Electric Pwr Res Inst EPRI

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/9/8/2121649/-Electric-utilities-join-Big-Oil-in-engaging-in-climate-dishonesty-campaigns-to-benefit-polluters">https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/9/8/2121649/-Electric-utilities-join-Big-Oil-in-engaging-in-climate-dishonesty-campaigns-to-benefit-polluters</a></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">no lnx gfx</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Electric utilities join Big Oil in engaging in climate dishonesty campaigns to benefit polluters</b></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">April Siese</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Daily Kos Staff</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Thursday September 08, 2022 </font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Findings from a new study, titled "The American electric utility industry's role in promoting climate denial, doubt, and delay" show that utility companies, trade associations, and front groups did their damnedest to downplay climate change over the past few decades.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">April Siese</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Daily Kos</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Big Oil isn’t the only industry using a nefarious playbook to keep profits up along with pollution, according to a new study in Environmental Research Letters. The study examines the ways that utility companies have </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">shifted their rhetoric from aligning with scientific findings to pushing doubt and denial from 1990 to 2000 to then calling for delayed action and shifting the blame to other industries rather than dealing with their own roles in the climate crisis.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>This includes electric companies like Entergy, Duke, and Dominion,</b> as well as trade organizations like the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and<b> Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)</b>. The tactics mirror much of the activity seen by the likes of Exxon and Chevron, the American Petroleum Institute, and faux coalitions set up by the fossil fuel industry. In fact, the electric utility sector draws a parallel in its game plan to some of Exxon’s own misdeeds, the study authors found.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>“After 2000, while EEI and EPRI no longer publicly doubted or denied climate change, these organizations continued to argue for delayed action,”</b> researchers wrote. “This rhetoric deflected focus onto other countries and sectors and uplifted approaches such as CCS that have proven unviable to date in the power sector, distracting attention from the energy transition. This shift from doubt to delay is the same pattern that was identified in ExxonMobil's communications”</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Since 2020, electric utilities have found “delay” tactics to be their favorite strategy, with researchers finding that “the 79 utilities that generated a majority of U.S. electricity from fossil fuels [only] pledged to retire a quarter of their coal generation by 2030, while proposing over 36 GW of new gas plants.” You can see these tactics in action with entities like the Midcontinent Independent System Operator’s insistence, which recently pushed the false claim that gas must continue flowing in order to generate any gaps in capacity created by retiring fossil fuel plants.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Big Oil, meanwhile, has moved onto a different strategy in its playbook. Oil and gas companies no longer push the so-called positive qualities of their energy sources but rather discuss just how seriously they take the climate crisis, though their actions wholly contradict that.<b> In a new InfluenceMap study, the watchdog found that BP, Chevron, Exxon, Shell, and TotalEnergies talked a big game about green initiatives.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In reality, none of those companies’ “forecasted oil production appears in line with the International Energy Agency's Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (as of Q4 2021), with several companies planning to increase oil and gas production between 2021 and 2026.” These companies are shelling out a cumulative $750 million annually to keep from reducing emissions. The utility industry operates similarly and has devoted more than $500 million to lobbying against renewables and climate policy over the past 20 years.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">lnx</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">b<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.125px;">ig Oil isn’t the only industry using a nefarious playbook to keep profits up along with pollution,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.125px;"> </span><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ab3" target="blank" style="letter-spacing: 0.125px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">according to a new study in </a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.125px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ab3" target="blank" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Environmental Research Letters</a>. The study examines the ways that utility companies have shifted their rhetoric from aligning with scientific findings to pushing doubt and denial from 1990 to 2000 to then calling for delayed action and shifting the blame to other industries rather than dealing with their own roles in the climate crisis.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; letter-spacing: 0.125px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;">This includes electric companies like Entergy, Duke, and Dominion, as well as trade organizations like the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).</span> The tactics mirror much of the activity seen by the likes of <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Exxon</a> and <a href="https://earthworks.org/blog/why-were-holding-chevron-accountable-for-its-greenwashing-campaigns/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Chevron</a>, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/19/big-oil-climate-crisis-lobby-group-api" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">American Petroleum Institute</a>, and <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/11/23/the-deception-continues-as-companies-hide-behind-fake-environmental-promises/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">faux coalitions</a> set up by the fossil fuel industry. In fact, the electric utility sector draws a parallel in its game plan to some of Exxon’s own misdeeds, the study authors found.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; letter-spacing: 0.125px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.125px;"><a href="https://influencemap.org/report/Big-Oil-s-Agenda-on-Climate-Change-2022-19585">https://influencemap.org/report/Big-Oil-s-Agenda-on-Climate-Change-2022-19585</a></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.2rem; line-height: 2rem; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 300;">Following up on InfluenceMap's 2019 edition of '</span>Big Oil's Real Agenda', this latest report compares and contrasts the public communications, business operations, and policy engagement of 5 'supermajor' oil companies: BP, Shell, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and TotalEnergies.</font></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Extensive analysis finds that the five supermajors are spending hundreds of millions of dollars each year on a systematic strategy to portray themselves as positive and proactive on the climate change emergency. This is found to be inconsistent with the companies' plans for capital investment in their business. It is also found to be misaligned from the detailed policy engagement activities of the companies and their industry associations on climate change.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Across 3,421 items of public communications materials from the five companies in 2021, 60% contained at least one green claim, while only 23% contained claims promoting oil and gas. Claims highlighting the companies' support of, or involvement with, efforts to transition the energy mix were by far the most popular type of green claim.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">None of the companies assessed disclosed the strategies that inform their public messaging on climate change, nor the resources dedicated to related activities. Using cost estimates based on the number of communications and media staff the companies employ, InfluenceMap’s analysis suggests that the companies are spending around $750 million each year cumulatively on climate-related communication activities</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In contrast, only 12% of the five companies' 2022 capital expenditure (CAPEX) is forecasted to be dedicated to 'low carbon' activities. </b>Additionally, none of the supermajors' forecasted oil production appears in line with the International Energy Agency's Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (as of Q4 2021), with several companies planning to increase oil and gas production between 2021 and 2026.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the same time, InfluenceMap found that none of the companies have aligned their climate policy engagement activities with the goals of the Paris Agreement, and retain a dense and global network of industry associations globally, which are highly active in their opposition to Paris Aligned climate policies</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The findings raise serious and persistent questions for regulators and the companies’ shareholders, as well as PR and advertising agencies, media, and social media platforms that work with the companies. It is noted that this analysis focuses on the companies’ main corporate communications channels and thus is focused on their North American/European communications. Future research will focus on how the companies communicate in the Global South.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to the report, Integrated Climate Profiles detailing each companies' public communications strategies, policy engagement, and business operations can be downloaded from this page.</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">66 pp rept</font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8l-rYonMke-NG5ONVZkZVVJMG8/view">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8l-rYonMke-NG5ONVZkZVVJMG8/view</a></font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Meet Chauncey Starr, one of the electric utility industry’s</b></font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>“merchants of doubt”</b></font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">On May 12, 1972, Dr. Chauncey Starr wrote to J.K. Horton and</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Shear on Harris to “outline some of my thoughts on the Electric</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Power Research Institute.” At the time, Horton was chairman</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">of Southern California Edison Company. Harris was CEO of</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Carolina Power & Light, which later became Progress Energy</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">and ultimately merged with Duke Energy in 2012, and he also</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">served at the time as chairman of the Edison Electric Institute.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Harris “led the movement through EEI to have utilities fund an expanded research effort</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">by collecting a surcharge on each kilowatt-hour sold,” according to a Carolina Power &</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Light company history. The result of EEI’s effort was the Electric Power Research Institute</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">(EPRI). Harris also played a “key role” in the selection of Starr as the Electric Power</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Research Institute’s founding president.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In his 1972 letter to Horton and Harris, Starr wrote that EPRI’s reliance on money collected</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">from electric utility customers would carry with it great responsibility:</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The EPRI will be a quasi-public corporation with a particularly sensitive ethical responsibility as a</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">trustee of public funds. Although presumably the individual state public utility commissions would</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">approve the contributions of each operating utility to EPRI, there will in fact be no official public</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">body directly responsible for reviewing its activities. Nevertheless, because it will undoubtedly be</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">subject to public scrutiny, it should be prepared to publicly justify its activities...</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">At the time of Starr’s selection as EPRI’s founding president, he was already veteran of the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Manhattan Project and nuclear power industry. In 1971, he had written about CO2</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">emissions and the “greenhouse effect” in an article that appeared in Scientific American:</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The combustion of fossil fuels, not matter how efficiently done, must always produce</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">carbon dioxide. Its concentration in the atmosphere has increased from some 290 parts per</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Chauncey Starr. Credit:</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">ENERGY AND POLICY INSTITUTE 21</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">million to 320 within the past century and may increase to 375 or 400 parts per million by</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">the year 2000. Thus the carbon dioxide ultimately but slowly returns to the biosphere in</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">some nonpolluting form. Its effects while it resides in the atmosphere are not now</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">predictable, although theoretically the increased carbon dioxide should cause a</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">“greenhouse effect” by reducing the infrared heat loss from the earth and perhaps raising</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">the global temperature one degree Celsius by the year 2000.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Starr wrote in Scientific American about nuclear power as the “saving technological</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">development,” and he described solar as a promising but not yet economical source of</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">future power:</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">If only a few percent of the land area of the U.S. could be used to absorb solar radiation effectively</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">(at, say, a little better than 10 percent efficiency), we would be meet most of our energy needs in the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">year 2000.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He also pointed to hydrogen as a possible alternative to fossil fuels and solution to the CO2</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">problem:</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">If carbon dioxide additions to the atmosphere were determined to be harmful, there is an ultimate but</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">costly technological solution: we could use nuclear electric power to manufacture hydrogen by the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">electrolysis of water. Hydrogen would make an ideal fuel because its combustion yields water as an</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">end product.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">EPRI’s association with Starr would continue until his death in 2007. In his later years, Starr</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">served on the board of directors of the George C. Marshall Institute and Science and</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Environmental Policy Project, organizations that were funded for a time by ExxonMobil</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">that sought to sow doubt about climate science. During the 1990s and 2000s, Starr attached</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">EPRI’s name to reports and other documents that attacked the scientific findings of the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and perpetuated the myth that “Human</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Activity [Is] Not Causing Global Warming.”</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Starr later received brief mention in Harvard historian Naomi Oreskes’ book, “Merchants</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">of Doubt,” which documented the role of a small number of experts in aiding various</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">industries efforts to deny the dangers of acid rain, climate change, and even smoking.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">ENERGY AND POLICY INSTITUTE 22</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Further research by the Energy and Policy Institute reveals that Starr established</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">relationships with both the tobacco and utility industries after he wrote a controversial 1969</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">paper on risk assessment.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Starr claimed that people accept “voluntary” risks from activities like smoking 1,000 times</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">greater than “involuntary” risks from electric power generation. He also told a 1969</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">gathering of the National Academy of Engineering that his research supported:</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">... the reasonable assumption that advertising the virtues of an activity increases the public</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">acceptance of a greater level of risk. This, of course, could subtly produce a fictitious benefit-risk ratio</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">as may be the case for smoking.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">His work soon drew attention from Helmut Wakeham, then Vice President of Corporate</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Research and Development for the tobacco company Philip Morris. Internal documents</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">show that in 1971 and 1972, Wakeham and Philip Morris pursued research based off of</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Starr’s work to benefit the tobacco industry.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Starr later represented EPRI at the 1981 International Workshop on the Analysis of Actual</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Versus Perceived Risks, where he made comments that caught the attention of R.J.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Reynolds and other tobacco companies. One internal tobacco industry document noted that</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Starr faulted experts who voiced concerns about the risks of smoking “for leaving out ‘the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">benefits that the individual gets out of smoking.’” Another inter-office correspondence</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">from Philip Morris opined that the “bias” of anti-smoking research presented at the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">workshop, “was so strong that Dr. Chauncey Starr, considered the ‘father’ of risk analysis</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">was moved to comment that papers were all lacking an essential element - evaluation of the</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">social and psychological benefits of the risk in question -- without which any analysis is</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">meaningless.”</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In his 1972 letter to electric utility executives Harris and Horton, Starr had envisioned that,</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">“EPRI will be a quasi-public corporation with a particularly sensitive ethical responsibility</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">as a trustee of public funds.” Starr and EPRI later broke the public trust by spreading</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">disinformation about smoking and climate change to benefit the tobacco and utility</font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">industries.</font></font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

</font><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>mooney wapo</b></font></font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scientists are engaged in an increasingly bitter and personal feud over how much power the United States can get from renewable sources, with a large group of researchers taking aim at a popular recent paper that claimed the country could move beyond fossil fuels entirely by 2055.</font>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2015, Stanford professor Mark Jacobson and his colleagues argued that between 2050 and 2055, the United States could be entirely powered by “clean” energy sources and “no natural gas, biofuels, nuclear power, or stationary batteries are needed.”</font>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That would be a massive shift from the current power makeup, as in 2016, the United States got only 6.5 percent of its electricity from hydropower, 5.6 percent from wind and 0.9 percent from solar. Nonetheless, the paper excited proponents of renewable energy, and has been embraced by Sen. Bernie Sanders, celebrity backers such actor Mark Ruffalo and many environmental groups.</font>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Jacobson’s idea was always contentious. And now, no fewer than 21 researchers have published a study in the influential Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (which also published Jacobson’s original study in 2015) arguing that the work “used invalid modeling tools, contained modeling errors, and made implausible and inadequately supported assumptions.”</font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We thought we had to write a peer reviewed piece to highlight some of the mistakes and have a broader discussion about what we really need to fight climate change,” said lead study author Christopher Clack, who is the founder of the firm Vibrant Clean Energy. “And we felt the only way to do it in a fair and unbiased way was to go through peer review, and have external referees vet it to make sure we’re not saying anything that’s untrue in our piece.”</font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Clack is backed in the study by a number of noted colleagues including prominent climate research Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution, energy researcher Dan Kammen of the University of California at Berkeley, and former EPA Science Advisory Board chair Granger Morgan.</font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a simultaneous letter in the journal, meanwhile, Jacobson and three Stanford colleagues fire back that Clack’s critique is itself “riddled with errors” and “demonstrably false.”</font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jacobson also argued that his critics are biased in favor of carbon-based fuels such as oil, gas and coal, as well as nuclear energy.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“They try to falsify this thing by claiming that there are errors. This is what really bothers me with this paper. I don’t have any problem with people trying to quibble with our assumptions.”</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The fight between researchers comes as the Trump administration has signaled it does not believe the nation’s electric grid can support a quick and thorough shift toward renewable energy, as Jacobson suggests that it can. As soon as this week, Energy Secretary Rick Perry is expected to release a study of the grid that renewable energy advocates fear will be used to criticize wind and solar and how they affect the grid.</font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The debate is crucial because, while it’s great to talk about wind and solar in theory, the reality is that the electrons that they generate have to be sent through wires and transmission stations to satisfy needs at particular places and at particular times — or else, we’ll have to come up with a way of storing electricity on a large scale, which remains a mostly unsolved problem right now.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And critics have contended that while you can add some wind and solar to the grid without any problem, if you add too much, it can be destabilizing and the electric grid will always require some “baseload” sources of energy, such as nuclear or coal or gas, which generate power continuously, rather than intermittently depending upon the availability of the sun or the winds.</font></p>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In a 2015 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jacobson and his Stanford colleagues Mark Delucci, Mary Cameron and Bethany Frew laid out their clean energy vision. </b>They used a model of the electric grid to show that the Lower 48 United States could be entirely powered by wind energy, solar power and hydroelectric energy, as long as there were various forms of energy storage available as well as “demand response,” in which major users of electricity are paid to curtail their use at key times when the grid is facing high demand.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The study also included a small role for geothermal energy and tidal and wave energy, the latter two of which are both fledgling technologies at this point.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Still, the study found that it could all work and, moreover, would be affordable. “The resulting 2050—2055 US electricity social cost for a full system is much less than for fossil fuels,” they wrote. The research, said Jacobson and his co-authors, should put to rest fears that adding large amounts of wind and solar to the grid would be destabilizing because these variable or “intermittent” sources of electricity would not always line up their production with the times when people need them most.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Particularly notable in the study was what Jacobson and his colleagues didn’t include — nuclear energy, which does not produce any greenhouse gases and runs 24/7 without intermittency issues; carbon capture and storage, which could help reduce the emissions from coal and natural gas plants; and bioenergy, which has also often been held out as critical to greening the electricity and transportation sectors.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Clack and his colleagues contend that the study fails to prove that such a dramatic energy transition can be accomplished in an affordable way, in light of the constraints that occur when you have solar energy unavailable at night and wind energy also unavailable at certain times. They say it assumes a massive adoption of energy storage technologies that may not be feasible, and the possibility of huge volumes of hydroelectric generation.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The researchers actually suggest that 80 percent of the nation’s electricity could be produced without carbon dioxide in the future if you include nuclear energy and bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage to sequester the emissions from the burning of biomass. But their conclusion on the Jacobson study is quite blunt.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The study’s numerous shortcomings and errors render it unreliable as a guide about the likely cost, technical reliability, or feasibility of a 100% wind, solar, and hydroelectric power system,” they write. “It is one thing to explore the potential use of technologies in a clearly caveated hypothetical analysis; it is quite another to claim that a model using these technologies at an unprecedented scale conclusively shows the feasibility and reliability of the modeled energy system implemented by midcentury.”</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jacobson has, in turn, published a response in the journal and shared a line-by-line rebuttal to the study. In addition to his objections to how they have characterized his work, he adds that the authors are more focused on cutting carbon dioxide emissions than other social benefits that he and his co-authors care about. “We’re interested in air pollution, health, energy security, nuclear weapons proliferation, reducing the risk to society of all the dangerous considerations,” he said.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Jacobson also suggests that he is being unfairly treated, writing, in a rebuttal he shared with The Washington Post, that “Clack’s analysis is riddled with intentional misinformation.” For instance, the critique asserts that Jacobson assumed that hydroelectric dams would have the capacity to generate over 1,000 gigawatts, or billion watts, of electricity, vastly more than exists today. Jacobson counters that that’s because the paper assumes that dams would add turbines, but only for peak usage; their average usage would still be much lower.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“They’re trying to make it as if it’s a model error,” said Jacobson. “And I have to respond to dozens of reporters who think that because they claim that it’s an error, it’s actually an error. It’s just ridiculous.”</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Clack counters that it is indeed an error, “plain and simple.</b>” “This notion that you can install 10 times the generating capacity at existing dams is a nonsense, because studies have been done to show that there is only about 12GW of capability for that in the US,” he said by email. There are numerous similarly complex claims and counterclaims at issue in the debate — which is part of the problem, says David Victor, an energy policy researcher at the University of California at San Diego and one co-author of the new critique.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“These are studies that seem to be anchored technically, lots of complexity to them, all of which point to the idea that the problem is solvable with a set of options that are frankly politically very palatable,” he said of Jacobson’s studies. That, says Victor, is why the research has been so influential.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Our analysis suggests … that none of that work holds up,” Victor said. “So I can totally understand that emotions are high, but we have a duty as scientists to call the facts as we see them.”</font></p>

<p>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christopher Clack was previously with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory and the University of Colorado’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences while authoring the paper, but now works with Vibrant Clean Energy. </font></p>

<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mooney refs:</font></div>

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<div>Current Issue > vol. 113 no. 28 > John E. Bistline,  E3988, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1603072113</div>

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<div><b>More than one arrow in the quiver: Why “100% renewables” misses the mark</b></div>

<div><b>John E. Bistlinea,1 and Geoffrey J. Blanforda</b></div>

<div>Author Affiliations</div>

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<div>Energy and Environmental Analysis, <b>Electric Power Research Institute</b>, Palo Alto, CA 94304</div>

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<div>ExtractFull TextAuthors & InfoMetricsRelated ContentPDF</div>

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<div>Jacobson et al. (1) aim to demonstrate that an all-renewable energy system is technically feasible. Not only are the study’s conclusions based on strong assumptions and key methodological oversights, but its framing also omits the essential notion of trade-offs. A far more relevant question is how renewable energy technologies relate to the broader set of options for meeting long-term societal goals like managing climate change. Even if the goal were to maximize the deployment of renewable energy (and not decarbonization more generally), Jacobson et al. still fail to provide a satisfactory analysis by glossing over fundamental implications of the technical and economic dimensions of intermittency. We briefly highlight two prominent examples, and then return to the question of framing.</div>

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<div>First, the paper’s “no load loss” assertion is predicated on the large-scale availability of energy storage, demand response, and unconstrained transmission to handle periods of supply surpluses and shortfalls. Its assumptions about the cost and reliability of intertemporal demand flexibility within and across sectors, as well as the electrification of end-use demand, are particularly aggressive. The potential scale and scope of these novel technologies remain highly uncertain and speculative, and the narrow confidence intervals presented in Jacobson et al. (1) do not reflect the full range of possible outcomes.</div>

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<div>Second, the paper does not account for the regional provision of resource adequacy (i.e., market clearing with spatial heterogeneity) in its reliability results—indeed, the analysis is conducted at the national level. Although geographic smoothing can ameliorate some balancing challenges, seasonal and diurnal variability of wind and solar output cannot be managed through offsetting spatial variability alone. Moreover, these effects require data that reflect renewable output simultaneously with load in each hour of a given year, yet Jacobson et al. (1) use different, nonsynchronous datasets. Consequently, their analysis preserves neither joint temporal nor spatial variability between intermittent resources and demand, which are among the main drivers of decreasing returns to scale for renewable energy (2).</div>

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<div>There is an emerging literature on integrated modeling of long-term capacity planning with high-temporal-resolution operational detail that effectively incorporates such economic drivers (e.g., ref. 3). By contrast, Jacobson et al. (1) use a “grid integration model” in which investment and energy system transformations are not subject to economic considerations. The resulting renewable-dominated capacity mix is inconsistent with the wide range of optimal deep decarbonization pathways projected in model intercomparison exercises (e.g., refs. 4 and 5) in which the contribution of renewable energy is traded off in economic terms against other low-carbon options.</div>

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<div>Jacobson et al. (1) underscore how balancing and fleet flexibility will be important elements of power system design, and that electrification of other demand sectors is a promising option. However, the study underestimates many of the technical challenges associated with the world it envisions, and fails to establish an appropriate economic context. Every low-carbon energy technology presents unique technical, economic, and legal challenges. Evaluating these trade-offs within a consistent decision framework is essential. Such analyses consistently demonstrate that a broad research, development, and deployment portfolio across supply- and demand-side technologies is the best way to ensure a safe, reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible future energy system.</div>

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<div>Next Section</div>

<div>Acknowledgments</div>

<div><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The views expressed in this letter are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) or its members.</span></div>

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<div>Next Section</div>

<div>Footnotes</div>

<div>1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email:<b> jbistline@epri.com.</b></div>

<div>Author contributions: J.E.B. and G.J.B. wrote the paper.</div>

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<div><b>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</b></div>

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<div>References</div>

<div>? Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Cameron MA, Frew BA (2015) Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(49):15060–15065.. Abstract/FREE Full Text</div>

<div>? Hirth L (2013) The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar wind power variability on their relative price. Energy Econ 38:218–236.. CrossRefGoogle Scholar</div>

<div>? Blanford GJ, Merrick JH, Young D (2014) A clean energy standard analysis with the US-REGEN model. Energy J 35(SI1):137–164.. Google Scholar</div>

<div>? Clarke LE, et al. (2014) Assessing transformation pathways. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed Edenhofer O, et al. (Cambridge Univ Press, New York), pp 413–510.. Google Scholar</div>

<div>? Clarke LE, et al. (2014) Technology and U.S. emissions reductions goals: Results of the EMF 24 modeling exercise. Energy J 35(SI1):9–31.. Google Scholar</div>

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<h3 class="r" style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://law.stanford.edu/directory/john-bistline/" style=" color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer;">John Bistline - Fellow - Stanford Law School</a></h3>

<div class="f kv SWb" style=" color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm" style=" color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">https://law.stanford.edu/directory/john-bistline/</cite>

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<a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BDE63glZTgEJ:https://law.stanford.edu/directory/john-bistline/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style=" line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">John Bistline</span> is a<b> former</b> Research Fellow at the Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance at Stanford University and a Project Manager at th.</span></a></div>

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<h3 class="r" style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ISk7okAAAAAJ&hl=en" style=" color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">John E. Bistline - Google Scholar Citations</a></h3>

<div class="f kv SWb" style=" color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm" style=" color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">scholar.google.com/citations?user=ISk7okAAAAAJ&hl=en</cite>

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<div class="slp f" style=" color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:scholar.google.com/citations%3Fuser%3DISk7okAAAAAJ%26hl%3Den+John+E.+Bistline&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7pNyI5N7UAhVH6YMKHUyvB9YQHwgvMAE" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Electric Power Research Institute - ‎epri.com</a></div>

<a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:scholar.google.com/citations%3Fuser%3DISk7okAAAAAJ%26hl%3Den+John+E.+Bistline&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7pNyI5N7UAhVH6YMKHUyvB9YQHwgvMAE" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style=" line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Electric sector investments under technological and policy-related uncertainties: a stochastic programming approach. JE <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">Bistline</span>, JP Weyant. Climatic change ...</span></a></div>

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<h3 class="r" style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://eea.epri.com/research-staff.html" style=" color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">EPRI | Energy & Environmental Analysis > Research Staff</a></h3>

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<a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:eea.epri.com/research-staff.html+John+E.+Bistline&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7pNyI5N7UAhVH6YMKHUyvB9YQHwg2MAI" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style=" line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Dr. <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">John Bistline</span> is a Senior Technical Leader in the Energy and ... The Energy Journal 35, pp 137-164,; Blanford, G.J, <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">E</span>. Kriegler, and M. Tavoni, 2014.</span></a></div>

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<h3 class="r" style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://ideas.repec.org/f/pbi297.html" style=" color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">John Erik Bistline | IDEAS/RePEc</a></h3>

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<a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://ideas.repec.org/f/pbi297.html+John+E.+Bistline&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7pNyI5N7UAhVH6YMKHUyvB9YQHwg8MAM" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style=" line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">Bistline</span>, <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">John E</span>., 2015. "Electric sector capacity planning under uncertainty: Climate policy and natural gas in the US," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C)<wbr /> ...</span></a></div>

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<h3 class="r" style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-bistline-10166437" style=" color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">John Bistline | LinkedIn</a></h3>

<div class="slp f" style=" color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">San Francisco Bay Area - ‎Project Manager at Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) - ‎Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)</div>

<span class="st" style=" line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">View <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">John Bistline's</span> professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">John Bistline</span> discover inside<wbr /> ...</span></div>

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<h3 class="r" style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.fold3.com/page/87623341_john_e_bistline/" style=" color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">John E Bistline: person, pictures and information - Fold3.com</a></h3>

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<a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Z1LQvWumemUJ:https://www.fold3.com/page/87623341_john_e_bistline/+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style=" line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style=" color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Oct 30, 2013 - </span>View <span style=" font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);">John E Bistline's</span> military memorial page on Fold3. Discover and add pictures, bio information and documents about the life of John E ...</span></a></div>

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<a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Z1LQvWumemUJ:https://www.fold3.com/page/87623341_john_e_bistline/+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">PhD candidate in the Department of Management Science and Engineering (energy, economic, and environmental policy) and <b>Research Fellow at the Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance. </b>My dissertation research focused on uncertainty analysis in the electric power sector and investigated questions related to capacity planning, R&D portfolio management, and fat-tailed uncertainty. I also worked on projects in areas of climate policy, technological change,<b> expert elicitations,</b> uncertainty quantification, and<b> risk assessment.</b></font></a>

<a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Z1LQvWumemUJ:https://www.fold3.com/page/87623341_john_e_bistline/+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A Monte Carlo simulation model with Bayesian networks was used to propagate uncertainties about stockpiles of centrifuge components through a deterministic model to estimate the size of North Korea's uranium enrichment program. Illustrative results suggest that North Korea very likely has greater uranium enrichment capacity than was shown to US experts in 2010.</font></a>

</font></a> 

<h1 class="title" pt="pt" helvetica="helvetica" vertical-align="vertical-align:" background-color="background-color:" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 2.6em; line-height: 1.2em; font-family: ;">Board & Directors</h1>

<p style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.lomborg.com/" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(27, 118, 175);">Bjorn Lomborg</a>, President and Founder.

<a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/rolandm" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(27, 118, 175);">Roland Mathiasson</a>, Executive Vice President, Secretary, and Assistant Treasurer.

<a href="http://www.bostonportfolio.com/scott-calahan" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(27, 118, 175);">Scott Calahan</a>, Treasurer, Member of Compensation Committee, and Independent Director.

<a href="http://legatum.mit.edu/loretta-michaels" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(27, 118, 175);">Loretta Michaels</a>, Member of Compensation Committee and Independent Director.</p>

<h2 pt="pt" helvetica="helvetica" vertical-align="vertical-align:" color="color:" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 30px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 1.7em; line-height: 1.2em; font-family: ;"><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Phone Number</strong></h2>

<p style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cbs.dk/en/research/departments-and-centres/law-department/staff/hljur" target="_blank" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(27, 118, 175);">Henrik Lando</a>, Professor, Law Department, Copenhagen Business School.

<a href="http://www.martin.paldam.dk/index.php" target="_blank" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(27, 118, 175);">Martin Paldam</a>, Professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.</p>

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<h1 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; clear: left; line-height: 1; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Z1LQvWumemUJ:https://www.fold3.com/page/87623341_john_e_bistline/+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style=" text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Targeted Watersheds Grants: Water Quality Trading Projects</font></a></h1>

<h3 style=" margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2008 Targeted Watersheds Grants Project Summaries and Final Grant Reports

</font></h3>

<p style=" margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2008, EPA awarded $3.7 million in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a id="http://water.epa.gov/grants_funding/twg/initiative_index.cfm|" href="http://water.epa.gov/grants_funding/twg/initiative_index.cfm" style=" text-decoration: none;">Targeted Watersheds Grants (TWG)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></a>to encourage innovative water quality trading and other market-based programs designed to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and other pollutants that cause low oxygen levels in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.  The projects focused on three Mississippi River Sub-basins with the highest nutrient loads contributing to hypoxia: the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River, and the Lower Mississippi  River.  EPA awarded grants to the following organizations:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>

 </font></p>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#ctic" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Conservation Technology and Information Center</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#epri" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Electric Power Research Institute</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#isu" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Iowa State University (three projects)</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#mcd" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Miami Conservancy District</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#nc" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Nature Conservancy</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#osu" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Ohio State University</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#wi" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Wetlands Initiative</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#uk" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">University of Kentucky</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#wvu" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">West Virginia University</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/trading/twg_index.cfm#wri" style=" text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">World Resources Institute</font></a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<p>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>Electric Power Research Institute</b> (EPRI) was formally established in 1973 as a nonprofit organization "to manage a broad public-private collaborative research program on behalf of the electric utility industry, the industry's customers, and society at large." <a href="http://www.epri.com/corporate/discover_epri/epri_facts/index.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.epri.com/corporate/discover_epri/epri_facts/index.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></font></p>

<h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Personnel"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a> </font>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Staff"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Staff</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Directors_2006"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Directors 2006</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Contact_details"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Contact details</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Resources_and_articles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Resources and articles</span></a> </font>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Related_Sourcewatch_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Related Sourcewatch articles</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#References"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#External_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Personnel</font></span></h2>

<h3><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Staff</font></span></h3>

<ul>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeffrey_N._Phillips" title="Jeffrey N. Phillips">Jeffrey N. Phillips</a> Senior Program Manager with responsibility for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Carbon_Capture_and_Storage" title="Carbon Capture and Storage">Carbon Capture and Storage</a></font></li>

</ul>

<h3><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Directors 2006</font></span></h3>

<ul>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeffry_E._Sterba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffry E. Sterba (page does not exist)">Jeffry E. Sterba</a>, Chairman PNM Resources, Inc.</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_W._Fri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Fri (page does not exist)">Robert W. Fri</a>, Vice Chairman Resources for the Future</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Anthony_J._Ahern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony J. Ahern (page does not exist)">Anthony J. Ahern</a> - Buckeye Power, Inc.</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jesse_H._Ausubel" title="Jesse H. Ausubel">Jesse H. Ausubel</a> - The Rockefeller University</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Yves_Bamberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Bamberger (page does not exist)">Yves Bamberger</a> - Electricité de France</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=W._Paul_Bowers" title="W. Paul Bowers">W. Paul Bowers</a> - Southern Company</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nicholas_A._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas A. Brown (page does not exist)">Nicholas A. Brown</a> - Southwest Power Pool, Inc.</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kevin_Burke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Burke (page does not exist)">Kevin Burke</a> - Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc.</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_J._Chesser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Chesser (page does not exist)">Michael J. Chesser</a> - Great Plains Energy</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Phyllis_E._Currie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllis E. Currie (page does not exist)">Phyllis E. Currie</a> - Pasadena Water & Power Department</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_H._Dworkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael H. Dworkin (page does not exist)">Michael H. Dworkin</a> - Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_S._Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Greene (page does not exist)">Michael S. Greene</a> - TXU Power</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_R._Grigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard R. Grigg (page does not exist)">Richard R. Grigg</a> - FirstEnergy Services Company</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Takuya_Hattori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takuya Hattori (page does not exist)">Takuya Hattori</a> - Tokyo Electric Power Company</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Steven_G._Hickok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven G. Hickok (page does not exist)">Steven G. Hickok</a> - Bonneville Power Administration</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_C._Hintz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald C. Hintz (page does not exist)">Donald C. Hintz</a> - <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Entergy" title="Entergy">Entergy</a> Corporation (Ret.)</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Seth_D._Hulkower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seth D. Hulkower (page does not exist)">Seth D. Hulkower</a> - Long Island Power Authority</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ralph_Izzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Izzo (page does not exist)">Ralph Izzo</a> - Public Service Electric & Gas Company</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kathryn_J._Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathryn J. Jackson (page does not exist)">Kathryn J. Jackson</a> - Tennessee Valley Authority</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Karen_Y._Knutson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Y. Knutson (page does not exist)">Karen Y. Knutson</a> - Business Software Alliance</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Stephen_J._Lennon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen J. Lennon (page does not exist)">Stephen J. Lennon</a> - ESKOM</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_H._Miller" title="James H. Miller">James H. Miller</a> - PPL Corporation</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Steven_E._Moore" title="Steven E. Moore">Steven E. Moore</a> - Oklahoma Gas & Electric</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_P._Powers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert P. Powers (page does not exist)">Robert P. Powers</a> - American Electric Power Company</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Walter_R._Quanstrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter R. Quanstrom (page does not exist)">Walter R. Quanstrom</a> - <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=BP" title="BP">BP</a>, plc (Ret.)</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mark_T._Savoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark T. Savoff (page does not exist)">Mark T. Savoff</a> - <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Entergy" title="Entergy">Entergy</a> Corporation</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J.M._Shafer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.M. Shafer (page does not exist)">J.M. Shafer</a> - Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association, Inc.</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Charles_W._Shivery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Shivery (page does not exist)">Charles W. Shivery</a> - Northeast Utilities</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_H._Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Silverman (page does not exist)">Richard H. Silverman</a> - Salt River Project</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Gary_L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary L. Smith (page does not exist)">Gary L. Smith</a> - Alabama Electric Cooperative, Inc</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_L._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Turner (page does not exist)">James L. Turner</a> - <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Duke_Energy" title="Duke Energy">Duke Energy</a> Corporation</font></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Larry_L._Weyers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry L. Weyers (page does not exist)">Larry L. Weyers</a> - WPS Resources, Inc.</font></li>

</ul>

<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/Governance/BOD-Roster.pdf" class="external text" title="http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/Governance/BOD-Roster.pdf" rel="nofollow">Source</a> (pdf)</font>

<h2><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contact details</font></span></h2>

<h2><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Resources and articles</font></span></h2>

<h3><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related Sourcewatch articles</font></span></h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Carbon_Capture_and_Storage_in_the_United_States" title="Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States</font></a></li>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Phil_Sharp" title="Phil Sharp" class="mw-redirect">Phil Sharp</a> - former board member</font></li>

</ul>

<h3><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></span></h3>

 </font>

<h2><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External links</font></span></h2>

<ul>

<li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Geoff Johnson, "<a href="http://www.thegreenlife.org/blog/archives/000480.html" class="external text" title="http://www.thegreenlife.org/blog/archives/000480.html" rel="nofollow">Passing the buck doesn't pay for health care costs</a>", <i>The Green Life</i>, December 2, 2004.</font></li>

</ul>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Coal_Issues" title="Category:Coal Issues">Coal Issues</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Energy" title="Category:Energy">Energy</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Coal_lobby" title="Category:Coal lobby">Coal lobby</a></span></font></div>

</div>

<p align="left"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute</font></a>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>PALO ALTO, Calif. (April 17, 2012)</strong> – The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) announced effective today that Nicholas K. Akins, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of AEP, will chair the Board of Directors and Kimberly S. Greene, executive vice president and chief generation officer, at TVA will be the vice chair.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Akins was elected president of AEP in December 2010.  Previously, he had served as executive vice president - Generation from 2006-2010, responsible for AEP’s approximately 38,000 MW of generation resources and as president and chief operating officer for Southwestern Electric Power Company, an AEP operating-company subsidiary.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Prior to her current position, Greene was group president for strategy and external relations, leading several organizations responsible for TVA's strategic planning and external outreach. She has served as chief financial officer, executive vice president of financial services and chief risk officer.</font></p>

<p>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Board also announced that outgoing Board Chair Theodore F. Craver Jr., chairman, president and CEO of Edison International, will continue to serve on the Executive Committee. Additionally, the following individuals have been elected to the Board: Anthony F. Earley Jr., chairman, CEO, and president of PG&E Corporation; Benjamin G.S. Fowke III, chairman, CEO and president of Xcel; Craig S. Ivey, president of Con Ed; James H. Lash, president of FirstEnergy generation and chief nuclear officer; Tom Mitchell, president and CEO of Ontario Power Generation (Canada); and Brian Dames, CEO of Eskom (South Africa). William K. Drummond, deputy administrator of Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), has been selected to fill a permanent BPA seat.</font></p>

<p>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The guidance that Nick and Kim will provide, along with their keen belief that technology provides the best solution to meet the challenges faced by the industry, make them will suited to lead our Board,” said Michael W. Howard, EPRI president and CEO. “We are also privileged to have new members, all of whom have broad and deep industry experience join us as well.”</font></p>

<p>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>About EPRI

</strong>The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI, <a href="http://www.epri.com/">www.epri.com</a> ) conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. An independent, nonprofit organization, EPRI brings together its scientists and engineers as well as experts from academia and industry to help address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, health, safety and the environment. EPRI’s members represent more than 90 percent of the electricity generated and delivered in the United States, and international participation extends to 40 countries. EPRI’s principal offices and laboratories are located in<b> Palo Alto, Calif.; Charlotte, N.C.; Knoxville, Tenn.; and Lenox, Mass.</b></font></p>

Electric Pwr Res Inst EPRI

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