Alan McHughen

<div>gidding usrtk</div><div>...</div><article id="post-8533" class="post-8533 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-gmo category-our-investigations tag-academics-review tag-agbiochatter tag-alan-mchughen tag-alda-lerayer tag-alison-van-eenennaam tag-anna-eshoo tag-anthony-trewavas tag-ariel-gruswich tag-basf tag-bayer tag-bio tag-biotech-literacy-project tag-biotechnology-industry-organization tag-bruce-chassy tag-c-kameswara-rao tag-c-s-prakash tag-california-western-school-of-law tag-cbi tag-chris-coons tag-chris-leaver tag-council-for-biotechnology-information tag-darrell-issa tag-david-tribe tag-dowdupont tag-drew-kershen tag-eric-sachs tag-gary-marchant tag-genetic-literacy-project tag-giddings tag-global-environmental-ethics-council tag-gmo-answers tag-graham-brookes tag-guy-cardineau tag-henry-miller tag-information-technology-and-innovation-foundation tag-ingo-potrykus tag-itif tag-jay-byrne tag-jerry-steiner tag-joanna-sax tag-kent-bradford tag-kevin-folta tag-klaus-ammann tag-klaus-dieter-jany tag-lauren-burkhart tag-lisa-drake tag-lucia-de-souza tag-luis-de-stefano-beltran tag-marc-fellous tag-martina-newell-mcgloughlin tag-moises-burachik tag-monsanto tag-natural-resources-canada tag-nina-fedoroff tag-oregon-state-university tag-orrin-hatch tag-prometheusab tag-robert-wager tag-ronald-herring tag-salbah-al-momin tag-selim-cetiner tag-sense-about-science tag-seralini-study tag-shane-morris-nrc tag-shanthu-shantharam tag-steve-strauss tag-steven-strauss tag-syngenta-chemchina tag-thomas-reddick tag-uc-davis tag-uc-riverside tag-university-of-arizona tag-university-of-florida tag-university-of-illinois-at-urbana-champaign tag-university-of-melbourne-australia tag-university-of-oklahoma-college-of-law tag-us-soybean-board tag-val-giddings tag-yvonne-stevens" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(248, 247, 246);"><div class="entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(165, 53, 38); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 24px;">Industry-funded “boot camps” trained scientists, journalists how to spin GMOs and pesticides  </h3>Over $300,000 of the chemical industry funds Dr. Giddings helped raise for Academics Review went to pay for two conferences called the <a href="https://usrtk.org/gmo/academics-review-the-making-of-a-monsanto-front-group/#BLPbootcamps" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">“Biotech Literacy Project” boot camps</a>, held at the <a href="https://www.usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TamarHaspel1.pdf" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">University of Florida</a> in 2014 and <a href="https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/BLP-Davis-Flyer-2015.pdf" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">UC Davis</a> in 2015, according to tax records. The boot camps – organized by Academics Review and another industry front group, <a href="https://usrtk.org/hall-of-shame/jon-entine-the-chemical-industrys-master-messenger/" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;"> Genetic Literacy Project</a> – trained journalists and scientists how to reframe the debate about GMOs and pesticides.See: “<a href="https://progressive.org/magazine/how-the-biotech-industry-cultivates-positive-media/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Flacking for GMOs: How the Biotech Industry Cultivates Positive Media – and Discourages Criticism</a>,” by Paul Thacker, The Progressive<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(165, 53, 38); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 24px;">Deregulating GMOs: “blow the whole damn thing up”</h3>In emails dated February 2015, Dr. Giddings discussed with several academics a plan to write <a href="https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GMO-regs-blow-the-whole-thing-up_Giddings_Kershen.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">five journal papers arguing for the need to deregulate the biotech industry</a>. Dr. Giddings wrote that the papers should capture, “what I call Henry’s ‘Blow the whole damn thing up’ argument, which is a case I do think should be made.”  University of Arizona law professor Gary Marchant, who initiated the email exchange, explained, “paper 1 is intended to be the blow the whole damn thing up topic.”Alan McHughen, a public sector educator at UC Riverside and <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/alan-mchughen" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">“ambassador expert”</a> for the agrichemical industry-funded <a href="https://usrtk.org/gmo/gmo-answers-is-a-marketing-and-pr-website-for-gmo-companies/" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">marketing campaign GMO Answers</a>, offered to write paper 1. <a href="https://usrtk.org/hall-of-shame/why-you-cant-trust-henry-miller-on-gmos/" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Henry Miller, MD,</a> said he could help but had too much on his plate to be primary author. (A month later, Miller posted an article in Forbes that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/business/monsantos-sway-over-research-is-seen-in-disclosed-emails.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">the New York Times later revealed</a> had been ghostwritten by Monsanto.)Others copied on the email about the journal papers were <a href="https://usrtk.org/pesticides/drew-kershen-agrichemical-industry-front-group-ringleader/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Drew Kershen</a> of the University of Oklahoma College of Law; <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/guy-cardineau-369860/?originalSubdomain=mx" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Guy Cardineau</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/yastevens/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Yvonne Stevens</a> and <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lauren-burkhart-b3094151/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Lauren Burkhart</a> of Arizona State University; <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/professor-steven-strauss-80231a10/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Steven Strauss</a> of Oregon State University; <a href="https://usrtk.org/our-investigations/kevin-folta/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Kevin Folta</a> of University of Florida; Shane Morris of <a href="https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/home" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Natural Resources Canada</a>; <a href="https://usrtk.org/gmo/alison-van-eenennaam-key-outside-spokesperson-and-lobbyist-for-the-agrichemical-and-gmo-industries/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Alison Van Eenennaam</a> of UC Davis; <a href="https://www.cwsl.edu/news/newsroom/faculty-news/2018/11/01/prof-joanna-sax-presents-paper-on-gm-food-guidance-at-fda-conference" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Joanna Sax</a> of the California Western School of Law; and <a href="http://www.geeclaw.com/Bio.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Thomas Reddick</a> of the Global Environmental Ethics Council.<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(165, 53, 38); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 24px;">Coordinated scientist sign-on letter against Seralini study</h3>In September 2012, Dr. Giddings <a href="https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Giddings-coordinates-Seralini-letter_AgBioChatter-.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">coordinated a scientist sign-on letter</a> urging Wallace Hayes, editor-in-chief of Food and Chemical Toxicology, to reconsider a September 2012 paper by the French researcher Gilles-Éric Séralini that reported tumors in rats fed a diet of Roundup-tolerant GM corn. The paper was retracted a year later and later republished in another journal.To help coordinate the sign on letter, Dr. Giddings used AgBioChatter – a private liserver that pro-industry academics, senior agrichemical industry staffers and their PR operatives <a href="https://usrtk.org/gmo/agbiochatter-where-corporations-and-academics-plotted-strategy-on-gmos-pesticides/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">used to coordinate messaging and lobbying activities</a>. One professor who signed the letter, Chris Leaver, noted that he had “been doing behind the scenes briefing via Sense About Science” about the Séralini study. <a href="https://usrtk.org/food-for-thought/trevor-butterworth-spins-science-for-industry/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Sense About Science has a long history</a> of <a href="https://theintercept.com/2016/11/15/how-self-appointed-guardians-of-sound-science-tip-the-scales-toward-industry/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">spinning science</a> for the benefit of corporate interests.Signers of the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23142392" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">letter</a> to Food and Chemical Toxicology were <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/robert-wager-msc" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Wager</a>, <a href="https://cib.org.br/especialista/alda-luiza-santos-lerayer/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Alda Lerayer</a>, <a href="https://www.ofwlaw.com/attorneys/dr-nina-v-fedoroff/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Nina Fedoroff</a>, Giddings, <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/steve-strauss" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Steve Strauss</a>, <a href="https://www.theigc.org/person/chris-leaver/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Chris Leaver</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/sivramiah-shanthu-shantharam-5995b023/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Shanthu Shantharam</a>, <a href="http://fbae.org/2009/FBAE/website/governing-body_ingo.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Ingo Potrykus</a>, <a href="https://www.gmwatch.org/en/latest-listing/1-news-items/12815-independent-gm-researcher-wins-court-victory-for-defamation" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Marc Fellous</a>, <a href="https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Moises-Burachik-0FW1B9-E/biography/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Moises Burachik</a>, <a href="https://www.biotech-gm-food.com/jany" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Klaus-Dieter Jany</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/anthony-trewavas-357b268/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Anthony Trewavas</a>, C Kameswara Rao, <a href="http://www.agbioworld.org/about/prakash-bio.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">C.S. Prakash</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/hall-of-shame/why-you-cant-trust-henry-miller-on-gmos/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/kent-bradford" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Kent Bradford</a>, Selim Cetiner, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/alan-mchughen/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Alan McHughen</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/luisdestefanobeltr%C3%A1n-058406139/?originalSubdomain=pe" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Luis De Stefano-Beltrán</a>, <a href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/why-didnt-an-illinois-professor-have-to-disclose-gmo-funding/eb99bdd2-683d-4108-9528-de1375c3e9fb" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Bruce Chassy</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/sabah-almomin-phd-818b3914/?originalSubdomain=kw" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Salbah Al-Momin</a>, <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/martina-newell-mcgloughlin" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Martina Newell-McGloughlin</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/klaus-ammann-74173a/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Klaus Ammann</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ronald-herring-311b0143/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Ronald Herring</a>, Lucia de Souza.Related: “<a href="http://retractionwatch.com/2017/08/10/unearthed-docs-monsanto-connected-campaign-retract-gmo-paper/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Unearthed emails: Monsanto connected to campaign to retract GMO paper</a>,” Retraction Watch<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(165, 53, 38); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 24px;">Suggested attractive “mommy farmers” should pitch GMOs</h3>In conversations with a Monsanto lobbyist about how to defeat GMO labeling campaigns in Colorado and Oregon in 2014, Dr. Giddings suggested that good-looking “mommy farmers” would be the best messengers to allay concerns about genetically engineered foods. “What the situation requires is <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2303691-kevin-folta-uoffloridadocs.html#document/p139/a237726" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">a suite of TV spots featuring attractive young women, preferably mommy farmers</a>, explaining why biotech derived foods are the safest & greenest in the history of ag and worthy of support,” Dr. Giddings wrote to Lisa Drake, Monsanto’s lead for government affairs.In a September 2015 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/us/food-industry-enlisted-academics-in-gmo-lobbying-war-emails-show.html?r=0" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">front-page New York Times</a> story, three-time Pulitzer Prize winner Eric Lipton described the emails:“In <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2303691-kevin-folta-uoffloridadocs.html#document/p139/a237726" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">this extended email exchange, some of the scientists and academics</a>who have been recruited to help Monsanto push its cause question whether they are the best messengers. Two suggest that Monsanto run more television ads featuring farmers instead. The Monsanto lobbyist replies that polling shows that the public believes scientists. In fact, the company has already run TV ads featuring female farmers.”See: “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/us/food-industry-enlisted-academics-in-gmo-lobbying-war-emails-show.html?r=0" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Food industry enlisted academics in GMO labeling war, emails show</a>,” by Eric Lipton, New York Times.<div class="clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px;"><div class="entry-meta-category-tag" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="categories-icon glyphicon glyphicon-th-list" title="Posted in" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; top: 1px; display: inline-block; font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings"; line-height: 1; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: default;" /> <a href="https://usrtk.org/category/gmo/" rel="category tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">GMOs</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/category/our-investigations/" rel="category tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Our Investigations</a> <span class="tags-icon glyphicon glyphicon-tags" title="Tagged" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; top: 1px; display: inline-block; font-family: "Glyphicons Halflings"; line-height: 1; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: default;" />  <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/academics-review/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Academics Review</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/agbiochatter/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">AgBioChatter</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/alan-mchughen/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Alan McHughen</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/alda-lerayer/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Alda Lerayer</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/alison-van-eenennaam/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Alison Van Eenennaam</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/anna-eshoo/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Anna Eshoo</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/anthony-trewavas/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Anthony Trewavas</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/ariel-gruswich/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Ariel Gruswich</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/basf/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">BASF</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/bayer/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Bayer</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/bio/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">BIO</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/biotech-literacy-project/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Biotech Literacy Project</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/biotechnology-industry-organization/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Biotechnology Industry Organization</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/bruce-chassy/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Bruce Chassy</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/c-kameswara-rao/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">C Kameswara Rao</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/c-s-prakash/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">C.S. 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background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">University of Melbourne Australia</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/university-of-oklahoma-college-of-law/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">University of Oklahoma College of Law</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/us-soybean-board/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">US Soybean Board</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/val-giddings/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Val Giddings</a>, <a href="https://usrtk.org/tag/yvonne-stevens/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(26, 95, 138); text-decoration-line: none;">Yvonne Stevens</a></div></footer></article><article id="post-6110" class="post-6110 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-food-for-thought category-gmo category-our-investigations category-pesticides tag-academics tag-academics-review tag-adrienne-massey tag-agbiochatter tag-agbiotech-reporter tag-agbioworld-community tag-agricultural-economist tag-alan-mchughen tag-alison-van-eenennaam tag-american-council-on-science-and-health tag-andrew-apel tag-andy-hedgecock tag-bio-trade-association tag-biofortified tag-bruce-chassy tag-c-s-prakash tag-cami-ryan tag-chris-leaver tag-cnrs tag-college-of-agricultural-environmental-and-nutrition-sciences-tuskegee-university tag-competitive-enterprise-institute tag-crop-breeding-and-genetics-university-of-georgia tag-diabetes-and-nutritional-sciences-division-kings-college-london tag-drew-kershen tag-dupont-pioneer tag-eric-sachs tag-fda-office-of-biotechnology tag-food-evolution-propaganda-film tag-genetic-literacy-project tag-gmo-answers tag-graham-brooks tag-henry-miller tag-hoover-institution tag-horticulture-and-sciences-department-university-of-florida tag-iarc tag-information-technology-and-innovation-foundation tag-jay-byrne tag-jon-entine tag-karl-haro-von-mogel tag-kevin-folta tag-laboratoire-de-physiologie-cellulaire-vegetale tag-marcel-kuntz tag-march-against-myths-about-modification tag-pg-economics-ltd tag-piero-morandini tag-robert-mcgregor tag-sense-about-science tag-syngenta tag-uc-davis tag-university-of-florida tag-university-of-illinois-at-urbana-champaign tag-university-of-milan tag-university-of-oklahoma-college-of-law tag-university-of-oxford tag-v-fluence-interactive tag-val-giddings tag-vivian-moses tag-wayne-parrott tag-world-health-organization" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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</div><div>Supporting partners are organizations, companies and others who are committed to the five core principles of GMO Answers and have added their support to this initiative. To date those partners include<a href="http://www.acsh.org/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">The American Council on Science and Health</a>, <a href="http://www.fb.org/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">The American Farm Bureau Federation</a>, <a href="http://www.amseed.org/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">American Seed Trade Association</a>, <a href="http://soygrowers.com/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">American Soybean Association</a>, <a href="http://www.americansugarbeet.org/" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">The American Sugarbeet Growers Association</a>, <a href="http://www.mcpr-cca.org/" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">Minnesota Crop Production Retailers</a>, <a href="http://www.wheatworld.org/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">National Association of Wheat Growers</a>, <a href="http://www.ncga.com/home" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">National Corn Growers Association</a>, <a href="https://www.cotton.org/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">National Cotton Council</a>, <a href="http://www.oaba.net/" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">Ohio AgriBusiness Association</a>, <a href="http://www.sdaba.org/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.538em;">South Dakota Agri-Business Association</a>, <a href="http://www.beetsugar.org/" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">The U.S. Beet Sugar Associatio</a><a href="http://www.beetsugar.org/" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">n</a>, <a href="http://www.westernsugar.com/" target="blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">Western Sugar</a></div><div>
</div><div>"<a href="http://gmoanswers.com/about-the-experts" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 16.8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Click here to learn more about the independent & company experts answering your questions.</a>"</div><div></div><div>he links to http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2986</div><div>
</div><div><article class="node-371 node node-question view-mode-full clearfix" about="/ask/have-you-reviewed-study-showing-gmos-caused-cancer-lab-rats" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(60, 60, 60); line-height: 20px;"><header style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 25px 50px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); overflow: hidden; position: relative; height: auto;"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.2em;"><div class="field-items" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; border: 0px; width: 689.25px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 21px;">Have you reviewed the study showing that GMOs caused cancer in lab rats?</div></div></div><div class="submitted_by" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); clear: both;">Question Submitted By: kpetska from Ord, Nebraska   Questions submitted to GMO Answers appear as written at the time of submission. Questions are reviewed to ensure they conform with our <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/house-rules" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">house rules</a>, but are never edited or altered by GMO Answers.</div><div class="notification-preferences-wrapper" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div id="user-login-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><a class="notification-preferences cboxElement" href="https://gmoanswers.com/user?notify=1&destination=/ask/have-you-reviewed-study-showing-gmos-caused-cancer-lab-rats" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; border: 0px; background-image: url(" sites="sites" all="all" themes="themes" open-gmo="open-gmo" images="images" preferences.png="preferences.png" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">Notification Preferences</a></div></div></header><div class="view view-answers-to-a-question view-id-answers_to_a_question view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-299d7d676f60dfd1d52e6525f032d77e" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 50px; border: 0px;"><div class="view-content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last" style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing-1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">A:Expert Answer</div><div class="views-field views-field-edit-node" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"></div><div class="views-field views-field-nothing answered-by-line" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">By: <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/alan-mchughen" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">Alan McHughen</a>, CE Biotechnology Specialist and Geneticist on Wednesday, 9/11/2013 4:19 pm</div><div class="views-field views-field-body" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="field-content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">The pictures from that study conducted by Gilles-Eric Séralini are frightening—and made for sensationalistic media coverage.  However, when teams of scientists from around the world looked at the study carefully, they found that the conclusions drawn by Séralini were not credible and that the study itself was seriously flawed and provided no new grounds for concern about GM food.  The paper was criticized by public scientific and medical societies worldwide for its faulty experimental design, statistical analysis, interpretation and presentation of results. Problems included the well-known fact that the strain of rats used in the study (Sprague-Dawley) are prone to develop tumors at around age two regardless of their diet; Séralini attributed the tumors to the GM corn rations, but he could as easily have shown pictures of rats fed no GM corn but still full of tumors. Séralini’s data analysis was also unusual; the German risk assessment agency found it “impossible to comprehend.”  At the request of the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed Séralini’s  study and released an opinion, which it summarized as follows: “EFSA’s final review reaffirmed its initial findings that the authors’ conclusions cannot be regarded as scientifically sound because of inadequacies in the design, reporting and analysis of the study as outlined in the paper. It is not possible, therefore, to draw valid conclusions about the occurrence of tumors in the rats tested.”  (<a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/faqs/faqseralini.htm" target="new" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">Frequently Asked Questions on review of Séralini et al. (2012) study</a>) EFSA also released a compendium of reports from agencies of EU Member States and scientific bodies that reviewed and rejected the Séralini paper.  These included reports from: <ul class="ul1" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Belgium: BAC (Biosafety Advisory Council);</li><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Germany: BVL (The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety) and BfR (The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment);</li><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Denmark: DTU (The National Food Institute)</li><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">France: ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety);</li><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">France: HCB (High Council For <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/glossary#Biotechnology" title="A set of tools that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify a product, improve plants, trees or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses. Examples of biotechnology include traditional applications, such as the making of bread, cheese, wine and beer, and more modern applications to grow or culture cells for research or to make genetically modified crops for food, feed, fuel and fiber. " class="lexicon-term" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 136, 0); cursor: help; white-space: nowrap;">Biotechnology</a>);</li><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Italy: ISS (Istituto Superiore di Sanità ) (National Institute of Health) & IZSLT (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana);</li><li class="li1" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Netherlands: NVWA (Nederlandese Voedsel-en Warenautoriteit) (Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority).</li></ul> All these agencies were extremely critical of the Séralini project and stated that it provided no new grounds for concern about the alleged tumor-causing properties of GM corn.  The EFSA final review and annex with the national reviews <a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2986.htm" target="new" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">may be accessed here</a>. Numerous independent scientists wrote letters of rebuttal and protest to the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology.  <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637" target="new" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">These may be accessed here</a>.</div></div></div></div></div><div class="teaser-bottom" tabindex="1000" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 50px; border: 0px; width: auto;">
</div><div class="teaser-bottom" tabindex="1000" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 50px; border: 0px; width: auto;">Topic: Safety, Health, and Nutrition  <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/questions/comments/371" class="read-comments iframe-launch" data-target="#comments-window" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline-block;"><span class="comment-count" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 28px; border: 0px none; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; background-image: url(" images="images" comment-icon.png="comment-icon.png" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" px="px" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat">7 Comments</a> | <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/questions/comments/371" class="read-comments iframe-launch" data-target="#comments-window" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline-block;">Add Comment</a></div><div class="user-login" style="margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 50px; border: 0px;">To post a comment, please <a class="cboxElement" href="https://gmoanswers.com/user?destination=/ask/have-you-reviewed-study-showing-gmos-caused-cancer-lab-rats" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(237, 117, 0); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: bold;">login</a>.</div></article><div id="block-gmo-comments-gmo-comments-featured" class="block block-gmo-comments even" style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(60, 60, 60); line-height: 20px;"><ul class="item-list" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; height: auto !important;" /></div><div id="block-views-related-questions-block-1" class="block block-views last odd" style="margin: 25px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 50px; border: 0px; color: rgb(60, 60, 60); line-height: 20px;"><h2 class="block__title block-title" style="line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; color: inherit; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">Other Questions in this Category</h2><div class="view view-related-questions view-id-related_questions view-display-id-block_1 related-questions view-dom-id-dac3486750f9e3d9fe95ff966574f208" style="margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="view-content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><div class="views-field views-field-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;">Q:<a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask/when-will-monsantos-patent-seeds-expire-why-it-good-idea-destroy-multiplicity-species-and-take" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">When will Monsantos patent of seeds expire? Why is it a good idea to destroy the multiplicity of species and take nature as your property? What if people in Africa cannot afford your royalty? Will they die of hunger?</a></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><div class="views-field views-field-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;">Q:<a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask/if-people-die-or-get-cancer-your-produce-will-you-take-full-blame" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">If people die or get cancer by your produce will you take the full blame</a></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><div class="views-field views-field-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;">Q:<a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask/sometimes-i-get-confused-term-gmo-there-any-way-shorten-what-gmo" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">sometimes I get confused on the term gmo is there any way to shorten what a gmo is?</a></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"><div class="views-field views-field-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;">Q:<a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask/are-gmos-really-safe" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">ARE GMOS REALLY safe?</a></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; border: 0px none;"><div class="views-field views-field-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;">Q:<a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask/do-gmos-kill-bugs" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">do gmos kill the bugs</a></div></div></div><div class="view-footer" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><div class="more-button-wrapper" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">See All Questions</a> <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask" class="more-button" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline-block; width: 14px; height: 14px; position: relative; top: 2px; background-image: url(" images="images" green_more_button.png="green_more_button.png" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat"> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div></div><div>
</div><div>Published online <abbr title="2009-09-02T17:00:00Z" class="published">2 September 2009</abbr> | Nature 461, 27-32 (2009) | doi:10.1038/461027aNews Feature<h1 class="heading entry-title" style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); margin: 5px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GM crops: Battlefield</h1>Papers suggesting that biotech crops might harm the environment attract a hail of abuse from other scientists. Emily Waltz asks if the critics fight fair.Emily Waltz<div class="entry-content" style="color: rgb(54, 54, 54);"><div class="inline-image center" style="float: none; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; margin: 0px auto; clear: both; width: 200px; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" shadow.gif="shadow.gif" rgb="rgb">
<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/pdf/461027a.pdf" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">Download a PDF of this story</a></div>Emma Rosi-Marshall's trouble started on 9 October 2007, the day her paper was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Rosi-Marshall, a stream ecologist at Loyola University Chicago in Illinois, had spent much of the previous two years studying 12 streams in northern Indiana, where rows of maize (corn), most of it genetically engineered to express insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), stretch to the horizon in every direction.Working with colleagues including her former adviser Jennifer Tank at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Rosi-Marshall had found that the streams also contain Bt maize, in the form of leaves, stalks, cobs and pollen. In laboratory studies, the researchers saw that caddis-fly larvae — herbivorous stream insects in the order trichoptera — fed only on Bt maize debris grew half as fast as those that ate debris from conventional maize. And caddis flies fed high concentrations of Bt maize pollen died at more than twice the rate of caddis flies fed non-Bt pollen. The transgenic maize "may have negative effects on the biota of streams in agricultural areas" the group wrote in its paper, stating in the abstract that "widespread planting of Bt crops has unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences"<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B1" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">1</a>.The backlash started almost immediately. Within two weeks, researchers with vehement objections to the experimental design and conclusions had written to the authors, PNAS and the US National Science Foundation (NSF), Rosi-Marshall's funder. By the end of the month, complaints about the paper had rippled through the research community. By the time Rosi-Marshall attended a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) meeting on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and wildlife on 5 November 2007, "She looked hammered", says Brian Federici, an insect pathologist at the University of California, Riverside, one of those who commented on her work. "I felt really sorry for her. I don't think she realized what she was getting into."<div id="p1" class="pullquote left" style="display: inline; float: left; margin: 0px 13.9688px 10px 0px; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); width: 153px !important; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" pull-belt.gif="pull-belt.gif" repeat-y="repeat-y" transparent="transparent"><blockquote style="padding: 10px 10px 5px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-hat.gif="pull-hat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">“The response we got — it went through the jugular.”</blockquote><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 10px; color: rgb(54, 54, 54); line-height: 1.4; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-socks.gif="pull-socks.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" scroll="scroll" transparent="transparent" /></div>No one gets into research on genetically modified (GM) crops looking for a quiet life. Those who develop such crops face the wrath of anti-biotech activists who vandalize field trials and send hate mail. But those who, like Rosi-Marshall and her colleagues, suggest that biotech crops might have harmful environmental effects are learning to expect attacks of a different kind. These strikes are launched from within the scientific community and can sometimes be emotional and personal; heated rhetoric that dismisses papers and can even, as in Rosi-Marshall's case, accuse scientists of misconduct. "The response we got — it went through your jugular," says Rosi-Marshall.<h2 class="inlineheading" style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); border: none; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 20px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Problem papers</h2>Behind the attacks are scientists who are determined to prevent papers they deem to have scientific flaws from influencing policy-makers. When a paper comes out in which they see problems, they react quickly, criticize the work in public forums, write rebuttal letters, and send them to policy-makers, funding agencies and journal editors. When it comes to topical science that can have an impact on public opinion, "bad science deserves more criticism that your typical peer-reviewed paper", Federici says.But some scientists say that this activity may be going beyond what is acceptable in scientific discussions, trampling important research questions and stifling debate. "It makes public discussion very difficult," says David Schubert, a cell biologist at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, who found himself at the sharp end of an attack after publishing a commentary on GM food<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B2" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">2</a> (see '<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a/box/1.html" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Seeds of discontent</a>'). "People who look into safety issues and pollination and contamination issues get seriously harassed."In response, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) told seed companies to submit data about the toxicity of Bt maize pollen in monarch butterflies or lose the right to sell the maize. Scientists dived into the research, using industry and government funding. The effort produced six PNAS papers in 2001 that concluded that the most common types of Bt maize pollen are not toxic to monarch larvae in concentrations the insects would encounter in the fields<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B4" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">4</a>. (Losey had used higher concentrations in his lab studies.) "The Losey paper resulted in a lot of good work and brought to a close that particular question," says Alison Power, who studies ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University. Yet some scientists were dismayed that a single paper with preliminary data gave so much ammunition to anti-GMO activists and caused an expensive diversion of resources to calm the scare. They did not want it to happen again.To see the effect that biotech crop research can have on policy — and why some researchers feel that they need to weigh in against such studies as quickly and forcefully as possible — it is instructive to look back to a study<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B3" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">3</a>published in Nature in 1999. In it, John Losey, an entomologist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and his colleagues reported that nearly half of the monarch butterfly caterpillars eating leaves dusted with Bt maize pollen died after four days, compared with none exposed to untransformed pollen. The media and the anti-GMO community erupted. "Gene Spliced Corn Imperils Butterflies" headlined the 20 May 1999 San Francisco Chronicle. Greenpeace activists demonstrated in front of the US Capitol dressed as monarch butterflies, collapsing from 'killer' GM maize.On a Friday after the paper was published, Federici and plant biotechnologist Alan McHughen, also at the University of California, Riverside, met at a campus bar for a beer after work. "[McHughen] was really annoyed," says Federici. "I don't think there's been another case where I've seen him so really ticked off." Federici says he too was annoyed — Rosi-Marshall's study was "bad science", he says, and they feared that activists would use it to forward an anti-GMO agenda. McHughen and Federici wanted to neutralize any effects that Rosi-Marshall's paper might have on policy.The caddis-fly study was Tank and Rosi-Marshall's debut in GM research. The idea stemmed from a 2002 talk that Tank gave at Michigan State University in East Lansing about nitrogen dynamics in streams. A researcher in the audience asked whether organic debris from fields of transgenic maize drains into streams, and whether it has any effect on stream life. "We've never thought about that," Tank told the questioner. And once the paper was complete, Tank, Rosi-Marshall and their collaborators had little idea of the storm it was about to kick up. "I thought the response would be 'So what? We're going to lose a few trichopterans'," says co-author Todd Royer, an assistant professor at Indiana University in Bloomington.The two discussed the key points of a rebuttal letter. McHughen wrote the critique and "circulated it around to people who might be sympathetic", says Federici. The letter listed six grievances with the "sloppy experimental design", and said the publication of the paper had "seriously jeopardized the credibility of PNAS ". "How many busy scientists and how much scarce money will we need to divert to calm this new scare?" the researchers wrote. McHughen got ten other scientists' signatures, including Federici's. On 22 October, they sent the letter to the journal and to the NSF. Days later, Klaus Ammann, a retired botanist and professor emeritus at the University of Bern in Switzerland who had signed the McHughen letter, posted it on an online discussion forum<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B5" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">5</a>.<h2 class="inlineheading" style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); border: none; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 20px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Critical mass</h2>Wayne Parrott, a crop geneticist at the University of Georgia in Athens, also began working on a rebuttal to Rosi-Marshall's paper as soon as he saw it. He said recently that in his opinion: "The work is so bad that an undergrad would have done a better job. I'm convinced the authors knew it had flaws." He e-mailed the authors, the NSF and PNAS two bulleted lists of flaws that he said invalidated the paper. He wrote: "It is risky to extrapolate from lab results to field results, particularly when key factors were not monitored, measured or controlled appropriately." In January 2008, PNAS published a slimmed-down version of this letter<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B6" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">6</a> and the one from McHughen<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B7" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">7</a>.Tank and Rosi-Marshall were dismayed by Parrott's e-mail. A few days after receiving it, Tank called James Raich, her contact at the NSF, to talk it over. "I told her to ignore it," says Raich, an ecosystem ecologist at Iowa State University in Ames who worked for the NSF for two years reviewing grant proposals. He told her that letters like these were unusual. But the critiques kept on coming. On 30 November, Monsanto, a maker of Bt maize based in St Louis, Missouri, sent the EPA a six-page critical response<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B8" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">8</a> to the paper, and posted it online. Eric Sachs, director of global scientific affairs at Monsanto, says that regulators ask seed companies to notify them of papers that relate to crop safety, so Monsanto often includes with its notification evaluations of these papers.Four other signatories of the McHughen letter went on to publish scathing opinion articles over the next few months. In a March 2008 article<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B9" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">9</a> criticizing four papers on biotech crops, Ammann joined forces with Henry Miller, a research fellow at the Hoover Institution in Stanford, California, to ask "Is biotechnology a victim of anti-science bias in scientific journals?". They called Rosi-Marshall's conclusions "dubious", and said their use of evidence "arguably amounts to investigator misconduct". And in a July 2008 commentary in Current Science<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B10" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">10</a>, Shanthu Shantharam, a visiting research scholar at Princeton University in New Jersey said Rosi-Marshall's "offending" paper "carried a wrong message to farmers and environmentalists", and that anti-biotech crop activists would use the paper to "hamper the progress of science".Rosi-Marshall took the hits hard. "I experienced it in person and in writing," she says. "These are not the kind of tactics we're used to in science." She was a few years out from her PhD, she did not have tenure at Loyola and her first paper in a prominent journal was getting trashed, along with her reputation. "She's young and was getting picked on," says Michelle Marvier, a biologist at Santa Clara University in California who attended the NAS November 2007 meeting.It was at least some comfort to Rosi-Marshall and Tank that e-mails and phone calls of encouragement came pouring in from other scientists. Some of their supporters had observed similar attacks on other biotech crop papers. "The most reassuring thing we learned was that it had happened before and by the exact same people," says Tank.What was it about Rosi-Marshall's paper that prompted such a strong reaction? The wording of the abstract — "widespread planting of Bt crops has unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences" — was a particular point of contention. Her critics say that the data do not support such a definitive conclusion. "They absolutely went too far," says Randy Schekman, editor-in-chief of PNAS. Of the half-a-dozen letters received by the journal, most of them protested at this wording, he says. "Why this would have escaped the attention of the referees beats me."The authors agree that the wording was unfortunate and in retrospect say that the sentence should have articulated the potential for ecosystem-scale consequences within streams, rather than suggesting that such consequences were observed. "This was an oversight," says Rosi-Marshall. "But we did not expect that this sentence would, in light of all of the other statements in our paper, elicit the response it did. We thought the paper would be taken as a whole."The study's methods also came under fire. It is unclear, for example, whether it was the Bt toxin itself affecting the caddis flies, or some other difference between Bt and non- Bt plants. To test this possibility, critics say the caddis flies should have been fed isogenic lines: strains of maize that are genetically identical except for Btgenes. The authors say they chose not to use such lines because their nutritional quality would have differed — Bt maize has higher concentrations of lignin than non- Bt maize, and so is less nutritious. So the authors matched the Bt samples with non- Bt samples that had similar levels of lignin and other nutrients. "To do otherwise would have resulted in a confounded experiment. Pairing the treatment on the basis of isolines might be standard for agronomic studies, but was inappropriate for an ecological feeding study," the authors told Nature in an e-mail. Rosi-Marshall and her colleagues made this point and other responses to their critics in a correspondence<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B11" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">11</a> published online in PNAS the week after McHughen's and Parrott's critiques.It is also unclear how much Bt toxin the caddis flies ate. The authors let the insects eat as much as they wanted, as they would in the wild. Critics argue that the authors should have fed the insects known amounts of the toxin in a method called a dose-response study that is routine in toxicity assessments. "The Rosi-Marshall et al. paper would have benefited from additional toxicological data," says Doug Gurian-Sherman, a senior scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a former reviewer for the EPA. But the method the authors used "is a widely accepted method, and is generally adequate for a preliminary study of possible toxicity", he says.<h2 class="inlineheading" style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); border: none; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 20px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Omitted study</h2>The paper was also accused of omitting contrary findings. In June 2007, four months before Rosi-Marshall's PNAS paper was published, Jillian Pokelsek, a master's student at Loyola University Chicago working with Rosi-Marshall, presented results from a preliminary field experiment at the annual meeting of the North American Benthological Society in Columbia, South Carolina. The work showed that Bt maize pollen did not influence the growth or mortality of filter-feeding caddis flies. The society posted an abstract<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B12" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">12</a> of the presentation on its website attributing the work to Pokelsek, Rosi-Marshall, Tank, Royer and four other scientists who also authored the PNAS paper. It was not mentioning this study that prompted Miller and Ammann's accusation of misconduct<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B9" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">9</a>.The authors defend the omission on the grounds that the data in the meeting presentation were not published or peer-reviewed, and were less reliable than those in the PNAS paper. "Field experiments are inherently difficult to control and have lower statistical power to detect significant differences compared with controlled laboratory experiments, thus we included the more controlled and statistically rigorous lab experiments in our paper," Tank and Rosi-Marshall toldNature. Also, the caddis flies in the student presentation belonged to a different family, with different feeding mechanisms to those in thePNAS study. Miller's response: "I don't want to split hairs," he says. "If you don't do appropriate controls or if you draw conclusions that are erroneous, I think that's misconduct." But Ammann says he has a "bad feeling" about the accusation. "Maybe we should have been more careful with the wording."Scientists who were not involved in the debate over Rosi-Marshall's paper say the results were preliminary and left some questions unanswered, but that overall the data are valuable. "The science is fine as far as I'm concerned," says Arthur Benke, an aquatic ecologist at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, who called the strong language in some of the criticisms "inappropriate".<div id="p3" class="pullquote left" style="display: inline; float: left; margin: 0px 13.9688px 10px 0px; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); width: 153px !important; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" pull-belt.gif="pull-belt.gif" repeat-y="repeat-y" transparent="transparent"><blockquote style="padding: 10px 10px 5px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-hat.gif="pull-hat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">“When bad science is used to justify bad policies, we all lose.”</blockquote><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 10px; color: rgb(54, 54, 54); line-height: 1.4; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-socks.gif="pull-socks.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" scroll="scroll" transparent="transparent" /></div>What drives the critics? Financial or professional ties to the biotech industry don't seem to be the impetus. Such ties do exist — like many people researching biotech crops, some have received research grants from industry or have other interactions with it — but in interviews they say that these are not the major driving force. Rather, many of them feel strongly that transgenic crops are safe and beneficial to the environment and society, and that the image and regulation of these crops has been too harsh. Many of the critics have been studying biotech crops since they were developed commercially in the late 1980s, and some were involved with the first regulatory approvals. They have specific ideas about how the risks of these crops should be scientifically assessed. And they worry that papers that fall short of high standards will give anti-GMO activists ammunition to influence policy, just as the monarch-butterfly study did. "When bad science is used to justify bad public policies, we all lose," says McHughen, who says he is on a "campaign to make academic scientists a little less politically naive and a bit more careful in their scientific work". Miller adds that "agricultural biotech has been so horrendously, unscientifically regulated and so over-regulated and so inhibited over the past 30 years that to have these pseudo-controversies stirred up unnecessarily does a disservice to everyone and everything".Ammann points to the example of golden rice, a variety engineered in the late 1990s to contain more vitamin A. Regulations have delayed the rice's development, he says, although more than 250,000 children a year go blind from vitamin-A deficiency. "We have to get emotional," says Ammann. "I can't agree with the cool scientists' perspective — only dealing with the facts. We live in the real world." In 2006, Ammann formed a rebuttal team called ASK-FORCE to challenge reports about biosafety of GM crops. On one online site, Ammann criticizes 20 reports — none of them positive toward biotech crops — that he considers biased or bad science. In July, he was revising a critique of a paper that appeared in The Lancet ten years ago. "I'm working nearly day and night on these things," says Ammann.The emotional and sometimes harsh quality of some of the attacks strikes some scientists as strange and unlike the constructive criticism to which they are accustomed. Benke points out that none of the criticisms on the caddis-fly paper, for example, called for further study on the insects. "What papers like this do is alert us to possible reasons to look into this more carefully," he says. "No one mentioned this." To try to dismiss the research out of hand ignores how science is supposed to work, adds Power — you make a hypothesis, test it, refine it, test it and refine it again. "You keep doing that until you have an answer that is as close as you're going to get," she says. "I don't understand the resistance to that notion."<h2 class="inlineheading" style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); border: none; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 20px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Arbiters of the truth</h2>Some scientists say they are galled by the certainty with which some of the critics state their opinion. "Part of what exasperates me is that they have declared themselves to be the experts in this field, and forcefully present themselves as the ultimate arbiters of truth," says an editor for the Entomological Society of America who asked to remain anonymous. "I personally am in favour of GMOs in general, and think that they are very beneficial for the environment. But I do have problems with the tactics of the large block of scientists who denigrate research by other legitimate scientists in a knee-jerk, partisan, emotional way that is not helpful in advancing knowledge and is outside the ideals of scientific inquiry."<div id="p2" class="pullquote left" style="display: inline; float: left; margin: 0px 13.9688px 10px 0px; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); width: 153px !important; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" pull-belt.gif="pull-belt.gif" repeat-y="repeat-y" transparent="transparent"><blockquote style="padding: 10px 10px 5px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-hat.gif="pull-hat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">“It is critical to assert the right of scientists to question each other's work.”</blockquote><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 10px; color: rgb(54, 54, 54); line-height: 1.4; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-socks.gif="pull-socks.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" scroll="scroll" transparent="transparent" /></div>The critics respond that they are simply pointing out flaws in research, and that this is an important part of the scientific process. "It is neither fair nor accurate to equate pointing out serious deficiencies with experimental design and data interpretation as 'denigration'," Parrott says. "For science to maintain its integrity and move forward, it is critical to assert the right of scientists to question each other's work." McHughen says that he doesn't condonead hominem attacks. "They are invariably unproductive," he says, and points out these tactics are often used against scientists who don't oppose GM crops.Federici says he finds it inappropriate to call the reactions 'knee-jerk' ones. "Losey and colleagues, and Rosi-Marshall and colleagues at the time of their studies were newcomers to the field. Most of the people who found their studies flawed and protested had extensive experience with Bacillus thuringiensis." He also points out that the critics varied in how strongly they responded to the Rosi-Marshall paper, saying "I don't consider writing a letter to the editor a harsh response."<div id="p4" class="pullquote left" style="display: inline; float: left; margin: 0px 13.9688px 10px 0px; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); width: 153px !important; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" pull-belt.gif="pull-belt.gif" repeat-y="repeat-y" transparent="transparent"><blockquote style="padding: 10px 10px 5px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-hat.gif="pull-hat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">“Young people are not going into this field because they are discouraged by what they see.”</blockquote><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 10px; color: rgb(54, 54, 54); line-height: 1.4; background: url(" news="news" images="images" pull-socks.gif="pull-socks.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" scroll="scroll" transparent="transparent" /></div>Ignacio Chapela, a microbial ecologist at the University of California, Berkeley, says that the attacks may be deterring young scientists from pursuing careers in biotech crop research. "I have a very long experience now with young people coming to me to say that they are not going into this field precisely because they are discouraged by what they see," he says. Chapela faced criticism from pro-GMO scientists after publishing a 2001 paper in Nature, in which he reported that native maize varieties in Mexico had been contaminated with transgenic genes<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B13" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">13</a>. Following the criticism, Nature decided that "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper".At its worst, the behaviour could make for a downward spiral of GM research as a whole, says Don Huber, a emeritus professor of plant pathology at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. "When scientists become afraid to even ask the questions … that's a serious impediment to our progress," he says. Miller says: "I don't see how criticism of flawed science that verges on misconduct should discourage anybody." Researchers could be invigorated by entering a field with such lively debate. "For some people it might be exciting because you're doing science that is relevant to society," says Power.<h2 class="inlineheading" style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); border: none; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; margin: 20px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pervasive spread</h2>Rosi-Marshall's caddis-fly paper did find its way into the anti-GMO rhetoric, although on nowhere near the scale that the monarch butterfly paper did. For example, the London-based Institute of Science in Society, a not-for-profit organization involved in the GM debate, on 30 October 2007 posted its summary of the paper, saying that: "calling a halt to planting Bt corn next to streams … would be in keeping with the evidence [the authors] have provided". Greenpeace included the paper in an April 2008 briefing on Bt maize, citing it as evidence of environmental risk.The impact went further than that. On 9 January 2008, three months after Rosi-Marshall's paper was published, France's watchdog on GM foods ruled that one of Monsanto's types of Bt maize, known as MON810, may have an impact on wildlife. The evidence it cited included Rosi-Marshall's paper. Two days later, the French government announced a ban on cultivating the maize. "[The paper] got to every agency and non-governmental organization that doesn't like the technology and gave them a flag to wave," says Parrott. Not that he considers the effort wasted: "I have no doubt the impact on policy-makers would have been much worse had it not been countered."Nearly two years since the paper was published, the critics' comments are still pointed. "It was just an idiotic experiment," Miller said this July. But Rosi-Marshall and her co-authors stand behind their paper. "We believe our study was scientifically sound," they wrote in an e-mail, "although many questions on the topic remain to be answered. The repeated, and apparently orchestrated, ad hominem and unfounded attacks by a group of genetic engineering proponents has done little to advance our understanding of the potential ecological impacts of transgenic corn."
And Rosi-Marshall's career seems to have survived the furore. In May 2009 she secured tenure at Loyola University Chicago, and in August she moved to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New York. There she will study human-dominated ecosystems and will continue to investigate the influence of maize varieties on stream ecosystems. Since the caddis-fly paper, she has co-authored another study on transgenic crops showing that Bt maize debris decomposes in streams at a faster rate than conventional maize<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/461027a.html#B14" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">14</a>. She says more data produced with the NSF grant are on the way and that the attacks won't deter her from her studies."It toughened me up a lot," she says. "I'm not going to be intimidated."<span class="end-of-item" style="padding-right: 12px; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" end-of-item.gif="end-of-item.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat"> <p class="end-note" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: dashed; border-top-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); font-style: italic; padding: 10px 0px 20px; margin: 0px; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Emily Waltz is a freelance writer based in New York City. See also Correspondence <a href="http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/461875a" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">Battlefield: hitting the supporters of biotechnology</a> and <a href="http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/461875b" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3);">Battlefield: useful debate needs caution and civility</a>.<ul id="article-refrences" class="xoxo" style="margin: 0px; padding: 10px; list-style: none; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; color: inherit; background-image: url(" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" news="news" images="images" shim-gray.gif="shim-gray.gif" repeat-x="repeat-x" rgb="rgb"><li><h2 class="heading" style="color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding-bottom: 3px;">References</h2><ol style="padding: 7px 10px 0px 20px; margin-left: 5px;"><li id="B1" style="background-image: none !important;"><a name="B1" style="color: rgb(157, 3, 3); text-decoration: underline; line-height: 2em;">Rosi-Marshall, E. 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Mar 19, 2015 - After earning his doctorate at Oxford University, Dr. McHughen worked ... of Saskatchewan before joining the University of California, Riverside.</a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="42" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:plantbiology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/mchughen.html+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwgnMAE" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">[PDF]</a><a href="http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/Alan%20McHughen.pdf" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">International Food Information Council<span class="Bs" style="border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></a></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PuT0GGb8McQJ:www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/Alan%2520McHughen.pdf+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Alan McHughen. University of California,. Riverside. Alan McHughen is a public sector educator, scientist and consumer advocate. After earning his doctorate at ...</a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="48" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://gmoanswers.com/experts/alan-mchughen" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Alan McHughen | GMO Answers</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">https://gmoanswers.com/experts/alan-mchughen</cite><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=alan+mchughen+university+of+california&oq=Alan+McHughen&aqs=chrome.4.69i57j0l5.6124j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b3" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90Q7B0IMjAD" style="border-radius: 0px; 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background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0uYJWvFvTfAJ:https://gmoanswers.com/experts/alan-mchughen+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ul></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0uYJWvFvTfAJ:https://gmoanswers.com/experts/alan-mchughen+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Dr. Alan McHughen, a public sector educator, scientist and consumer advocate, earned his doctorate at Oxford University and currently works at UC Riverside.</a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; 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Read 77 publications, and ...</a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="58" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://uccs.ucdavis.edu/events/2013-December-5-Alan%20McHughen" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Agricultural Biotechnology and Public Policy — University of ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm bc" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">uccs.ucdavis.edu › Events</cite><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><a class="Fmb ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=alan+mchughen+university+of+california&oq=Alan+McHughen&aqs=chrome.4.69i57j0l5.6124j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b5" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90Q7B0IPTAF" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; background-image: none;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px !important; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QqR8IPjAF" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Gt0pO1lwUUYJ:uccs.ucdavis.edu/events/2013-December-5-Alan%2520McHughen+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:uccs.ucdavis.edu/events/2013-December-5-Alan%2520McHughen+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwhAMAU" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ul></div></div><div class="crc" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; margin-left: 4px;"><div class="crl" data-async-context="res:5;ri:;site:uccs.ucdavis.edu" data-async-trigger="cra-5-filled" jsaction="crd.tglpop" data-ved="0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90Q5CsIQTAF" style="color: rgb(119, 119, 119); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:uccs.ucdavis.edu/events/2013-December-5-Alan%2520McHughen+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwhAMAU" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">University of California, Davis<span class="Bs" style="border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></a></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:uccs.ucdavis.edu/events/2013-December-5-Alan%2520McHughen+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwhAMAU" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Dec 5, 2013 - Alan McHughen, UC Riverside. ... University of California Center Sacramento. You are here: Home / Events / Agricultural Biotechnology and ...</a></div></div></div></div><hr class="rgsep" style="border-width: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0666667); height: 1px; margin: 0px -8px 16px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0666667);" /><div class="g" id="imagebox_bigimages" data-hveid="67" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px;"><div class="Icb _kk _wI" aria-level="3" role="heading" style="line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><div class="srg"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="87" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://nabc25.tamu.edu/files/2013/07/Alan-McHughen.pdf" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Alan McHughen Botany and Plant Science University of ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">nabc25.tamu.edu/files/2013/.../Alan-McHughen.pdf</cite><div class="crc" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; margin-left: 4px;"><div class="crl" data-async-context="res:13;ri:;site:nabc25.tamu.edu" data-async-trigger="cra-13-filled" jsaction="crd.tglpop" data-ved="0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90Q5CsIWTAN" style="color: rgb(119, 119, 119); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;">Texas A&M University<span class="Bs" style="border-width: 4px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; width: 0px; height: 0px; top: 8.5px; position: absolute; margin-left: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) transparent !important;" /></div></div></div>Alan McHughen. Botany and Plant Science. University of California. Riverside, Ca alanmc@ucr.edu www.specialtycropassistance.org ...</div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="90" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://universityofcalifornia.edu/news/genetic-engineering-needs-better-regulation-uc-scientists-say" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Genetic engineering needs better regulation, UC scientists say</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">universityofcalifornia.edu/.../genetic-engineering...</cite><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Nov 16, 2015 - Alan McHughen, a UC Cooperative Extension specialist and geneticist from UC Riverside, said labels are impractical. “The people who want ...</a></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px;"><div class="rc" data-hveid="97" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.biotech-now.org/tag/dr-alan-mchughen" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Alan McHughen | BIOtechNow</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv SWb" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="Rm" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal;">www.biotech-now.org/tag/dr-alan-mchughen</cite><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.biotech-now.org/tag/dr-alan-mchughen+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwhmMA8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ul></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.biotech-now.org/tag/dr-alan-mchughen+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwhmMA8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Feb 5, 2014 - On our GMO Answers site, Dr. Alan McHughen, a molecular geneticist and professor at the University of California, Riverside, explains that ...</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></ol></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.biotech-now.org/tag/dr-alan-mchughen+alan+mchughen+university+of+california&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwsTo6e3JAhVKND4KHZdIB90QHwhmMA8" style="text-decoration: none; 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