 2013, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Senate Armed Services Committee</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> approved Hagel's nomination by a vote of 14–11.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> On February 14, 2013, Senate Republicans denied Democrats the 60 votes needed to end the debate on Hagel's nomination and proceed to a final vote, citing the need for further review. It was the first time in U.S. history that a nominee for Secretary of Defense was </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">filibustered</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> although candidates for other cabinet offices have been filibustered before.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> On February 26, 2013, the Senate voted for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">cloture</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> on Hagel's nomination and confirmed him by a vote of 58–41.</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAtimes_9-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-LAtimes-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> He took office on 27 February 2013, as his predecessor, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Leon Panetta</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, stepped down.</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hagel previously served as a professor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A.Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Georgetown University</a>, chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Atlantic Council</a>, and co-chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a>. Before his appointment as Secretary of Defense, Hagel served on a number of boards of directors, including that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chevron Corporation</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">On November 24, 2014, it was announced that Hagel would resign from the position of Secretary of Defense following conflicts within the administration, particularly relating to issues concerning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Early_life,education,military,and_early_political_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life, education, military, and early political career</span></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Business_career(1982%E2%80%931996)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Business career (1982–1996)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#U.S.Senate(1997%E2%80%932009)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">U.S. Senate (1997–2009)</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Elections" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Elections</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Senate_voting_record" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Senate voting record</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Foreign_policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Foreign policy</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#National_security" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">National security</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Veterans_affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Veterans affairs</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Civil_liberties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Civil liberties</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Immigration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Immigration</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Committee_assignments" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Committee assignments</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Criticism_of_Bush_administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism of Bush administration</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#2008_presidential_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2008 presidential election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Retirement_from_U.S.Senate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Retirement from U.S. Senate</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Hiatus_from_public_service(2009%E2%80%932013)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hiatus from public service (2009–2013)</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#America:Our_Next_Chapter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>America: Our Next Chapter</i></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Service_in_academia_and_on_boards_of_directors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Service in academia and on boards of directors</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Endorsement_of_Senate_candidates" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Endorsement of Senate candidates</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Secretary_of_Defense(2013%E2%80%932015)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Secretary of Defense (2013–2015)</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Nomination_process" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Nomination process</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Criticism_of_the_nomination" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism of the nomination</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Support_for_the_nomination" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Support for the nomination</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Senate_hearing_and_votes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Senate hearing and votes</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Cloture_and_final_vote" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cloture and final vote</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Criticism_of_the_process" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism of the process</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Tenure" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Tenure</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Resignation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Resignation</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Awards_and_honors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards and honors</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#2020_presidential_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2020 presidential election</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Electoral_history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Electoral history</span></font></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#1996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1996</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#2002" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2002</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_military.2C_and_early_political_career"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life,education,military,and_early_political_career">Early life, education, military, and early political career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life, education, military, and early political career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hagel was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Platte,Nebraska" title="North Platte, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">North Platte, Nebraska</a>, a son of Charles Dean Hagel, and his wife Elizabeth (Betty) Dunn. His father was of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">German</a> heritage, while his mother was of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Irish</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Polish</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup> Growing up, Hagel lived across Nebraska; in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainsworth,Nebraska" title="Ainsworth, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ainsworth</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushville,Nebraska" title="Rushville, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rushville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsbluff,Nebraska" title="Scottsbluff, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Scottsbluff</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrytown,Nebraska" title="Terrytown, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Terrytown</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,Nebraska" title="York, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">York</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,Nebraska" title="Columbus, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup> Hagel was the oldest of four brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup> His father, a veteran of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War II</a>, died suddenly on Christmas morning, 1962, at the age of 39, when Hagel was 16.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup> He graduated from St. Bonaventure High School (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotus_Central_Catholic_High_School" title="Scotus Central Catholic High School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Scotus Central Catholic High School</a>) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,Nebraska" title="Columbus, Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Columbus, Nebraska</a>, in 1964, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_College(Minnesota)" title="Brown College (Minnesota)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the Brown Institute for Radio and Television</a> in 1966, and he earned a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BA</a> degree in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">history</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_at_Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska at Omaha" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Nebraska at Omaha</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-APDec17_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-APDec17-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hagel volunteered to be drafted into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Army</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Veteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Veteran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vietnam War</a>, rejecting a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_board" title="Draft board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">draft board</a> recommendation that he go to college instead.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[18]</a></sup> He served in the United States Army infantry in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968. As a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">sergeant</a> (E-5), he served as an infantry squad leader in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Division (United States)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">9th Infantry Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></sup> Hagel served in the same infantry squad as his younger brother Tom, and they are thought to be the only American brothers to have done so during the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-salon2007_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-salon2007-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a></sup> They also saved each other's lives on separate occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-salon2007_20-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-salon2007-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a></sup> Hagel received the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Cross_of_Gallantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry</a>, two Purple Hearts, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Army Commendation Medal</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge" title="Combat Infantryman Badge" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Combat Infantryman Badge</a>.</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After his discharge, he worked as a radio newscaster and talk show host in Omaha from 1969 to 1971<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup> while finishing college on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Veterans Administration</a> (VA) assistance under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="GI Bill" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GI Bill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1971, Hagel was hired as a staffer for Congressman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Y.McCollister" title="John Y. McCollister" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Y. McCollister</a> (R-NE), serving until 1977. For the next four years, he worked as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lobbyist</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Firestone Tire and Rubber Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berens52_24-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Berens52-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup> and in 1980, he served as an organizer for the successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_presidential_campaign,1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan presidential campaign, 1980" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">presidential campaign</a> of former California Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berens52_24-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Berens52-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After Reagan's inauguration as President, Hagel was named deputy administrator of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Veterans Administration</a>. In 1982, however, he resigned his post over a disagreement with VA Administrator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P.Nimmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Nimmo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert P. Nimmo</a>, who was intent on cutting funding for VA programs. Nimmo had referred to veterans groups as "greedy", and to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Agent Orange</a> as not much worse than a "little teenage acne."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Business_career.281982.E2.80.931996.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Business_career(1982–1996)">Business career (1982–1996)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After leaving government employment, Hagel co-founded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Cellular" title="Vanguard Cellular" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Vanguard Cellular</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mobile phone</a> service carrier that made him a multi-millionaire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup> While working with Vanguard, he served as president and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">chief executive officer</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" title="United Service Organizations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Service Organizations</a> and the Private Sector Council, as deputy director and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">chief operating officer</a> of the 1990 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8" class="mw-redirect" title="G8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">G7 Summit</a>, and on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">board of directors</a> or advisory committee of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Red Cross</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_World_Affairs_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower World Affairs Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eisenhower World Affairs Institute</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_for_the_World" title="Bread for the World" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bread for the World</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ripon Society</a>. He also served as Chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Agent Orange</a> Settlement Fund and is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chuck_Hagel_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Chuck_Hagel-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Although he was pressured by some to run for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Governor of Virginia</a>, where he had lived for 20 years, in 1992 Hagel moved back to Nebraska to become president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_McCarthy(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike McCarthy (businessman) (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">McCarthy Group, LLC</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">investment banking</a> firm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup> He also served as a Chairman and was CEO of American Information Systems Inc. (AIS), later known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Systems%26_Software" title="Election Systems & Software" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Election Systems & Software</a>, a computerized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">voting machine</a> manufacturer jointly owned by McCarthy Group, LLC and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald" title="Omaha World-Herald" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Omaha World-Herald</a> company.<sup id="cite_ref-Chuck_Hagel_27-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Chuck_Hagel-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a></sup> On March 15, 1995, Hagel resigned from the board of AIS as he intended to run for office.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitrakis_30-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Fitrakis-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_McCarthy(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike McCarthy (businessman) (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Michael McCarthy</a>, the parent company's founder, was Hagel's campaign treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></sup> Until at least 2003, he retained between $1 million and $5 million in stock in Election Systems & Software's parent company, the McCarthy Group.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Bolton-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="U.S.Senate.281997.E2.80.932009.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S.Senate(1997–2009)">U.S. Senate (1997–2009)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: U.S. Senate (1997–2009)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Elections">Elections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Elections" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="1996 United States Senate election in Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1996 United States Senate election in Nebraska</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1996, Hagel ran for the open US Senate seat created by the retirement of Democrat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.James_Exon" title="J. James Exon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">J. James Exon</a>. Hagel's opponent was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nelson" title="Ben Nelson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ben Nelson</a>, then the sitting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">governor of Nebraska</a>. Hagel won and became the first Republican in twenty-four years to win a Senate seat in Nebraska. Six years later, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="2002 United States Senate election in Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2002</a>, Hagel overwhelmingly won re-election with over 83% of the vote, the largest margin of victory in any statewide race in Nebraska history.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Senate_voting_record">Senate voting record</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Senate voting record" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
Voted for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Patriot Act</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></sup>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Boaz</a>, of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, during the Bush administration, Hagel maintained a "traditionally Republican" voting record, receiving "a lifetime rating of 84 percent from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Conservative Union</a> and consistent A and B grades from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Taxpayers Union</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Boaz_33-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Boaz-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">On the Issues</a> describes Hagel as a "libertarian-leaning conservative."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a></sup> According to Boaz, among his most notable votes, Hagel:</font></p><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 8px 32px; border-left: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" em="em" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Voted for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2001</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2003</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">tax cuts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Voted against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind" class="mw-redirect" title="No Child Left Behind" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">No Child Left Behind</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Voted against Bush's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,Improvement,and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Medicare prescription drug bill</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Voted against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">McCain-Feingold</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup></font></li></ul></blockquote><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hagel co-sponsored the failed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kosovo</a> Resolution, authorizing President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bill Clinton</a> the use of U.S. military force against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 terrorist attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9/11 terrorist attacks</a>, Hagel voted in favor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Senate Joint Resolution 23</a>, authorizing "necessary and appropriate U.S. Military force" in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghanistan</a> against those who planned or aided the September 11 attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></sup> During his tenure in the Senate, Hagel continued his support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NATO</a> involvement, and funding in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">War in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_43-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-votesmart.org-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a></sup> In a 2009 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a></i> op-ed after being nominated as Chairman of President Obama's Intelligence advisory board, Hagel said that "We cannot view U.S. involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan through a lens that sees only 'winning' or 'losing,' Iraq and Afghanistan are not America's to win or lose." And that "We can help them buy time or develop, but we cannot control their fates."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a></sup> In 2011, after he left office, Hagel stated that President Obama needs to start "looking for the exit in Afghanistan", and that "We need to start winding this down."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
How many of us really know and understand much about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Iraq</a>, the country, the history, the people, the role in the Arab world? I approach the issue of post-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Saddam</a> Iraq and the future of democracy and stability in the Middle East with more caution, realism, and a bit more humility.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a></sup>On October 11, 2002, Hagel, along with 76 other Senators, voted in favor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq Resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a></sup> Hagel, a later critic of the war, commented on his vote authorizing the use of force against Iraq saying,</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In July 2007, Hagel was one of three Republican senators who supported Democratic-proposed legislation requiring a troop withdrawal from Iraq to begin within 120 days. He told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D.Novak" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert D. Novak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert D. Novak</a> "This thing is really coming undone quickly, and [Prime Minister] Maliki's government is weaker by the day. The police are corrupt, top to bottom. The oil problem is a huge problem. They still can't get anything through the parliament—no hydrocarbon law, no de-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Baathification</a> law, no provincial elections."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a></sup> In 2008, along with then-Senator (and presumptive Democratic nominee for president) Barack Obama, and Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Reed(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jack Reed</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">D</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">RI</a>), Hagel visited Iraq in a congressional delegation trip, meeting with U.S. service members, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Petraeus</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nouri al-Maliki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[49]</a></sup> While talking to reporters in Iraq, Hagel said, "Each one of us who has a responsibility of helping lead this country needs to reflect on what we think is in the interests of our country, not the interest of our party or our president."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a></sup></font></p><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="National_security">National security</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: National security" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In his first term in the Senate, Hagel voted in favor of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Threat Reduction Act, establishing criminal penalties for possession of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chemical</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Biological weapons</a>, and he cosponsored the American Missile Protection Act, deploying an effective National Missile Defense system capable of defending the U.S. against limited ballistic missile attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a></sup> Hagel voted to establish the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Department of Homeland Security</a>, and supported increasing Defense Department spending, voting in favor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act" title="National Defense Authorization Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Defense Authorization Act</a> every year he served in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_43-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-votesmart.org-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a></sup> Hagel voted for spending increases in preventing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">tuberculosis</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">malaria</a> funding, and voting against caps on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S.'s foreign aid</a> budget.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a></sup></font></p><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Veterans_affairs">Veterans affairs</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Veterans affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 2007, Hagel introduced Senate Amendment 2032, amending the Defense Authorization bill limiting the deployment of U.S. service members serving in Iraq 12 months. The amendment needed 60 votes in the Senate to pass, but was ultimately defeated in a 52-45 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a></sup> In 2008, Hagel was a principal co-sponsor with two other veterans in the Senate of Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Webb</a>'s "21st Century GI Bill" which passed Congress as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-9/11_Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Act_of_2008" title="Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008</a>, expanding education assistance to veterans who served after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryNet_58-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-HistoryNet-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a></sup> During his tenure in the Senate, Hagel supported the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, barring openly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LGBT</a> members of the armed forces from serving, but was later described as "pro-ending don't ask, don't tell."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a></sup></font></p><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_liberties">Civil liberties</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Civil liberties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 2001, Hagel voted in favor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Patriot Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[60]</a></sup> Although Hagel originally indicated a "nay" vote in reauthorizing expiring provisions of the Patriot Act in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[61]</a></sup> Hagel voted in favor of reauthorization.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a></sup> After calls from the Bush Administration for the House and Senate to reform <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">FISA</a>, the House introduced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protect_america_act_of_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Protect america act of 2007" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Protect America Act of 2007</a>, expanding provisions allowing electronic surveillance of foreigners outside of the U.S. with a warrant. In a 68–29 vote, the Protect America Act of 2007 passed the Senate, with Hagel voting to expand FISA's provisions on warrantless surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hagel voted in favor of Senate Amendment 2022, restoring <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">habeas corpus</a></i>, the right to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">due process</a>, to American citizens detained at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>, but voted against a similar resolution restoring it to all prisoners detained at Guantanamo.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a></sup> In response to the Bush Administration's intentions to keep Guantanamo Bay open permanently, Hagel said the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">military prison</a> is why the U.S. is "losing the image war around the world," and that "It's identifiable with, for right or wrong, a part of America that people in the world believe is a power, an empire that pushes people around, we do it our way, we don't live up to our commitments to multilateral institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[66]</a></sup></font></p><h4 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Immigration">Immigration</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=10&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Immigration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hagel co-sponsored the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a></sup> He supported the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a> and, with Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bob Menendez</a> proposed an amendment to allow immigration authorities to consider family-unification petitions submitted by people for an additional two years, which would have allowed approximately estimated 833,000 additional individuals to seek permanent residency. The proposal received 51 votes but was defeated by a procedural maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[68]</a></sup> The bill failed to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a></sup> Hagel voted in favor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a>, which aimed to build a 700-mile (1,100 km) double fence along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mexico–United States border</a> and appropriated $1.2 billion for the fence and a systematic surveillance system.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=11&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Committee assignments" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Committee on Foreign Relations</font></a></b><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Near_Eastern_and_South_and_Central_Asian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_African_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Subcommittee on African Affairs</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_International_Development_and_Foreign_Assistance,Economic_Affairs,and_International_Environmental_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection</a> (Ranking Member)</font></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,Housing,and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</font></a></b><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Banking_Subcommittee_on_Securities,Insurance,and_Investment" title="United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance and Investment</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Banking_Subcommittee_on_Financial_Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Financial Institutions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Subcommittee on Financial Institutions</a> (Ranking Member)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Banking_Subcommittee_on_Housing,Transportation,and_Community_Development" title="United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development</font></a></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Select Committee on Intelligence</font></a></b></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Committee on Rules and Administration</font></a></b></li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_Bush_administration">Criticism of Bush administration</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On August 18, 2005, Hagel compared the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Iraq War</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vietnam</a>, and openly mocked Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Dick Cheney</a>'s assertion that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Iraqi insurgency</a> was in its "last throes."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[71]</a></sup> In November 2005, Hagel defended his criticism of the Iraq war, stating "To question your government is not unpatriotic — to not question your government is unpatriotic."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[72]</a></sup> In December 2005, in reference to Bush, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Republican Party</a>, and the Patriot Act, Hagel stated "I took an oath of office to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Constitution</a>, I didn't take an oath of office to my party or my president.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"</span><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
In July 2006, Hagel criticized the Bush administration on its handling of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2006 Lebanon War</a>, saying "The sickening slaughter on both sides must end and it must end now. President Bush must call for an immediate cease-fire. This madness must stop." He also said "Our relationship with Israel is special and historic... But it need not and cannot be at the expense of our Arab and Muslim relationships. That is an irresponsible and dangerous false choice."<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Key_75-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-CNN_Key-75" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[75]</a></sup>In January 2006, Hagel took issue with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Karl Rove</a>'s statement that the Republican and Democratic worldviews were "post-9/11" and "pre-9/11", respectively. Hagel stated, "I didn't like what Mr. Rove said, because it frames terrorism and the issue of terrorism and everything that goes with it, whether it's the renewal of the Patriot Act or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NSA wiretapping</a>, in a political context."<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_Rove_74-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-UPI_Rove-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Following heavy Republican losses in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_midterm_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 midterm election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2006 midterm election</a>, Hagel penned an editorial in <i>The Washington Post</i> highly critical of military strategies both employed and proposed for Iraq. He wrote that "There will be no victory or defeat for the United States in Iraq," and called for a "phased troop withdrawal."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[76]</a></sup> According to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SurveyUSA" title="SurveyUSA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SurveyUSA</a> poll, in August 2006 Hagel had a 10% higher approval rating among Nebraska Democrats than Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[78]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In January 2007, Hagel openly criticized President Bush's plan to send an additional 20,000 troops to Iraq. He called it "the most dangerous foreign policy blunder in this country since Vietnam, if it's carried out."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-79" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[79]</a></sup> Together with Democrats <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carl Levin</a>, he proposed a non-binding resolution to the Democratic-controlled Senate Foreign Relations Committee, which rejected Bush's policy as "not in the national interest" in a 12–9 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-80" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[80]</a></sup> After an April 2007 visit to Iraq with U.S. congressman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sestak" title="Joe Sestak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joe Sestak</a> (D-PA), Hagel stated his belief that the occupation of Iraq should not continue indefinitely and expressed his intention to cooperate with Senate Democrats in voting for a bill that would set a timeline to get out of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-81" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[81]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In November 2007, he rated the Bush administration "the lowest in capacity, in capability, in policy, in consensus—almost every area" of any presidency in the last forty years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagel-conversation_82-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Hagel-conversation-82" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[82]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="2008_presidential_election">2008 presidential election</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2008 presidential election</a>, Hagel was seen as a likely choice to hold a top <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cabinet position</a> in a future <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John McCain</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Barack Obama</a> administration. In 2006, McCain told <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a></i> that he would be "honored to have Chuck with me in any capacity. He'd make a great <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secretary of State</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-83" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-84" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-85" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[85]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Hagel was rumored to be a possible running mate for Vice President for then Senator Barack Obama, in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2008 presidential campaign</a>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-86" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-87" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[87]</a></sup> On June 20, 2008, Hagel said he would consider running with Obama if offered the VP spot, though he added that he did not believe that Obama would pick him for the position.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-88" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-89" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[89]</a></sup> At the time he also was mentioned as a potential United States Secretary of Defense to succeed incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Gates</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Obama administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Madden_90-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Madden-90" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[91]</a></sup> Hagel said that he would consider serving if asked.<sup id="cite_ref-breakingnews1_92-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-breakingnews1-92" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[92]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hagel and Senator John McCain were close friends until 2007 when they diverged regarding Iraq policy; Hagel did not endorse McCain for President in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2008 Republican primaries</a> or in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-Connie_Bruck_93-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Connie_Bruck-93" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-94" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[94]</a></sup> Explaining his reason for not endorsing John McCain in the 2008 election, Hagel told <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New Yorker</a></i>, "In good conscience, I could not enthusiastically—honestly—go out and endorse him, when we so fundamentally disagree on the future course of our foreign policy and our role in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Connie_Bruck_93-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Connie_Bruck-93" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-95" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[95]</a></sup> In August 2008, Hagel indicated that he would not endorse either candidate or get involved in their campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-96" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[96]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Retirement_from_U.S.Senate">Retirement from U.S. Senate</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">During his first campaign, Hagel indicated that, were he to be elected, he would retire in 2008 after two terms in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-HagelHint_97-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-HagelHint-97" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[97]</a></sup> In August 2004 Hagel acknowledged that he was considering a presidential campaign in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-98" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[98]</a></sup> In 2006 he cooperated with Charlyne Berens who wrote a biography entitled <i>Chuck Hagel: Moving Forward</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-99" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[99]</a></sup> On September 10, 2007, Hagel announced that he would retire and not seek a third term. He also declined to run for president in 2008. He decided to go into academia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bratton_100-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-Bratton-100" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[102]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Hiatus_from_public_service.282009.E2.80.932013.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hiatus_from_public_service(2009–2013)">Hiatus from public service (2009–2013)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="text-align: left; min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="2529" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_120509-D-NI589-090.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hagel speaking at a forum for the Law of the Sea Convention in </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, D.C.</a>, May 9, 2012.</font></div></div></div><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="America:Our_Next_Chapter"><i>America: Our Next Chapter</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=16&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: America: Our Next Chapter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In Hagel's 2008 book, <i>America: Our Next Chapter: Tough Questions, Straight Answers</i> (with Peter Kaminsky), he suggests that the United States should adopt independent leadership and possibly another political party. He also believes that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq War</a> is one of the five biggest blunders in U.S. history. Hagel is critical of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George W. Bush's foreign policy</a>, calling it "reckless." He has been a major critic of the war since it started, and has stated that the United States should learn from its mistakes in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Vietnam War</a>. He considered Bush's foreign policy a "ping pong game with American lives."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[103]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Service_in_academia_and_on_boards_of_directors">Service in academia and on boards of directors</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel&action=edit§ion=17&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Service in academia and on boards of directors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Following Hagel's retirement from the Senate, in February 2009 he accepted a position as Distinguished Professor in National Governance at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A.Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Georgetown University</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[104]</a></sup> He was chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Atlantic Council</a>, a foreign policy think tank; co-chairman of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President Obama's Intelligence Advisory Board</a>; a member of the Defense Department's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Policy_Board_Advisory_Committee" title="Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee</a> and the Energy Departments Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future; a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Center" title="The Washington Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Center</a>'s board of directors; and a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Public Broadcasting Service</a>'s board of directors. In the private sector, he served on the board of directors of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chevron Corporation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Deutsche Bank</a>'s Americas Advisory Board, and the advisory board of Corsair Capital, and was a director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Zurich Holding Company of America</a> and a senior advisor to McCarthy Capital Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-105" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[105]</a></sup> In October 2012, Defense Secretary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Leon Panetta</a> asked Hagel to chair an advisory committee for the Vietnam War 50th anniversary commemoration. While a Senator, Hagel co-sponsored the bill creating the commemoration committee.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryNet_58-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-HistoryNet-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hagel identifies with Ronald Reagan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">nuclear disarmament</a> policies and was an initial signatory to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Zero(campaign)" title="Global Zero (campaign)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Global Zero campaign</a> which advocates the international elimination of nuclear weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-106" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-107" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[107]</a></sup> He also served on the board of the Ploughshares Fund, which pursues the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and seeks to prevent their use.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-108" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[108]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Endorsement_of_Senate_candidates">Endorsement of Senate candidates</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 2010, Hagel endorsed Democratic Pennsylvania congressman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sestak" title="Joe Sestak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joe Sestak</a> in his run for the United States Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-109" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[109]</a></sup> In 2012 he endorsed Democrat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kerrey" title="Bob Kerrey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bob Kerrey</a> in the race for an open U.S. Senate seat in Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-110" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-111" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[111]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Secretary_of_Defense.282013.E2.80.932015.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Secretary_of_Defense(2013–2015)">Secretary of Defense (2013–2015)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="text-align: left; min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SecDef_visits_Israel-May_15-16,2014_140516-D-BW835-062(14218022133).jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_meets_with_Egyptian_President_Mohamed_Morsy_in_Cairo,Egypt,April_24,2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_meets_with_Egyptian_President_Mohamed_Morsy_in_Cairo,Egypt,April_24,2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hagel with Egyptian president </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mohamed Morsi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_al-Sisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Fatah al-Sisi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">General al-Sisi</a> in Cairo, April 24, 2013</font></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SecDef_visits_Israel-May_15-16,2014_140516-D-BW835-062(14218022133).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SecDef_visits_Israel-May_15-16,2014_140516-D-BW835-062_(14218022133).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hagel with Israeli prime minister </font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> in Jerusalem, May 16, 2014</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">President Obama nominated Hagel to succeed Leon Panetta and serve as his second term Secretary of Defense on January 7, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-112" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[112]</a></sup> Hagel, who became, upon confirmation, the first former enlisted combat soldier to hold the office of Secretary of Defense, was interviewed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> during a seven-and-a-half-hour hearing on January 31, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTJan31_113-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel#cite_note-NYTJan31-113" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[113]</a></sup></font></p></div>
<p style=""><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></b>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">== </font></b>
<b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">vs BS?</font></b>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<a href="http://www.americansecurityproject.org/asp-board-member-chuck-hagels-positions-on-climate-change/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://www.americansecurityproject.org/asp-board-member-chuck-hagels-positions-on-climate-change/</font></a>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">chuck hagel quit b/c he was not willing to raise $; reads books and writes own speeches: so damn much $ q: how did he fall for bs?</font>
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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">cd not get mtg w/ b2, but rice and and card ok on co2 reg. after crossfire, 4 sen Hagel, pat roberts, idso, larry craig WU, helms sent ltr (may have been prompted/written by DC; b2 met but held up ltr in reply. kyoto wd hurt us economy
</font>
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</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">praised oregon petiton:</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Nebraska senator </b><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel"><b>Chuck Hagel</b></a><b> called it an "extraordinary response" and cited it as his basis for continuing to oppose a global warming treaty. "Nearly all of these 15,000 scientists have technical training suitable for evaluating climate research data," Hagel said. Columns citing the Seitz petition and the Robinson paper as credible sources of scientific expertise on the global warming issue have appeared in publications ranging from </b><b style="">Newsday'</b><b style="">, the<span style=" background-color: #FFF200;"> </span></b><b style=""><span style=" background-color: #FFF200;">Los Angeles Times</span></b><b style=""><span style=" background-color: #FFF200;"> and </span></b><b style=""><span style=" background-color: #FFF200;">Washington Post</span></b><b style=""> to the </b><b style="">Austin-American Statesman</b><b style="">, </b><b style="">Denver Post</b><b style="">, and </b><b style="">Wyoming Tribune-Eagle</b><b style="">.</b></font>
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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hagel</font></a>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> ===</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">frontline 4 22</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Chapter iv. The Grand Fog</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">March 17, 1995</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE, 1993-2001:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Two weeks from now, this issue of global climate change will be discussed by more than 120 different countries in Berlin. This administration will be at the forefront of this global effort.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I wanted the United States of America to lead the world community to agree on a set of global initiatives and policies.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Archive] The United States is committed to reaching 1990-levels of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2000. Let us make sure that our next steps are the right ones. Thank you very much.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD, State Dept. Special Adviser on Env., 1993-97:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We said that the United States was prepared to engage in targets and timetables. I mean, that was obviously a massive threshold for us to cross.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.N. CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I declare open the first session of the Conference of the Parties. The convention is coming of age.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The question was, who goes first?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">AL GORE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It was in no way possible to get a global treaty with a proposal that the poorest countries in the world would have to take the same obligations that the wealthy countries were undertaking.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And the idea was, those who developed the most and had contributed historically the most to the problem should step up to the plate first in the effort to reduce emissions.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.N. CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I should bang the hammer now.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">AL GORE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That was the formula that the world agreed was the only way to make progress toward a truly global agreement.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At a follow-up in Kyoto, Japan, negotiators hope to agree on binding limits.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FEMALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The negotiators did agree they would exempt developing countries from the caps negotiated in Kyoto.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">AL GORE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But the fossil fuel companies took that feature of the agreement and made that a bete noire. They made that a politically salient issue that they used to great effect.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO, Former Exec. Director, Greenpeace USA:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is a plan from the <b>PR firm E. Bruce Harrison</b>, after Berlin, prepared for the GCC board. This is the strategy of the grand fog. [Reading] "Third-party recruitment and op-ed placement efforts will continue, although with a new emphasis on economists." So the strategy is evolving.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PAUL BERNSTEIN,<b> Charles River Associates,</b> 1996-2004, 2006-11:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1996, I had finished up grad school and accepted a job at Charles River Associates. We were doing work for the American Petroleum Institute, so they had a particular point of view. If the U.S. goes ahead and reduces its emissions, and countries like China and India don't do anything, the U.S. puts itself at a competitive disadvantage. To try and put numbers on what those damages would do, how much they were hurt, I think is important, right?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We wrote a couple papers on our findings. I had general surprise of how much attention it got. It was finding its way into the airwaves.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FEMALE ADVERTISEMENT VOICE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Our president must decide if he'll sign a U.N. climate treaty that could increase the cost of gasoline by 50 cents a gallon and raise electricity and natural gas prices by 25 to 50%. Meanwhile, countries like China, India and Mexico are exempt.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE ADVERTISEMENT ACTOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We pay the price, and they're exempt?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FEMALE ADVERTISEMENT VOICE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It’s not global, and it won’t work.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PAUL BERNSTEIN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There's great pressure that came from the clients to talk about jobs. We tried to tell clients we really can't measure jobs accurately. But you have to get paid at the end of the day. So we ended up doing the best we could talking about jobs. But you don’t really—you don't really know.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ROBERT MURRAY, CEO, Murray Energy:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Archive] The first people that will lose their jobs are the American coal miner.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN SHLAES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Archive] It would cost probably 5, 6, 700,000 jobs a year.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>ANDREW CARD, President, American Automobile Manufacturers Association:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Archive] And that would hurt the U.S. automobile industry, and it would hurt the U.S. economy.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">WILLIAM O’KEEFE, Vice President of American Petroleum Institute:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Archive] Every independent—and I say every independent economic study has come to the same conclusion: that the impact is negative, and it's going to cost jobs.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BENJAMIN FRANTA, Graduate fellow, Stanford University:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although the studies themselves acknowledge their funding from the industry, that funding is often not acknowledged when the results are presented to the public through advertorials that oil companies would take out in big venues like <span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The New York Times</span> without saying that the industry had paid for the study or what the limitations of the studies were. So it gave an impression that there were independent economists coming to this conclusion, when in reality they are hired by the fossil fuel industry. The analysis completely ignored the benefits of taking action about climate change.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NARRATOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Neither the API nor Charles River Associates responded to questions about their work together.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PAUL BERNSTEIN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I had misgivings about just telling half the story. What do we get? If we reduce emissions, we get less damage from climate change. And we’re not putting that in there.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yeah, I wish I weren't a part of that, looking back. I wish I weren't a part of delaying action. Clearly on the wrong side of history.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Louisiana, 2021</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eighteen weather- and climate-related disasters, with a damage total of more than $1 billion each.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global damages estimated at around $280 billion.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">These natural disasters could push the nation's infrastructure to the brink.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">November 1996</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE VOICE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Please welcome our chairman, Lee Raymond. Lee?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">LEE RAYMOND:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Right now, a United Nations effort is moving toward a decision in 1997 to cut the use of fossil fuels, based on the unproved theory that they affect the Earth's climate. If implemented, such a policy could inflict severe economic damage. So it's critical that we in the industry provide a voice of common sense on this important issue.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It means cooperating more closely with other associations within our industry. And it extends to the circle of logical allies outside our industry that stand with us on any given issue. One example is our close cooperation with the automobile industry. Recently, they have become engaged in the global climate issue and are active, aggressive allies.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If we all work toward the same goal, I believe we can change the perceptions of the American people about energy.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It's a call to arms. He's trying to rally the oil industry to speak as one to oppose climate change action—to fight, basically, the run-up to the Kyoto Protocol.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is when it really ramps up. We know Exxon has been funding a bunch of right-wing and libertarian conservative think tanks. Suddenly, in '97, the sums in those grants goes way up. They know that this is the big fight.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In the run-up to Kyoto, you're seeing these ad campaigns, the denial ad campaigns. You're seeing TV ads, you're seeing print ads. There's op-eds.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Millions and millions of dollars worth of advertising. "Why is the U.S. being obliged to do more than everyone else?"</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"It's not global, and it won't work.</b>" And everybody sung from the same song sheet.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JERRY TAYLOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The administration had just completely misread the political situation. There was no way in heck that the American public was going to accept regulating greenhouse gases in a fashion which would disadvantage American industry. That's an easy argument to make politically. You can make that in your sleep.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>FRED SINGER:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>[Archive] The biggest loser in all of this will be science. And I'm here to defend science.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">And then the Senate issues this Byrd-Hagel Resolution, which passes 95 to zero.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">SEN. CHUCK HAGEL, R-Nebraska, 1997-2009:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Archive] <b>S. Res. 98 puts the administration on notice that an overwhelming and bipartisan majority of the United States Senate rejects its current negotiating position on a proposed new global climate treaty.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For me, it was a big deal. As a <b>freshman senator,</b> it was my first year in the Senate, with Bob Byrd.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>SEN. ROBERT BYRD, D-West Virginia, 1959-2010:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>[Archive] Any effort to avoid the effects of global climate change will be doomed to failure from the start without the participation of the developing world.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b>CHUCK HAGEL:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">[Archive] This treaty would be a lead weight on our nation's future economic growth, killing jobs and opportunities for generations of Americans to come.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Byrd-Hagel got 95 votes—95 senators. Nobody voted against it.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">[Archive] Even using conservative assumptions, Charles River Associates, a leading economic modeling firm, for example, has estimated that holding emissions at 1990 levels would reduce economic growth by 1% a year, rising to 3%—</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">I was not going to support a treaty that would affect our economy and everything else when we didn't have the absolute scientific evidence, first of all, to prove it, and second, and maybe even more important, let all these other countries off.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">[Archive] If anything has become clear during congressional hearings on this issue, it is that the science is unclear; is that the scientific community has not even come close to definitively concluding that we have a problem.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">I'm not a scientist. I'm not a climatologist. I listened to a lot of people. I asked for a lot of opinions. I had scientists coming in, I had other people come in.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We unearthed documents that show a series of meetings and briefings.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Oh, wow. It's quite amazing. Here's a memo from the<b> American Petroleum Institute.</b> They're putting on a luncheon, they're hosting Sen. Hagel and they're going to brief him. [Reading] "Scientists do not have a precise understanding of this issue." Doubt, doubt.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Meeting with Sen. Hagel and the Ford Motor Company. This is the American Automobile Manufacturers Association. The Aluminum Association. Chemical Manufacturers Association.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You know, I'm emphasizing Sen. Hagel, but this is happening all throughout the Senate. Ninety-five senators voted this certain way. But if you pull that lens back, you’re going to see they're working politicians with the most sophisticated legislative campaigns.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What were they saying to you in those meetings? And did you learn anything that did help to shape your views?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>CHUCK HAGEL:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Well, they made their case, they made their point. So you listen to them like you would anybody. I wasn't surprised by anything I heard.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">You met Lee Raymond, the chairman and CEO of Exxon. What kind of relationship did you have with him?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHUCK HAGEL:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Well, Lee Raymond was a South Dakota boy. I remember that. I didn't have a close relationship with him. But I listened to him. He's head of the largest oil company in the country. I listened to everybody's opinions.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So this is a page from a briefing document. And it’s—the title is "The Dilemma for Congress." [Reading] "Draft resolution is attached for your consideration."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So the American Automobile Manufacturers Association is putting forth, on behalf, I think, of the Global Climate Coalition the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">draft resolution for the Senate to preemptively kill the Kyoto Protocol.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHUCK HAGEL:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You mean the Byrd-Hagel Resolution? They didn't draft that</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> We had many people coming forward with written examples—"Why don't you do this?" That's not unusual at all. Because our staffs work with them and so on. But that resolution wasn't an AMA resolution. That resolution was <b>decided by</b> us, by the senators.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">December 1997</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Vice President Al Gore is on his way to Kyoto, Japan, to attend the global warming summit. Now the goal of the conference is an international treaty to protect the environment, but so far, it's been hard to find anything the diplomats can agree on.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TIMOTHY WIRTH, Undersecretary of State, 1993-Nov. '97:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">I think Byrd-Hagel really destroyed any hope of getting something done in Kyoto. There was no argument by the administration against the Byrd-Hagel Resolution. The Clinton administration certainly didn’t want to go into open war.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>AL GORE:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>[Archive] To those who seek to obfuscate and obstruct, we say we will not allow you to put narrow special interests above the interests of all humankind.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE PROTESTER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Corporate American leadership will not save the world!</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>It was just an unbelievable mess. He did broker a deal and got as much out of Kyoto as he could have. But we were not going to get steep cuts in CO2 emissions out of a global agreement with all the industry fighting against them.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FEMALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Delegates from the U.S. and 149 other countries have approved the treaty known as the Kyoto Protocol. President Clinton is praising the agreement, but he may have trouble getting it ratified.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">JERRY TAYLOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The Clinton administration never even put the Kyoto Protocol up for a vote in the Senate. It was DOA. And I think they understood that within a week of return from Kyoto.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I feel that at the end of the day, the Clinton-Gore administration was not able to deliver on the lofty promise of American leadership. The door closed for the next 10 years. So it was a significant missed opportunity.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">JERRY TAYLOR:cato koch libtard</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">When I became part of that world, we thought the odds were pretty long against us. We did not expect to prevail in the climate debate.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">[Archive]—to protect against a problem that most scientists don't say exist.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">By the end of the decade, however, the climate skeptics and denialists were in a position of strength. Now, they had pretty much run the table. In every decisive fight, we had won.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">AL GORE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They won the battle. I was intent that they would not win the war. It became clear to me at that point that it was going to be a longer war.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NARRATOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We approached multiple members of the industry coalition that campaigned against Kyoto. None would sit for an interview.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> For its part, Exxon Mobil has stated publicly that "we recognize that our past participation in industry coalitions to oppose ineffective climate policies subjects us to criticism by climate-activist groups" and that the Kyoto Protocol was "unrealistic" and "economically damaging."</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Central Japan, 2021 b roll catastrope?]</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FEMALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is unequivocal that human activities are responsible for climate change. That’s the finding of a new study by the U.N.’s intergovernmental panel on climate change.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A dire warning and a stark reality. The head of the U.N. referred to this as "code red" for humanity.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global temperatures are the hottest in 100,000 years, and many effects of climate change are already irreversible.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If we want to avoid catastrophe, we have to drastically cut emissions—now.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We now know that Exxon was making a concerted effort through the 1990s to cast doubt on the science. Do you feel that you were misled?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHUCK HAGEL:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Well, what we now know about some of these large oil companies’ positions, they lied. And yes, I was misled. Others were misled. When they had evidence in their own institutions that countered what they were saying publicly—I mean, they lied.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JANE McMULLEN</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If they had said that, if they had held their hands up then and said, "Yes, this is real," could it have been different?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHUCK HAGEL:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oh, absolutely. It would have changed everything. I think it would have changed the average citizen’s appreciation of climate change.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JANE McMULLEN</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And yours?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHUCK HAGEL:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And mine, of course. It would have put the United States and the world on a whole different track, and today we would have been so much further ahead than we are. It’s cost this country, and it cost the world.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NARRATOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exxon Mobil continues to defend its record on climate change.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Congressional Hearing</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">October 2021</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DARREN WOODS:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">My name is Darren Woods. I'm the chairman and chief executive officer of Exxon Mobil Corp.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exxon Mobil has long recognized that climate change is real and poses serious risks. But there are no easy answers. Our position in this space has been consistent with the general consensus in the scientific community.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MARTIN HOFFERT:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I’m 83 years old. Three or four decades ago, we predicted it. As a scientist, to have those predictions come true, that's sort of the golden icon that you look for. However, as a human being, and as an inhabitant of planet Earth, I'm horrified to watch the lack of response to this. I’m trying as much as possible to distance myself emotionally.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So you're angry.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MARTIN HOFFERT:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yes. I'm furious.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EDWARD GARVEY:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It's heartbreaking to me. I saw all of that potential there, at least at that point in time, to really solve the problem in many different ways. Had Exxon chosen to pick up the ball then and begin to lead, the discussions would have been about how to do it. We had solar scientists doing research. We had lithium battery chemists doing research. Think of how important these sciences are to the world currently.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Parts of the world are going to suffer enormously, unnecessarily so, and for something that we could have done something about. Not doing anything for decades, that—that's just squandered time, and we're going to pay for it.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal; width: auto; max-width: 660px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Part Two: Doubt</font></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES, Director, Climate Investigations Center:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1998, there was this meeting in D.C. It's convened by the American Petroleum Institute. Exxon is in the room, Chevron, Southern Company, with various think tank officers, communications professionals and right-wing libertarian professionals. They're hatching a plan to stop people from worrying about climate change.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">SW</font>
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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel" style="">http://</a><span id="search" style="visibility: visible;"><span class="f" style=""><cite style=""><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel" style="">www.</a><b style=""><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel">sourcewatch</a></b><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel" style="">.org/index.php?title=Chuck_</a><b style=""><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel" style="">Hagel</a></b></cite></span></span></font>
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<ul style="">
<li class="toclevel-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Record_and_controversies">1 Record and controversies</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Iraq_War">1.1 Iraq War</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Statements_and_action_on_the_Iraq_war"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.1.1 Statements and action on the Iraq war</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Criticism_of_Iraq_War"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.1.2 Criticism of Iraq War</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Opposition_to_President_Bush.27s_troop_.22surge.22"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.1.3 Opposition to President Bush's troop "surge"</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#2007_Iraq_spending_bill"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.1.4 2007 Iraq spending bill</font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Environmental_record"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.2 Environmental record</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Criticism_of_the_Bush_administration"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.3 Criticism of the Bush administration</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Failure_to_disclose_involvement_with_electronic_voting_firm"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">1.4 Failure to disclose involvement with electronic voting firm</font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Bio">2 Bio</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Background"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">2.1 Background</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Private_Sector"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">2.2 Private Sector</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Senate_Career"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">2.3 Senate Career</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Presidential_bid_2008"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">2.4 Presidential bid 2008</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Retirement_from_politics"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">2.5<span style=" background-color: #FFF200;"> Retirement from politics</span></font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Money_in_politics"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">3 Money in politics</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Committees_and_Affiliations">4 Committees and Affiliations</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Committee_assignments_in_the_110th_Congress_.282007-2008.29">4.1 Committee assignments in the 110th Congress (2007-2008)</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Committee_assignments_in_the_109th_Congress_.282005-2006.29"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">4.1.1 Committee assignments in the 109th Congress (2005-2006)</font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Coalitions_and_Caucuses"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">4.2 Coalitions and Caucuses</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Boards_and_other_Affiliations"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">4.3 Boards and other Affiliations</font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#More_Background_Data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">5 More Background Data</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Contact"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">6 Contact</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Articles_and_resources">7 Articles and resources</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Resources"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">7.1 Resources</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Related_SourceWatch_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">7.2 Related <b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">SourceWatch</b> articles</font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Articles">7.3 Articles</a>
</font><ul>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Articles_by_Chuck_Hagel"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">7.3.1 Articles by Chuck <b style="background-color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Hagel</b></font></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Articles_about_Chuck_Hagel"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">7.3.2 Articles about Chuck <b style="background-color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Hagel</b></font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chuck_Hagel#Local_blogs_and_discussion_sites"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">7.4 Local blogs and discussion sites</font></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font>
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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hagel-Byrd killed kyoto</font>
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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">a stub!</font>
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<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The <b>Byrd–Hagel Resolution</b> was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_%28law%29" title="Resolution (law)">Resolution</a> passed unanimously with a vote of 95–0 on 25 July <b>1997</b>. The resolution stated that it was not the sense of the senate that the United States should be a signatory to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></font></p>
<h2 style=""><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notes</font></span></h2>
<div class="references-small" style="">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution#cite_ref-0"></a></b> <a href="http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html</a></font></li>
</ol>
</div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll transparent;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="image"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img src="/71e5fc1a-4264-565c-a4d4-de1bc56599c6.png"/></font></a></td><td><i><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This United States federal legislation article is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byrd%E2%80%93Hagel_Resolution&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow">expanding it</a>.</font></i></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font>
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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mr. BYRD (for himself, Mr. HAGEL, Mr. HOLLINGS, Mr. <b>CRAIG,</b> Mr.<b> INOUYE</b>, Mr. WARNER, Mr. FORD, Mr. THOMAS, Mr. DORGAN, Mr. <b>HELMS</b>, Mr. LEVIN, Mr. ROBERTS, Mr. ABRAHAM, Mr. <b>MCCONNELL, Mr. ASHCROFT</b>, Mr. BROWNBACK, Mr. KEMPTHORNE, Mr. THURMOND, Mr. <b>BURNS,</b> Mr. CONRAD, Mr. <b>GLENN</b>, Mr. ENZI, Mr. <b>INHOFE</b>, Mr. BOND, Mr. COVERDELL, Mr. DEWINE, Mrs. HUTCHISON, Mr. GORTON, Mr. <b>HATCH, Mr. BREAUX</b>, Mr. CLELAND, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. HUTCHINSON, Mr. JOHNSON, Ms. <b>LANDRIEU</b>, Ms. MIKULSKI, Mr. NICKLES, Mr.<b> SANTORUM,</b> Mr. SHELBY, Mr. SMITH of Oregon, Mr. BENNETT, Mr. <b>FAIRCLOTH,</b> Mr. FRIST, Mr. <b>GRASSLEY</b>, Mr. ALLARD, Mr. MURKOWSKI, Mr. AKAKA, Mr. COATS, Mr. COCHRAN, Mr. DOMENICI, Mr. <b>GRAMM</b>, Mr. GRAMS, Mr. LOTT, Ms. <span style=" background-color: #FFF200;">MOSELEY-BRAUN</span>, Mr. ROBB, Mr. ROCKEFELLER, Mr. <b>SESSIONS</b>, Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire, Mr. SPECTER, Mr. STEVENS, Mr. <b>LUGAR,</b> Mr. <b><span style=" background-color: #FFF200;">REID</span>,</b> Mr. BRYAN, Mr. THOMPSON, and Mr. CAMPBELL) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 21, 1997</font>
<font style="" size="4" face="Times New Roman">Reported by Mr. HELMS, without amendment</font></p>
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