Harvard Ctr for Risk Analysis

promoted primary 9/13 w. graham for pioneer

=Director of Risk Communication at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, part of the Harvard School of Public Health, =how related to:<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Government: Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Office of Management and Budget</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Industry: Is on leave from position as Professor of Policy and Decision Sciences in the Faculty of Public Health at Harvard University, financed by corporate polluters</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Graham is the de facto boss of all regulatory programs for the entire government -- any change in enviro rules must pass through his strangling hands. An avowed enemy of pollution regulations, he previously headed a quasi-academic front group that consistently issued reports claiming that environmental protections are too costly for industry -- not a surprising stance since he and his 'risk-assessment' center were financed by more than 100 corporate entities, including the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">American Petroleum Institute</a>, Dow, Dupont, Exxon, Monsanto, and 3M."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.utne.com/web_special/web_specials_2004-06/articles/11232-1.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;">[8]</a></li></ul>NOT 1st? stare:<h2>Food lobbyist</h2>The April 1973 Harvard's student publications The Present Illness carried a diagram of Stare's industry links. It says he had been director of Continental Can Co. since 1964. It also revealed that Harvard University held $8.737 million worth of shares in the family(?) company. According to this article, Stare also had retainers from Nabisco, Kellogg and Cereal Institute. (See The Present Illness page 18 -21.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frederick_J._Stare#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a>)The Kelloggs were eventually persuaded to fund him $2 million to set up the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nutrition_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutrition Foundation (page does not exist)">Nutrition Foundation</a> at Harvard, and his family associations provided excellent connections to other large organisations in the food processing business willing to provide funds. The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nutrition_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutrition Foundation (page does not exist)">Nutrition Foundation</a>is independent of the university (except for the use of the Harvard name) and it published a journal Nutrition Reviews which he edited for 25 years.<a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yrp4aa00" class="external autonumber" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yrp4aa00" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>A book jointly written with Whelan, Panic in the Pantry, carried the jacket message, "Eat your additives, they're good for you"; that, along with Stare's support for the sugar industry, earned him the sobriquet at Harvard University of "The Sugar King."

<a href="http://bigthink.com/users/davidropeik?utm_source=Big+Think+Weekly+Newsletter+Subscribers&utm_campaign=0de23ad641-Here_s_What_s_New_at_Big_Think1_30_2013&utm_medium=email">http://bigthink.com/users/davidropeik?utm_source=Big+Think+Weekly+Newsletter+Subscribers&utm_campaign=0de23ad641-Here_s_What_s_New_at_Big_Think1_30_2013&utm_medium=email</a>

not complete ahole:<a href="http://bigthink.com/risk-reason-and-reality/potentially-game-changing-news-coming-on-climate-change"> http://bigthink.com/risk-reason-and-reality/potentially-game-changing-news-coming-on-climate-change</a>

===

The Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (HCRA) was founded by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_D._Graham" title="John D. Graham">John D. Graham</a> and specialises in advocating forms of risk-assessment widely criticised by community groups. The Center gained funds from both industry and government agencies.

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#History">1 History</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#HCRA_and_Big_Tobacco">2 HCRA and Big Tobacco</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Personnel">3 Personnel</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Former_Staff">3.1 Former Staff</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Funding">4 Funding</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Case_studies">5 Case studies</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Contact_information">6 Contact information</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#External_links">7 External links</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Articles_and_Resources">8 Articles and Resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Sources">8.1 Sources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#Related_SourceWatch_Articles">8.2 Related SourceWatch Articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis#External_Articles">8.3 External Articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>History</h2>

According to the Center's website the three main program areas are:

<ul>

<li>Food safety and agriculture: a program to “assess safety risks to the American food supply. A main goal of the program is the education of legislators, community leaders, corporate officials and journalists about the importance of risk analysis in the promotion of a safe food supply.” <a href="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/food.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/food.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Environment: “Citizens often support stronger environmental policies hoping to reduce or eliminate risks to human or ecological health. But growing scientific evidence indicates that some current environmental policies aren't directed at the most significant sources of risk. The effect of such policies may be to misallocate resources that could improve public and environmental health if those resources were directed toward larger risks. The mission of the Program on Environmental Science and Risk Management is to promote more informed decision making about environmental protection through greater use of analytic tools such as risk assessment, decision analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit-cost analysis”. <a href="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/environment.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/environment.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>The economic evaluation of medical technology: part of this program is to “promote reasoned policies for the evaluation and use of medical technologies … The Program is currently involved in a number of policy activities, including: developing standards in the use of cost-effectiveness analysis, evaluating the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=FDA" title="FDA" class="mw-redirect">FDA</a>'s regulation of drug manufacturers' cost-effectiveness claims, and understanding ways in which public and private payers can become more critical consumers of economic evaluations.” <a href="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/medical.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/medical.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></li>

</ul>

HCRA not only analyses risk but, in conjunction with allied institutions, also runs courses on 'risk communication". "Learn how to more effectively communicate about risk issues with various audiences, and how to incorporate risk communication into the strategic operation of your organization. A combination of expert instruction, class participation, and real-world examples of successes and failures in risk communication will give you an understanding of the theoretical and practical issues involved," promotional material for a May 2003 seminar stated. The course program Directors were <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M.Gray" title="George M. Gray">George M. Gray</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=David_P.Ropeik" title="David P. Ropeik">David P. Ropeik</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ragnar_L%3Fedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar L?edt (page does not exist)">Ragnar L?edt</a>. <a href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/0303/msg00266.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/0303/msg00266.html" rel="nofollow">[4]</a>

Another couse scheduled for April 2002, HCRA and their co-hosts promised that those attending the two and a half day long "Risk Communication Challenge" course would "learn the underlying psychology of how people 'decide' what to be afraid of and how afraid to be. You will learn how to select and craft key messages, how to deliver those messages, and how to work with the media to get your message out". <a href="http://www.riskmail.org/archive/feb02/00000164.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.riskmail.org/archive/feb02/00000164.htm" rel="nofollow">The Risk Communication Challenge</a>

In November 2003, HCRA flagged they would broaden the range of issues it works on and increase its international focus. "One of my objectives is for HCRA to contribute critical thinking to the management of a broader range of public-health risks, including post-9/11 terrorism, the development of drug-resistant strains of bacteria, and the emergence of new threats like BSE (<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mad_cow_disease" title="Mad cow disease">mad cow disease</a>) and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=SARS" title="SARS" class="mw-redirect">SARS</a>. … Increasingly, we are helping to address health risks outside the United States, including <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> in Africa, air pollution in Mexico and China, and the effects of war in Kuwait.

As well as extending collaboration with other Harvard university staff, the media release announced that HCRA hoped to recruit new staff in the fields of “behavioral decision making, cognition, risk perception and communication. Experts in these fields will help us better understand how the public perceives and manages health risks and what interventions can be most beneficial. <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>

The following month, the Harvard School of Public Health also announced the staff change adding that an example of a current HCRA project is a study of mercury levels in swordfish. “Should people stop eating swordfish or limit their consumption, as pregnant women are advised to do? Should mercury sources be placed under stricter government control? What if the sources turn out to be natural ones, such as eroding rocks? This balance between risk and benefit, between warnings and advice, is the focus of HCRA,’ the release stated. <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/now/dec12/center.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/now/dec12/center.html" rel="nofollow">[6]</a>

<h2>HCRA and Big Tobacco</h2>

The public release of millions of pages of internal tobacco industry documents following the settlement of legal action, has shed light on how HCRA deals with corporate sponsors.

See <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis_and_Big_Tobacco" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco</a>

<h2>Personnel</h2>

John D. Graham founded HCRA in 1989 and continued as Director until December 2001 when he was appointed by George W. Bush to head the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, a part of the Office of Management and Budget.

John Graham's nomination prompted Public Citizen to compile a background report on his work and track his nomination process. <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html" rel="nofollow">[7]</a>

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html">http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html  :</a>

<div style="text-align: left;">Senate Puts Graham on Notice to Protect</div><div style="text-align: left;">Public Health, Safety and the Environment</div>

On July 19 the Senate <a href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/vote1071/vote_00242.html">voted 61 to 37</a> to confirm Bush nominee John Graham for the obscure but extremely influential government position -- Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). In this role, Graham will serve as the nation's regulatory gatekeeper, passing judgment over all major national health, safety, and environmental standards. Over the past decade, Graham has been an ally of the business community and played a leading role opposing strong government safeguards.

Click <a href="http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=674">here</a> for the statement of Public Citizen President Joan Claybrook.

<table border="1" height="67" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" height="38" width="33%"><a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/yeaandnay.html">Senate Vote - July 19</a></td><td align="center" height="38" width="33%"><a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html#Background">Background</a></td><td align="center" height="38" width="34%"><a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html#Opposition%20Letters%20and%20Fact%20Sheets">Opposition Statements and Letters</a></td></tr><tr><td align="center" height="17" width="33%"><a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/pm_kraft.html">Philip Morris and Kraft Documents</a></td><td align="center" height="17" width="33%"><a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html#Testimony">Testimony</a></td><td align="center" height="17" width="34%"><a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html#Graham%20in%20the%20News">Graham in the News</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<a id="Background" name="Background">Background</a>

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/phonynumbers.html">John Graham and Phony Numbers</a> (July 19, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/heinzerling.html">John Graham’s Distortions: Study Was Used By Him to Mislead Congress & the Media About the Cost of Health, Safety and Environmental Regulation</a>

(July 18, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/Hexavalent.html">John Graham and OSHA Regulation of Hexavalent Chromium</a> (July 18, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/rubuttal.html">The John Graham Nomination: Public Citizen’s Rebuttal to "Who Is Professor John D. Graham? A Scholarly Response to Public Citizen"</a> (July 18, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/oiraoverview.html">Graham’s Nomination To Head OMB-OIRA Threatens Health, Safety and Environmental Safeguards</a> (July 18, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/edit.html">Background on the John Graham Nomination</a> (Updated July 13, 2001):

Industry Ally, Hostile to Health and Environmental Safeguards, Poor Choice for Key Regulatory Post in Bush Administration

<div style="text-align: left;">Harvard Center Director Tapped for White House Office of Management and Budget</div>

This week the Senate will vote on whether to confirm Bush nominee John Graham for an obscure but extremely influential government position -- Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). In this role, Graham would serve as the nation's regulatory gatekeeper, passing judgment over all major national health, safety, and environmental standards. Over the past decade, Graham has been an ally of the business community and played a leading role opposing strong government safeguards. If confirmed Graham would have the power to accomplish much of his agenda to roll back vital public health, workplace and environmental protections.

We have already seen a major attack on new public protections by the Bush administration. The president reversed his pledge to control carbon dioxide emissions and supported a congressional override of the ergonomics standard designed to prevent repetitive stress injuries. Bush also has overturned or pared down many Clinton administration rules, including those that reduce arsenic in drinking water, end new road construction in national forest wilderness areas, limit hard rock mining to reduce water pollution and improve energy efficiency standards for air conditioners.

It is clear that the president’s choice for OIRA Administrator represents more of the same. John Graham has garnered strong support from regulated industries because he has repeatedly sided with industry in opposing many health, safety and environmental standards over the past decade. As director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Graham plays a central role in undermining support for many of the country’s vital protections through his research, work with the media and testimony before Congress. Oil, chemical, auto, drug and food companies, mining and other industrial interests have heavily funded his work.

A diverse array of national organizations and prestigious academics are raising serious concerns about Graham's nomination.

Why OIRA Is So Critical

The development of new regulatory safeguards by federal agencies requires skilled professionals to conduct extensive studies, scientific research and economic analyses. Agencies also must conduct a formal notice and comment process wherein the stakeholders submit written testimony and testify at public hearings. As a result, federal agencies often take years to develop new rules (for example, the recently reversed ergonomics standard was 10 years in the making).

A series of presidential executive orders has provided that all significant pending rules are reviewed by OIRA, which means that its administrator can serve as a last-minute regulatory chokepoint on agency action. Federal safeguards on industrial chemicals, fuel economy standards, air and water pollution levels, tobacco regulation, implementation of a Patients’ Bill of Rights, and virtually every other issue that is critical to human and environmental health fall under the office’s purview.

The review power given to OIRA has, in the past, enabled conservative political appointees and government economists, many of whom are prejudiced against new regulations, to intervene in the regulatory process. OIRA has sought to control the agencies’ economic analyses so that the costs of a regulation appear greater and the benefits less; ordered agencies to base decisions on cost-benefit calculations even when prohibited by Congress, which prioritized safety first; and required agencies to reconsider data that it had already disregarded as scientifically unhelpful or flawed.

For example, under the Reagan and Bush I administrations, OIRA was viewed as a "black hole," and many needed regulations were stalled for long periods, altered to be less protective of the public, or blocked altogether. The office was the home of last resort for regulated industries: Whenever an industry did not prevail in the public rulemaking process conducted by agency experts, it came through the back door to quash a rule. President Bush I created the Council on Competitiveness, the so-called "Quayle Council," headed by Vice President Dan Quayle, to work with OIRA in facilitating industries’ anti-regulation objectives.

The Case Against John Graham

A wide range of organizations and prestigious academics recently wrote to the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee opposing Graham’s nomination and raising serious concerns about Graham’s fitness for the job. Their criticism covers three crucial areas:

1) Graham Has Deep Ties to Regulated Industries: Graham's Harvard Center for Risk Analysis has had more than 100 corporate and trade association funders since it was founded 12 years ago. Corporations contribute 60 percent of the Center’s annual budget. As the government's regulatory czar, Graham will sit in judgment over a wide range of regulatory proposals that will affect companies and industries with whom he has had a long-standing financial relationship, and for whom he has conducted research and public relations activities in opposition to government regulation. Rather than being a fair-minded assessor, opponents of Graham believe he would continue to collaborate with his industry supporters to weaken or stop the issuance of safety protections.

On April 12, 2001, 13 national organizations (including the Sierra Club, Natural Resources Defense Council, Defenders of Wildlife, AFL-CIO and Center for Science in the Public Interest) wrote to the Governmental Affairs Committee outlining their concerns about Graham’s conflict of interest. Their <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/govtaffairs.html">16-page correspondence</a> details numerous instances in which Graham presented questionable analytical findings that served industry’s goal, which was to avoid or delay potentially costly regulations. During these presentations, Graham identified himself as from Harvard yet typically failed to reveal his connections to interested corporate sponsors or the extent of his collaboration with industry. Graham’s habits are in marked contrast to the standard practice within academia of maintaining an arms-length -- and often even contractual -- relationship with those corporate funders that have a direct stake in the outcome of research.

The letter from the 13 organizations cites instances of Graham’s efforts on behalf of industry in relation to the regulation of tobacco, food, pesticides, cell phones, air bags and dioxin. Documents submitted with the letter reveal that Graham solicited $25,000 in the early 1990s from tobacco giant Philip Morris and later received funds through its subsidiary, Kraft Foods. Graham also wrote letters to Kraft in which he suggested the possibility of raising $25 million from the food industry for work on the "food safety debate."

In March, Public Citizen released an investigative report, "<a href="http://www.citizen.org/Press/pr-grahamreport.pdf">Safeguards at Risk</a>," which details many examples of Graham's collaboration with industry and raises questions about the soundness of his research and methods. That study was endorsed by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Health Care Without Harm, the Science and Environmental Health Network and the Center for Health, Environment and Justice.

2) Graham Has Conducted Questionable Research: Recently, two separate letters from 74 academics – including 11 colleagues of Graham’s from Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health, which houses Graham’s Center – wrote to the Governmental Affairs Committee in opposition to the Graham nomination. Both letters raised concerns that Graham’s research has downplayed hazards faced by the public, one suggesting that his work shows "a remarkable congruency with the interests of regulated industries."

Serious questions have been raised about the positions advocated by Graham, the research underlying those positions and the possible corporate sponsorship of that research. For example, in March 1997, when questions were being raised about the safety of passenger-side air bags, Graham argued in news appearances and before the National Transportation Safety Board that a new, unpublished Center report had convinced him that passenger-side air bags were not cost effective enough to justify being mandated. His research, Graham suggested, showed that passenger-side air bags cost $399,000 for each year-of-life saved. After harsh criticism from auto safety advocates, Graham’s study was peer-reviewed.

This resulted in a dramatic turnaround by Graham, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, showing that the cost of the same passenger-side air bags had been reduced to $61,000 for each year-of-life saved. Thus Graham’s new conclusion was that those air bags were a worthwhile investment by economic standards. Graham’s Center has received unrestricted funding from the auto industry, but it is not known in what amount, and unrestricted funding is not covered by Graham’s Center’s conflict of interest policy.

3) Graham Has Made Extensive Use of Faulty Methodologies: For years, there has been a major debate about the appropriate use of cost-benefit analysis in regulation. While some federal statutes instruct the agencies to protect public health regardless of cost considerations, other laws permit cost considerations to play a limited role.

If confirmed, Graham is expected to rely heavily on highly disputed cost-benefit calculations to determine when particular regulations are warranted. But there are numerous problems with the methods in the regulatory context. For example, OIRA sometimes uses the industries' own cost estimates, yet studies have repeatedly shown that these numbers are badly inflated, and some rules even stimulate productivity by encouraging sustainable technologies. The value of cost-benefit analysis is also limited by the lack of scientific data. Because we don't have good numbers for diseases other than cancer, calculations omit the benefits of reducing other illnesses. Nor do they take into account the value of a healthy ecosystem, which can't accurately be put into monetary terms. In short, the tools that Graham would apply at OIRA systematically short-change public health and environmental goals and can easily be manipulated on behalf of industry.

Graham has a history of misapplying cost-benefit methodology. His resume claims that "as a scholar," he is best known for a database of 500 risk interventions, which analyzes their cost-effectiveness. But in testimony submitted to the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, Professor Lisa Heinzerling of Georgetown University Law Center has debunked Graham's work. Focusing on Graham’s research on cost-effectiveness in another study, which purported to show that 60,000 more lives could be saved if the government re-allocated its resources more efficiently, Heinzerling demonstrates that this most famous of Graham’s claims is resoundingly false. In fact, most of the egregiously cost-inefficient proposals that Graham cites as examples of regulation-run-amuck were never implemented by any agency. Heinzerling also criticizes Graham’s use of discounting, which grossly understates the value of a life.

Heinzerling also demonstrates that Graham perpetuated and encouraged a misinterpretation of his own research, claiming that his data showed that federal regulations result in, in his own words, the "statistical murder" of 60,000 Americans every year. This bit of misinformation has, courtesy of Graham’s promotion, become a shibboleth routinely used by opponents of regulation, and has been repeated dozens of times by the media, anti-regulation analysts and even by several members of Congress.

Conclusion

President Bush has nominated an OIRA Administrator who is not merely an academic. For a decade, Graham has been at the nexus of a corporate public relations effort intended to make it very difficult for federal agencies to enact new public and environmental safeguards. As Public Citizen's "Safeguards at Risk" report documents, Graham has devoted years to discrediting government regulators and shooting down safety standards through the use of economic pseudo-science.

Given Graham's past academic work and close collaboration with regulated industries, his appointment to OIRA would give industry a back door to the White House, enabling the Bush administration to block or neuter new regulatory initiatives under the misleading pretense that they fail on cost-benefit or "sound science" grounds. In ways the public and Congress may never know, the appointment of John Graham to this powerful office within the OMB could dramatically affect the quality of the air we breathe, the wholesomeness of the food we eat and the safety of the cars we drive.

Back to <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html">Graham Page</a>

Back to <a href="http://www.citizen.org/Press/pr-grahamreport.pdf">Public Citizen's John Graham Report</a>

Back to <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/index.html">Federal Regulations: Health, Safety & Environmental Protections</a>

Back to <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/">Congress Watch Homepage</a>

Back to <a href="http://www.citizen.org">Public Citizen Homepage</a>

</blockquote>

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/press/pr-regs8.htm">Industry Ally John Graham is Wrong Choice to Be Nation’s Regulatory Gatekeeper</a> (May 17, 2001)

Public Citizen Report - <a href="http://www.citizen.org/documents/grahamrpt.pdf">Safeguards at Risk: John Graham and Corporate America's Back Door to the Bush White House</a> (March 12, 2001)

- <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/articles.cfm?ID=1455">Letter to Sen. Fred Thompson, Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman, Regarding the Safeguards at Risk Report</a> (March 13, 2001)

<a href="http://www.ombwatch.org/regs/2001/graham.html">OMB Watch Analysis of OIRA: Assurances Needed for Transparency, Accountability at OIRA</a> (May 5, 2001)

<a href="http://www.ombwatch.org/regs/2001/graham2.html">OMB Watch Summary of Concerns with John Graham</a>

(May 5, 2001)

<a id="Opposition Letters and Fact Sheets" name="Opposition Letters and Fact Sheets">Opposition Statements and Letters</a>

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=674">Statement of Public Citizen President Joan Claybrook:  Senate Puts Graham on Notice to Protect Public Health, Safety and the Environment</a> (July 20, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/fiske.html">Public Citizen President Joan Claybrook Responds to Phineas Fiske's Column: Graham Puts Corporate Profits Before Human and Environmental Concerns</a>

(July 12, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/pirgletter.html">U.S. PIRG Urges the Senate to Oppose Dr. John Graham as Head of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> (June 13, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/safefood.html">The Global Safe Food Alliance Writes in Opposition to the Graham Nomination </a>

(June 12, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/organizations.html">National Organizations Opposing John D. Graham</a> (May 30, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/lieberman.PDF">Sen. Joe Lieberman Votes Against Graham; Believes Nominee Would Weaken Environment, Health and Safety Protections</a> (May 23, 2001)

<a href="http://www.afscme.org/action/l010521.htm">AFSCME Opposes the Graham Nomination in Letter to Senate Governmental Affairs Committee</a> (May 21, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/formerregulators.html">Former Federal Regulators Raise Concerns About Graham </a>

(May 17, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/aflcio.pdf">AFL-CIO Letter to Sen. Fred Thompson, Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman, Opposing the Graham Nomination </a>(May 17, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/ombwatch.pdf">OMB Watch Letter to Sen. Fred Thompson, Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman, Opposing the Graham Nomination</a> (May 16, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/net.pdf">National Environmental Trust: Graham Nomination Threatens Environmental Protections</a> (May 15, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/NRDC.html">Natural Resources Defense Council Letter to Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Criticizing Graham's Anti-Regulatory Record</a> (May 15, 2001)

<a href="http://www.nrdc.org/media/pressReleases/010308.asp">Natural Resources Defense Council Press Release Opposing Graham</a>

(March 8, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/chivian.html">32 Scholars Oppose Graham and Raise Conflict of Interest Concerns</a>

(May 17, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/uawgraham.PDF">UAW Letter to Sen. Fred Thompson, Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman, Opposing the Graham Nomination </a>(May 11, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/durbin.html">Senate Dear Colleague Letter from Sen. Richard Durbin (D-Ill.): Why the Nomination of John Graham as Administrator of OMB/OIRA Should be Opposed</a>

(May 10, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/harvardfaculty.html">Harvard University Faculty Opposed to Graham Nomination</a> (May 10, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/academics.html">53 Scholars and Academics Write the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee Opposing the Graham Nomination</a> (May 9, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/govtaffairs.html">National Organizations Make the Case Against John Graham to the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee</a> (April 12, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/cspi.pdf">Center for Science in the Public Interest Writes President Bush Criticizing Graham's Strong Ties to Industry</a> (March 7, 2001)

<a id="Testimony" name="Testimony">Testimony</a>

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/Claybrook.htm">Statement of Public Citizen President Joan Claybrook on the John Graham Nomination to the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee</a> (May 16, 2001)

<a href="http://www.ombwatch.org/regs/2001/graham-thompson.html">Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman Thompson Criticized for Refusing Witnesses Opposed to Graham </a>

(May 15, 2001)

<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/heinzerling_testimony.html">Testimony of Professor Lisa Heinzerling, Georgetown University Law Center, Concerning the Nomination of John Graham</a> (May 10, 2001)

<a id="Graham in the News" name="Graham in the News">Graham in the News</a>

Washington Post: <a href="http://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A9532-2001Jul31.html">Overseer of the Rules for OMB</a> (July 31, 2001)

Los Angeles Times: <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-000059038jul19.story?coll=la%2Dnews%2Dcomment">Don't Put the Fox in Charge of the Hens</a> (July 19, 2001)

Washington Post: <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/opinion/A1421-2001Jul15.html">Graham Flunks the Cost-Benefit Test</a> (July 16, 2001)

Washington Post: <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A59494-2001Jul13.html">Toxic Chemical Review Process Faulted; Scientists on EPA Advisory Panels Often Have Conflicts of Interest, GAO Says</a> (July 16, 2001)

Newsday: <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/fiske.html">Public Citizen President Joan Claybrook Responds to Phineas Fiske's Column: Graham Puts Corporate Profits Before Human and Environmental Concerns</a>

(July 12, 2001)

Tom Paine.com: <a href="http://www.tompaine.com/opinion/2001/06/01/index.html">Harvard University's Gift to the Nation: Goodbye to Meddlesome Health, Environment, and Workplace Safety Rules</a> (June 1, 2001)

Plastics News: <a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham/plastics.html">Bush’s OIRA Appointee Graham Could Lend Clout to Plastics</a>

(May 7, 2001)

Washington Post: <a href="http://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27095-2001May15.html">Nominee's Business Ties Criticized</a> (May 15, 2001)

Washington Post:<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7743-2001Apr11.html"> Dioxin Report by EPA on Hold</a> (April 12, 2001)

New York Times: <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/politics/25RISK.html">Regulations Czar Prefers New Path</a> (March 25, 2001)

Boston Globe: <a href="http://www.globalink.org/nbtnodigest/T03/msg00032.html#1">Nominee’s Funding At Issue; Critics of Harvard Risk Analysis See Ties to Industry</a> (March 18, 2001)

Charleston Gazette: <a href="http://lists.essential.org/1995/dioxin-l/msg00095.html">Expert Panel Backs EPA Dioxin Study</a> (October 1, 1995)<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html"> </a>

Following Graham's confirmation in July 2001, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray" title="George M. Gray">George M. Gray</a> was appointed as Acting Director.

In November 2003 HCRA announced that <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_K._Hammitt" title="James K. Hammitt">James K. Hammitt</a> had been appointed as the organizations new Director. Gray will continue in the newly created position of Executive Director. “Gray will have responsibility for HCRA’s operational management and will play a key role in efforts to develop financial support,” the release stated. <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" rel="nofollow">[8]</a>

[sw

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_D._Graham" title="John D. Graham">John D. Graham</a>

<ul>

<li>Government: Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect">Office of Management and Budget</a></li>

<li>Industry: Is on leave from position as Professor of Policy and Decision Sciences in the Faculty of Public Health at Harvard University, financed by corporate polluters</li>

<li>"Graham is the de facto boss of all regulatory programs for the entire government -- any change in enviro rules must pass through his strangling hands. An avowed enemy of pollution regulations, he previously headed a quasi-academic front group that consistently issued reports claiming that environmental protections are too costly for industry -- not a surprising stance since he and his 'risk-assessment' center were financed by more than 100 corporate entities, including the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a>, Dow, Dupont, Exxon, Monsanto, and 3M."<a href="http://www.utne.com/web_special/web_specials_2004-06/articles/11232-1.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.utne.com/web_special/web_specials_2004-06/articles/11232-1.html" rel="nofollow">[8]</a> ]</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

[HCRA?]Key personnel of the organisation - as posted on the organisations website in January 2004 but which appears to date from at least early 2003* - include:

The Executive Council consisting of

<ul>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Vincent_A._Calarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent A. Calarco (page does not exist)">Vincent A. Calarco</a> Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President Crompton Corporation</li>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Earnest_Deavenport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnest Deavenport (page does not exist)">Earnest Deavenport</a>, Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Eastman Chemical</li>

<li>Dr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=E._Linn_Draper" title="E. Linn Draper">E. Linn Draper</a>, Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer American Electric Power Co.</li>

<li>Ms. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Karen_Doyne" title="Karen Doyne">Karen Doyne</a>, Senior Vice President Public Affairs and Issues Management <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ketchum_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketchum Communications (page does not exist)">Ketchum Communications</a></li>

<li>Mr. John Georges, Retired Chairman, CEO International Paper</li>

<li>Mr. Thomas Graham, Retired Chairman and CEO of AK Steel</li>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=C._Boyden_Gray" title="C. Boyden Gray">C. Boyden Gray</a>, Partner, Wilmer, Cutler and Pickering</li>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thomas_Grumbly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Grumbly (page does not exist)">Thomas Grumbly</a>, President and CEO, Key Stone Center</li>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jerry_Jasinowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Jasinowski (page does not exist)">Jerry Jasinowski</a>, President National Association of Manufacturers</li>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=William_Shaw_McDermott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Shaw McDermott (page does not exist)">William Shaw McDermott</a>, Partner, Kirkpatrick & Lockhart</li>

<li>Mr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dana_G._Mead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana G. Mead (page does not exist)">Dana G. Mead</a>, Retired Chairman & CEO Tenneco, Inc.</li>

<li>Mr. Henry A. "Hank" McKinnell, Jr, President and CEO Pfizer, Inc.</li>

<li>Mr. David Peipers, President, Peipers & Company</li>

<li>Professor <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Howard_Raiffa" title="Howard Raiffa">Howard Raiffa</a></li>

<li>Frank P. Ramsey, Professor of Managerial Economics emeritus at the Harvard Business School and the Kennedy School of Government</li>

<li>Ms. Katherine Rhyne, Partner, King & Spalding</li>

<li>Mr. Stuart Singer,Partner, Boies, Schiller, and Flexner</li>

</ul>

Harvard Representatives:

<ul>

<li>George Gray, Acting Director, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</li>

<li>Patricia Shea, Senior Major Gifts Officer, Harvard School of Public Health</li>

</ul>

The Advisory Council, according to a media release by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Grocery_Manufacturers_of_America" title="Grocery Manufacturers of America" class="mw-redirect">Grocery Manufacturers of America</a> (GMA), meets in June every two years <a href="http://www.gmabrands.com/news/docs/NewsRelease.cfm?DocID=707" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.gmabrands.com/news/docs/NewsRelease.cfm?DocID=707" rel="nofollow">[9]</a>. Its current membership comprises:

<ul>

<li>Dr. Jan Acton, Vice President, Charles River Associates</li>

<li>Dr. Nell Ahl, Director, Office of Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis USDA</li>

<li>Marc Berger, MDVice President, Outcomes Research and Management Merk & Co., Incorporated;</li>

<li>Dr. Vicki Bier, Associate Professor University of Wisconsin Department of Industrial Engineering</li>

<li>Mr. Timothy Bingman, DuPont</li>

<li>Mr. Don Bischoff, Executive Director, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</li>

<li>Dr. William Bishop, Associate Director, Risk, Policy &Regulatory Sciences Department Procter & Gamble Company,</li>

<li>Laurie Beth Burke, R.Ph., M.Ph. Senior Supervisory Regulator FDA</li>

<li>Carolyn Clancy, MD Director, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Department of Health and Human Services</li>

<li>Dr. Robert Clemen, Professor Fuqua School of Business, Duke University</li>

<li>Dr. Maureen Cropper, Principal Economist, Department of Economics, University of Maryland</li>

<li>Mr. Dainius Dalmotas, Senior Engineer, Road Safety & Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate Transport Canada</li>

<li>Dr. Lisa Egbuonu-Davis, Vice President, Global Outcomes Research & Medical Services Pfizer Incorporated</li>

<li>Dr. Susan Ferguson, Vice President of Research Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</li>

<li>Dr. Adam Finkel, Directorate of Health Standards Programs Department of Labor, OSHA</li>

<li>Dr. Steven Garber, Senior Economist RAND Corporation</li>

<li>Dr. Louis Garrison,VP and Head, Health Economics and Strategic Pricing Roche Pharamceuticals, F. Hoffman-LaRoche, Ltd.</li>

<li>Dr. Laura Green, Senior Scientist and President Cambridge Environmental, Incorporated</li>

<li>Dr. Jens Gruger, Head, Global Health Economics and Disease Mgmnt. Novartis Pharma A.G. Global Marketing</li>

<li>Dr. Michael Hutcheson, Head of Air and Water Toxics Group, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection</li>

<li>Ms. Ingo Kallina, Vice President Passenger Car Components Structure and Safety Mercedes-Benz</li>

<li>Jonathan Kaplan, M.D.Associate Director for Opportunisitcf Infections Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</li>

<li>Dr. Patrick Kinney, Associate Professor, School of Public Health Columbia University</li>

<li>Dr. Bryan Luce, MBA, Senior Research Leader and CEO MEDTAP International Inc.</li>

<li>Dr. John Mendeloff, Professor, Public Management and Policy Program University of Pittsburgh</li>

<li>Douglas Owens, MD, MS, Asscoiate Professor of Medicine, CPH/CPCOR, Stanford University</li>

<li>Dr. Joan Rose, Professor, Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida</li>

<li>Dr. Alon Rosenthal, J.D., Director, Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Israel</li>

<li>Dr. P. Barry Ryan, Professor, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University</li>

<li>Phillip W. Sarocco, R.Ph., M.Sc, Director, Health Economics Aventis Pharamceuticals</li>

<li>Dr. Rita Schoeny, Associate Director, Health and Criteria Division U.S. Environmental Protection</li>

<li>Dr. J. Sanford Schwartz, MD, Professor of medicine, Healthcare Management and Economics University of Pennsylvania</li>

<li>Dr. Steve Sheingold, Director Division of Program Analysis and Performance Measurement Health Care Financing Administration</li>

<li>Dr. Jason Shogren, Professor, Economics Department, University of Wyoming</li>

<li>Mr. David Sigman, J.D, Chief Attorney, Environmental Affairs Exxon Chemical Americas</li>

<li>Dr. Andrew Smith, State Toxicologist of Maine</li>

<li>Dr. M. Jane Teta, Director of Epidemiology, Health Information, Risk Assessment and TSCA Union Carbide Corporation</li>

<li>Mr. Harry Teter, J.D, Executive Director, Trauma Society</li>

<li>Mr. Jonathan Wiener, J.D, Associate Professor, Duke University School of Law and School of Environment</li>

<li>Dr. Richard Williams, Director, Division of Market Studies FDA HFS</li>

<li>Thomas C. Wright, MD, Associate Professor, Dept. of Pathology College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia Univ.</li>

<li>Dr. Stacey Zawel, Director, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Grocery Manufacturers Association</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>While this list is current as of January 2004 it is a little dated. For example, the HCRA website lists Karen Doyne as working for Ketchum Communications when in fact she joined Burson Marsteller in June 2003.</li>

</ul>

<h3>Former Staff</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=David_P._Ropeik" title="David P. Ropeik">David P. Ropeik</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Funding</h2>

This list of funders is current as of January 2004. A list of individual contributors is also listed on the site but is not included here.

When Graham appeared before a Congressional committee hearing in March 2003 he said the policy of the center, where he previously worked, was to disclose the names of the funders but not the amount of their contributions. <a href="http://www.house.gov/ose/Press/Selected_Articles/2002/13March02_WP.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.house.gov/ose/Press/Selected_Articles/2002/13March02_WP.htm" rel="nofollow">[10]</a>

According to a 2001 story an unspecified source told in The Washington Post that the annual budget of the Center was approximately $3million. “Of that amount, 40 percent was donated by private sources and was unrestricted; 30 percent came from government; 20 percent from private donors for specific projects; and 10 percent from Harvard,’ it stated. <a href="http://www.wave-guide.org/archives/emf-l/Mar2001/Re-Graham-IS-one-ofthe--usual-suspects--%28Newton%29%28Kane%29-.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.wave-guide.org/archives/emf-l/Mar2001/Re-Graham-IS-one-ofthe--usual-suspects--(Newton)(Kane)-.html" rel="nofollow">[11]</a>

The then Grocery Manufacturers Association of America Vice President, Scientific and Regulatory Policy, Susan A. Ferenc, saw benefits to her participation in the HCRA. “As negotiations proceed at WTO and Codex Ailmentarius, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and GMA will work together to promote the crucial role that science based risk assessments play in the development of trade rules,” stated a media release announcing her participation in the HCRA’s advisory committee. (The GMA is listed as one of the current funders of HCRA).<a href="http://www.gmabrands.com/news/docs/NewsRelease.cfm?DocID=707" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.gmabrands.com/news/docs/NewsRelease.cfm?DocID=707" rel="nofollow">[12]</a>

The GMA stated that in 2001 the meeting would issues including “the role of food safety in international trade, bovine spongiform encephaloathy (BSE) and food biotechnology”. <a href="http://www.gmabrands.com/news/docs/NewsRelease.cfm?DocID=707" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.gmabrands.com/news/docs/NewsRelease.cfm?DocID=707" rel="nofollow">[13]</a>

Unrestricted grants

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna</a> Life & Casualty Company</li>

<li>Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.</li>

<li>Alcoa Foundation</li>

<li>American Automobile Manufacturers Association</li>

<li>American Chemistry Council</li>

<li>American Crop Protection Association</li>

<li>American Medical Association</li>

<li>Education and Research Foundation</li>

<li>American Petroleum Institute</li>

<li>American Plastics Council</li>

<li>Amoco Corporation</li>

<li>ARCO Chemical Company</li>

<li>ASARCO Inc.</li>

<li>Ashland Inc. Foundation</li>

<li>Association of American Railroads</li>

<li>Astra AB</li>

<li>Astra-Merck</li>

<li>AstraZeneca AB</li>

<li>AstraZeneca R&D Molndal</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> US</li>

<li>Atlantic Richfield Corporation</li>

<li>Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</li>

<li>Bethlehem Steel Corporation</li>

<li>Boatmen's Trust</li>

<li>Boise Cascade Corporation</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=BP" title="BP">BP</a> America Inc.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bristol-Myers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bristol-Myers (page does not exist)">Bristol-Myers</a> Squibb</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Business_Roundtable" title="Business Roundtable">Business Roundtable</a></li>

<li>Cabot Corporation Foundation</li>

<li>Carolina Power and Light</li>

<li>Cement Kiln Recycling Coalition</li>

<li>Center for Energy and Economic Development</li>

<li>Chemical Manufacturers Association</li>

<li>Chevron Research & Technology Company</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ChevronTexaco" title="ChevronTexaco" class="mw-redirect" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">ChevronTexaco</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chlorine_Chemistry_Council" title="Chlorine Chemistry Council" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chlorine Chemistry Council</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ciba-Geigy" title="Ciba-Geigy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ciba-Geigy</a> Corporation</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ciba-Geigy" title="Ciba-Geigy">Ciba-Geigy</a> Limited</li>

<li>CITGO Petroleum Company</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Vehicle_Choice" title="Coalition for Vehicle Choice">Coalition for Vehicle Choice</a></li>

<li>The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coca-Cola_Company" title="Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola Company</a></li>

<li>Commonwealth Fund</li>

<li>Cytec Industries</li>

<li>Delphi Automotive Systems</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Dow Chemical Company</a></li>

<li>DowElanco</li>

<li>DuPont Agricultural Products</li>

<li>Eastman Chemical Company</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Eastman_Kodak_Co._%28Kodak%29" title="Eastman Kodak Co. (Kodak)">Eastman Kodak Company</a></li>

<li>Edison Electric Institute</li>

<li>E.I. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> de Nemours & Company</li>

<li>Electric Power Research Institute</li>

<li>Emerson Electric</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Exxon_Mobil" title="Exxon Mobil">Exxon</a> Corporation</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Exxon_Mobil" title="Exxon Mobil">Exxon Mobil</a> Corporation</li>

<li>FBC Chemical Corporation</li>

<li>FMC Corporation</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ford" title="Ford">Ford</a> Motor Company</li>

<li>Fort James Foundation</li>

<li>Frito-Lay</li>

<li>General Electric Fund</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=General_Motors_Corporation" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors Corporation</a></li>

<li>The Geon Company</li>

<li>Georgia-Pacific Corporation (owned by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Industries" title="Koch Industries">Koch Industries</a>)</li>

<li>Glaxo-Wellcome, Inc. (now <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=GlaxoSmithKline" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>)</li>

<li>Glaxo-Smithkline Beecham (now <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=GlaxoSmithKline" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>)</li>

<li>The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Goodyear" title="Goodyear">Goodyear</a> Tire & Rubber Company</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Grocery_Manufacturers_of_America" title="Grocery Manufacturers of America" class="mw-redirect">Grocery Manufacturers of America</a></li>

<li>Hoechst Celanese Corporation</li>

<li>Hoechst Marion Roussel</li>

<li>Hoffman-LaRoche Inc.</li>

<li>ICI Americas Inc.</li>

<li>Inland Steel Industries</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a></li>

<li>The James River Corporation Foundation</li>

<li>Janssen Pharmaceutica Research</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> Foods</li>

<li>Louisiana Chemical Association</li>

<li>Lyondell Chemical Company</li>

<li>Mead Corporation Foundation</li>

<li>Medtronic</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Merck" title="Merck">Merck</a> & Company, Inc.</li>

<li>Merck Medco</li>

<li>Microban</li>

<li>Millenium Chemical Company</li>

<li>Mobil Foundation, Inc.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> Company</li>

<li>National Food Processors Association</li>

<li>National Rural Water Association</li>

<li>National Steel</li>

<li>New England Power Service -- New</li>

<li>England Electric System</li>

<li>Nippon Yakin Kogyo</li>

<li>North American Insulation</li>

<li>Manufacturers Association</li>

<li>NOVA Chemicals, Inc.</li>

<li>Novartis Corporation</li>

<li>Novartis International</li>

<li>Olin Corporation Charitable Trust</li>

<li>Oxford Oil</li>

<li>Oxygenated Fuels Association</li>

<li>Parke-Davis</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> Inc.</li>

<li>The Pittston Company</li>

<li>Pfizer, Inc.</li>

<li>Pharmacia Upjohn</li>

<li>Pharmacia Corporation</li>

<li>Potlatch Corporation</li>

<li>Praxair, Inc.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> Company</li>

<li>Reynolds Metals Company Foundation</li>

<li>Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Roche" title="Roche">Roche</a> Pharmaceuticals</li>

<li>Rohm and Haas Company</li>

<li>Schering-Plough Corporation</li>

<li>Shell Oil Company Foundation</li>

<li>Texaco Foundation</li>

<li>Union Carbide Foundation</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Unocal_Corporation" title="Unocal Corporation" class="mw-redirect">Unocal Corporation</a></li>

<li>USX Corporation</li>

<li>Volvo</li>

<li>Warner-Lambert</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a></li>

<li>Westvaco</li>

<li>WMX Technologies, Inc.</li>

<li>Wyeth-Ayerst Research</li>

<li>Zeneca <a href="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/unrestricted.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/unrestricted.html" rel="nofollow">[14]</a></li>

</ul>

Restricted grants

<ul>

<li>Alfred P. Sloan Foundation</li>

<li>American Chemistry Council</li>

<li>American Crop Protection Association</li>

<li>American Farm Bureau Federation</li>

<li>American Industrial Health Council</li>

<li>Andrew Mellon Foundation</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> Pharmaceuticals</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> Wireless</li>

<li>Berlex Lab</li>

<li>Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</li>

<li>Boston Medical Center</li>

<li>Bradley Foundation</li>

<li>Brigham & Women’s Hospital</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a></li>

<li>California Avocado Commission</li>

<li>Charles G. Koch Foundation</li>

<li>Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for</li>

<li>International Scholarly Exchange</li>

<li>Chlorine Chemistry Council</li>

<li>Congressional Research Service</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=D%26D_Foundation" title="D&D Foundation" class="mw-redirect">D&D Foundation</a></li>

<li>Dana-Farber Cancer Institute</li>

<li>Duke University</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly">Eli Lilly</a> & Co.</li>

<li>Electric Power Research Institute</li>

<li>Elsa U. Pardee Foundation</li>

<li>Endometriosis Association</li>

<li>Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare, Inc.</li>

<li>International Life Science Institute/</li>

<li>Risk Science Institute</li>

<li>Health Canada</li>

<li>Health and Environmental Sciences Group</li>

<li>Massachusetts General Hospital</li>

<li>National Association of Home Builders</li>

<li>National Food Processors Association</li>

<li>Research Foundation</li>

<li>National Institutes of Health</li>

<li>National Institute of Justice</li>

<li>National Research Council</li>

<li>NAVISTAR</li>

<li>Office of Health Economics/PhRMA</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pfizer" title="Pfizer" class="mw-redirect">Pfizer</a>, Inc.</li>

<li>Public Health Advisory Board</li>

<li>Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</li>

<li>Roche Global Pharmacoeconomic Research</li>

<li>Schering Plough</li>

<li>Society of the Plastics, Inc.</li>

<li>Society for Risk Analysis</li>

<li>Styrene Information and</li>

<li>Research Center</li>

<li>U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy Research</li>

<li>U.S. Centers for Disease Control</li>

<li>U.S. Department of Agriculture</li>

<li>U.S. Department of Energy</li>

<li>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</li>

<li>U.S. Department of Transportation</li>

<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</li>

<li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration</li>

<li>U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration</li>

<li>U.S. National Science Foundation</li>

<li>Wireless Technology Research Foundation</li>

<li>Yale University <a href="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/restricted.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/restricted.html" rel="nofollow">[15]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Case studies</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis_and_Big_Tobacco" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis,_the_Fishing_Industry_and_Mercury" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, the Fishing Industry and Mercury">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, the Fishing Industry and Mercury</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Contact information</h2>

Harvard Center for Risk Analysis

718 Huntington Ave

Boston, MA 02115

Web: <a href="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/" class="external free" title="http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://www.hcra.harvard.edu/</a>

Phone: 617 432-4497

fax 617 432-0190

James Hammitt

Director

Phone: 617-432-4030

Email:jkh@hsph.harvard.edu

George M. Gray

Executive Director

617-432-4341

Email:ggray AT hsph.harvard.edu

<h2>External links</h2>

<ul>

<li>Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, “<a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" class="external text" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" rel="nofollow">James K. Hammitt Named New Director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</a>”, Media Release, Monday, November 17, 2003.</li>

<li>Harvard School of Public Health, Center for Continuing Professional Education & Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, <a href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/0303/msg00266.html" class="external text" title="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/0303/msg00266.html" rel="nofollow">Announcing:Analyzing Regulations and Risk Communication</a>, March 13, 2003. Accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>The Harvard School of Public Health, Center for Continuing Professional Education and The Center for Risk Analysis, "<a href="http://www.riskmail.org/archive/feb02/00000164.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.riskmail.org/archive/feb02/00000164.htm" rel="nofollow">The Risk Communication Challenge</a>", February 21, 2002, accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>Harvard School of Public Health, “<a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/now/dec12/center.html" class="external text" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/now/dec12/center.html" rel="nofollow">Harvard Center names new Director and Executive Director</a>”, Media Release, December 12, 2003. Acessed January 12, 2004.</li>

<li>Public Citizen, "<a href="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html" class="external text" title="http://www.citizen.org/congress/regulations/graham.html" rel="nofollow">Safeguards at risk: John Graham and Corporate America's Back Door to the Bush White House</a>", March 2001, accessed January 12, 2004.</li>

<li>Ellen Nakashima, <a href="http://www.house.gov/ose/Press/Selected_Articles/2002/13March02_WP.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.house.gov/ose/Press/Selected_Articles/2002/13March02_WP.htm" rel="nofollow">Influence of Industry on Rules Agency Questioned</a>, The Washington Post, March 13, 2002.</li>

<li>Cindy Skrzycki, <a href="http://www.wave-guide.org/archives/emf-l/Mar2001/Re-Graham-IS-one-ofthe--usual-suspects--%28Newton%29%28Kane%29-.html" class="external text" title="http://www.wave-guide.org/archives/emf-l/Mar2001/Re-Graham-IS-one-ofthe--usual-suspects--(Newton)(Kane)-.html" rel="nofollow">Regulatory Nominee Assailed in Report: Consumer Group Alleges Corporate Ties</a>, The Washington Post, March 14, 2001; Page E01.</li>

<li>Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, “<a href="http://www.clearproject.org/reports_hcra.html" class="external text" title="http://www.clearproject.org/reports_hcra.html" rel="nofollow">CLEAR profile:the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</a>, September, 2000. Accessed January 12, 2004.</li>

<li>Les Blumenthal, "<a href="http://www.tri-cityherald.com/tch/madcow/story/4746396p-4693260c.html" class="external text" title="http://www.tri-cityherald.com/tch/madcow/story/4746396p-4693260c.html" rel="nofollow">Critics question findings of mad cow study</a>", Tri-City Herald , February 16, 2004.</li>

<li>Marian Burros, "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/15/dining/15well.html" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/15/dining/15well.html" rel="nofollow">Advisories on Fish and the Pitfalls of Good Intent</a>" New York Times, February 15, 2006.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Articles and Resource</h2>

<h3>Related SourceWatch Articles</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sound_science" title="Sound science">Sound science</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>External Articles</h3>

---

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">George M. Gray</h1>

George M. Gray is Lecturer on Risk Analysis at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and Executive Director of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</a>.

In 2005 he was nominated by the Bush adminsitration to be the second-in-command at the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. <a href="http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2455" class="external autonumber" title="http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2455" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray#History">1 History</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray#Gray_on_mad_cow_disease">2 Gray on mad cow disease</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray#Affiliations">3 Affiliations</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray#Evidence_to_government_committees">4 Evidence to government committees</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray#Publications">5 Publications</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_M._Gray#External_links">6 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>History</h2>

He completed a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Michigan in Biology in 1985, and a Master of Science in 1988 and a PH.D. in 1989 in Toxicology at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York. Gray's doctorate dissertation was on "Growth Factor Signal Transduction and Interaction with the v-src Oncogene Product.

According to an extensive biographical note submitted to the USFDA, Gray was subsequentll a Research Fellow, Program in Environmental Health and Public Policy, Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston between 1989-1991, a Research Associate, Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston between 1991-1994 and an Instructor in Risk Analysis, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston MA. 1994 - 1999

Between 2001 and November 2003 Gray was the Acting Director of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</a> (HCRA). Following the appointment of James Hammitt as the Director in late 2003, Gray was apopinted to the newly created position of Executive Director. "Gray will have responsibility for HCRA's operational management and will play a key role in efforts to develop financial support," the release stated. <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a>

According to biographical profile on the HSPH website, Gray's "primary research interests are risk characterization and risk communication with a focus on food safety and agriculture and chemicals in the environment." <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/GeorgeGray.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/GeorgeGray.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a>

"He has published on both the scientific bases of human health risk assessment and its application to risk policy with a focus on risk/risk tradeoffs in risk management George teaches toxicology and risk assessment at the Harvard School of Public Health to both graduate students and participants in the School's Continuing Professional Education program" his biographical note states.

In August 1999, Gray explained to a House of Representatives hearing that bans on pesticides were not always warranted. Gray wanted to explain about some work he was doing with a colleague "in which we are evaluating the risk/risk tradeoffs that would be involved with a ban on the organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. This is work that is funded by the American Farm Bureau Federation. Our study hasn't yet been peer reviewed, but there are a couple of comments that I can tell you. First, it is very difficult to estimate any benefit to public health that would occur from a ban on OPs (organophosphates -ed) and carbamates. Second, countervailing risks do exist and will offset many of the positive effects that a ban might have and might even make things worse." <a href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag10629.000/hag10629_0.HTM#62" class="external autonumber" title="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag10629.000/hag10629_0.HTM#62" rel="nofollow">[4]</a>

In January 2000, Gray was a keynote speaker at the American Farm Bureau Federation Annual meeting in Houston, Texas on "Sound Science and Good Analysis-Agriculture's Ally in the Regulatory Debate". The biographical note for Gray stated "regulatory decisions affecting agriculture are often made using poor or inadequate science and information. In 1999, Dr. Gray completed work for Farm Bureau examining potential pesticide health effects caused by regulatory decisions under the Food Quality Protection Act. This conference will examine those results as well as the need to use more and better scientific information in the risk-assessment process". <a href="http://www.fb.com/2000annual/agenda/tuesday.html#sound" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.fb.com/2000annual/agenda/tuesday.html#sound" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>

In a submission to the Office of Management and Budget on a review the Peer Review procedures, Gray opposed a policy that required the disqualification of reviewers that had a conflict of interest. "I prefer the notion of disclosure of potential conflicts of interest, including work as an expert witness and institutional funding, to strict rules of disqualification in the required agency guidelines (Section 4(b)). Complete and widespread disclosure will allow interested parties to make judgments about the appropriateness of reviewers. Although I recognize that it will sometime be necessary and appropriate, disqualification has the potential to raise questions of agency bias in the choice of experts," Gray wrote. <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/132.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/132.pdf" rel="nofollow">[6]</a>

<h2>Gray on mad cow disease</h2>

In 1998 Gray headed a team from the HCRA and the Harvard School of Public Health to undertake an assessment for the U.S. Department of Agriculture on the risk of a major outbreak of BSE. <a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/bsemeet.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/bsemeet.htm" rel="nofollow">[7]</a>

In November 2003, following controversy after the discovery of a BSE infected cow from Canada in the northern 2003 summer, Gray released a reassuring report commissioned by and for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of the propects of the spread of mad cow disease in the US. "The 1997 U.S. imposition of a ban on feeding rendered ruminant protein back to other ruminants essentially chokes off and then reverses any possible spread of the disease. Even accounting for incomplete compliance with that feed ban, the HCRA analysis found that had infected animals or contaminated feed come in from Canada or elsewhere, the spread of BSE in the American cattle population would have been reversed by now and that human exposure to contaminated animal tissue would have been very low," the report claimed. <a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press10312003.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press10312003.html" rel="nofollow">[8]</a>

The USDA issued a media release the same day approvingly citing the study. "The protection systems now in place, the (HCRA) study concludes, should largely keep BSE out of the country and prevent it from spreading if it ever did enter the United States," the USDA media release stated. <a href="http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2001/1203/epf118.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2001/1203/epf118.htm" rel="nofollow">[9]</a>

<h2>Affiliations</h2>

<ul>

<li>Gray serves on:</li>

</ul>

<dl>

<dd>

<ul>

<li>the Risk Assessment Task Force of the Society of Toxicology;</li>

<li>the Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Food Advisory Committee</li>

<li>the NIEHS National Advisory Environmental Health Science Council.</li>

</ul>

</dd>

</dl>

<ul>

<li>Gray is a Board member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Foundation_for_Research_on_Economics_and_the_Environment" title="Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment</a>. Between August 14-19, 2004 FREE will host the general meeting of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> (MPS) at the Grand America Hotel in Salt Lake City. <a href="http://www.free-eco.org/board_ggray.php" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.free-eco.org/board_ggray.php" rel="nofollow">[10]</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>According to a biographical note submitted to the USDA Gray has given testimony to a number of government committees including:</li>

</ul>

<dl>

<dd>

<ul>

<li>Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Food Advisory Committee</li>

<li>Department of Health and Human Services National Advisory Environmental Health Science Council</li>

<li>Society of Toxicology - Risk Assessment Task Force</li>

<li>International Food Information Council Foundation - Board of Trustees</li>

<li>American Water Works Association Research Foundation - Project Advisory Committee (Quantifying Health Risk Reduction Benefits)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Literacy_Council" title="Environmental Literacy Council">Environmental Literacy Council</a> - Executive Committee</li>

<li>Public Health Service Ad Hoc Study Section - Mechanistic Risk Assessment Methods (CDC/NIOSH RFP)</li>

<li>Editorial Board - Human and Ecological Risk Assessment</li>

<li>Editorial Board - Journal of Risk Research</li>

<li>Guest Editor - Human and Ecological Risk Assessment Special Issue "Probabilistic Methods in Risk Assessment"</li>

<li>Peer Reviewer - Toxicological Sciences, Risk Analysis, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Journal of Risk Research, Risk: Health, Safety and Environment, numerous EPA documents.</li>

<li>Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment "Bringing Sound Science and Economics to Risk Analysis" Workshop for Federal Judges (1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001)</li>

<li>Society for Risk Analysis Continuing Education Workshop - Biologically-Based Dose Response Workshop (1997)</li>

<li>Society of Toxicology Continuing Education Course - Overview of Uncertainty Analysis (1998); Risk Communication (2000).<a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/facvgray.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_{dms/facvgray.html}" rel="nofollow">[11]</a></li>

</ul>

</dd>

</dl>

<h2>Evidence to government committees</h2>

According to a biographical note submitted to the USDA Gray has given testimony to a number of government committees including:

<ul>

<li>In June 2003 Gray testified before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs on a proposed restructuring of the Environmental Protection Agency <a href="http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/6-6-03_Testimony_Gray.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/6-6-03_Testimony_Gray.pdf" rel="nofollow">[12]</a></li>

<li>In December 2003 Gray made a submission on the proposed Peer Review and Information Quality Guidelines<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/132.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/132.pdf" rel="nofollow">[13]</a></li>

<li>"Testified before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry on implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 in August, 1999 <a href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag10629.000/hag10629_0.HTM#62" class="external autonumber" title="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag10629.000/hag10629_0.HTM#62" rel="nofollow">[14]</a> *"Testified before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment on "The Science of Risk Assessment: Implications for Federal Regulation" July 15, 1998 <a href="http://www.house.gov/science/gray_07-15.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.house.gov/science/gray_07-15.htm" rel="nofollow">[15]</a></li>

<li>"Testified before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Small Business on the use of sound science and risk analysis in federal agency regulations (April, 1997)";</li>

<li>"Testified before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Commerce, Subcommittee on Health and Environment on H.R. 1627, the Food Quality Protection Act of 1995 (June, 1995)"; and</li>

<li>"Extensive testimony in Massachusetts on legislation related to risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication (1995-2001)". <a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/facvgray.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_{dms/facvgray.html}" rel="nofollow">[16]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>Publications</h2>

According to a biographical note submitted to the USDA Gray has given testimony to a number of government committees including:

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Ropeik, D. (2002) Risk Communication and Dealing with the Dangers of Fear. Health Affairs 21(6):106-116</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Habtemariam, T., Tameru, B., Nganwa, D., Ayanwale, L., Ahmed, A., Oryang, D., AbdelRahman, H., Gray, G., Cohen, J., Kreindel, S. (2002) Application of Systems analysis in Modeling the Risk of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Kybernetes. 31:1380-1390.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Huang, H., Linkov, I., Polkanov, M., and Wilson, R. (2002) The Effect of Different Tumor Groupings on Findings of Anticarcinogenic Responses in Long-Term Rodent Bioassays. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 36:139-148</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Kuo, J., Linkov, I., Rhomberg, L, Polkanov, M., Gray, G.M., and Wilson, R. (2002) Absolute Risk or Relative Risk? A Study of Intraspecies and Interspecies Extrapolation of Chemical-Induced Cancer Risks. Risk Analysis 22:141-157</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray GM, Baskin SI, Charnley G, Cohen JT, Gold LS, Kerkvliet NI, Koenig HM, Lewis SC, McClain RM, Rhomberg LR, Snyder JW, Weekley LB. (2001) The Annapolis accords on the use of toxicology in risk assessment and decision-making: An Annapolis Center workshop report. Toxicology Methods 11 (3): 225-231</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Hammitt, J.K. (2000) Risk/Risk Trade-offs in Pesticide Regulation: An Exploratory Analysis of the Public Health Effects of a Ban on Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides. Risk Analysis 20:665-680</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M. (2000) Rodent Cancer Bioassays - Is Body Weight Depression Hormetic? Human & Experimental Toxicology 19:332-334</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Linkov, I., Polkanov, M., and Wilson, R. (2000) Liver Adenomas and Carcinomas: Correlations and Relationship to Body Weight in Long-Term Rodent Cancer Bioassays. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 16, 1-13.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Linkov, I., Polkanov, M., Wilson, R., and Gray, G.M. (2000) Correlations Among Tumor Types in Mouse Cancer Bioassays: Liver Adenomas, Liver Carcinomas, Leukemias and Lymphomas. Toxicology and Industrial Health 16:16-40</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Goldstein, B.D., Bailar, J., Davis, D.L., Delzell, E., Dost, F., Greenberg, R.S., Hatch, M., Hodgson, E., Ibrahim, M.A., Lamb, J., Lavy, T., Mandel, J., Monson, R., Robson, M., Shore, R., and Graham, J.D. (2000) The Federal Government's Agricultural Health Study: A Critical Review with Suggested Improvements. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6:47-72</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Linkov, I., Wilson, R. and Gray, G.M. (1999). Erratum to Toxicological Sciences 43:1-9 and Toxicological Sciences 43:10-18. Toxicological Sciences 48:141-142.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Allen, J.C., Burmaster, D.E., Gage, S.H., Hammitt, J.K., Kaplan, S., Keeney, R.L., Morse, J.G., North, D.W., Nyrop, J.P., Stahevitch, A., and Williams, R. (1998) Principles for Conduct of Pest Risk Analyses: Report of an Expert Workshop. Risk Analysis 18:773-780</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Linkov, I., Wilson, R., and Gray, G.M. (1998) Anticarcinogenic Responses in Rodent Bioassays are Not Explained by Random Effects. Toxicological Sciences 43:1-9</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Linkov, I., Wilson, R., and Gray, G.M. (1998) Weight and Survival Depression in Rodent Bioassays With and Without Tumor Decreases. Toxicological Sciences 43:10-18</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Ohanian, E.V., Moore, J.A., Fowle, R. J. III, Omenn, G.S., Lewis, S.C., Gray, G.M., and North, D.W. (1997) Risk Characterization: A Bridge to Informed Decision Making. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 39:81-88</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Li, Ping, Shlyakhter, I., Wilson, R. (1995) An Empirical Examination of Factors Influencing Prediction of Carcinogenic Hazard Across Species. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 22:283-291</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Hartwell, J.K. (1995) The Chemical Substitution Tree: A Framework to Evaluate Risk in Chemical Substitution Decisions. Pollution Prevention Review 5:7-17</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Smith, A.E., Gray, G.M., and Evans, J.S. (1995) The Ability of Predicted Internal Dose Measures to Reconcile Tumor Bioassay Data for Chloroform. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 21:339-351</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Evans, J.S., Gray, G.M., Sielken, R.L., Jr., Smith, A.E., Valdez-Flores, C., and Graham, J.D. (1994) Use of Probabilistic Expert Judgment in Uncertainty Analysis of Carcinogenic Potency. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 20:15-36</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Evans, J.S., Graham, J.D., Gray, G.M., and Sielken, R.L., Jr. (1994) A Distributional Approach to Characterizing Low-Dose Cancer Risk. Risk Analysis 14:25-34</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Laden, F., and Gray, G.M. (1993) Toxics Use Reduction: Pro and Con. Risk: Issues in Health and Safety 4:213-234</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Cohen, J.T., and Graham, J.D. (1993) The Challenge of Risk Characterization: Current Practice and Future Directions. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements 101:203-208</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Rosenthal, A., Gray, G.M., and Graham, J.D. (1992) Legislating Acceptable Cancer Risk from Exposure to Toxic Chemicals. Ecology Law Quarterly 19:269-362</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Evans, J.S., Graham, J.D., Gray, G.M., Hollis, A., Ryan, B., Smith, A., Smith M., and Taylor, A. (1992) Summary of Workshop to Review an OMB Report on Risk Assessment and Management. Risk: Issues in Health and Safety 3:71-84</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Graham, J.D. (1991) Risk Assessment and Clean Air Policy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 10:286-295</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Macara, I.G. (1989) Serum-stimulated Phosphatidylinositol Turnover is Enhanced in 3T3 Cells with Active pp60v-src. Oncogene 4:1213-1217</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Wei, C., and Macara, I.G. (1989) Specific Desensitization of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by pp60v-src. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 40: 271-278</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Macara, I.G. (1988) The pp60v-src Tyrosine Kinase Desensitizes Epidermal Growth Factor Binding to 3T3 Fibroblasts by Two Distinct Protein Kinase C Independent Mechanisms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:10714-10719</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Macara, I.G., and Gray, G.M. (1987) Vanadate-Activated Calcium Influx in A431 Cells Is Dependent on the Plasma Membrane Potential. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 34:125-128</li>

</ul>

BOOKS, CHAPTERS, REPORTS and MONOGRAPHS

<ul>

<li>Joshua T. Cohen, Keith Duggar, George M. Gray, Silvia Kreindel, Hatim Gubara, Tsegaye HabteMariam, David Oryang, Berhanu Tameru. A Simulation Model for Evaluating the Potential for Spread of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Animals or to People in Prions and Mad Cow Disease (I. Krull, ed.) Macell Dekker, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY (In Press)</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Courtney, A.K., Porretta, M., Cohen, J.T., Gray, G.M., Kreindel, S., and Gallagher, D.L. (2003) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Risk Assessment and Governmental Policy in Microbial Food Safety in Animal Agriculture (M.E. Torrence and R.E. Isaacson, eds.) Iowa State Press, Ames IA</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Joshua T. Cohen, Keith Duggar, George M. Gray, Silvia Kreindel, Hatim Gubara, Tsegaye HabteMariam, David Oryang, Berhanu Tameru (2001) Evaluating the Potential for Spread of BSE in the United States. Report to US Department of Agriculture</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Hammitt, J.K. (2000) Risk Tradeoffs in Pesticide Regulation: Substitutes and Income Effects in Foresight and Precaution (Cottam, Harvey, Pape and Tait, eds.) Balkema Press, Rotterdam.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M. (1999) "<a href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv22n4/gray.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv22n4/gray.pdf" rel="nofollow">Measure Risk, Not Just Emissions: It's time to revamp EPA's misleading and incomplete Toxics Release Inventory</a>, Regulation, 22:12-15.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M. (1999) Toxic Pollution from Powerplants: Large Emissions, Little Risk. Risk in Perspective (Volume 7, Issue 2). Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston, MA</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Graham, J.D. (1998) The Agricultural Health Study: Strengths and Limitations. Risk in Perspective (Volume 6, Issue 9). Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston, MA</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Saligman, L., and Graham, J.D. (1997) Risk Assessment and the Accelerated Phase-out of Lead in Gasoline in The Greening of Industry (Graham, J.D. and Hartwell, J.K., eds) Harvard University Press.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., Jeffery, W.G., and Marchant, G.E. (1997) Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Non-Ferrous Metals: Realizing the Benefits and Managing the Risks. Book published by International Council on Metals and the Environment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M. (1997) Forget Chemical Use, Let's Report Risk! Risk in Perspective (Volume 5, Issue 4). Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston, MA</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M. (1996) Key Issues in Environmental Risk Comparisons: Removing Distortions and Ensuring Fairness. Reason Foundation Policy Study No. 205. Reason Foundation, Los Angeles, CA.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Graham, J.D. (1995) Risk-Risk Tradeoffs in Pesticide Regulation in Weighing the Risks (Graham, J.D. and Wiener, J., eds.) Harvard University Press.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M. (1994) Complete Risk Characterization. Risk in Perspective (Volume 2, Number 4). Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston, MA</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Graham, J.D. (1993) Intuitive Toxicology: Comments on Public Perceptions and the Role of Institutional Affiliation in Expert Opinions. Comments on Toxicology 4:501-504</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Evans, J.S., Graham, J.D., Gray, G.M., Sielken, R.L., Jr., and Smith, A.E. (1993) The Likelihood of Alternative Carcinogenic Potencies: Uncertainty Analysis of Chloroform. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection , ILSI Press, Washington, D.C.</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Gray, G.M., and Graham, J.D. (1993) Optimal use of "Toxic Chemicals" Risk in Perspective (Volume 1, Number 2). Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston, MA</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Graham, J.D., and Gray, G.M. (1992) Air Toxics: Characterizing the Risks. in Toxic Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources, Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 43-52</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Macara, I.G., Gray, G.M., Gaut, J., Coco, A., Wingrove, T., Faletto, D., and Wolfman, A. (1989) Growth Factors, Oncogenes, and Protein Kinase C. in Cell Calcium Metabolism, (G. Fiskum, ed.) Plenum Publishing Corp. 249-254</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Macara, I.G., and Gray, G.M. (1988) Characterization of the Epidermal Growth Factor- and Vanadate-Activated Calcium Influx in A431 Cells. in Growth Factors, Tumor Promoters, and Cancer Genes, Alan R. Liss, Inc. 233-238</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li>Macara, I.G., Gray, G.M., Gaut, J., Coco, A., Wingrove, T., Faletto, D., and Wolfman, A. (1987) Growth Factors, Oncogenes, and Protein Kinase C. Current Communications in Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY <a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/facvgray.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_{dms/facvgray.html}" rel="nofollow">[17]</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>External links</h2>

<ul>

<li>Harvard School of Public Health, "<a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/GeorgeGray.html" class="external text" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/GeorgeGray.html" rel="nofollow">George Gray</a>", accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, "<a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" class="external text" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press11172003.html" rel="nofollow">James K. Hammitt Named New Director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</a>", Media Release, Monday, November 17, 2003.</li>

<li>American Farm Bureau Federation, "<a href="http://www.fb.com/2000annual/agenda/tuesday.html#sound" class="external text" title="http://www.fb.com/2000annual/agenda/tuesday.html#sound" rel="nofollow">2000 Convention</a>", accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, "<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/bsemeet.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/bsemeet.htm" rel="nofollow">Analyzing the Potential for BSE in the United States</a>", September 28, 1998. Accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>George Gray, "<a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press10312003.html" class="external text" title="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press10312003.html" rel="nofollow">Reanalysis of Mad Cow Disease Confirms Risk is Low in the U.S.:Policies put in place in 1997 would reverse any possible disease spread</a>, Media Release, October 31, 2003.</li>

<li>US Food and Drug Administration Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, "<a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/facvgray.html" class="external text" title="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_{dms/facvgray.html}" rel="nofollow">FDA Food Advisory Committee Memberships Curriculum Vitae: George M. Gray</a>", August 2003.</li>

<li>U.S. Department of Agriculture, "[Harvard study shows very low risk of BSE in the United States: Government Continues to Bolster Prevention Programs In Effort to Continue Providing Important Safeguards to Protect Consumers and Agriculture <a href="http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2001/1203/epf118.htm" class="external free" title="http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2001/1203/epf118.htm" rel="nofollow">http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2001/1203/epf118.htm</a>]", News Release No. 0241.01, November 30, 2001. Accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>George M. Gray, "<a href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag10629.000/hag10629_0.HTM#62" class="external text" title="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag10629.000/hag10629_0.HTM#62" rel="nofollow">House of Repreaentatives Subcommittee on Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry of the Committee on Agriculture</a>", August 3, 1999.</li>

<li>George M. Gray, "<a href="http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/" class="external text" title="http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/" rel="nofollow">6-6-03_Testimony_Gray.pdf Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs</a>, June 6, 2003.</li>

<li>George M. Gray, "<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/132.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/132.pdf" rel="nofollow">Proposed Peer Review and Information Quality Guidelines</a>", December, 15, 2003.</li>

<li>George M. Gray, "<a href="http://www.house.gov/science/gray_07-15.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.house.gov/science/gray_07-15.htm" rel="nofollow">Testimony to U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science Subcommittee on Energy and Environment The Science of Risk Assessment: Implications for Federal Regulation</a>", July 15, 1998.</li>

<li>Foundation for Research on Economics & the Environment 2003, "<a href="http://www.free-eco.org/board_ggray.php" class="external text" title="http://www.free-eco.org/board_ggray.php" rel="nofollow">Foundation for Research on Economics & the Environment</a>, accessed January 2004.</li>

<li>Brendan Coyne, "<a href="http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2455" class="external text" title="http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2455" rel="nofollow">New EPA Research Head Comes With Tight Corporate Ties</a>", New Standard News, October 7, 2005.</li>

</ul>

directors

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/james-hammitt/" target="_blank">James K. Hammitt</a>

Professor of Economics and Decision Sciences co author w/ graham Graham JD. A future for the precautionary principle? Journal of Risk Research. 2001; 4(2):109-111.</div>

</div>

<h3 style="color: rgb(65, 137, 148); margin: 20px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Affiliations</h3>

<p style="color: rgb(60, 60, 60); margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 29px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis

Harvard Environmental Economics Program

Center for Health Decision Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science Advisory Board (Advisory Council on Clean Air Compliance Analysis, Environmental Economics Advisory Committee, and Chartered Science Advisory Board)

Toulouse School of Economics, LERNA-INRA (Laboratoire d’Economie des Ressources Naturelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)

</div>

Professor Hammitt’s research concerns the development and application of quantitative methods—including benefit-cost, decision, and risk analysis—to health and environmental policy. Topics include management of long-term environmental issues with important scientific uncertainties, such as global climate change and stratospheric-ozone depletion, evaluation of ancillary benefits and countervailing risks associated with risk-control measures, and characterization of social preferences over health and environmental risks using revealed-preference, stated-preference, and health-utility methods.

</div>

A.B. magna cum laude, 1978, Applied Mathematics, Harvard College

Sc.M., 1978, Applied Mathematics, Harvard University

M.P.P., 1981, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

Ph.D., 1988, Public Policy, Harvard University

===

<h1 class="story-headline" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; border: 0px solid rgb(225, 225, 225); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">James K. Hammitt: Taxing greenhouse gases could ease global warming</h1>

By James K. Hammitt Special to The Washington Post

</div>

Published: Sunday, Dec. 3 2000 12:00 a.m. MST

</div>

Efforts to iron out details of the Kyoto Protocol to control global warming went down in flames last week. Talks in the Netherlands collapsed over the knotty question of how to count forests, croplands and other "sinks" that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Although it was intensely disappointing to some, last week's failure may yet provide the opportunity to do what really ought to be done: replace the 1997 Kyoto Protocol with a more effective and politically acceptable agreement to combat climate change.

The Kyoto Protocol is poorly targeted. It focuses on the wrong time frame and addresses only part of the problem. By limiting national emissions, it invites argument about how to count sinks and other emission offsets.

The Kyoto Protocol limits emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to a set level by 2008-2012. But emissions over such a short period hardly matter. Greenhouse warming is a cumulative process that depends on the total stock of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.

Because most of these gases remain in the atmosphere for a century or more, only emission reductions that are sustained for several decades can slow or reverse their accumulation.

To stabilize global climate anywhere near its current state will require that we reduce future emissions to well below today's levels, and hold them there. This will require reducing the emissions needed to support today's global population and economy, as well as controlling the dramatic increase in emissions that will be stimulated by future worldwide growth in population and economic activity.

The Kyoto Protocol fails to address the future growth in global emissions because it imposes no requirements on developing countries. Over the next century, China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria and other developing countries are likely to become some of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases.

To prevent serious climate change, we need a long-run approach to stimulate development and worldwide adoption of technologies and living patterns that will slow the growth of greenhouse-gas emissions and ultimately allow

them to be brought far below today's level. Ideally, we can do this without significantly limiting improvements in living standards.

A promising alternative to Kyoto is for national governments to adopt incentives to stimulate greater efficiency in energy use. Although well-targeted subsidies could work, they give too much power to government officials who pick the favored activities. A simpler and surer approach is a national tax on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that would raise the relative price of products that yield high emissions.

The tax would be levied on fuels and other products at the point of production or importation. The revenues would be used to offset other taxes. The overall tax burden would remain the same, which would improve political acceptance.

Unlike Kyoto, this program should be acceptable to both industrialized and developing nations. The program is revenue neutral, within the control of each national government and allows for economic growth. It simply encourages growth to follow a more greenhouse-friendly path.

The tax would start low so it would not impose undue burden on firms and households that produce relatively large greenhouse-gas emissions. But the tax would be scheduled to increase substantially over the next several decades, providing the needed incentive to encourage new, more sustainable, technologies over time. Each country could decide on its own whether to offer a credit for carbon sinks within its national program.

James K. Hammitt is associate professor of economics and decision sciences at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis.

===

also at HUCE

<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 240);">Related Publications:</div>

Valuing Changes in Mortality Risk: Lives Saved vs. Life Years Saved. (2007)

Is ‘Practical Global Climate Policy' Sufficient? (In Architectures for Agreement: Addressing Global Climate Change in the Post-Kyoto World, 2007)

The Economic Value of Air-Pollution-Related Health Risks in China: A Contingent Valuation Study. (2006)

Save the Kyoto Protocol. (2006) 

Madison and Climate Change Policy. (2006)

===

</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/joel-schwartz/" target="_blank">Joel Schwartz</a>

Professor of Environmental Epidemiology</div>

<h2>Associated Faculty</h2>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/john-evans/" target="_blank">John Evans</a>

Senior Lecturer on Environmental Science</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/francine-laden/" target="_blank">Francine Laden</a>

Assistant Professor of Environmental Epidemiology</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/jonathan-levy/" target="_blank">Jonathan Levy</a>

Mark and Catherine Winkler Associate Professor of Environmental Health and Risk Assessment</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/james-shine/" target="_blank">James Shine</a>

Associate Professor of Aquatic Chemistry</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/thomas-smith/" target="_blank">Thomas Smith</a>

Professor of Industrial Hygiene</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/helen-suh-macintosh/" target="_blank">Helen Suh</a>

Associate Professor of Environmental Chemistry and Exposure Assessment</div>

<h2>Researchers</h2>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research/kyungbin-kim/" target="_blank">David Kim</a>

Research Fellow</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research/yurika-nishioka/" target="_blank">Yurika Nishioka</a>

Research Fellow</div>

<div class="row"><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research/katherine-von-stackelberg/" target="_blank">Katherine von Stackelberg</a>

Research Manager</div>

graham not listed in current pubs; in res newest is 2003?

Cohen, J.T. and Graham, J.D. A revised economic analysis of restrictions on the use of cell phones while driving. Risk Analysis. 2003; 23(1):5-17.

looks legit?  Cohen J, Carlson G, Chrarnley G, Coggon D, Delzell E, Graham JD, Greim H, Krewski D, Medinsky M, Monson R, Paustenbach D, Petersen B, Rappaport S, Rhomberg L, Ryan PB, and Thompson K. A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Potential Health Risks Associated With Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Styrene. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 2002; 5(1-2):3-267.

Graham JD. A future for the precautionary principle? Journal of Risk Research. 2001; 4(2):109-111.

some co author w/ hammit

===

bigthink

<h1>About David Ropeik</h1><div class="image">

I'm an Instructor at Harvard, a consultant in risk perception and risk communication, author of How Risky Is it, Really? Why Our Fears Don't Always Match the Facts, and principal co-author of RISK, A Practical Guide for Deciding What's Really Safe and What's Really Dangerous in the World Around You. I run a program called Improving Media Coverage of Risk. I was the Director of Risk Communication at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, part of the Harvard School of Public Health, for 4 years, prior to which I was a TV reporter, specializing in environmental issues, for a local station in Boston for 22 years.

atlantic, hufffpo blog <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-ropeik/">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-ropeik/</a> guns, gmo

</div>