Electric Power Research Institute EPRI

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OOPS see duplicate</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/9/8/2121649/-Electric-utilities-join-Big-Oil-in-engaging-in-climate-dishonesty-campaigns-to-benefit-polluters">https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/9/8/2121649/-Electric-utilities-join-Big-Oil-in-engaging-in-climate-dishonesty-campaigns-to-benefit-polluters</a></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">no lnx gfx</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Electric utilities join Big Oil in engaging in climate dishonesty campaigns to benefit polluters</b></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">April Siese</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Daily Kos Staff</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Thursday September 08, 2022 </font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Findings from a new study, titled "The American electric utility industry's role in promoting climate denial, doubt, and delay" show that utility companies, trade associations, and front groups did their damnedest to downplay climate change over the past few decades.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">April Siese</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Daily Kos</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Big Oil isn’t the only industry using a nefarious playbook to keep profits up along with pollution, according to a new study in Environmental Research Letters. The study examines the ways that utility companies have </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">shifted their rhetoric from aligning with scientific findings to pushing doubt and denial from 1990 to 2000 to then calling for delayed action and shifting the blame to other industries rather than dealing with their own roles in the climate crisis.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>This includes electric companies like Entergy, Duke, and Dominion,</b> as well as trade organizations like the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and<b> Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)</b>. The tactics mirror much of the activity seen by the likes of Exxon and Chevron, the American Petroleum Institute, and faux coalitions set up by the fossil fuel industry. In fact, the electric utility sector draws a parallel in its game plan to some of Exxon’s own misdeeds, the study authors found.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>“After 2000, while EEI and EPRI no longer publicly doubted or denied climate change, these organizations continued to argue for delayed action,”</b> researchers wrote. “This rhetoric deflected focus onto other countries and sectors and uplifted approaches such as CCS that have proven unviable to date in the power sector, distracting attention from the energy transition. This shift from doubt to delay is the same pattern that was identified in ExxonMobil's communications”</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Since 2020, electric utilities have found “delay” tactics to be their favorite strategy, with researchers finding that “the 79 utilities that generated a majority of U.S. electricity from fossil fuels [only] pledged to retire a quarter of their coal generation by 2030, while proposing over 36 GW of new gas plants.” You can see these tactics in action with entities like the Midcontinent Independent System Operator’s insistence, which recently pushed the false claim that gas must continue flowing in order to generate any gaps in capacity created by retiring fossil fuel plants.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Big Oil, meanwhile, has moved onto a different strategy in its playbook. Oil and gas companies no longer push the so-called positive qualities of their energy sources but rather discuss just how seriously they take the climate crisis, though their actions wholly contradict that.<b> In a new InfluenceMap study, the watchdog found that BP, Chevron, Exxon, Shell, and TotalEnergies talked a big game about green initiatives.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In reality, none of those companies’ “forecasted oil production appears in line with the International Energy Agency's Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (as of Q4 2021), with several companies planning to increase oil and gas production between 2021 and 2026.” These companies are shelling out a cumulative $750 million annually to keep from reducing emissions. The utility industry operates similarly and has devoted more than $500 million to lobbying against renewables and climate policy over the past 20 years.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">lnx</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">b<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.125px;">ig Oil isn’t the only industry using a nefarious playbook to keep profits up along with pollution,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0.125px;"> </span><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ab3" target="blank" style="letter-spacing: 0.125px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">according to a new study in </a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.125px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ab3" target="blank" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Environmental Research Letters</a>. The study examines the ways that utility companies have shifted their rhetoric from aligning with scientific findings to pushing doubt and denial from 1990 to 2000 to then calling for delayed action and shifting the blame to other industries rather than dealing with their own roles in the climate crisis.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; letter-spacing: 0.125px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px;">This includes electric companies like Entergy, Duke, and Dominion, as well as trade organizations like the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).</span> The tactics mirror much of the activity seen by the likes of <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Exxon</a> and <a href="https://earthworks.org/blog/why-were-holding-chevron-accountable-for-its-greenwashing-campaigns/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Chevron</a>, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/19/big-oil-climate-crisis-lobby-group-api" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">American Petroleum Institute</a>, and <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/11/23/the-deception-continues-as-companies-hide-behind-fake-environmental-promises/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">faux coalitions</a> set up by the fossil fuel industry. In fact, the electric utility sector draws a parallel in its game plan to some of Exxon’s own misdeeds, the study authors found.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; letter-spacing: 0.125px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.125px;"><a href="https://influencemap.org/report/Big-Oil-s-Agenda-on-Climate-Change-2022-19585">https://influencemap.org/report/Big-Oil-s-Agenda-on-Climate-Change-2022-19585</a></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.2rem; line-height: 2rem; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 300;">Following up on InfluenceMap's 2019 edition of '</span>Big Oil's Real Agenda', this latest report compares and contrasts the public communications, business operations, and policy engagement of 5 'supermajor' oil companies: BP, Shell, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and TotalEnergies.</font></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Extensive analysis finds that the five supermajors are spending hundreds of millions of dollars each year on a systematic strategy to portray themselves as positive and proactive on the climate change emergency. This is found to be inconsistent with the companies' plans for capital investment in their business. It is also found to be misaligned from the detailed policy engagement activities of the companies and their industry associations on climate change.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Across 3,421 items of public communications materials from the five companies in 2021, 60% contained at least one green claim, while only 23% contained claims promoting oil and gas. Claims highlighting the companies' support of, or involvement with, efforts to transition the energy mix were by far the most popular type of green claim.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">None of the companies assessed disclosed the strategies that inform their public messaging on climate change, nor the resources dedicated to related activities. Using cost estimates based on the number of communications and media staff the companies employ, InfluenceMap’s analysis suggests that the companies are spending around $750 million each year cumulatively on climate-related communication activities</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In contrast, only 12% of the five companies' 2022 capital expenditure (CAPEX) is forecasted to be dedicated to 'low carbon' activities. </b>Additionally, none of the supermajors' forecasted oil production appears in line with the International Energy Agency's Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (as of Q4 2021), with several companies planning to increase oil and gas production between 2021 and 2026.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the same time, InfluenceMap found that none of the companies have aligned their climate policy engagement activities with the goals of the Paris Agreement, and retain a dense and global network of industry associations globally, which are highly active in their opposition to Paris Aligned climate policies</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The findings raise serious and persistent questions for regulators and the companies’ shareholders, as well as PR and advertising agencies, media, and social media platforms that work with the companies. It is noted that this analysis focuses on the companies’ main corporate communications channels and thus is focused on their North American/European communications. Future research will focus on how the companies communicate in the Global South.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; line-height: 1.5rem; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to the report, Integrated Climate Profiles detailing each companies' public communications strategies, policy engagement, and business operations can be downloaded from this page.</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">66 pp rept utilities knew //exxon</font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8l-rYonMke-NG5ONVZkZVVJMG8/view">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8l-rYonMke-NG5ONVZkZVVJMG8/view</a></font></p><p align="left"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Meet Chauncey Starr, one of the electric utility industry’s</b></font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>“merchants of doubt”</b></font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">On May 12, 1972, Dr. Chauncey Starr wrote to J.K. Horton and</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Shear on Harris to “outline some of my thoughts on the Electric</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Power Research Institute.” At the time, Horton was chairman</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">of Southern California Edison Company. Harris was CEO of</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Carolina Power & Light, which later became Progress Energy</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">and ultimately merged with Duke Energy in 2012, and he also</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">served at the time as chairman of the Edison Electric Institute.</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Harris “led the movement through EEI to have utilities fund an expanded research effort</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">by collecting a surcharge on each kilowatt-hour sold,” according to a Carolina Power &</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Light company history. The result of EEI’s effort was the Electric Power Research Institute</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">(EPRI). Harris also played a “key role” in the selection of Starr as the Electric Power</font></p><p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Research Institute’s founding president.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">sue teirney clinton doe</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>stanford jacobson hit:</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>LETTERS</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a id="letters" name="#letters" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/collection/letters" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Letters</strong></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> are brief online comments that allow readers to constructively address a difference of opinion with authors of a recent PNAS article. Readers may comment on exceptional studies or point out potential flaws in studies published in the journal. Letters may not include requests to cite the Letter writer's work, accusations of misconduct, or personal comments to an author. Letters are limited to 500 words and 10 references, and must be submitted within 6 months of the online publication date of the subject article. Unsolicited Letters are welcome.</span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Current Issue > vol. 113 no. 28 > John E. Bistline,  E3988, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1603072113</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">More than one arrow in the quiver: Why “100% renewables” misses the mark</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John E. Bistlinea,1 and Geoffrey J. Blanforda</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Author Affiliations</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Energy and Environmental Analysis<b>, Electric Power Research Institute, </b>Palo Alto, CA 94304</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ExtractFull TextAuthors & InfoMetricsRelated ContentPDF</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jacobson et al. (1) aim to demonstrate that an all-renewable energy system is technically feasible. Not only are the study’s conclusions based on strong assumptions and key methodological oversights, but its framing also omits the essential notion of trade-offs. A far more relevant question is how renewable energy technologies relate to the broader set of options for meeting long-term societal goals like managing climate change. Even if the goal were to maximize the deployment of renewable energy (and not decarbonization more generally), Jacobson et al. still fail to provide a satisfactory analysis by glossing over fundamental implications of the technical and economic dimensions of intermittency. We briefly highlight two prominent examples, and then return to the question of framing.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">First, the paper’s “no load loss” assertion is predicated on the large-scale availability of energy storage, demand response, and unconstrained transmission to handle periods of supply surpluses and shortfalls. Its assumptions about the cost and reliability of intertemporal demand flexibility within and across sectors, as well as the electrification of end-use demand, are particularly aggressive. The potential scale and scope of these novel technologies remain highly uncertain and speculative, and the narrow confidence intervals presented in Jacobson et al. (1) do not reflect the full range of possible outcomes.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Second, the paper does not account for the regional provision of resource adequacy (i.e., market clearing with spatial heterogeneity) in its reliability results—indeed, the analysis is conducted at the national level. Although geographic smoothing can ameliorate some balancing challenges, seasonal and diurnal variability of wind and solar output cannot be managed through offsetting spatial variability alone. Moreover, these effects require data that reflect renewable output simultaneously with load in each hour of a given year, yet Jacobson et al. (1) use different, nonsynchronous datasets. Consequently, their analysis preserves neither joint temporal nor spatial variability between intermittent resources and demand, which are among the main drivers of decreasing returns to scale for renewable energy (2).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is an emerging literature on integrated modeling of long-term capacity planning with high-temporal-resolution operational detail that effectively incorporates such economic drivers (e.g., ref. 3). By contrast, Jacobson et al. (1) use a “grid integration model” in which investment and energy system transformations are not subject to economic considerations. The resulting renewable-dominated capacity mix is inconsistent with the wide range of optimal deep decarbonization pathways projected in model intercomparison exercises (e.g., refs. 4 and 5) in which the contribution of renewable energy is traded off in economic terms against other low-carbon options.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jacobson et al. (1) underscore how balancing and fleet flexibility will be important elements of power system design, and that electrification of other demand sectors is a promising option. However, the study underestimates many of the technical challenges associated with the world it envisions, and fails to establish an appropriate economic context. Every low-carbon energy technology presents unique technical, economic, and legal challenges. Evaluating these trade-offs within a consistent decision framework is essential. Such analyses consistently demonstrate that a broad research, development, and deployment portfolio across supply- and demand-side technologies is the best way to ensure a safe, reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible future energy system.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Next Section</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Acknowledgments</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The views expressed in this letter are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) or its members.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Previous Section</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Next Section</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Footnotes</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jbistline@epri.com.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Author contributions: J.E.B. and G.J.B. wrote the paper.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Previous Section</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">? Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Cameron MA, Frew BA (2015) Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(49):15060–15065.. Abstract/FREE Full Text</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">? Hirth L (2013) The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar wind power variability on their relative price. Energy Econ 38:218–236.. CrossRefGoogle Scholar</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">? Blanford GJ, Merrick JH, Young D (2014) A clean energy standard analysis with the US-REGEN model. Energy J 35(SI1):137–164.. Google Scholar</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">? Clarke LE, et al. (2014) Assessing transformation pathways. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed Edenhofer O, et al. (Cambridge Univ Press, New York), pp 413–510.. Google Scholar</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">? Clarke LE, et al. (2014) Technology and U.S. emissions reductions goals: Results of the EMF 24 modeling exercise. Energy J 35(SI1):9–31.. Google Scholar</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div>Research Staff</div><div>
</div><div>John Bistline</div><div>Senior Technical Leader</div><div>John Bistline</div><div>Email: Jbistline@epri.com</div><div>Dr. John Bistline is a Senior Technical Leader in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). His research analyzes the economic and environmental effects of policy and technological development to inform energy systems planning and company strategy. Dr. Bistline's current research activities examine renewable integration, climate risk management, electrification, and the impacts of federal and state climate policies.</div><div>
</div><div>Before joining EPRI, he worked for the Energy Modeling Forum and the Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance at Stanford University. His dissertation focused on uncertainty analysis in the electric power sector and investigated questions related to capacity planning and R&D portfolio management. He also worked on projects in areas of climate policy, technological change, uncertainty quantification, and risk assessment.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Bistline earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering and Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering, and a doctorate in Management Science and Engineering from Stanford University.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Bistline, J. E., 2016. Energy Technology R&D Portfolio Management: Modeling Uncertain Returns and Market Di?usion. Applied Energy, 183: 1181–1196.</div><div>Bistline, J. E. and G. J. Blanford, 2016. More than One Arrow in the Quiver: Why "100% Renewables" Misses the Mark. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(28): E3988.</div><div>Young, D., V. Niemeyer, and J. E. Bistline, 2016. Understanding Clean Power Plan Choices in Michigan: Options and Uncertainties. EPRI Report 3002009036.</div><div>Geoffrey J. Blanford</div><div>Technical Executive</div><div>Geoffrey J. Blanford</div><div>Email: gblanford@epri.com</div><div>Dr. Geoffrey J. Blanford is a leading expert on integrated assessment and energy economy modeling and a Technical Executive with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group.</div><div>
</div><div>His research activities include development of analytical tools such as the MERGE and the US-REGEN models with applications, including international climate policy, electricity markets, and decision-making under uncertainty.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Blanford was a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report and serves as co-director of the International Energy Workshop (IEW). He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics from Yale University, a Master of Science degree in Operations Research from Columbia University, and a doctorate in Management Science and Engineering from Stanford University.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Bistline, J.E. and G.J. Blanford, 2016. More than one arrow in the quiver: Why "100% Renewables" misses the mark. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</div><div>Blanford, G.J, J.H. Merrick, and D. Young, 2014. A Clean Energy Standard Analysis with the US-REGEN Model. The Energy Journal 35, pp 137-164,</div><div>Blanford, G.J, E. Kriegler, and M. Tavoni, 2014. Harmonization vs. Fragmentation: An Overview of Climate Policy Scenarios in EMF27. Climatic Change 123, pp 383-396.</div><div>Francisco C. de la Chesnaye</div><div>Senior Program Manager</div><div>Francisco C. de la Chesnaye</div><div>Email: fdelachesnaye@epri.com</div><div>Dr. Francisco C. de la Chesnaye is the Senior Program Manager for the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). His current research portfolio covers both domestic and international climate change issues. On domestic issues, his work focuses on modeling of the U.S. energy system, in particular the electric power sector, to evaluate the possible transformation of the system under alternative policies. On international issues, Dr. de la Chesnaye's work focuses on analyzing post-2012 global climate change policies. In addition to his research at EPRI, Dr. de la Chesnaye has served on various external expert panels, including EPA’s Scientific Advisory Board panel on Economy-Wide Modeling, 2015-2017; lead author on the 2014 U.S. Climate Assessment’s Mitigation chapter; National Academies of Sciences report that evaluated the "Effects of Provisions in the Internal Revenue Code on U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions" in 2013; National Academies Panel 2010 report titled "Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change"; and a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report in 2017.</div><div>
</div><div>Prior to joining EPRI, Dr. de la Chesnaye was the Chief Climate Economist at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. de la Chesnaye earned a bachelor’s degree in Economics from Norwich University, the Military College of Vermont, a master’s degree in Environmental Science from Johns Hopkins University, a master’s degree in Economics from American University, and a doctorate in Public Policy from the University of Maryland.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Bistline, J. E. and F. de la Chesnaye, 2016. Where Has "When" Flexibility Gone?: The Role of Temporal Flexibility in Achieving Greenhouse Gas Abatement Goals. EPRI Report 3002007497.</div><div>Strasser, A., M.J. Myers, P. Parenteau, H.R. Smith, S. Spina, and F. de la Chesnaye, 2015. "The Legal Implications of EPA’s Clean Power Plant Rulemaking", Energy Symposium Proceedings. Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, Book 2, Volume 17</div><div>Murray, Brian C, Maureen L. Cropper, Francisco C. de la Chesnaye, and John M. Reilly, 2014. How Effective are US Renewable Energy Subsidies in Cutting Greenhouse Gases? American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 2014, 104(5): 1–8</div><div>Adam Diamant</div><div>Technical Executive</div><div>Adam Diamant</div><div>Email: adiamant@epri.com</div><div>Resume</div><div>Adam Diamant is a Technical Executive in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Mr. Diamant manages EPRI's Integrated Portfolio Planning and Market Analysis program, and its Natural Gas Interest Group. Mr. Diamant also manages EPRI’s Electric Generation Expansion Analysis (EGEAS) software used widely to conduct production cost and capacity expansion modeling in the United States and internationally. He also provides analytic support for EPRI's climate change related research programs.</div><div>
</div><div>Mr. Diamant's research focuses on the interactions between natural gas and coal markets and electricity markets, and key emerging issues in long-term, integrated resource planning for electric companies. His climate-related research focuses on the development of international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading and GHG emissions offsets programs. His research develops information and improves analytic methods that electric companies and others can use to make strategic decisions in response to the ongoing evolution of fuel and electric power markets and climate policies. Mr. Diamant formerly was a Project Manager at EPRI Solutions, Inc.—EPRI's application consulting subsidiary—where he managed ecological asset management projects.</div><div>
</div><div>He has worked in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the Executive Office of the President of the United States, where he was responsible for oversight of all of the regulatory programs of the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Forest Service. Mr. Diamant earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley and a master’s degree in Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He has received several professional awards recognizing his outstanding performance at OMB and EPRI, and he is a past recipient of a Presidential Management Internship.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Diamant, A., Young, D., and Wan, Y., 2016. REGEN Scenarios Analysis: Understanding Key Factors That May Impact Future Electricity Generation, EPRI Report 3002005839.</div><div>Diamant, A., Young, D., Holmes C., Pabi, S., and Bistline, J., 2016. Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Associated with Large-Scale End-Use Energy Efficiency Projects, EPRI Report 3002005589.</div><div>Kahrl, F., Ryan, N. and Diamant, A, 2015. Integrating Distributed Energy Resources into Electricity Resource Planning: Current Practices and Emerging Issues. EPRI Report 3002005838.</div><div>Delavane Diaz</div><div>Senior Technical Leader</div><div>Delavane Diaz</div><div>Email: ddiaz@epri.com</div><div>Dr. Delavane Diaz is a Senior Technical Leader in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) where her research focuses on the implications of climate and energy policy on the electric sector, resiliency and risk management strategies, and the social cost of carbon.</div><div>
</div><div>She recently returned to EPRI from pursuing her doctorate at Stanford University, where she worked as a research assistant for the Energy Modeling Forum. Her dissertation examined the representation of climate impacts, adaptation, and mitigation technology costs in integrated assessment models, with a focus on coastal vulnerability and sea level rise. Before joining EPRI, she served as an Air Force acquisitions officer, working on a space surveillance radar program at Hanscom AFB in Massachusetts.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Diaz is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in Astronautical Engineering and earned a Master of Science degree in Environmental Change and Management at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. She also earned a doctorate in Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Diaz, Delavane, 2016. Estimating global damages from sea level rise with the Coastal Impact and Adaptation Model (CIAM). Climatic Change: 137: 143-156.</div><div>Diaz, Delavane, and K Keller. 2016. "A potential disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Implications for economic analyses of climate policy." American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 106 (5): 607-611.</div><div>Blanford, Geoffrey, Delavane Diaz, Richard Richels, Steven Rose, Thomas Rutherford, 2015. CO2 Mitigation for Climate Risk Management. EPRI Report 3002005831.</div><div>Sydney Duarte</div><div>Project Operations Coordinator</div><div>Sydney Duarte</div><div>Email: sduarte@epri.com</div><div>Sydney Duarte is a Project Operations Coordinator for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) providing direct support to the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group. She focuses on business support for multiple R&D projects and also supports the EPRI’s sustainability, electromagnetic fields, radio-frequency health assessment, and safety programs. Prior to joining the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group, Ms. Duarte worked on research projects related to Nondestructive Evaluation and Performance Demonstration Initiative in EPRI’s Nuclear Sector.</div><div>
</div><div>William F. Gould</div><div>Director, Strategic Analysis, Safety, and Sustainability</div><div>William F. Gould</div><div>Email: WGould@epri.com</div><div>William F. Gould is Director of Strategic Analysis, Safety, and Sustainability at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), where he leads EPRI’s Energy and Environmental Analysis Group a team of nationally and globally renowned engineers, scientists, and economists. This team provides thought leadership, insights, and analyses on a wide range of energy and environmental issues.</div><div>
</div><div>Prior to joining EPRI, Mr. Gould was the Large Business Market Manager for New Jersey-based Public Service Electric & Gas Company, where he directed activities associated with varied needs of the utility’s 2,500 top electricity users. He began his career at Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., where he managed the Enlightened Energy program, a commercial and industrial energy efficiency program.</div><div>
</div><div>Mr. Gould has been an adjunct professor for Lehigh University's Energy Systems Engineering graduate program since 2009 where he teaches the Energy Generation course. Mr. Gould earned a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University and a master's in Energy Management from the New York Institute of Technology, where he earned the Energy Management award for excellence in the field.</div><div>
</div><div>Clarence Lyons</div><div>Senior Technical Leader</div><div>Clarence Lyons</div><div>Email: clyons@epri.com</div><div>Clarence Lyons is a Senior Technical Leader at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). He leads EPRI's Engineering and Economic Guide for Power System and Storage Technologies program that is dedicated to developing current and projected cost and performance data for power generation and storage resources to support utility planning functions. The program provides critical assessments of current and emerging technologies. In this role, Mr. Lyons collaborates with technical experts to synthesize and integrate credible and consistent cost and performance information on conventional and advanced power generation and storage technologies.</div><div>
</div><div>Before joining EPRI, Mr. Lyons worked as a Lead Project Engineer at Southern Company where he managed multiple conceptual phase coal to biomass conversion projects, including developing detailed technical modifications and project cost estimates. Prior to that, he worked in various capacities supporting strategy development and project execution for environment compliance projects.</div><div>
</div><div>Mr. Lyons earned a bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Alabama, master’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Alabama-Birmingham, and a certificate in Construction Management from The University of Alabama-Birmingham. He is also a graduate of the E4 Carolinas Energy Leadership program</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Maxson, A., Booras, G., Dillan, D., Lyons, C., Minear, E., ter Schure, A., and others, 2016. Technical Assessment Guide (TAG) for Power Generation and Storage Technologies: 2016 Topics. EPRI Report 3002008947.</div><div>Goldstein, H., Gogineni, B., Myhre, R., Lyons, C, 2015., Technical Assessment Guide (TAG) for Power Generation and Storage Technology Options: 2015 Topics. EPRI Report 3002006280.</div><div>Technical Assessment Guide (TAG©) for Power Generation and Storage Technologies. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2016. 3002008947.</div><div>Steven Rose</div><div>Technical Executive</div><div>Steven Rose</div><div>Email: srose@epri.com</div><div>Resume</div><div>Dr. Steve Rose is a Senior Research Economist and Technical Executive in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). His research focuses on long-term modeling of energy systems and climate change drivers, mitigation, and potential risks. Dr. Rose serves on the U.S. National Academy of Sciences’ committee on modeling the social cost of carbon, the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program Carbon Cycle Scientific Steering Group, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Science Advisory Board panel on Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Biogenic Sources. He also co-chairs the bioenergy modeling subgroup of Stanford University’s Energy Modeling Forum.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Rose’s was a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth and Fourth Assessment Reports, and the U.S. National Climate Assessment. His research and publications include long-run climate management strategy and policy design, climate change risks and responses, the marginal costs of climate change, mitigation institutions, investment risks and incentives, and the role of bioenergy and land use in long-term climate management, including the economics of REDD+ and agricultural productivity.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Rose earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a doctorate in Economics from Cornell University.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Rose, S and J. Bistline, 2016. Applying the Social Cost of Carbon: Technical Considerations. EPRI Report 3002004659.</div><div>Rose, S., 2016. Estimating Benefits of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Public Utilities Fortnightly (August): 52-55.</div><div>Expert Committee Member, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016. Assessment of Approaches to Updating the Social Cost of Carbon: Phase 1 Report on a Near-Term Update. Committee on Assessing Approaches to Updating the Social Cost of Carbon, Board on Environmental Change and Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21898.</div><div>Thomas F. Wilson</div><div>Senior Technical Executive</div><div>Thomas F. Wilson</div><div>Email: twilson@epri.com</div><div>Dr. Thomas Wilson is a Senior Technical Executive in Strategic Analysis, Safety, and Sustainability at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). His research activities focus on a variety of climate-related issues: costs of alternative policies and the role of technology R&D in potentially reducing these costs, exploring mechanisms for allowing flexibility in domestic and international climate policies and their interactions with regulatory approaches, and providing information and methods to help electric utilities make decisions in the face of climate policy uncertainty.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Wilson joined EPRI in as a Project Manager in the Risk Analysis program in the Environment Sector, where his activities focused on risk management for a variety of environmental issues (e.g., global climate change, acidic deposition, electromagnetic fields, air toxics, and non-combustion wastes), and decision support methodologies (e.g., technology choice, siting, and making decisions involving multiple objectives and multiple stakeholders).</div><div>
</div><div>Before joining EPRI, Dr. Wilson worked at ICF Incorporated, Stanford's Energy Modeling Forum and International Energy Program, and Brookhaven National Laboratory. He earned a bachelor’s degree in Statistics from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and master’s and doctoral degrees in Operations Research from Stanford University.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Rose, S.K. D. Turner, G. Blanford, J. Bistline, F. de la Chesnaye, and T. Wilson, 2014. Understanding the Social Cost of Carbon: A Technical Assessment. EPRI Report 3002004657.</div><div>Hibbard, K., Wilson, T. Averyt, K. Harriss, R., Newmark, R., Rose, S., Shevliakova, E., Tidwell, V., 2014: Ch. 10: Energy, Water, and Land Use. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program.</div><div>Contributing Author, 2014. Drivers, Trends and Mitigation (Chapter 5), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Fifth Assessment Report, Mitigation Working Group (Working Group III), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.</div><div>David Young</div><div>Principal Technical Leader</div><div>David Young</div><div>Email: dyoung@epri.com</div><div>Dr. David Young is a Principal Technical Leader in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) where he manages the Analysis of Environmental Policy Design, Implementation, and Company Strategy Programs. The program helps energy companies assess the impacts of climate policy on business and compliance strategies, understand the benefits and risks of new technologies, and assess the impacts of climate policy at state and regional levels. Dr. Young also supports EPRI's US-REGEN energy-economy model.</div><div>
</div><div>Before joining EPRI, Dr. Young was a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Auckland Business School Energy Centre. His work there focused on designing and programing an agent-based simulation model of the New Zealand wholesale electricity market to understand market behavioral changes in response to the increasing use of intermittent generation.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Young earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics and Mathematics from the University of Canterbury and Master of Science and doctoral degrees in Social Science/Economics from the California Institute of Technology.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Downward, A., Young, D., and Zakeri, Z., 2016. "Electricity Retail Contracting Under Risk-Aversion", European Journal of Operations Research.</div><div>Blanford, G., Merrick, J., and Young, D., 2014. "A Clean Energy Standard Analysis with the US-REGEN Model", The Energy Journal.</div><div>Young, D., Browne, O., and Poletti, S., 2014. "Can Agent-Based Models Forecast Spot Prices in Electricity Markets? Evidence from the New Zealand Electricity Market", Energy Economics.</div><div>Nidhi R. Santen</div><div>Senior Technical Leader</div><div>Nidhi R. Santen</div><div>Email: nsanten@epri.com</div><div>Dr. Nidhi R. Santen is a Senior Technical Leader in the Energy and Environmental Analysis Research Group at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Her research areas include electricity sector resource planning, investment decision-making under uncertainty, and the impact of environmental and technology policies on the evolution of the power system. Before joining EPRI, Dr. Santen worked for the MIT Energy Initiative, where she focused on low-carbon electricity infrastructure planning; electricity market design; and hybrid modeling to link economy-wide modeling tools with engineering-based power system modeling tools. Dr. Santen also pursued a postdoctoral research fellowship with the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, where she improved how uncertainty and technology change are represented within energy planning models.</div><div>
</div><div>Dr. Santen also worked as a consultant with the Cambridge, Massachusetts-based electricity planning and environmental policy consulting firm, Synapse Energy Economics; a research consultant for the National Academy of Sciences; an environmental analyst in the Air Permits Section of CPS Energy of San Antonio, Texas; and as either a staff member or research intern in a range of non-profit energy and environmental organizations in Texas and Washington, D.C.,</div><div>
</div><div>She holds a Bachelor of Arts with highest distinction in Geography from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; a joint Master of Public Affairs/Master of Environmental Science in Atmospheric Science and Environmental Policy from Indiana University-Bloomington; and a doctorate in Engineering Systems from MIT.</div><div>
</div><div>Recent Publications</div><div>
</div><div>Santen, N.R., Webster, M.D., Popp, D., and Perez-Arriaga, I., 2017. "Inter-temporal R&D and capital investment portfolios for the electricity industry’s low carbon future." The Energy Journal Vol. 38(5).</div><div>Webster, M., Fisher-Vanden, K., Popp, D., and Santen, N., 2017. "Should we give up after Solyndra? Optimal technology R&D portfolios under uncertainty." Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. (forthcoming)</div><div>Santen, N.R. and Diaz Anadon, L., 2016. "Balancing solar PV deployment and RD&D: A comprehensive framework for managing innovation uncertainty in electricity technology investment planning." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60: 560-569.</div><div>=</div></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font>

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute</font></a>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Electric Power Research Institute</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(EPRI) was formally established in 1973 as a nonprofit organization "to manage a broad public-private collaborative research program on behalf of the electric utility industry, the industry's customers, and society at large."<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.epri.com/corporate/discover_epri/epri_facts/index.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></p>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h2>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Personnel" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a>

</font><ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left;">

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Staff" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">Staff</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Directors_2006" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">Directors 2006</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Contact_details" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">Contact details</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Resources_and_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">Resources and articles</span></a>

</font><ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left;">

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Related_Sourcewatch_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">Related Sourcewatch articles</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#References" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">External links</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Personnel</font></span></h2>

<h3 style="background-image: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Staff"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Staff</font></span></h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jeffrey_N._Phillips" title="Jeffrey N. Phillips" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jeffrey N. Phillips</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Senior Program Manager with responsibility for<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Carbon_Capture_and_Storage" title="Carbon Capture and Storage" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Carbon Capture and Storage</a></font></li>

</ul>

<h3 style="background-image: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Directors_2006"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Directors 2006</font></span></h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeffry_E._Sterba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffry E. Sterba (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jeffry E. Sterba</a>, Chairman PNM Resources, Inc.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_W._Fri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Fri (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Robert W. Fri</a>, Vice Chairman Resources for the Future</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Anthony_J._Ahern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony J. Ahern (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Anthony J. Ahern</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Buckeye Power, Inc.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jesse_H._Ausubel" title="Jesse H. Ausubel" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Jesse H. Ausubel</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- The Rockefeller University</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Yves_Bamberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Bamberger (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Yves Bamberger</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Electricité de France</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/W._Paul_Bowers" title="W. Paul Bowers" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">W. Paul Bowers</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Southern Company</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nicholas_A._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas A. Brown (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Nicholas A. Brown</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Southwest Power Pool, Inc.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kevin_Burke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Burke (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Kevin Burke</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_J._Chesser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Chesser (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Michael J. Chesser</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Great Plains Energy</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Phyllis_E._Currie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllis E. Currie (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Phyllis E. Currie</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Pasadena Water & Power Department</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_H._Dworkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael H. Dworkin (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Michael H. Dworkin</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Michael_S._Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Greene (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Michael S. Greene</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- TXU Power</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_R._Grigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard R. Grigg (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Richard R. Grigg</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- FirstEnergy Services Company</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Takuya_Hattori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takuya Hattori (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Takuya Hattori</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Tokyo Electric Power Company</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Steven_G._Hickok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven G. Hickok (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Steven G. Hickok</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Bonneville Power Administration</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_C._Hintz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald C. Hintz (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Donald C. Hintz</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Entergy" title="Entergy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Entergy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Corporation (Ret.)</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Seth_D._Hulkower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seth D. Hulkower (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Seth D. Hulkower</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Long Island Power Authority</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ralph_Izzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Izzo (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Ralph Izzo</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Public Service Electric & Gas Company</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kathryn_J._Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathryn J. Jackson (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Kathryn J. Jackson</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Tennessee Valley Authority</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Karen_Y._Knutson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Y. Knutson (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Karen Y. Knutson</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Business Software Alliance</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Stephen_J._Lennon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen J. Lennon (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Stephen J. Lennon</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- ESKOM</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_H._Miller" title="James H. Miller" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">James H. Miller</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- PPL Corporation</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_E._Moore" title="Steven E. Moore" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Steven E. Moore</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Oklahoma Gas & Electric</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_P._Powers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert P. Powers (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Robert P. Powers</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- American Electric Power Company</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Walter_R._Quanstrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter R. Quanstrom (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Walter R. Quanstrom</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/BP" title="BP" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">BP</a>, plc (Ret.)</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mark_T._Savoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark T. Savoff (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Mark T. Savoff</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Entergy" title="Entergy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Entergy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Corporation</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=J.M._Shafer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.M. Shafer (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">J.M. Shafer</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association, Inc.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Charles_W._Shivery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Shivery (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Charles W. Shivery</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Northeast Utilities</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_H._Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Silverman (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Richard H. Silverman</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Salt River Project</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Gary_L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary L. Smith (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Gary L. Smith</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Alabama Electric Cooperative, Inc</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_L._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Turner (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">James L. Turner</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Duke_Energy" title="Duke Energy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Duke Energy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Corporation</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Larry_L._Weyers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry L. Weyers (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Larry L. Weyers</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- WPS Resources, Inc.</font></li>

</ul>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/Governance/BOD-Roster.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaae5jrefuef5lykekgdambdf="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF" es="Es" qkiosicburxizjoozohmwex6gwmkcei="QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI" oqc2c1fnvnf2ejlqyu0tlk2njy6f="Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f" l8v12ti7uhffgdj19b58ewxuqkaaaaabjru5erkjggg="=" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Source</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(pdf)</font></p>

<h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact_details"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contact details</font></span></h2>

<h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resources_and_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Resources and articles</font></span></h2>

<h3 style="background-image: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Sourcewatch_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related Sourcewatch articles</font></span></h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Carbon_Capture_and_Storage_in_the_United_States" title="Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Phil_Sharp" title="Phil Sharp" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Phil Sharp</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- former board member</font></li>

</ul>

<h3 style="background-image: none; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></span></h3>

 </font></p>

<h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External links</font></span></h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Geoff Johnson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreenlife.org/blog/archives/000480.html" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Passing the buck doesn't pay for health care costs</a>",<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The Green Life</i>, December 2, 2004.</font></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Categories</a>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>

</font><ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

</font><li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Coal_Issues" title="Category:Coal Issues" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Coal Issues</a></font></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Energy" title="Category:Energy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Energy</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Coal_lobby" title="Category:Coal lobby" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Coal lobby</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki</font></p><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EPRI is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">nonprofit organization</a> funded by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">electric utility</a> industry, founded in 1972 and headquartered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,California" title="Palo Alto, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Palo Alto, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> EPRI is primarily a US-based organization, but receives international participation. EPRI's research covers different aspects of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric power generation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">electric power generation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">delivery</a> and its use.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Renewable_energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Renewable energy</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#Coal-fired_energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Coal-fired energy</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Northeast blackout of 1965</a>, the Senate held hearings in the early 1970s about the lack of research supporting the power industry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup> All sectors of the U.S. electricity industry pooled their funds to begin an industry-wide collaborative research program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> EPRI was established, as a response, in 1972 as the Electric Power Research Institute. Created as an independent, nonprofit organization designed to manage a broad public-private collaborative research program on behalf of the electric utility industry, the industry’s customers, and society at large. EPRI’s creation was a recognition of the impact of electricity on modern life.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The institute's research and development program spans every aspect of generation, environmental protection, power delivery, retail use, and power markets. EPRI provides services to more than 1000 energy-related organizations in 40 countries. It has more than 900 patents to its credit.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EPRI laid the groundwork in the 1970s for the use of power electronics in the utility system, sometimes known as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems), established the largest electric and magnetic fields health program in the world and has played a role in resolving scientific questions concerning potential links to cancer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> EPRI is in the Advisory Council of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHEV_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PHEV Research Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PHEV Research Center</a> and created the world’s largest center for nondestructive testing, used first for nuclear inspection and now increasingly for internal diagnostics of fossil power plants and industrial systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey_Starr" title="Chauncey Starr" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chauncey Starr</a> was the founding president of EPRI.</font></p><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renewable energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to its 2017 Annual Research Portfolio, EPRI's research and development for renewable energy includes several key areas: Environment Sector research addresses environmental characteristics of renewables, such as impacts to threatened and endangered species, and issues associated with waterpower, renewable integration<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup>, air quality and land use. Typically such research is integrated into existing programs related to air land and water, with a focus on minimizing impacts and mitigating barriers to renewable energy development. The institute's Generation Sector conducts research that quantifies cost, technical performance and reliability of utility-scale renewable generation. Findings can be used to inform utility planning, generation fleet management and operations and maintenance (O&M). With respect to O&M research can include a focus on improving various aspects, including developing new technologies and materials. Within the renewables portfolio, EPRI focuses on wind, solar and hydropower. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup> The research portfolio website is at this URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.epri.com/Our-Portfolio/Pages/Default.aspx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://www.epri.com/Our-Portfolio/Pages/Default.aspx</a></font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Coal-fired_energy">Coal-fired energy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coal-fired energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2010, EPRI was part of a team to be awarded with Power Engineering magazine’s 2010 Coal-Fired Project of the Year. The project, “DryFining,” created a new technology for coal-firing power plants that improves fuel quality, decreases volatile gas emissions, and reduces a plant’s operating expenses and maintenance costs. The team was led by electric service provider <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_River_Energy" title="Great River Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great River Energy</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Grove,Minnesota" title="Maple Grove, Minnesota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maple Grove, Minnesota</a>, and also included fluid bed dryer engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyl%26_Patterson_Inc." title="Heyl & Patterson Inc." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Heyl & Patterson Inc.</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Department of Energy’s</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Energy_Technology_Laboratory" title="National Energy Technology Laboratory" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Energy Technology Laboratory</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lehigh University’s</a> Energy Research Center and engineering construction contractor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorleyParsons" title="WorleyParsons" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WorleyParsons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Power-Gen_Worldwide_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_note-Power-Gen_Worldwide-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOREM" title="NOREM" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">NOREM</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Power_Research_Institute" title="Central Power Research Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Central Power Research Institute</font></a></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_Power_Research_Institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1664082" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek"</a>. <i>www.bloomberg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2016-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+Power+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Electric+Power+Research+Institute%2C+Inc.%3A+Private+Company+Information+-+Businessweek&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D1664082&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/EPRI_Journal/2012-Summer/1025689_Blackout.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word">http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/EPRI_Journal/2012-Summer/1025689_Blackout.pdf</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.epri.com/search/Pages/results.aspx?k=patents&r=mptabresults%3AARABUmVzZWFyY2ggUmVzdWx0cwxtcHRhYnJlc3VsdHMBAl4iAiIk,mplevel1name%3AAQpHZW5lcmF0aW9uDG1wbGV2ZWwxbmFtZQEBXgEk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" word-wrap="word-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://www.epri.com/search/Pages/results.aspx?k=patents&r=mptabresults%3AARABUmVzZWFyY2ggUmVzdWx0cwxtcHRhYnJlc3VsdHMBAl4iAiIk,mplevel1name%3AAQpHZW5lcmF0aW9uDG1wbGV2ZWwxbmFtZQEBXgEk</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Saleh, M.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Brandauer, W.; Mohamed, A. (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7731870/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Design and implementation of CCNY DC microgrid testbed"</a>. <i>2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting</i>: 1–7. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIAS.2016.7731870" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">10.1109/IAS.2016.7731870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+Power+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Design+and+implementation+of+CCNY+DC+microgrid+testbed&rft.au=Brandauer%2C+W.&rft.au=Esa%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mhandi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+A.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Saleh&rft.date=2016-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2016+IEEE+Industry+Applications+Society+Annual+Meeting&rft.pages=1-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fabstract%2Fdocument%2F7731870%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIAS.2016.7731870&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Saleh, M. S.; Althaibani, A.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Mohamed, A. A. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7454295/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts"</a>. <i>2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE)</i>: 195–200. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSGCE.2015.7454295" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">10.1109/ICSGCE.2015.7454295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+Power+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Impact+of+clustering+microgrids+on+their+stability+and+resilience+during+blackouts&rft.au=Althaibani%2C+A.&rft.au=Esa%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mhandi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+A.+A.&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.aulast=Saleh&rft.date=2015-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2015+International+Conference+on+Smart+Grid+and+Clean+Energy+Technologies+%28ICSGCE%29&rft.pages=195-200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7454295%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICSGCE.2015.7454295&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text">2017 Research Portfolio, EPRI Publication 3002008820</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Power-Gen_Worldwide-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute#cite_ref-Power-Gen_Worldwide_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Morris, Lindsay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennenergy.com/index/power/display/6810815262/articles/powergenworldwide/Business/contracts-and-projects/2010/12/projects-of-the-year.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Power Engineering Names Projects of the Year"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-Gen_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-Gen Worldwide" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Power-Gen Worldwide</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennwell_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennwell Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pennwell Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+Power+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Power+Engineering+Names+Projects+of+the+Year&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Power-Gen+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennenergy.com%2Findex%2Fpower%2Fdisplay%2F6810815262%2Farticles%2Fpowergenworldwide%2FBusiness%2Fcontracts-and-projects%2F2010%2F12%2Fprojects-of-the-year.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; 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display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">(2005)</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act" title="Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidies#Allocation_of_subsidies_in_the_United_States" title="Energy subsidies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Energy subsidies</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Federal Power Act</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate" title="United States offshore drilling debate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Offshore drilling debate</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Renewable portfolio standard</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Secretary of Energy</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_law#United_States" title="Energy law" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Energy law of the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_energy_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="North American energy independence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">North American energy independence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 143.375px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Energy by state</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1180px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Arkansas" title="Energy in Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Arkansas</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_California" title="Energy in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">California</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hawaii</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Ohio" title="Energy in Ohio" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Ohio</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Oregon" title="Energy in Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Oregon</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Vermont" title="Energy in Vermont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Vermont</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 143.375px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sources</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1180px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup navbox-spacing-temp" style="width: 1180px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(230, 230, 255); width: 80.375px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Material</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1073px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_States" title="Biofuel in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Biofuel</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Coal</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Geothermal</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hydroelectric</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Nuclear</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Petroleum</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Renewable</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(230, 230, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 80.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Solar by state</font></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1073px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alabama" title="Solar power in Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Alabama</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alaska" title="Solar power in Alaska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Alaska</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arizona" title="Solar power in Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Arizona</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arkansas" title="Solar power in Arkansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Arkansas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_California" title="Solar power in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">California</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Colorado" title="Solar power in Colorado" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Colorado</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Connecticut" title="Solar power in Connecticut" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Connecticut</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Delaware" title="Solar power in Delaware" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Delaware</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Florida" title="Solar power in Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Florida</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Georgia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Georgia</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Hawaii" title="Solar power in Hawaii" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hawaii</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Idaho" title="Solar power in Idaho" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Idaho</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Illinois" title="Solar power in Illinois" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Illinois</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Indiana" title="Solar power in Indiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Indiana</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Iowa" title="Solar power in Iowa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Iowa</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kansas" title="Solar power in Kansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Kansas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kentucky" title="Solar power in Kentucky" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Kentucky</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Louisiana" title="Solar power in Louisiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Louisiana</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maine" title="Solar power in Maine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Maine</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maryland" title="Solar power in Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Maryland</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Solar power in Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Massachusetts</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Michigan" title="Solar power in Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Michigan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Minnesota" title="Solar power in Minnesota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Minnesota</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mississippi" title="Solar power in Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Mississippi</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Missouri" title="Solar power in Missouri" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Missouri</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Montana" title="Solar power in Montana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Montana</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nebraska" title="Solar power in Nebraska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Nebraska</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nevada" title="Solar power in Nevada" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Nevada</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Solar power in New Hampshire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New Hampshire</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Solar power in New Jersey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New Jersey</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Solar power in New Mexico" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New Mexico</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_York" title="Solar power in New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New York</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Solar power in North Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">North Carolina</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Solar power in North Dakota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">North Dakota</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Ohio" title="Solar power in Ohio" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Ohio</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Solar power in Oklahoma" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Oklahoma</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oregon" title="Solar power in Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Oregon</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Solar power in Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Pennsylvania</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Solar power in Rhode Island" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Rhode Island</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Carolina" title="Solar power in South Carolina" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">South Carolina</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Solar power in South Dakota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">South Dakota</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Tennessee" title="Solar power in Tennessee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Tennessee</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Texas" title="Solar power in Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Texas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Utah" title="Solar power in Utah" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Utah</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Vermont" title="Solar power in Vermont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Vermont</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Virginia" title="Solar power in Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Virginia</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington" title="Solar power in Washington" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Washington</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington,D.C." title="Solar power in Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">D.C.</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Solar power in West Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">West Virginia</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Solar power in Wisconsin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Wisconsin</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wyoming" title="Solar power in Wyoming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Wyoming</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(230, 230, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 80.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Wind by state</font></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1073px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Alaska" title="Wind power in Alaska" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Alaska</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arizona" title="Wind power in Arizona" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Arizona</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_California" title="Wind power in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">California</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Colorado" title="Wind power in Colorado" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Colorado</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Connecticut" title="Wind power in Connecticut" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Connecticut</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Delaware" title="Wind power in Delaware" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Delaware</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Hawaii" title="Wind power in Hawaii" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Hawaii</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Idaho" title="Wind power in Idaho" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Idaho</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Illinois" title="Wind power in Illinois" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Illinois</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Indiana" title="Wind power in Indiana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Indiana</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iowa" title="Wind power in Iowa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Iowa</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kansas" title="Wind power in Kansas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Kansas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maine" title="Wind power in Maine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Maine</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Wind power in Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Massachusetts</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Michigan" title="Wind power in Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Michigan</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Minnesota" title="Wind power in Minnesota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Minnesota</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Montana" title="Wind power in Montana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Montana</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nevada" title="Wind power in Nevada" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Nevada</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Wind power in New Hampshire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New Hampshire</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Wind power in New Jersey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New Jersey</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Wind power in New Mexico" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New Mexico</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_York" title="Wind power in New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">New York</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Wind power in North Dakota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">North Dakota</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Wind power in Oklahoma" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Oklahoma</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Ohio" title="Wind power in Ohio" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Ohio</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oregon" title="Wind power in Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Oregon</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Wind power in Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Pennsylvania</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Wind power in South Dakota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">South Dakota</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Texas</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Vermont" title="Wind power in Vermont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Vermont</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Washington_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind power in Washington state" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Washington</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wyoming" title="Wind power in Wyoming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Wyoming</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 143.375px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental issues</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1180px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S.states_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">State CO<sub style="line-height: 1;">2</sub> emissions</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_emission_standards" title="United States emission standards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Emission standards</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy" title="Corporate Average Fuel Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">CAFE standards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 143.375px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Governmental Agencies</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1180px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration" title="Power Marketing Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">PMAs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">BPA</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">WAPA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Power_Administration" title="Southeastern Power Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">SEPA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Power_Administration" title="Southwestern Power Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">SWPA</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">CARB</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">DOE</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">EIA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">EERE</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">NREL</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Electricity_Delivery_and_Energy_Reliability" title="Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">OE</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">EPA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">FERC</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">NRC</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">TVA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">USGS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 143.375px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Organizations</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 1180px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_on_Renewable_Energy" title="American Council on Renewable Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">ACORE</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Power_Association" title="American Public Power Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">APPA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Alliance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">AA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">API</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Solar_Energy_Society" title="American Solar Energy Society" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">ASES</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wind_Energy_Association" title="American Wind Energy Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">AWEA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_Thermal_Energy_Council" title="Biomass Thermal Energy Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">BTEC</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">EEI</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">EBI</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_and_Energy_Study_Institute" title="Environmental and Energy Study Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">EESI</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="text-decoration: inherit; background: none; font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">EPRI</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rural_Electric_Cooperative_Association" title="National Rural Electric Cooperative Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">NRECA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">NEI</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet_Fuels_Institute" title="Pellet Fuels Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">PFI</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_In_America" title="Plug In America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">PIA</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute" title="Rocky Mountain Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">RMI</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253);"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Energy portal</a></b></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_development" title="Portal:Sustainable development" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">Sustainable development portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_research_institutes" title="Category:Energy research institutes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Energy research institutes</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Engineering_research_institutes" title="Category:Engineering research institutes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Engineering research institutes</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Electric power in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Electric power in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_in_California" title="Category:Energy in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Energy in California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Category:Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Research_and_development_organizations" title="Category:Research and development organizations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Research and development organizations</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-profit_organizations_based_in_California" title="Category:Non-profit organizations based in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Non-profit organizations based in California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_Palo_Alto,California" title="Category:Organizations based in Palo Alto, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Organizations based in Palo Alto, California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1973_establishments_in_California" title="Category:1973 establishments in California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1973 establishments in California</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_established_in_1973" title="Category:Research institutes established in 1973" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Research institutes established in 1973</a></li></ul></div></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">RESEARCH </font>

<ul>

<li><a href="/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002000282"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Quantifying the Impacts of Time-Based Rates, Enabling Technology, and Other Treatments in Consumer Behavior Studies: Protocols and Guidelines</font></a></li>

<li><a href="/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002001728"><span style=" background-color: #FFF200;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Total Cost of Ownership Model for Current Plug-in Electric Vehicles</font></span></a></li>

<li><a href="/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002001162"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Storage in California: Application of the EPRI Energy Storage Valuation Tool to Inform the California Public Utility Commission Proceeding R. 10-12-007</font></a></li>

<li><a href="/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001023144"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Quantifying the Value of Hydropower in the Electric Grid</font></a></li>

<li><a href="/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002000920"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Material Sustainability Issues for the North American Electric Power Industry</font></a></li>

</ul>

Electric Power Research Institute EPRI

Attachments