Open in TheBrain

Freedom House

<p>=</p><p>sam patten trump</p><p></p><p>off bs</p><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wayback Machine</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">&nbsp;<span style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.7); font-family: adobe-garamond-pro; font-size: 19px;">Patten headed the <b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">International Republican Institute (IRI)[venezuela maduro?]&nbsp;</b>’s Moscow office from 2001-2004, and provided technical assistance to a range of political parties and non-governmental organizations.&nbsp;&nbsp;In particular, he worked closely with the late opposition leader&nbsp;</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420073321/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/24/AR2009042403300.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(233, 63, 97); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; word-wrap: break-word; font-family: adobe-garamond-pro; font-size: 19px;">Boris Nemtsov</a><span style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.7); font-family: adobe-garamond-pro; font-size: 19px;">, whose center-right party, the Union of Right Forces, pushed for free market and democratic reforms.&nbsp;&nbsp;Sam traveled extensively throughout Russia’s 11 time zones, building relationships and a nuanced understanding of Russia’s character.<b>&nbsp;&nbsp;From 2009-11, Sam served as Eurasian program director at Freedom House,</b> an advocacy group, where he continued to focus on Russian affairs, as well as those in the broader region.</span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" /></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">http://officeofsampatten.com/experience/uk/</font></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">links</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;a televised appearance in 2016, Guaidó&nbsp;</span><a href="https://twitter.com/RedRadioVe/status/1088237230211190790" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">dismissed</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;deaths resulting from&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">guayas</i><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;– a&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">guarimba</i><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;tactic involving stretching steel wire across a roadway in order to injure or kill motorcyclists – as a “myth.” His comments whitewashed a deadly tactic that had&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.telesurtv.net/news/Muere-joven-venezolano-por-guaya-colocada-por-grupos-fascistas-20140222-0059.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">killed</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;unarmed civilians like Santiago Pedroza and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://notitweet-sucesos.blogspot.com/2014/02/este-es-elvis-duran-el-motorizado.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">decapitated</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;a man named Elvis Durán, among many others.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This callous disregard for human life would define his Popular Will party in the eyes of much of the public, including many opponents of Maduro.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cracking down on Popular Will&nbsp;</font></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As violence and political polarization escalated across the country, the government began to act against the Popular Will leaders who helped stoke it.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Freddy Guevara, the National Assembly Vice-President and second in command of Popular Will, was a principal leader in the 2017 street riots. Facing a trial for his role in the violence, Guevara&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuela-opposition-leader-guevara-seeks-refuge-in-chile-ambassadors-home-idUSKBN1D50LN" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">took shelter</a>&nbsp;in the Chilean embassy, where he remains.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">Lester Toledo, a Popular Will legislator from the state of Zulia, was wanted by Venezuelan government in September 2016 on charges of financing terrorism and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/12395" target="blank" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">plotting</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;assassinations. The plans were said to be made with former Colombian President Álavaro Uribe. Toledo escaped Venezuela and went on several speaking tours with </span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Human Rights Watch, the US government-backed</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Freedom House,</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the Spanish Congress and European Parliament.</span></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Carlos Graffe, another Otpor-trained Generation 2007 member who led Popular Will, was&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/oposicion/carlos-graffe-salio-libertad-tras-cinco-meses-prision_217102" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">arrested</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;in July 2017. According to police, he was in possession of a bag filled with nails, C4 explosives and a detonator. He was released on December 27, 2017.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b>Leopoldo Lopez, the longtime Popular Will leader,</b>&nbsp;is today under house arrest, accused of&nbsp;</span><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a key role in deaths of 13 people during the&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">guarimbas</i><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;in 2014</span><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">. Amnesty International&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/07/venezuela-leopoldo-lopez-moved-to-house-arrest-as-repression-deepens/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">lauded</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;Lopez as a “prisoner of conscience” and slammed his transfer from prison to house as “not good enough.” Meanwhile, family members of&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">guarimba&nbsp;</i><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">victims&nbsp;</span><a href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/12939" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">introduced</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;a petition for more charges against Lopez.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Yon Goicoechea, the Koch Brothers posterboy and US-backed founder of Justice First, was arrested in 2016 by security forces who claimed they&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.telesurtv.net/news/Detienen-en-Venezuela-a-opositor-equipado-con-explosivos-20160829-0053.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">found a kilo</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;of explosives in his vehicle. In a New York Times&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/04/opinion/venezuela-prison-democracy.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">op-ed</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">, Goicoechea protested the charges as “trumped-up” and claimed he had been imprisoned simply for his “</span><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">dream of a democratic society, free of Communism.” He was&nbsp;</span><a href="https://twitter.com/YonGoicoechea/status/926828442594799616?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fvenezuelan-authorities-release-two-anti-maduro-activists-from-prison%2Fa-41241026" target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">freed</a><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;in November 2017.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="amp-wp-inline-f62a86b1328cd4134bec55ddf6de989a" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" /></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/guns-and-butter-april-11-2018/">https://kpfa.org/episode/guns-and-butter-april-11-2018/</a></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">and relate orgs</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">jeff sachs? soros</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">==</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">bipartisan

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freedom_House">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freedom_House</a>

&nbsp;</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">

</font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">&nbsp;</font>

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powerbase</p>

<p>

<b>Freedom House</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>is a non-profit organization that relies upon tax-deductible grants and donations under Section<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=501(c)(3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="501(c)(3) (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">501(c)(3)</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>of the IRS code.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/aboutfh/index.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);">[1]</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Corporate researcher Holly Sklar described it as a "conservative research, publishing, networking, and selective human rights organization."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a></sup>. Freedom House's work is linked to the "democracy promotion" efforts of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a>.

Freedom House is a small but influential organization with bases in Washington and New York. In 2006 it was reported to have more than 120 offices around the world and an annual budget of US$19 million<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></sup>. A high percentage of its funding is reported to come from the State Department (an average of 95% between 2000 and 2003) and it is described as having a list of trustees 'consisting of a Who's Who of neoconservatives from government, business, academia, labor, and the press'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a></sup></p>

<div id="toc" class="toc" style=" border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">

<div id="toctitle" style=" direction: ltr; text-align: center;">

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>

<span class="toctoggle" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div>

<ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left;">

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#History" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#Board_of_Trustees" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">Board of Trustees</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#Funding" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">Funding</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#Affiliations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">Affiliations</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#Contact" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">Contact</span></a>

<ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left;">

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#New_York_Office" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">New York Office</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#Washington_D.C._Office" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">Washington D.C. Office</span></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#External_Resources" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">External Resources</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>

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<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Freedom House describes itself as non-partisan and broad-based, "a clear voice for democracy and freedom around the world." It was founded "nearly sixty years ago by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Eleanor_Roosevelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Roosevelt (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Wendell Willkie</a>, and other Americans concerned with the mounting threats to peace and democracy, Freedom House has been a vigorous proponent of democratic values and a steadfast opponent of dictatorships of the far left and the far right."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a></sup>

According to the website of the Mudd Manuscript Library:</p>

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<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Freedom House was conceived in 1941 during a discussion between<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Herbert</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Eleanor_Agar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Agar (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Eleanor Agar</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Dorothy_Thompson" title="Dorothy Thompson" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dorothy Thompson</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=George_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Field (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">George Field</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Ulric_Bell" title="Ulric Bell" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ulric Bell</a>, on how to merge several local organizations that were advocating an end to United States isolationism. Field offered a simple solution: house all the organizations in one building. A physical merger would take place, but administratively the organizations would remain separate. Hence on October 31, 1941 Freedom House was officially incorporated in the state of New York as a non-partisan democratic challenge to the Braunhaus in Munich, a center for Nazi propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudd_5-0" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-Mudd-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a></sup></dd>

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<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The website goes on to state:</p>

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<p>From the outset, Freedom House drew upon the resources of its founders.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=George_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Field (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">George Field</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>headed the New York chapter of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Committee_to_Defend_America_by_Aiding_the_Allies" title="Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies</a>, Herbert Agar was active in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Fight_for_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fight for Freedom (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Fight for Freedom</a>, Inc., while<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Dorothy_Thompson" title="Dorothy Thompson" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dorothy Thompson</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>was the founder of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Ring_of_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring of Freedom (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Ring of Freedom</a>, all of whom served on the original Freedom House Board of Directors. Freedom House acquired a significant number of members when these organizations merged with it administratively in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudd_5-1" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-Mudd-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a></sup>

&nbsp;</p>

</dd>

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</dd>

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<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Freedom House sees itself "at the center of the struggle for freedom ... It was an outspoken advocate of the Marshall Plan and NATO in the 1940s, of the U.S. civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, of the Vietnam boat people in the 1970s, of Poland's Solidarity movement and the Filipino democratic opposition in the 1980s, and of the many democracies that have emerged around the world in the 1990s ... Freedom House has vigorously opposed dictatorships in Central America and Chile, apartheid in South Africa, the suppression of the Prague Spring, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, genocide in Bosnia and Rwanda, and the brutal violation of human rights in Cuba, Burma, China, and Iraq ... It has championed the rights of democratic activists, religious believers, trade unionists, journalists, and proponents of free markets. In 1997, a consolidation took place whereby the international democratization training programs of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Forum_Foundation" title="National Forum Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Forum Foundation</a>were incorporated into Freedom House."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/aboutfh/index.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==);">[2]</a></p>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Board_of_Trustees">Board of Trustees</span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Freedom House Board of Trustees is described as "composed of leading Democrats, Republicans, and independents; business and labor leaders; former senior government officials; scholars; writers; and journalists."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/aboutfh/index.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==);">[3]</a>

In 2009, Freedom House listed their Trustees as<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a></sup>:</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" align="center" style=" font-size: 14px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.4px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/William_H.Taft" title="William H. Taft" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">William H. Taft</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>IV, Chair</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Ruth_Wedgwood" title="Ruth Wedgwood" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ruth Wedgwood</a>, Vice-Chair - also with<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>&<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Defense_Policy_Board" title="Defense Policy Board" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Defense Policy Board</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Thomas_A.Dine" title="Thomas A. Dine" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Thomas A. Dine</a>, Vice-Chair - former CEO with<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Jewish_Community_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish Community Federation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Jewish Community Federation</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>& Executive Director of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Israel Public Affairs Committee</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Walter_J.Schloss" title="Walter J. Schloss" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Walter J. Schloss</a>, Treasurer</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/John_Norton_Moore" title="John Norton Moore" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John Norton Moore</a>, Secretary, Governance & Ethics Officer - former Chairman of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Institute of Peace</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>whcih he helped to establish</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Max_M.Kampelman" title="Max M. Kampelman" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Max M. Kampelman</a>, Chairman Emeritus</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Bette_Bao_Lord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bette Bao Lord (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Bette Bao Lord</a>, Chairman Emeritus</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Kenneth_L.Adelman" title="Kenneth L. Adelman" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kenneth L. Adelman</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Susan_J.Bennett" title="Susan J. Bennett" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Susan J. Bennett</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- reported & editor. Also member of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=James_H.Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Carter (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">James H. Carter</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Antonia_Cortese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonia Cortese (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Antonia Cortese</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Lee_Cullum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Cullum (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Lee Cullum</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- also with the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Trilateral Commission</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Pacific_Council_on_International_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Council on International Policy (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Pacific Council on International Policy</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Council on Germany (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">American Council on Germany</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Inter_American_Dialogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter American Dialogue (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Inter American Dialogue</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>&<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=National_Committee_on_U.S.-China_Relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Committee on U.S.-China Relations (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">National Committee on U.S.-China Relations</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Paula_J.Dobriansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula J. Dobriansky (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Paula J. Dobriansky</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- former Senior Vice President and Director with the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>& Associate Director for Policy and Programs at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=U.S.Information_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U. S. Information Agency (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">U. S. Information Agency</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Alan_P.Dye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan P. Dye (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Alan P. Dye</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Stuart_Eizenstat" title="Stuart Eizenstat" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Stuart Eizenstat</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Carleton_S.(Carly)Fiorina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carleton S. (Carly) Fiorina (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Carleton S. (Carly) Fiorina</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- formerly served<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Hewlett-Packard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hewlett-Packard (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Hewlett-Packard</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Company (1999-2005),<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=AT%26T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AT&T (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">AT&T</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Lucent_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucent Technologies (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Lucent Technologies</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Sidney_Harman" title="Sidney Harman" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Sidney Harman</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- founder & chairman of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Harman/Kardon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harman/Kardon (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Harman/Kardon</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(now known as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Harman_International_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harman International Industries (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Harman International Industries</a>. Serves the Boards of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Aspen_Institute" title="Aspen Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Aspen Institute</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=BENS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BENS (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">BENS</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Business_Executives_for_National_Security" title="Business Executives for National Security" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Business Executives for National Security</a>), is a member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Trilateral Commission</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Council_on_Competiveness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council on Competiveness (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Council on Competiveness</a>. Trustee of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Center_for_Social_Change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Luther King Center for Social Change (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Martin Luther King Center for Social Change</a>, the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Public_Agenda_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Agenda Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Public Agenda Foundation</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and The<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Carter_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carter Center (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Carter Center</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=D.Jeffrey_Hirschberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Jeffrey Hirschberg (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">D. Jeffrey Hirschberg</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- partner & managing director of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Kalorama_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalorama Partners (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Kalorama Partners</a>. Formerly served<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Howrey_Simon_Arnold%26_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howrey Simon Arnold & White (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Howrey Simon Arnold & White</a>, was Vice-Chairman of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Ernst%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ernst & Young</a>, Director of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=US-Russia_Business_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US-Russia Business Council (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">US-Russia Business Council</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and served Administration & Congressional oversight committees</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=John_T.Joyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John T. Joyce (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">John T. Joyce</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- president of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Construction_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Construction Institute (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">International Construction Institute</a>, member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_on_Labor_Diplomacy_to_the_President_and_the_Secretaries_of_State_and_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advisory Committee on Labor Diplomacy to the President and the Secretaries of State and Labor (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Advisory Committee on Labor Diplomacy to the President and the Secretaries of State and Labor</a>, on the boards of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=National_Democratic_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Democratic Institute (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">National Democratic Institute</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Commission_on_Central_American_Reconstruction_and_Redevelopment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission on Central American Reconstruction and Redevelopment (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Commission on Central American Reconstruction and Redevelopment</a>. Formerly with<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">AFL-CIO</a>, the the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Labor_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Labor Organization (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">International Labor Organization</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(ILO),<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and was a founding board member of venture capital fund<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Poland_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poland Partners (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Poland Partners</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Kathryn_Dickey_Karol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathryn Dickey Karol (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Kathryn Dickey Karol</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Vice President of Global Corporate Affairs of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Amgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amgen (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Amgen</a>. Former Assistant Vice President of Global Government Affairs at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eli Lilly</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and served the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Republican Institute</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>She is reported to have 'held various other positions in the U.S. government agencies of Treasury and the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Farooq_Kathwari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farooq Kathwari (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Farooq Kathwari</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Chairman, President & CEO of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Ethan_Allen_Interiors_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethan Allen Interiors Inc (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Ethan Allen Interiors Inc</a>. Member of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, Trustee of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=World_Conference_of_Religions_for_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Conference of Religions for Peace (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">World Conference of Religions for Peace</a>, Director of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Study_of_Diplomacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Institute for the Study of Diplomacy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Georgetown University</a>and is a member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=American_Committees_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Committees on Foreign Relations (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">American Committees on Foreign Relations</a>. Awards include “National Human Relations Award” by the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Jewish Committee</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Ernst%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ernst & Young</a>’s Entrepreneur of the Year Award</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Anthony_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Lake (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Anthony Lake</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Professor with<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Georgetown University</a>. Former Assistant to the President for<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=National_Security_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Affairs (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">National Security Affairs</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Lawrence_Lessig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Lessig (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Lawrence Lessig</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Michael_Lewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Lewan (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Michael Lewan</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Principal and founder of law firm,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Brown_Rudnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown Rudnick (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Brown Rudnick</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>which 'represents a wide cross section of Fortune 500 companies as well as some of the most important trade associations in the American business community'. Lewan has 'close relationships in both the House and Senate' and prior to founding Brown Rudnick, he was President of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Michael_Lewan_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Lewan Company (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Michael Lewan Company</a>: which specialized in developing and executing public policy strategies for domestic and international corporations</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Jay_Mazur" title="Jay Mazur" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jay Mazur</a>- President Emeritus of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/UNITE" title="UNITE" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">UNITE</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and member of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Holocaust_Memorial_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust Memorial Council (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Holocaust Memorial Council</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=US-South_Africa_Business_Development_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US-South Africa Business Development Committee (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">US-South Africa Business Development Committee</a>.</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Theodore_N.Mirvis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore N. Mirvis (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Theodore N. Mirvis</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- trustee of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Jerusalem_Foundation" title="Jerusalem Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jerusalem Foundation</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and a member of the Board of Directors and Board of Overseers of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Center_for_Jewish_History_in_New_York_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Jewish History in New York City (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Center for Jewish History in New York City</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Dalia_Mogahed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalia Mogahed (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Dalia Mogahed</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Crisis_in_the_Middle_East_Task_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis in the Middle East Task Force (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Crisis in the Middle East Task Force</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brookings Institution</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and Executive Director of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Gallup_Center_for_Muslim_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallup Center for Muslim Studies (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Gallup Center for Muslim Studies</a>. Mogahed has spoken at events with the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">World Economic Forum</a>and the Brookings Institution’s<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=U.S.-Islamic_World_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S.-Islamic World Forum (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">U.S.-Islamic World Forum</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Joshua Muravchik</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- serves the State Department’s<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_on_Democracy_Promotion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advisory Committee on Democracy Promotion (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Advisory Committee on Democracy Promotion</a>, is on the editorial boards of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Journal of Democracy</a></i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Journal_of_International_Security_Affairs" title="Journal of International Security Affairs" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Journal of International Security Affairs</a></i>. He also serves as an adjunct scholar at the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and as an adjunct professor at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Institute_of_World_Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of World Politics (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Institute of World Politics</a>. He was a former resident scholar at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/AEI" title="AEI" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">AEI</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Azar_Nafisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azar Nafisi (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Azar Nafisi</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=David_Nastro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Nastro (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">David Nastro</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Managing Director with Morgan Stanley where he is Head of the Global Power and Utility Group which works with the Firm’s power, gas, water and utility clients</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Andrew_Nathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Nathan (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Andrew Nathan</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- is a member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, is on the boards of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Human_Rights_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Rights in China (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Human Rights in China</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=China_Labor_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Labor Watch (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">China Labor Watch</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Journal of Democracy</a></i>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=China_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Quarterly (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">China Quarterly</a></i>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Journal_of_Contemporary_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Contemporary China (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Journal of Contemporary China</a></i>, and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=China_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Information (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">China Information</a></i>.</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Diana_Villiers_Negroponte" title="Diana Villiers Negroponte" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Diana Villiers Negroponte</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Nonresident Senior Fellow at the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brookings Institution</a>, member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Board_of_the_Council_of_the_National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Board of the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Women%E2%80%99s_Foreign_Policy_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women’s Foreign Policy Group (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Women’s Foreign Policy Group</a>. Former Senior Scholar at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=U.S.Institute_of_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Institute of Peace (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">U.S. Institute of Peace</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>& served the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="American Chamber of Commerce" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Chamber of Commerce</a>(preparing for<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=NAFTA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAFTA (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">NAFTA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=P.J.O%27Rourke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. J. O'Rourke (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">P. J. O'Rourke</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Mencken Research Fellow at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, correspondent for<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The Atlantic</a></i>magazine, contributing editor at the<i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Weekly_Standard" title="Weekly Standard" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Weekly Standard</a></i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and a member of the<i><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=World_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Affairs (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">World Affairs</a></i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>editorial board.</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Mark_Palmer" title="Mark Palmer" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mark Palmer</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- President of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Capital_Development_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital Development Company (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Capital Development Company</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>LLC, serves on the boards of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Centre_for_Democratic_Transition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Centre for Democratic Transition (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">International Centre for Democratic Transition</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_for_a_Community_of_Democracies" title="Council for a Community of Democracies" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council for a Community of Democracies</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Study_of_Diplomacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Institute for the Study of Diplomacy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Georgetown University</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Diplomacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Academy of Diplomacy (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">American Academy of Diplomacy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=New_Tang_Dynasty_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Tang Dynasty Television (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">New Tang Dynasty Television</a>. He is also a member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State%E2%80%99s_Democracy_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretary of State’s Democracy Advisory Committee (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Secretary of State’s Democracy Advisory Committee</a>. His biography states that he 'wrote speeches for six secretaries of state and three presidents, including<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=President_Reagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President Reagan (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">President Reagan</a>’s speech to the British Parliament in 1982 which led to the establishment of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a>. He served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and then U.S. Ambassador to Hungary during what his biography describes as 'the crucial period for bringing down Europe’s communist dictators'</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Carlos_Pascual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Pascual (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Carlos Pascual</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Vice President & Director of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Foreign_Policy_Studies_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Policy Studies Program (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Foreign Policy Studies Program</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(FPS) at the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brookings Institution</a>. He serves on the board of directors for the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Internews_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internews Network (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Internews Network</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and is on the Advisory Group for the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=United_Nations_Peacebuilding_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">United Nations Peacebuilding Fund</a>. Formerly, he served 23 years in the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of State (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">United States Department of State</a>,<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Security_Council" title="National Security Council" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Security Council</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(NSC) and the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Agency for International Development</a>(USAID)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Scott_Siff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott Siff (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Scott Siff</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Executive Vice President of<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Penn,Schoen_and_Berland_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penn, Schoen and Berland Associates (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Penn, Schoen and Berland Associates</a>(communications strategy firm that provides advice to Fortune 100 companies), he 'oversees the work for some of the company’s most important clients on issues ranging from competitive positioning and strategic communications development' as well as overseeing the company’s marketing and PR operations. Former personal advisor to then British Prime Minister<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tony Blair</a></td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arthur Waldron</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- vice president of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Assessment_and_Strategy_Center" title="International Assessment and Strategy Center" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Assessment and Strategy Center</a>, a member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and on the Board of Directors of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jamestown Foundation</a>. Former Director of Asian Studies at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a>.</td><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Richard_S.Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard S. Williamson (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Richard S. Williamson</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Board of directors of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Republican Institute</a>, the board of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Committee_in_Support_of_Russian_Civil_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee in Support of Russian Civil Society (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Committee in Support of Russian Civil Society</a>, advisory committee member for the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=International_Human_Rights_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Human Rights Center (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">International Human Rights Center</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=DePaul_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DePaul University (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">DePaul University</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and is a member of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. Formerly served in senior foreign policy positions under Presidents Reagan and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H.W. Bush" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George H.W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Wendell_L.Willkie_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell L. Willkie II (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Wendell L. Willkie II</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=MeadWestvaco_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeadWestvaco Corporation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">MeadWestvaco Corporation</a>. Former Associate Counsel to the President under<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=President_Reagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President Reagan (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">President Reagan</a>, acting Deputy Secretary of the<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Commerce (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Department of Commerce</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>under President<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George H.W. Bush</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and fellow in legal policy and international trade at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in Washington, D.C.</td></tr><tr><th align="left" colspan="3">&nbsp;</th></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding">Funding</span></h2>

<ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Byrne_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byrne Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Byrne Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Carthage_Foundation" title="Carthage Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Carthage Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Scaife_Foundations" title="Scaife Foundations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Scaife Foundations</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Eurasia_Foundation" title="Eurasia Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eurasia Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ford Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Freedom_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom Forum (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Freedom Forum</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Grace_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grace Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Grace Foundation</a>, Inc.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Lilly_Endowment" title="Lilly Endowment" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lilly Endowment</a>, Inc.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=LWH_Family_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LWH Family Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">LWH Family Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Endowment for Democracy</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Pew_Charitable_Trusts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Charitable Trusts (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Pew Charitable Trusts</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sarah Scaife Foundation (<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Scaife_Foundations" title="Scaife Foundations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Scaife Foundations</a>)</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Schloss_Family_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Family Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Schloss Family Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Smith_Richardson_Foundation" title="Smith Richardson Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Smith Richardson Foundation</a>, Inc.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Soros_Foundations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soros Foundations (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Soros Foundations</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Tinker_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinker Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Tinker Foundation</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Unilever_United_States_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unilever United States Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Unilever United States Foundation</a>, Inc.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/USAID" title="USAID" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">US Agency for International Development</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/US_Information_Agency" title="US Information Agency" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">US Information Agency</a></li>

</ul>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Affiliations">Affiliations</span></h2>

<ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Committee_for_Peace_in_Chechnya" title="American Committee for Peace in Chechnya" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Committee for Peace in Chechnya</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jamestown Foundation</a></li>

</ul>

<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NB: These organizations often co-host events, there is personnel overlap, and at some point have shared offices.</p>

<ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">UN Watch</a></li>

</ul>

<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Monthly Review Foundation reports in an article describing the history of Freedom House that some of the affiliations of its trustees and associates included the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/State_Department" title="State Department" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">State Department</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/National_Security_Council" title="National Security Council" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Security Council</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>), the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">CIA</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(through front groups), the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/U.S._Information_Agency" title="U.S. Information Agency" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. Information Agency</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Trilateral Commission</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>), the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Committee_on_the_Present_Danger" title="Committee on the Present Danger" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Committee on the Present Danger</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Accuracy in Media</a>, the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Enterprise Institute</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Crisis</a>, The<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/New_Republic" title="New Republic" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Republic</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/PRODEMCA" title="PRODEMCA" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">PRODEMCA</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(a group that is reported to have raised funds and lobbied for the Contras). During the 1980s, it is claimed that Freedom House also formed the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Afghanistan_Information_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghanistan Information Center (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Afghanistan Information Center</a>, one of several<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/NED" title="NED" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">NED</a>-funded groups supporting the mujahedin. This was reportedly to have complement the government's US $3,000 million covert funding program for the anti-Soviet groups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Freedom_House#cite_note-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[7]</a></sup></p>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact">Contact</span></h2>

<h3 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.17em; line-height: 1.6; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_York_Office">New York Office</span></h3>

<dl style=" margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.4px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">120 Wall Street, Floor 26</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">New York, NY 10005</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Phone: 212-514-8040</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">FAX: 212-514-8055</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">URL:<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);">www.freedomhouse.org</a></dd>

</dl>

<h3 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.17em; line-height: 1.6; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Washington_D.C._Office">Washington D.C. Office</span></h3>

<dl style=" margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.4px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">1319 18th Street, N.W.</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Washington, D.C. 20036</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">Phone: 202-296-5101</dd>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">FAX: 202-296-5078</dd>

</dl>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_Resources">External Resources</span></h2>

<ul style=" line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Holly Sklar, "Washington Wants to Buy Nicaragua's Elections Again: A Guide to US Operatives and Nicaraguan Parties," Z Magazine, December 1989.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/FH/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);">Freedom House Archives 1936-1999</a>, Princeton Univ., Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bill Berkowitz, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatransparency.org/story.php?storyID=119" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);">Freedom House receiving US government money "for clandestine activities inside Iran"</a>", Media Transparency, April 4, 2006.</li>

</ul>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>

<p>===</p>