conflict of interest C O I
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">orphan cat</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">see COI 2 (lost 818) capt
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">revived 12/15 exxon busted, folta. willie soon</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">keep forgetting about this, expanding 12/16 to gmo studies</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">shellenberger breathru accused greens</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">COI medical research, pharma</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">what about political donors to legis comm/chair of their regulators?
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://yyy.theguardian.com/world<b>/2000/dec/13/</b>uselections2000.usa</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">florida's legislature last night began the process of trying to force the presidential selection in favour of the Republicans by approving a list of 25 electors pledged to select George W Bush.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The resolution was designed to hand all the state's votes in the electoral college to the Texas governor and assure him of victory whether or not a recount was approved by the US Supreme Court. It was fiercely opposed by Democrats who accused the Bush camp of trying to hijack the election and creating a dangerous constitutional precedent.</font></p><div id="sign-in-gate" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" props="{"format":{"display":0,"theme":0,"design":0},"contentType":"Article","sectionName":"world","tags":[{"id":"world/world","type":"Keyword","title":"World news"},{"id":"us-news/uselections2000","type":"Keyword","title":"US elections 2000"},{"id":"us-news/us-news","type":"Keyword","title":"US news"},{"id":"us-news/florida","type":"Keyword","title":"Florida"},{"id":"us-news/us-politics","type":"Keyword","title":"US politics"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"profile/julianborger","type":"Contributor","title":"Julian Borger","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/contributor/2016/1/8/1452247825373/Julian-Borger.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8f33796cb4ef695f3904d1c583182503","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2017/10/06/Julian-Borger,-R.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c3f61b78eab309dd315e59533afd01fa"},{"id":"profile/martinkettle","type":"Contributor","title":"Martin Kettle","twitterHandle":"martinkettle","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2014/4/17/1397749336302/MartinKettle.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a108bc0761e1acf561c36be1b48f50a6","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2017/10/09/Martin-Kettle,-L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=091ab82b07d8814ec94d168c36a0ec9f"}],"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"host":"https://www.theguardian.com","pageId":"world/2000/dec/13/uselections2000.usa","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com"}" clientonly="true" data-gu-ready="true" style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></font></div><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The vote took place in the lower house and the resolution will pass to the state senate - with an inbuilt Republican majority of 25-15 - today. It is not clear whether the senate will wait for a US supreme court verdict on whether Florida recounts can continue before it ratifies the pro-Bush list.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">if the court finds in favour of Mr Gore but the legislature goes for Mr Bush, then the US could find itself in the midst of a constitutional crisis.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Yesterday it was revealed that the wife of one of the nine US supreme court justices whose decision could hand the White House to Mr Bush is helping to recruit political staff to a Bush administration.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Ginni Thomas, whose husband Clarence Thomas is one of the conservative group of judges that has supported Mr Bush in two actions in the past month,</b> is working at a prominent conservative think-tank in Washington where she is coordinating rightwing recruitment for the Republican leader.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Mrs Thomas works for the Heritage Foundation and is actively approaching Republicans to come and work for Mr Bush if he becomes president. Earlier this month, she sent an email to Republican political staff members on Capitol Hill inviting them to submit their CVs "for transition purposes".</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Justice Thomas has played a low-key role in the Bush v Gore case in which the supreme court heard oral arguments in Washington on Monday.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Alone among the nine justices, Justice Thomas did not ask a single question on Monday</b>. </font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">But Judge Gilbert Merritt, a federal judge in Tennessee with personal ties to the Gore family, said in an interview yesterday that Justice Thomas faced a conflict of interest due to his wife's involvement and should stand down from the case.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">If he were to step down, the court could be split 4-4 on the Bush v Gore case. In the event of a tie, the original ruling by the Florida supreme court allowing counts of Florida's "undervotes" would stand.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">"The spouse has obviously got a substantial interest that could be affected by the outcome," Judge Merritt said. "You should disqualify yourself. I think he'd be subject to some kind of investigation in the Senate."</b></font></p><div class="ad-slot-container offset-right ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot-container--offset-right" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 12px -398px 12px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: center; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: center; justify-content: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: right; max-width: 300px;"><div id="dfp-ad--inline2" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered" data-link-name="ad slot inline2" data-name="inline2" aria-hidden="true" data-mobile="1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid" data-phablet="1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid" data-desktop="1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|fluid|300,600|160,600" data-google-query-id="CKOH6tHRl_kCFeDj4wcdGzUE-A" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: hidden; flex: 1 1 0%; align-self: flex-start;"><div class="ad-slotlabel" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; height: 24px; max-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Advertisement</font></div><div id="google_ads_iframe/59666047/theguardian.com/world/article/ng_1container" class="ad-slotcontent" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0pt none; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></div></div></div><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Judge Merritt cited section 455 of Title 28 of the United States Code in support of his call. The provision requires court officers to excuse themselves from a case if their spouse has "an interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding".</b></font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">"There is no conflict here," Mrs Thomas told the New York Times yesterday. She said she rarely discusses court matters with her husband.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Kathy Arberg, a spokeswoman for the supreme court, said she had no comment on the claims. She also refused to comment on a separate revelation that<b> Eugene Scalia, the son of a second conservative member of the court, Justice Antonin Scalia, is a law partner of Ted Olson,</b> who acted for Mr Bush in the two cases he brought to the court in the past two weeks</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As the Thomas row flared yesterday, America had no option but to submit itself to a nerve-wracking national ordeal by tension.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But the country could be waiting for some time for a ruling. Lawyers pointed out that the supreme court's record fastest time for handing down a judgment following oral argument is three days after the hearing.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The two men at the centre of the storm continued to watch and wait along with everyone else. Mr Gore, whose mood was described by his aides as "determined and resolute", spent another day at his official residence in Washington.</font></p><p class="dcr-xry7m2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Meanwhile, Mr Bush planned another business-as-usual day in Austin, saying that after talking to his lawyers he was "cautiously optimistic" about the outcome of the court's decision.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div class="report_title" style="font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: bold;"><strong style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Conflicts of interest in the Syria debate</font></a></strong></div><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><div style="font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">An analysis of the defense industry ties of experts and think tanks who commented on military intervention</font></a></div><div class="report_date" style="font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.7em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">October 11, 2013</font></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 14px; font-size: small; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the public debate around the question of whether to attack Syria, Stephen Hadley, former national security adviser to George W. Bush, made a series of high-profile media appearances. Hadley argued strenuously for military intervention in appearances on CNN, MSNBC, … <a href="http://public-accountability.org/2013/10/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-syria-debate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">→</span></a></font></p></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><a href="https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/03/31/19498/senators-seek-better-conflict-disclosures-scientific-articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/03/31/19498/senators-seek-better-conflict-disclosures-scientific-articles</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Citing the Center for Public Integrity’s recent “Science for Sale” series, a group of U.S. senators has asked the <b>National Institutes of Health to make it easier to tell who funds research published in scientific journals.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Connecticut, on Wednesday released a letter sent to NIH Director Francis Collins asking that the National Library of Medicine make changes to its public database of 25 million journal articles, called PubMed, to reveal conflicts of interest in research.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“With industry now employing more scientists than nonprofits, universities and the government combined, and industry funding the research of many independent researchers, there are growing concerns about objectivity in numerous scientific disciplines — including nutrition science and research on health risk from chemicals,” the letter said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The letter also cited a New York Times story about Coca-Cola Co. quietly funding academic researchers who blamed lack of exercise, rather than soft drinks and fast food, for the epidemic of obesity and diabetics.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Center’s series revealed how scientific consultants working for the chemical industry publish journal articles that almost always claim their clients’ products are safe. Examples included two consulting firms, Gradient Corp. and Exponent, which published articles to help clients win asbestos lawsuits.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The NIH maintains a public database of medical and life sciences articles in more than 5,600 peer-reviewed journals. While the database often includes an abstract detailing the purpose of a study and its findings, the search results don’t reveal who paid for the research.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Corporations are steering millions of dollars to scientific consulting firms to cast doubt on health concerns surrounding toxic chemicals.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Stories in this series</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The NIH requires researchers with government grants to disclose conflicts of interest in journal articles. Many journals have their own disclosure policies.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“While scientists regularly use PubMed to conduct and inform research, millions of nonscientists — consumers, journalists, policymakers and others — also make use of this public resource,” the senators’ letter said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Center analyzed the funding of 149 articles published by principal scientists at Gradient and found that 98 percent of the time the articles found that chemicals did not pose risks that would require stricter regulations. In order to obtain the funding information, a reporter had to go to National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland, to get the complete copy of each article.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Senators who signed the NIH letter Wednesday in addition to Blumenthal were Democrats Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, Edward Markey of Massachusetts, Brian Schatz of Hawaii and Richard Durbin of Illinois.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the main concerns of the anti-GMO crowd is the supposed outsized influence that the biotech industry has over academia, science and public policy. For instance, you might have heard of the term "Monsanto shill"—which refer to professors, scientists and politicians who are paid to push certain products.</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
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</div><div>Now, a new study published in the Dec. 15 issue of the journal PLOS ONE gives more credence to the anti-GMO concern.</div><div>
</div><div>French researchers have determined that financial conflicts of interest can be found in a large number of published articles on GMO crops. Significantly, if a conflict of interest was determined, the study's outcome tended to be more favorable to the company that funded it. </div><div>
</div><div>For the study, the research team combed through hundreds of published articles focusing on the efficacy or durability of genetically modified Bt crops and any ties that the researchers carrying out the study had with the biotech industry. These articles focused on GM maize and cotton developed by Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow AgroSciences and DuPont Pioneer. Such crops have been inserted with a pest-resistant toxin called Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt.</div><div>
</div><div>A conflict of interest was determined if an author declared an affiliation to one of the biotech companies or received funding or payment from them.</div><div>
</div><div>"We found that ties between researchers and the GM crop industry were common, with 40 percent of the articles considered displaying conflicts of interest (COI)," the study states. "In particular, we found that, compared to the absence of COI, the presence of a COI was associated with a 50 percent higher frequency of outcomes favorable to the interests of the GM crop company."</div><div>
</div><div>This means that conflicts of interests are not only pervasive in GMO research, it could be leaving an impact.</div><div>
</div><div>Thomas Guillemaud, lead author and director of research at France's National Institute for Agricultural Research, told AFP that he and his team found 579 articles that clearly indicated if there was or was not any financial conflict of interest.</div><div>
</div><div>Of the 350 articles without conflicts of interest, 36 percent were favorable to GM crop companies. However, of the 229 studies with a conflict of interest, 54 percent were favorable to GM companies.</div><div>
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</div><div>However, the authors admitted their study had some limitations:</div><div>
</div><div>"First, we explored only two characteristics of Bt crops: efficacy and durability. Other characteristics and consequences of these transgenic plants, including all those relating to the environment (e.g. the impact of Bt crops on non-target insects) or health, merit a similar analysis."</div><div>
</div><div>"Second, as we used the addresses of authors to identify their affiliations, only one type of affiliation, that relating to employment, was considered. However, authors may have affiliations to GM crop companies of other types, such as being members of advisory boards, consultants, or co-holders of patents, and this could also have a significant impact on the outcomes of studies on GM crops. We did not consider these affiliations as they are not usually reported in articles (COI statements became obligatory in some journals only recently and, as revealed here, they remain very rare). The consideration of other types of affiliation would require a survey that would be difficult to perform given that more than 1,500 authors were considered in this study.</div><div>
</div><div>"Third, we have considered only the links between authors and GM crop companies. Other stakeholders (e.g. Greenpeace, The Non-GMO Project, The Organic Consumers Association, The Network of European GMO-free Regions) oppose GM crop companies in being openly against the use of GM crops. An inverse relationship might therefore be expected between the outcomes of studies on GM crops and the presence of COIs relating to these stakeholders. We were unable to test this hypothesis because we identified no financial interests connected with anti-GMO stakeholders, in terms of the professional affiliation of the authors or their declared funding sources.</div><div>
</div><div>"Finally, this study focused exclusively on financial COIs. Non-financial COIs, also known as intrinsic or intellectual COI—due to personal, political, academic, ideological, or religious interests—might also have a significant impact on the outcomes of research studies. It is difficult to decipher intellectual COIs and, as for the detection of non-professional affiliations with GM crop companies, it would be a major challenge to perform such an analysis given the large number of authors considered."</div><div>
</div><div>But as Guillemaud noted to AFP, "The most important point was how we also showed there is a statistical link between the presence of conflicts of interest and a study that comes to a favorable conclusion for GMO crops."</div><div>
</div><div>"When studies had a conflict of interest, this raised the likelihood 49 percent that their conclusions would be favorable to GMO crops," he added. "We thought we would find conflicts of interest, but we did not think we would find so many."</div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">dapl</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px">The Standing Rock tribe has filed a <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Standing%20Rock%20Complaint.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">lawsuit</a> against the U.S Army Corps of Engineers for using the controversial Nationwide Permit 12 to fast-track authorization of the hotly contested Dakota Access pipeline.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px">Slated to carry oil obtained via <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/fracking-the-future/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”)</a> from North Dakota's <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/7174" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">Bakken Shale</a> basin to Patoka, Illinois, the plaintiffs say not only was the Army Corps' permitting of the Energy Transfer Partners and Enbridge Corporation <a href="http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/business/energy/4087113-enbridge-buys-dakota-access-pipeline-sandpiper-future-unclear" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">jointly owned pipeline</a> a violation of the National Environmental Policy Act (<span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">NEPA</span>) and the Clean Water Act, but also a violation of the <a href="http://www.achp.gov/106summary.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">National Historic Preservation Act's (<span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">NHPA</span>) Section 106</a>.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px">A review of court documents for the case currently unfolding in the <span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">U.S.</span> District Court in Washington, <span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">D.C.</span> has revealed that the <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/July%202016%20Letter%20from%20DAPL%20Tribal%20Liaison.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">tribal liaison</a> for Energy Transfer Partners tasked with abiding by Section 106 passed through the revolving door and formerly worked for the Army Corps. The finding also raises key ethical questions in the field of archaeology. </p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" /><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px">That liaison — <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Michelle%20Dippel%20LinkedIn.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">Michelle Dippel</a> — technically works for a Dakota Access <span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">LLC</span> contractor named <span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">HDR</span>, a company which <a href="http://www.hdrinc.com/markets/oil-gas/pipelines" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">helps pipeline companies</a> and <a href="http://www.hdrinc.com/markets/oil-gas" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">other</a> oil and gas industry infrastructure companies secure permits for their projects. Dippel, the South Central Region Environmental Services Lead for <span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">HDR</span>, began her career as a project manager for the Army Corps' Fort Worth District and also formerly worked for the natural gas pipeline company Spectra Energy. </p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px">An <a href="ftp://ftp.dot.state.fl.us/lts/CO/Procurement/15921%20(SEMO)/15921%20-%20All%20Letters.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">archaeologist by academic training</a> and a <a href="http://rpanet.org/members/?id=28576164&hhSearchTerms=%22%22dippel%22%22" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">member</a> of the Register of Professional Archaeologists, a biographical sketch for Dippel tracked down on the Florida Department of Transportation's website lists her job sub-title as “<a href="ftp://ftp.dot.state.fl.us/lts/CO/Procurement/15921%20(SEMO)/15921%20-%20All%20Letters.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 153, 204);">Project Streamlining</a>” on behalf of the <span class="caps" style="font-size: 0.9em;">DOT</span>. </p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">desmog</font></div><div><p id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478279287562_3735" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: " helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" geneva="Geneva" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Phil Suter, the spouse of Maggie Suter, a high-ranking official at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) who led the review for two gas pipeline projects by Spectra Energy, is a paid consultant for Spectra on a related pipeline project.</p><p id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478279287562_3736" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: " helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" geneva="Geneva" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Experts on ethics in government regulatory bodies told DeSmog this case raises serious red flags, amounting to what appears to be a conflict of interest.</p><p id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478279287562_3702" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: " helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" geneva="Geneva" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">“Suter should have, at the least, disclosed to FERC the conflict, and recused herself from these projects,” says Neil Gordon, an investigator at the Project on Government Oversight, a watchdog group monitoring money in politics. <a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://desmogblog.cmail20.com/t/t-l-httdhdl-yuirlyty-g/" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478279287562_3704" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; background: transparent; color: rgb(47, 130, 222); outline: none; font-weight: bold;">Read more.</a></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CNN's Corey Lewandowski fiasco is probably the worst conflict-of-interest problem in the history of cable news. In addition to </span><a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://action.mediamatters.org/r?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmm4a.org%2F2b9NesV&e=2fd18ded548fce9ef66e074aaf01da3d5df1923b&utm_source=mediamatters&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=826weekly1&n=17&v=235" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472231308398_6105" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; line-height: 21px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">still being paid money by Trump</a><span style="line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Lewandowski </span><a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://action.mediamatters.org/r?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmm4a.org%2F2brSiu6&e=2fd18ded548fce9ef66e074aaf01da3d5df1923b&utm_source=mediamatters&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=826weekly1&n=18&v=235" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; line-height: 21px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">announced</a><span style="line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Thursday that he was joining the Trump campaign on the trail. The situation is so bad that Lewandowski is now </span><a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://action.mediamatters.org/r?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmm4a.org%2F2bsSmtP&e=2fd18ded548fce9ef66e074aaf01da3d5df1923b&utm_source=mediamatters&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=826weekly1&n=19&v=235" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; line-height: 21px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">being confronted</a><span style="line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> on the air. Stephen Colbert </span><a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="http://action.mediamatters.org/r?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmm4a.org%2F2brdH73&e=2fd18ded548fce9ef66e074aaf01da3d5df1923b&utm_source=mediamatters&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=826weekly1&n=20&v=235" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; line-height: 21px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">even brought it up</a><span style="line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> with Anderson Cooper.</span></font></div><div><span style="line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ngocorp$</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">somewhat dated</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">sites goes to 2009</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/index.html"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/index.html</font></a></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The fifth scientific review was published by the European Food Safety</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Association (EFSA 2014). Like many agency reviews, it typically is prepared</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by a scientific panel and has many scientific reviewers commenting</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">on drafts before it is released. ‘‘The EFSA GMO panel concludes that the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">proposed uses of MON 87769 soybean oil in foods will not result in intakes</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4 Science, Technology, & Human Values</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Downloaded from sth.sagepub.com at The New School on August 7, 2015</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of stearidonic acid (SDA) with diverse effects and that the other changes in</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the dietary fatty acid pattern are unlikely to have negative nutritional consequences</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">for humans. The EFSA GMO panel notes that the quantitative</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">dietary estimates described here would have to be revisited if the oil produced</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by the soybean MON 87769 were to be extensively used in food</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">products not considered in this assessment, for example as dietary supplements</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">or to modify animal feed products.’’</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The second paper was a published commentary that focused on conflicts of interest of those criticizing Se´ralini’s papers (Se´ralini et al. 2014). The authors note that a new assistant editor of biotechnology joined the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology after Se´ralini’s article was published and that this assistant editor previously worked for Monsanto for seven years. The authors interpret the decision to retract their paper a little over a year after it was appropriately refereed grew out of the role of the new assistant editor who had a conflict of interest as a former employee of Monsanto. A third paper discussed the conflicts of interest at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), a weak counterpart to the US FDA since it issues advisories to members of the European Union. According to its website, ‘<b>‘The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)</b> [an independent European agency funded by the EU budget that operates separately from the European Commission, European Parliament and EU Member States] is the keystone of European Union (EU) risk assessment regarding food and feed safety ... . EFSA provides independent scientific advice and clear communication on existing and emerging risks’’ (EFSA). The agency reviewed the Se´ralini et al. publication and published the results in the EFSA Journal in 2012. EFSA found the study to be ‘‘inadequately designed, analysed’’ and discounted Se´ralini’s response to critics concluding that the study is of ‘‘insufficient scientific quality for safety assessments.’’</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Robinson et al. (2013) argued that the EFSA has been rife with conflicts of interest.</span> For example, the chair of EFSA’s management board had a longstanding relationship with the industry funded International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). They claim that in 2010 more than half of the EFSA experts on the GMO panel had financial conflicts of interest. The agency had been cited by the Ombudsman for failing to manage conflicts of interest and Krimsky 25 Downloaded from sth.sagepub.com at The New School on August 7, 2015 despite changes still has not distanced itself from ILSI and thus does not represent an independent review of Se´ralini’s work. Among the points raised by Robinson et al. is that when differences are found between GMOs and non-GMO counterparts, several authors, including those funded by industry, dismiss the findings as being within the normal range of variation and are not biologically relevant. ‘‘An EFSA opinion allows industry to define biological relevance on a case-by-case basis’’ (Robinson et al. 2013, 2).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b> Conclusion </b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story. I found twenty-six animal feeding studies that have shown adverse effects or animal health uncertainties (Table 2). The eight review articles were mixed in their assessment of the health effects of GMOs (Table 1). The analysis of how two respected scientists were treated so poorly by the scientific community over their peer-reviewed work raises questions about likely political and ideological influences in the science. I could find no comparable case in the history of science where someone’s published and peer-reviewed work was retracted because it was not definitive. Comparable works that found GMOs equivalent to their non-GMO parental strain were not retracted for the same reason since they too were not definitive. It has been argued that the weight of evidence is favorable to the hypothesis that the current family of commercialized GMOs is safe to humans and animals because there is a preponderance of articles establishing that point. In risk assessment, the number of studies that reveal a risk can be more significant than a larger number of studies that do not. Imagine a hundred flights to test a new aircraft. Ninety-five prove safe. Five flights produce electrical problems, failed landing gear, and a wing collapse. Does one just negate the five flights and go with the weight of evidence? Those five flights are very significant, perhaps because the aircraft was pushed beyond standard flight operations but within its design limits. When there is a controversy about the risk of a consumer product, instead of denying the existence of certain studies, the negative results should be replicated to see if they hold up to rigorous testing. This point was made by the 300 scientists who signed a joint statement that was published in Environmental Sciences Europe. The statement ‘‘does not assert that GMOs are unsafe or safe. Rather the statement concludes that the scarcity and 26 Science, Technology, & Human Values Downloaded from sth.sagepub.com at The New School on August 7, 2015 contradictory nature of the scientific evidence published to date prevents conclusive claims of safety, or lack of safety, of GMOs’’ (Hilbeck et al. 2015, 1). David Schubert, professor at the Salk Institute, summarized the state of affairs of the GMO controversy as follows: ‘‘To me, the only reasonable solution is to require that all GM plant products be tested for long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity before being brought to market’’ (2002, 969). Until the twenty-six studies, or at least the best of them, are replicated and shown to be false positives, we have an obligation to treat these studies with respect and concern. My results have broad implications for the study of scientific and medical controversies, whether climate change, endocrine disruptors, statins, or mercury preservatives in vaccines. STS scholarship is best accomplished when it approaches a controversial issue systemically and includes a deep analysis of the primary science, a review of the function of professional societies, an analysis of the peer review process of journals, a study of the political climate and its impact on science and on federal regulatory agencies which set policy, the media’s role in shaping public understanding or misunderstanding, and the role that financial interests play in scientific risk analysis. All of these factors are brought into play in the GMO debate, about which I have argued that the putative consensus about the inherent safety of transgenic crops is premature.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div></div></div>