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</div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/century-of-influence/">https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/century-of-influence/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">no lnx many ? 1 graf</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A CENTURY OF INFLUENCE</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The unlikely partnership between Big Oil and the White House</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How the industry stalled action on climate change from the inside and sold America on fossil fuels</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Illustration by Robert Fresson</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by Jie Jenny Zou</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chris Young, Rachel Leven contributed reporting</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">December 12, 2017</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A version of this article was co-published with Guardian US.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When Rick Perry was interrupted by climate-change protesters during his address to the National Petroleum Council in late September, the energy secretary was ready with a retort.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“You want to talk about something that saves lives? It’s the access to energy around the globe,” Perry said, countering a woman worried about deadly hurricanes and a man whose hometown is being submerged by the rising Philippine Sea. “I am proud to be a part of this industry. I am proud to be an American."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was an opportunity for the former Texas governor to champion an industry he’d long embraced by showing fealty to the petroleum council, an arcane federal advisory committee dominated by energy executives. Picking up on Perry’s message was Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, who has pledged to fast-track drilling and open more areas to fossil-fuel development.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The two took turns reassuring the council’s nearly 200 members during a meeting at the opulent Hay-Adams hotel in Washington, D.C., that the White House would be a friend, not foe, to Big Oil. “We’re now in the business of being partners, rather than adversaries,” Zinke said. “If I were in the industry, I’d be pretty happy.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It wasn’t the first time that global warming had been cast aside by the Energy Department’s petroleum council, successor to a wartime body created by President Harry Truman. In 1972, the council buried the industry’s own climate research with the help of top executives at the American Petroleum Institute (API), a longtime ally that once shared a building with the council.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">API has gone far beyond the lobbying typical of trade associations, helping spawn permanent substructures within the executive branch that ensure its voice is heard. These government entities, which include the petroleum council and an obscure but powerful White House office, have for decades worked in tandem with API to fortify the oil and gas industry, its critics say, often at the public’s expense.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Excerpt from a transcript of API’s 1959 “Energy and Man” symposium at Columbia University in New York.  The Hagley Museum]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">API’s history on climate issues goes back farther than most realize. As early as 1959, it grappled with global warming, hosting a conference where the looming, manmade catastrophe was discussed. As the environmental movement was blossoming, API — with the government’s support — was working behind the scenes to undermine it by distorting projections of regulatory costs. An enduring false narrative was constructed: the economy or the environment.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div>For nearly a century, API has enjoyed special access to the executive branch, furtively shaping policy from the inside. Now, under Donald Trump, the industry smells victory on multiple fronts with a White House that openly detests regulation as much as it does. Days before Trump’s inauguration, API President Jack Gerard heralded the “once-in-a-generation opportunity” to reshape energy policy.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Fifty-two environmental rules have since been overturned or are in the process of being rolled back. API has publicly supported at least 23 of these actions. In May, the institute also sent a 25-page wish list to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Among the items it wants reconsidered: tougher standards for ozone — the main ingredient in smog — and regulation of methane, a greenhouse gas that is far more potent than carbon dioxide.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">API officials did not respond to interview requests from the Center for Public Integrity. On its website, the institute says, "We negotiate with regulatory agencies, represent the industry in legal proceedings, participate in coalitions and work in partnership with other associations to achieve our members’ public policy goals."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Neomi Rao at a congressional hearing for her 2017 appointment to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, a division of the White House Office of Management and Budget.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.S. Senate]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">‘Regulate the regulators’</div><div style="">“I asked my staff for a joke, but it’s still going through cost-benefit analysis,” Neomi Rao said from a podium in October, drawing hearty laughs from a mostly male crowd of lobbyists, lawyers and policy analysts at the Heritage Foundation — a libertarian think tank based in Washington.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was a tongue-in-cheek nod to the little-known agency Rao has led since July — the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, which she called a “small but mighty” division of the White House Office of Management and Budget. Her staff of roughly 50 reviews the costs and benefits of all major federal rules, providing the stamp of approval needed to turn proposals into regulations — or spiking them.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“If you are a very pro-regulatory administration, then you are not going to appreciate the work that OIRA does,” Rao warned the audience, likening her office to a “roadblock” against burdensome policies that hurt the economy. “The pace and scope of deregulation that’s occurred is truly unprecedented, and we’re just getting started.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“The pace and scope of deregulation that’s occurred is truly unprecedented, and we’re just getting started.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rao — a constitutional scholar who clerked for conservative Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas and often shared pizza with the late Antonin Scalia —  has embraced her role as “regulatory czar,” pledging to surpass a Trump executive order to eliminate two existing regulations for each one created. Though she is an ardent supporter of leaner and more restrained government, she plans to staff up OIRA and broaden its powers.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How, exactly, she’ll do this is a mystery — much like the inner workings of OIRA itself. The agency has routinely come up short of basic transparency guidelines recommended by the Government Accountability Office, garnering a reputation on Capitol Hill as a black box that heavily edits or kills regulations with little explanation in Republican and Democratic administrations alike. Cass Sunstein, who led the office during the Obama administration, has since defended the practice of derailing particular rules by putting them on a “shit list.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While OIRA has resisted public scrutiny, it has held its doors open for industry. Since April 2014, 35 of OIRA’s 712 meetings on proposed EPA regulations have been with API representatives — including a 2015 conference call with institute President Gerard over ozone. The institute, along with the American Chemistry Council and ExxonMobil, ranked among the top 10 groups that met with OIRA from 2001 to 2011. Such encounters carry weight: A 2015 study by University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers found the agency was more likely to edit rules when lobbied by industry than by public-interest groups. Rao’s office did not respond to requests for comment, but OIRA notes on its website that it will meet with “any party interested in discussing issues on a rule under review.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The office’s bias toward industry can be traced to its founding. Though OIRA was created in 1980, its roots date to the EPA’s formation in 1970. As a counterweight, President Richard Nixon established the National Industrial Pollution Control Council, an advisory committee within the Commerce Department made up entirely of industry executives.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Frank N. Ikard, former API president]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“Virtually no major move is made in environmental policy without drawing on your advice and criticism,” Secretary of Commerce (and, later, Nixon campaign adviser and Watergate figure) Maurice Stans told the committee in 1971. Members regularly reviewed and commented on draft regulations before they were released to the public, weighing in on matters such as leaded gasoline and the Clean Air Act.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stans took special interest in the pollution committee’s oil and gas subgroup led by Standard Oil Chairman J.K. Jamieson, who regularly invited API President Frank Ikard and API public-affairs executive P.M. Gammelgard to its meetings. Staff from the National Petroleum Council were also on hand. Together the men coordinated a public-relations effort emphasizing the enormous costs the oil industry claimed it was absorbing to improve the environment.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Excerpt from the National Petroleum Council’s 1971 summary report to the White House  National Archives and Records Administration]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="">In February 1971, the pollution committee advised Nixon aides to prioritize costs. The White House budget office obliged that October by creating a new program called “Quality of Life Review,” which would assess major environmental, health and safety regulations. Tapped to lead the agency was bureaucrat Jim Tozzi, who had shown a passion for deregulation at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jim Tozzi describes himself as the father of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Administrative Conference of the United States</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“Quality of Life” became all about reining in the EPA, Tozzi explained during an interview with the Center for Public Integrity. Occupying a floor of the Executive Office Building next to the White House, his office quickly went to work on the EPA’s proposed Clean Air Act guidelines. “I was like a little despot,” Tozzi said. “Somebody needed to regulate the regulators.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Under Jimmy Carter, the “Quality of Life” program became OIRA in 1980, with Tozzi as deputy administrator. In 1983, Tozzi left the agency to join a law firm headed by William Ruckelshaus — the EPA’s first administrator, a Nixon appointee and an early champion of cost-benefit analysis. Tozzi now runs the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a think tank he founded and staffed with former OIRA employees that assesses regulations.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi said his plan for policing the EPA — and every other federal agency — has survived nine consecutive administrations and looks bright under Rao. “The Trump administration,” he said admiringly, “has gotten the number of regulations going out to a trickle.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">‘Virtually indistinguishable’</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As Nixon’s pollution control committee quietly lobbied on industry’s behalf, the National Petroleum Council was doing its part to paint Big Oil as a linchpin of the U.S. economy.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Council members had grudgingly agreed to an Interior Department request to assess the industry’s environmental track record and plans following a 1969 oil spill off Santa Barbara, California. The disaster sent an estimated three million gallons of crude gushing into the Pacific Ocean; television broadcasts showed shorelines littered with tarred birds and dolphins.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill in California became a pivotal point in the environmental movement.]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But the petroleum council’s ensuing two-volume report in 1972 was anything but apologetic. Totaling more than 500 pages, it defiantly cast the Santa Barbara spill as an anomaly and urged the government to continue fostering oil and gas development. Echoing economic arguments made by Nixon’s pollution committee, the council’s report cautioned against regulation that would dampen industry’s bottom line.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Among the report’s authors were Union Oil President Fred Hartley, whose company was responsible for the spill, and Standard Oil Chairman Jamieson of Nixon’s cost-obsessed pollution committee.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Citing research by API, the report also played down climate change. “Carbon dioxide concentrations do appear to be increasing for reasons not well understood,” the council wrote, adding that scientists would have to wait until the year 2000 to determine “whether or not a serious problem exists.” Even if the gas were having an effect, controlling such a ubiquitous pollutant could “impose impossible administrative and enforcement burdens,” the report said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But things weren’t as ambiguous as the council made them sound. API papers on atmospheric pollutants in 1968 and 1969 made it clear that rising carbon dioxide levels came from the burning of fossil fuels and that warming was inevitable. The 1968 paper warned that there could be “melting of the Antarctic ice cap, a rise in sea levels [and] warming of the oceans,” while the 1969 paper noted that carbon dioxide levels would rise “as our combustion economy continues to consume increasing amounts of fossil fuel.” Several authors of the petroleum council’s report likely knew this, given that they were top API officials – including President Ikard and public-affairs executive Gammelgard.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Excerpt from a 1969 API scientific study on atmospheric pollutants.  API]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The council and API occupied the same K Street building in Washington during the 1940s. Ikard — so close to Nixon that the president wrote thank-you notes to Ikard’s wife for homemade fruitcake and get-well messages — maintained an office there. In 1972, Ikard traveled to Sweden at the White House’s behest to represent the United States at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment — the first international meeting of its kind. There Ikard would have been in a position to spread the word about global warming. There is no documentation to suggest he did.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">API’s research during the 1960s makes the case “compellingly that the science is really sound,” said Carroll Muffett, president of the Center for International Environmental Law, an advocacy group that tracked down the climate studies. Muffett claims the petroleum council’s report is proof that high-level API executives were aware of the grave threats of warming and worked to hide the revelations.   Climate-change doubters followed suit, mischaracterizing API’s early research as evidence that warming was a hoax.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Digging through archives, Stanford University researcher Ben Franta found what he believes is API’s earliest public reckoning with climate change: a November 1959 conference it hosted at Columbia University where a renowned scientist posited the emerging threat before 300 “government officials, economists, historians, scientists and executives.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Within years, API was feverishly commissioning air-pollution research that resulted in the 1968 and 1969 papers. “API had this long-running awareness of climate change and climate science, and in that history the message they were getting from scientists was that climate change was real,” said Franta, who is writing his dissertation on the trade group’s activities. “If they wanted to head off that threat, they were going to have to think about acting then."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div>API leaders have played key roles at the National Petroleum Council, a federal body chartered in 1946 whose reports claim to be nonpartisan and in the national interest. The council was founded during World War II as a quasi-government agency that aided the war effort. It later became an adviser to the Interior Department and is now attached to the Energy Department, which did not respond to requests for comment. Members of the privately funded council are prohibited from lobbying and self-dealing but a review of its secretive, 71-year history shows it has long carried water for industry, minimizing environmental concerns while promoting deeper and riskier drilling.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While the council insists it’s not a trade association, its structure is similar to API’s. Both are organized as nonprofit business leagues funded privately by annual member dues. Though the council has a spare staff of under a dozen, it took in more than $5 million in 2015 donations.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Executive Director Marshall Warfield Nichols, who began working for the council in 1971, received compensation topping $840,000 in 2015, records show. The same year, the council spent $325,000 on a contract with FTI Consulting, the same K Street firm retained by API to lobby for favorable trade policies and aggressively rebut negative press on the oil and gas industry.  </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When a Center for Public Integrity reporter visited the council’s office in August, staff members refused to discuss a federal law that requires the council to make the bulk of its records publicly available. It  subsequently released transcripts of some of its annual public meetings but did so unevenly, with some transcripts incomplete or heavily edited in handwriting. Some were missing.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The council has refused to provide the Center with any of its subcommittee records, and declined to provide all documents prior to 1973 — including records underlying its 1972 environmental report. Executive director Nichols declined to be interviewed, writing in an email that “it is not our practice to comment in public on matters between the Secretary of Energy and the Council or its members.” Nichols, however, shared records denied the Center with three private researchers who authored a sponsored history of the council in 2004. One of the writers had been previously hired by API to author the trade group’s own history.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div>The council’s composition and views have been fodder for complaints from those outside of industry. Its leaders have been the biggest, loudest voices in oil; until February, former ExxonMobil CEO and current Secretary of State Rex Tillerson was council chairman. Halliburton CEO Dick Cheney led the group before he became vice president in 2001.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 2000, Fred Krupp of the Environmental Defense Fund resigned from the council, taking issue with an oil-refining report that criticized an EPA plan to curb sulfur in diesel, citing high costs to industry. In a letter to then-Energy Secretary Bill Richardson, Krupp wrote that he disagreed with the council’s recommendation to “delay and weaken … programs that are necessary for cleaner, healthier air quality.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Of the council’s 170 members at the time, only Krupp represented an environmental nonprofit. He encouraged Richardson to diversify the body’s membership to include public-health advocates and regulators. Otherwise, he wrote, its perspectives would continue to be “virtually indistinguishable from the views of the refining trade organizations.” </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Peter Lehner, then with the Natural Resources Defense Council, resigned from the council’s advisory committee about seven years ago after just a few months as a member, writing that his “goals were fundamentally distinct from the members of the petroleum industry whose perspectives continue to dominate the [council].”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Things haven’t changed much since Krupp and Lehner left. Of 192 members on the council’s roster, 144 come from the oil and gas industry. Over its lifetime, the council claims, almost a third of its 2,800 recommendations have been “fully implemented.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">These recommendations — to open more of the Arctic to drilling, for example — stand a good chance of being embraced by the Trump administration. At the petroleum council’s meeting in September, energy secretary Perry put his audience at ease. “The government’s not going to be in your way,” he said.</div></div>=</div><div>=
<div>off bs copyright 2007</div><div>
</div><div>wikipedia cites RE puff piece:  <a href="https://www.theregreview.org/2013/05/21/21-levinson-policy-entrepreneurs/">https://www.theregreview.org/2013/05/21/21-levinson-policy-entrepreneurs/</a></div><div>
</div><div>amazingly: </div><div>"Given the broad applicability of the DQA, it’s not surprising that one of the most notable DQA victories was initiated by an environmental organization.  Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) used the DQA to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517051337/http://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/2005/03/21/agency-admits-panther-whistleblower-was-right/" style="" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" sans-serif="sans-serif" padding="padding" px="px" border="border" margin="margin" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" outline="outline" medium="medium" transition="transition" all="all" s="s" ease="ease" background-color="background-color">change</a> the Fish and Wildlife Service’s (FWS) determination of the habitat needed by the Florida panther. PEER’s successful use of the DQA was particularly remarkable because the group’s Request for Correction was signed by a former FWS scientist who had worked on the panther issue and was subsequently fired.  Thus, DQA empowered citizens in a novel and, perhaps, unforeseen way.</div><div>legit source, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517051337/http://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/2005/03/21/agency-admits-panther-whistleblower-was-right/">https://web.archive.org/web/20130517051337/http://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/2005/03/21/agency-admits-panther-whistleblower-was-right/</a></div><div>but chanpionship cherry-picking</div><div>// =</div><div><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-flex; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><div class="ellip" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQFjAKegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">NGOs' Increasing Use of the Data Quality Act, by Jim Tozzi | Notice ...</a></div></h3>
<div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">yalejreg.com › ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act</cite></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=DQA+data+quality+act&oq=DQA+data+quality+act+&aqs=chrome..69i57.5303j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b10" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQ7B0wCnoECAkQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; 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padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQIDAKegQICRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQIDAKegQICRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Mar 5, 2018 - The publication of a landmark treatise on the Data Quality Act (DQA, aka the Information Quality Act or IQA) is timely because there is a ...</a></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQIDAKegQICRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">----</a></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:unoqMMPfGF0J:yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi5vv2h-6jkAhVGvKwKHZh4CfwQIDAKegQICRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"></a><a href="http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/">http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/</a></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">he links to own page many eg but mixed bag, incl strike down epa RULE"?</div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">seversl medical pot and trivial eg <a href="http://www.thecre.com/news/20050718_news.html" style="">http://www.thecre.com/news/20050718_news.html</a></div><div>
</div><div>----</div><div><a href="http://www.thecre.com/">http://www.thecre.com/</a></div><div>
</div><div>watchlist current 8/19 <a href="http://www.thecre.com/watchlist/index.html">http://www.thecre.com/watchlist/index.html</a></div><div>
</div><div>eg "EPA Exceeded the Deregulatory Goals of Executive Order 13771" </div><div>
</div><div><ul style="font-family: arial, helvetica, " sans="sans" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" small="small" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="http://www.thecre.com/quality/2019/20190708_regweek.html" style="">Comment on CEQ's Draft Guidance on NEPA Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a> </ul></div>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General published a report with the above-captioned title. According this IG report, "The EPA achieved cost savings of $21.5 million in FY 2017 via 16 deregulatory actions and one regulatory action and $75.1 million in FY 2018 via 10 deregulatory and three regulatory actions."<li style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Click <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/epaoig_20190809-19-p-0267.pdf" target="blank">here</a> to read this EPA IG report.</li><div>
</div><div></div><div>2019?!</div><div><a href="https://www.epa.gov/quality/epa-response-rfc-federal-data-quality-act-petition-against-further-dissemination-climate">https://www.epa.gov/quality/epa-response-rfc-federal-data-quality-act-petition-against-further-dissemination-climate</a></div><div>
</div><div><h1 class="page-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EPA response to RFC: Federal Data Quality Act Petition Against Further Dissemination of 'Climate Action Report 2002</h1><div class="panel-pane pane-node-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"><div class="pane-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><article class="node node-document clearfix view-mode-full" role="article" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">EPA response to the Request for Correction (RFC)<span class="disclaimer pdf" style="background: rgb(241, 241, 241); box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0.75em 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word;">You may need a PDF reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA’s <a href="https://www.epa.gov/home/pdf-files" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background-color: transparent; outline-offset: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">About PDF page</a> to learn more.<ul class="field field-name-field-file field-type-file field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; float: left; width: 650.75px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin-top: 0.75em;"><span id="file-477509" class="file file-document file-application-pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/7428response.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=523890" class="file-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; outline-offset: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">EPA response to RFC: Federal Data Quality Act Petition Against Further Dissemination of 'Climate Action Report 2002 (PDF)</a><span class="fileinfo" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin-left: 0.23529em; white-space: nowrap;">(2 pp, 524 K, 05/06/2003)<div class="field field-name-field-document-description field-type-text field-label-hidden" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em;">EPA response to the Request for Correction (RFC)</div></li></ul></article></div></div></div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>Christopher C. Homer

Competitive Enterprise Institute

1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 1250

Washington, D.C. 20036

MAY I 6 aJ03</div><div>
</div><div> Re: Information Quality Guidelines Request for Correction #7428

Dear Mr. Homer:

OFFICE OF

ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

The purpose of this letter is to respond to your February 10, 2003, request to the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the

Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by the Environmental

Protection Agency (Information Quality Guidelines) (IQG RFC #7428). You requested that EPA

cease dissemination of the U.S. Climate Action Report 2002. This letter also responds to your

June 4, 2002, letter requesting that EPA cease dissemination of the Report.

The U.S. Climate Action Report 2002 is the U.S. Third National Communication that

was prepared and submitted by the United States pursuant to its obligations under the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since the UNFCCC was

ratified by the U.S. in 1992, the State Department has been responsible for developing and

submitting each of the U.S. national communications under the UNFCCC (i.e., in 1994, 1997,

and 2002). In 2002, as in previous years, the State Department convened an interagency team to

draft the document. This team included staff from the Office of Management and Budget,

Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Protection Agency, the Departments of State,

Energy, Interior, Commerce, Defense, and Transportation, the US Global Change Research

Program, U.S. Agency for International Development, and other federal agencies. The document

was submitted by the State Department to the UNFCCC Secretariat on May 28, 2002. </div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div></div><div><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQFjADegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><h3 class="LC20lb" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-flex; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQFjADegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQFjADegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><div class="ellip" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQFjADegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQFjADegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">300 Scientists Tell Chairman of the House Science Committee: 'we ...</a></div></h3>
<div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://wattsupwiththat.com › 2016/01/28 › 300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-...</cite></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?ei=-zxoXbC8GpGksAXki7PQCA&q=DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&oq=DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i299.2391.9742..10249...0.2..0.233.4110.0j20j4......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j33i160.oa_uMitFFZc&ved=0ahUKEwjwpY7k_KjkAhUREqwKHeTFDIoQ4dUDCAo&uact=5#" id="am-b3" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQ7B0wA3oECAMQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQqR8wA3oECAMQBA" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:icnq8coLhMgJ:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:icnq8coLhMgJ:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/%2B%26cd%3D4%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQIDADegQIAxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Jan 28, 2016 - The Data Quality Act required government-wide guidelines to ...... science as a correlation between “cumulative” fossil fuel emissions and ..... In physical reality, the surface climate sensitivity is 0.1₀.2K from the energy budget of the ..... Why not circulate a petitionhere to censure NOAA for it's actions in ...</a></div></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">
</a><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">http://thehill.com/regulation/261316-government-watchdog-wants-changes-to-regulatory-office
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</a></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">One group is trying to make big changes to the “most powerful agency no one’s ever heard of.”</a>This year marks the 35th anniversary of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), and the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (CRE) is asking regulatory experts what the agency should look like another 35 years from now.The industry-funded government watchdog said the agency, which reviews and signs off on all proposed and final regulations, is the central control center for all regulatory actions.“We’re of the opinion that this aircraft is 35 years old and we need a new aircraft,” said Jim Tozzi, a member of CRE's Board of Advisors. Tozzi is recommending OIRA increase its staff, which he said has decreased by about 50 percent over the years, and cap the costs that regulators can impose on the public in a given year.He said he’d also like to see the agency re-energize the Data Quality Act by making the data federal agencies are required to report public, and start overseeing the independent agencies not currently subject to OIRA review, which include the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Securities and Exchange Commissions and the Federal Trade Commission.The CRE plans to publish the comments it receives and then use the comments and responses to them to draft recommendations for OIRA. Because a new administration taking typically signals a review of the former administration, Tozzi said there is an opportunity with a new president in 2017 for structural changes to made within OIRA.“I want them to have a database that goes beyond the next four years,” he said. “I want them to look at the basic fundamental issues that haven’t been looked at before. This is encouragement to look beyond four years.” <div>
</div><div></div><div>capt 12/17</div><div>
</div><div>this version no red</div><div>
</div><div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">jim tozzi OIRA pervert, refined by graham: see OMB/Oira</a>DQA --> lamar smith, hornersee also atrazinepromoted to evil for reyes, and b/c he regards killing ppl sport; no such thing as regulatory murder, but there is De-reg murder. if you do it for money. wrecking crew  // to takings?ggl docs risk asses, ideol entre w/ JG<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /><div class="mw-parser-output"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/01/28/300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-the-house-science-committee-we-want-noaa-adhere-to-law-of-the-data-quality-act/+DQA+data+quality+act+petition+energy+fossil+frack+oil&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin57WN_ajkAhUO16wKHSdeDoYQHzADegQIAxAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (CRE) is an industry-funded, for-profit think tank.</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> It focuses on federal agency compliance with "good government" laws which regulate the regulators. These "good government" laws include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Data Quality Act</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paperwork Reduction Act</a>, Executive Orders on regulatory review, the Unfunded Mandates Act, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> and the Congressional Review Act.CRE was formed by former career officials of the White House Office of Management and Budget. The head of the firm is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Tozzi</a>.It has been criticised as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organisation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">front organisation</a> for industries which seek to undermine the regulatory process, notably by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mooney(journalist)" title="Chris Mooney (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chris C. Mooney</a> in his book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republican_War_on_Science" title="The Republican War on Science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Republican War on Science</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>One of CRE's projects to promote public participation in the regulatory process is the establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Public_Docket" title="Interactive Public Docket" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Interactive Public Docket</a>.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131200819/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Archived copy"</a>. 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</div><div>REVITALIZING THE INFORMATION QUALITY ACT AS A PROCEDURAL CURE</div><div> FOR UNSOUND REGULATORY SCIENCE : A GREENHOUSE GAS RULEMAKING CASE STUDY</div><div>
</div><div> Lawrence A. Kogan, Esq.</div><div>
</div><div> Introduction Dr. John D. Graham, Indiana University</div><div>
</div><div> Foreword Jim J. Tozzi, Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</div><div>
</div><div>Washington Legal Foundation Critical Legal Issues WORKING PAPER Series Number 19 1 February 2015</div>=<a href="https://nebula.wsimg.com/aad41051818e710eb5d3242de005e126?AccessKeyId=39A2DC689E4CA87C906D&disposition=0&alloworigin=1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://nebula.wsimg.com/aad41051818e710eb5d3242de005e126?AccessKeyId=39A2DC689E4CA87C906D&disposition=0&alloworigin=1</a>inside erpa.comFriday, February 20, 2015 KEY ISSUES: Boilers | Tier 3 | EDSP | Climate Rules DAILY NEWS EPA Critics Float New Strategy To Challenge Agency Rules Using Data Law Posted: February 19, 2015 Backed by former White House regulatory review officials, a free-market advocate is proposing a new legal theory to allow states and private companies to sue EPA based on alleged violations of the Information Quality Act (IQA) in the development of a host of rules, dodging the long-standing holding that IQA violations are immune from judicial review. Federal courts have long held that private plaintiffs lack standing to challenge agency actions under the IQA, finding that the law lacks an explicit right of action and that suits brought under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) are not reviewable because challenged agency actions are not “final.” But in a February white paper [http://www.wlf.org/upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/2015Kogan.pdf] published by the Washington Legal Foundation (WLF), Lawrence A. Kogan, a trade lawyer and free-market advocate, suggests that states and private plaintiffs could have standing to challenge EPA's greenhouse gas (GHG) endangerment finding on the theory that the plaintiffs have a right to be free from regulations that are founded on flawed science that contravenes the law's intent. “The contemplated cause of action is based on the theory that Congress intended that the IQA . . . protect thenegative right of a designated class of persons not to be burdened, financially or otherwise, by poor quality science that agencies disseminate in support of major regulations,” Kogan says in the paper, “Revitalizing The Information Quality Act As A Procedural Cure For Unsound Regulatory Science: A Greenhouse Gas Rulemaking Case Study.” He suggests that a challenge to EPA's 2009 finding that GHGs endanger public welfare -- the basis for EPA's climate regulatory program -- could provide a venue for plaintiffs to test the theory. “EPA’s 2009 GHG Endangerment Findings and the decision-making process that led to those Findings, offer an ideal case study in how the IQA applies in the rulemaking context and how agencies contravene the law. . . . Such final agency action potentially gives rise to legal challenges of EPA’s failure to comply with the IQA’s peer-review standards,” the paper says. If courts accept Kogan's reasoning it would open the door for EPA's opponents to allege IQA violations in challenges against a broad array of other rules, including still-pending actions and some recently finalized regulations.  
For example, Jim Tozzi -- formerly a high-ranking official in the White House Office of Management 2 and Budget -- says in an introduction to the paper that Kogan's theory could also be used to challenge EPA's controversial new source performance standards (NSPS) for GHG emissions limits from power plants when the final versions of that rule is released later this year. “Another possible target of the type of IQA challenge [Kogan] proposes would be against EPA’s failure to conduct a peer review of 'highly influential scientific information' in its determination that carbon storage and sequestration is a viable technology -- the central component of its proposed rule to control emissions from new gas-fired power plants,” Tozzi writes in the introduction. IQA Challenges Later in the white paper, Kogan says that a successful climate IQA suit would pave the way for further challenges to EPA actions including the pending rule to define which waters are subject to the Clean Water Act; the social cost of carbon, which underlies many GHG standards; the proposed national ambient air quality standard for ozone; EPA's study on the human-health and environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing; review of the Keystone XL pipeline's environmental impacts; joint EPA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration disapproval of states' coastal nonpoint source pollution control programs; and the Fish and Wildlife Service’s endangered species designations. Tozzi in his introduction to the paper says that if courts reject Kogan's legal arguments, the executive branch -- in particular OMB -- could step in to conduct more robust oversight of agencies' research and response to petitions under the IQA. And he also suggests that if the effort fails, “then it is time for the Congress to pass legislation which declares that the [IQA] to be judicially reviewable.”The IQA -- also known as the Data Quality Act -- generally requires agencies to ensure that scientific and other data used to develop policy stances are objective, reproducible and peer-reviewed. While the law requires agencies to accept and respond to petitions to correct allegedly flawed data used in rulemakings and other decisions, key federal courts have so far held that agency responses to IQA petitions are not final actions and therefore not judicially reviewable, eliminating an enforcement mechanism for private parties to pursue challenges on the merits if agencies deny their petitions. Despite the legal hurdles, EPA critics have continued to file IQA petitions seeking corrections of agency determinations. odd 2x today no sponsor name]House passes bills to rein in activist influence on regulations
By JOHN SICILIANO • 1/7/16 7:34 PMThe House passed two Republican-backed bills to roll back excessive regulations and prevent environmentalists from influencing regulations through so-called "sue-and-settle" tactics.Business groups welcomed passage of the first bill the "Sunshine for Regulatory Decrees and Settlements Act of 2015," by a vote of 244 to 173, which takes aim at the use of class-action lawsuits to get federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency to agree to their terms in settlement agreements and defense decrees.The House also passed, 245 to 174, the SCRUB Act, which would set up a special bipartisan commission to hunt down burdensome rules for repeal and put a damper on federal overreach.The White House said earlier this week that President Obama would veto both bills.Stay abreast of the latest developments from nation's capital and beyond with curated News Alerts from the Washington Examiner news desk and delivered to your inbox."Today we are one step closer to reforming our broken regulatory system after passage of this common-sense legislation," said William Kovacs, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's senior vice president for regulatory affairs and the environment, in response to passage of the sue-and-settle bill."The abusive 'sue and settle' practice has gone on long enough, with the public denied the right to weigh in on major policy decisions brought before courts under private agreements between agencies and advocacy groups," Kovacs added. "Regulations that arise from this secretive process cost businesses many millions of dollars and can stunt economic growth."The House appears more emboldened than ever to chase down what the GOP sees as regulatory overreach by the president. The House is also expected to take up a resolution of disapproval next week nullifying the EPA's Waters of the United States rule, which has become a prime target by the leadership for repeal.The water rules make ranchers and farmers subject to enforcement actions by designating ditches waterways, which lawmakers and federal judges have questioned in recent months.Jim Tozzi, former head of the White House's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs under President Ronald Reagan, says more is needed to rein in regulations by establishing a regulatory cap.Also from the Washington Examiner"Basically we are beginning to convince advocates for less regulation that if they continue to place procedural constraints on regulators that although such actions will decrease the rate of growth in the regulatory state it will continue to increase but at a slower rate," Tozzi said in an email. "The fix is a regulatory budget, which is the key to kingdom. A regulatory budget puts a cap on the total costs that regulators can impose on the public."
Tozzi was involved with groups who advised lawmakers on the SCRUB Act. He is the head of the regulatory watchdog group Center for Regulatory Effectivenes.<a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/house-passes-bills-to-rein-in-activist-influence-on-regulations/article/2579901">http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/house-passes-bills-to-rein-in-activist-influence-on-regulations/article/2579901</a>=wikifliff<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.92px;">Jim Tozzi (born 1938) is a former regulatory official of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="United States Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> He currently is the head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>, an industry-supported organization that describes itself as a "regulatory watchdog."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>Jim Tozzi got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Florida</a>. After some time playing jazz as a self-described “bottom-tier” musician in New Orleans, Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Department of Defense</a>, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. Tozzi served as an officer in the US Army Corps of Engineers.
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Work_at_OMB.27s_Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs.28OIRA.29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Work at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#The_National_Archives_Interview_on_Centralized_Regulatory_Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2The National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Lobbying_Firms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Lobbying Firms</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Role_in_Passage_of_the_Data_Quality_Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Role in Passage of the Data Quality Act</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Personal life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Work at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Work at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2>Tozzi was instrumental in the passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> and the establishment of the OMB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> in 1980. Under his directorship, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> It quickly became known among watchdog groups as a bureaucratic “black hole” where proposed regulations disappeared.Tozzi was the Deputy Administrator of OMB in charge of the OIRA (and therefore of the regulatory agencies) when he left the organization in 1983 at age 45.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> He had also been the head of the Federal Ad Hoc Group on Toxic Torts.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]Between 1983 and 1986 he was employed as a 'consultant economist' by Beveridge & Diamond, the law firm of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Ruckelshaus</a>, ex-administrator of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and now contracted to the chemical industry. The firm's key lobbyist was J Marshall Coleman (ex State Attorney General) who was counsel to Dow Chemical and working in close relationship with the Chemical Manufacturing Association's American Industrial Health Council (AIHC), along with Edison Electric Institute, and the Society of the Plastic Industry.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: The National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2>The National Archives extensively interviewed Jim Tozzi as part of an oral history project documenting the Nixon Administration. The Tozzi interview focused on the history of centralized regulatory review during this transformative period. The link to the complete videotaped interview may be found in the External Links section of this page.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Lobbying Firms[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Lobbying Firms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2>In 1986 Thorne Auchter (ex head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>) and James Tozzi founded the lobbying company Multinational Business Services (MBS), and its not-for-profit Federal Focus, Inc, (a 501(c)(3) non-profit 'foundation') which was funded largely by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a>. Federal Focus successfully blocked the federal government from gathering data related to deaths from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand_smoke" title="Secondhand smoke" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">secondhand smoke</a>.Federal Focus spawned dozens of 'non-profit' policy institutes and business-oriented think-tanks, among them were: • Center for Epidemiological Studies (CES - after 1993) • Institute for Regulatory Policy (IRP - before 1994) • Health Policy Institute (HPI - before 1994); • Center for the Study of Environmental Endocrine Effects (CSEEE - in 1994). • <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> (CRE in 1994) which appears to be his current major organisation (although payments are still funneled through MBE).Federal Focus was the vehicle by which the tobacco industry tried to change the rules for the science of epidemiology and the political rules behind risk-management. (See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Epidemiological_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Epidemiological Practice (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Good Epidemiological Practice</a> (GEP) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Principles (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">London Principles</a>.)Tozzi has been a member of the Environmental Financial Advisory Board (EFAB) since 1992 and currently serves as chairman of the International/Energy Workgroup. The EFAB provides advice to the Administrator and Program Offices of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) on "how to pay" questions for environmental protection.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Role in Passage of the Data Quality Act[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Role in Passage of the Data Quality Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2>Tozzi was a major behind-the-scenes architect of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Data Quality Act</a> (DQA) which he helped to become law in December 2000 as a stealth rider to the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001. Since 2001 he has lobbied for regulated industries through the use of DQA. Among his accomplishments was the successful recertification of an herbicide, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine" title="Atrazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">atrazine</a>, by the EPA, despite laboratory and field studies showing that the chemical is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">endocrine disruptor</a> that causes frogs to become hermaphroditic.Tozzi's role in the DQA was analyzed as a case study in policy entrepreneurship in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Science Foundation</a>-funded study, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqpress.com/product/Lobbying.html" background-color="background-color" initial="initial" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Lobbying and Policymaking: The Public Pursuit of Private Interests</a>," by R. Kenneth Godwin, Scott Ainsworth and Erik K. Godwin. The article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/regblog/2013/05/21-levinson-policy-entrepreneurs.html" background-color="background-color" initial="initial" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Policy Entrepreneurs: The Power of Audacity</a>" published by RegBlog, an online publication of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>, discussed Tozzi's work on both the PRA and the DQA as examples of policy entrepreneurship.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Personal life[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Personal life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2>Today Tozzi resides in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alexandria, Virginia</a> with his main office in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dupont Circle</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,DC" title="Washington, DC" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, DC</a>. He is currently working on many projects, including nationwide medical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana" title="Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">marijuana</a> legalization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thecre.com/ombpapers/OMB_Officials.htm" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_JT-WashPost%201981.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 18px; word-wrap: break-word; background: url(">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_JT-WashPost%201981.pdf</a></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_20060612_ELI_EnvironmentalForum.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a>]</h2><ul background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; 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background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" repeat="repeat" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review</a></li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; line-height: 17.92px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_lobbyists" title="Category:American lobbyists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American lobbyists</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1938_births" title="Category:1938 births" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1938 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Living people</a></li></ul></div></div>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozziwriteup from riskasses:
TOZZI
Brass telescope“By Chris MooneyIf you stand near the fountain at the center of Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., and gaze up at the surrounding buildings, you should be able to spot a large brass telescope in a seventh story window above Books-A-Million. The device belongs to Jim Tozzi, a former Reagan budget official, well-remunerated corporate consultant, self-described regulatory policy "nerd," and self-confessed voyeur. The telescope has become a "landmark," brags the 65-year-old Tozzi, a gleeful cut-up whose "JJT" monogrammed shirt cuffs belie his musician-jive patter. "That can get you in a lot of trouble," he adds. "I'm a dirty old man. I love it."]”“Dr. James J. Tozzi (also known as Jim Tozzi) was born in ±1938. He got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the University of Florida. After spending some time in New Orleans he realized he would never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. In 1972 he began working at Office of Management and Budget(OMB). “]
Haldeman: get me a nerd from DoD to put a leash on EPA. Starts at OMB 1972. 1980 OIRA at some point Tozzi is Deputy OMB, leaves 1983. 1986 establishes Federal Focus to lobby OMB. In 1992 working for PH, in 1994 on youth smoking.[“ An economics Ph.D. who hung around New Orleans until he realized he'd never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began his Washington stint in 1964, reviewing regulations at the Army Corps of Engineers. Having established a reputation as "that nerd over there in the Pentagon that really likes to review rules," as he puts it, Tozzi later joined the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon administration. Tasked with scrutinizing regs churned out by the newly-created Environmental Protection Agency, he became infamous for second-guessing the agency's enforcement efforts. Environmentalists would ask, "Christ, who's running EPA--Tozzi?", he recalls with a cackle. 
Tozzi stayed at the budget office through the election of Ronald Reagan, who named him deputy head of a new OMB division dedicated to overseeing proposed regulations. Soon enough, Tozzi's domain became known as the "black hole" of the regulatory process for its reputation of sucking in rules proposed by agencies and never letting them see light again. He earned the nickname "Stealth." "I don't want to leave fingerprints," he once told The Washington Post.In 1983, after 20 years of learning how to induce regulatory sclerosis from the inside, Tozzi set up a consulting shop--Multinational Business Services--to do it from the outside. MBS clients have included everyone from chemical companies to tire and rubber manufacturers, but Tozzi's most controversial client was undoubtedly the tobacco industry, which during the 1990s sought to battle the emerging scientific consensus that secondhand smoke was a danger to those who were over-exposed to it, particularly people living or working with smokers. One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin.” (Mooney 2004)][[Mooney: “One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin.Tozzi played a key part in this push, earning hundreds of thousands of dollars from Philip Morris for such activities as supporting "legislative mandates on epidemiological standards" and increasing "debate on [secondhand smoke] risk assessment within EPA," according to internal company documents. In one instance, Tozzi deployed a phalanx of lobbyists to his old haunts at the OMB to block the implementation of a government medical code, used for Medicare and Medicaid claims, that tracked secondhand smoke illnesses. By presenting itself as "a defender of good science, not tobacco," noted the Los Angeles Times in a 1995 article, Tozzi's company succeeded in getting the rule changed--an obscure but major victory for his client. As he explains today, had the government been allowed to accumulate such statistics, tobacco firms "could have been subject to tons of legal actions saying, 'Look at all these illnesses caused by secondary smoke.'Although Tozzi says tobacco companies are no longer contributing to the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (founded in 1996), the fight over secondhand smoke was very much a warm-up for his later efforts. Among other work he did for Philip Morris during the mid- and late-1990s, Tozzi circulated information and proposals concerning two pieces of legislation. The first, a "data access" law, would allow interested parties to obtain, under the Freedom of Information Act, "all data produced" by any publicly funded scientific study. The second was the Data Quality Act (though Tozzi insists it was originally his idea and that other industries besides tobacco were interested as well). Together, the proposals would allow regulated companies to conduct detailed internal audits of unfavorable studies--and then battle to stop those unfavorable studies from getting translated into unfavorable regulation.By the end of the 1990s, as formerly obscure government studies became widely and easily obtainable on agency Web sites--sometimes affecting a firm's stock valuation simply by being posted--business groups and their GOP allies made a concerted effort to make Tozzi's proposals a reality. And instead of calling for the kind of massive "regulatory reform" campaign that had fizzled in 1995, they took a backdoor approach, attaching Tozzi's proposals to must-pass appropriations bills. The data access amendment, also known as the "Shelby Amendment" for its sponsor Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), was passed in 1998, and subsequently minimized in scope by a wary Clinton administration. The Data Quality Act rolled through three years ago, and was welcomed with open arms by the Bushies. Now Tozzi's timebomb sits waiting to detonate. In the end, says Kovacs, "what we're going to get is far more than we could have ever gotten by having a comprehensive regulatory law passed."

Quality actBusiness groups haven't wasted much time making use of Tozzi's labors. Last August, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank partly funded by the energy industry, filed suit under the Data Quality Act over a Clinton-era report on global warming, known as the National Assessment of Climate Change.Though the suit was ultimately settled out of court, government lawyers agreed to attach a disclaimer to the report stating that it was "not subjected" to the Data Quality Act. There's little evidence that the study was flawed. But the suit appears to have given the Bush administration a pretext to ignore the National Assessment when it issued its own 10-year plan on climate change research in June of 2003.“]] mooney...Tozzi likes to point out that the act has not gummed up the federal regulatory system with challenges, as some environmentalists feared. But that may not last for long.Even now, Tozzi and his allies are preparing to expand the act's scope by making agency rejection of a data quality complaint grounds for a lawsuit. "Somebody has to test whether it's judicially reviewable," says Kovacs. If they succeed, they'll have created two new entry points into the regulatory process. Industry groups will not only be able to saddle agencies with scientific complaints over their studies that could be costly and time-consuming to answer. They'll also be able to force agencies to defend their responses in court. Hence the term Tozzi's critics often apply to his type of strategy: "Paralysis by analysis."Tozzi also points out that the Data Quality Act can be used by anybody. And to be sure, a few opportunistic environmental groups have filed data quality complaints with agencies. Most of the current challenges, however, have been brought by industry, which shouldn't come as much of a surprise. Over the past few decades, business interests have spawned an entire infrastructure to generate so-called "counter research," exploiting the nuance and openness inherent to good science in order to "manufacture uncertainty" where little exists. …. As legal scholar Wendy Wagner of the University of Texas pointed out in a recent article entitled "The 'Bad Science' Fiction," there's little evidence to support the notion that government agencies churn out "junk science" or that their existing peer review protocols are inadequate. The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, Wagner charges, "provides virtually no evidence to support its assumption that a bad-science problem exists."Tozzi's timebombThat hasn't stopped Tozzi from seeking to increase the Data Quality Act's scope in a variety of ways. He's written letters both to the WHO and universitieswarning that if they want their science to influence the U.S. government, it had better meet data quality standards. In one controversial letter, Tozzi even invoked the Data Quality Act in an attempt to disallow comments submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency by an environmental group.Most importantly, he's drafted sample legislation for states. Near the close of a long interview in his spacious office, Tozzi stands up, saunters past his piano and a globe containing a hidden alcohol stash, and collects from his desk a sheet of paper that he's been saving for me. The state of Wisconsin, Tozzi says, has adopted a version of the Data Quality Act. "It's like kudzu, baby," says Tozzi. "You can spray it, shoot it--here," he says, handing over the text of the act. "Now there'll be a whole rumor mill around Washington," he continues. "There's that goddamn Tozzi…."[end moooney]1999 dqa for jo a emerson doubt GW, two sentences in giant omnibus spending bill? must pass

“On its face, the Data Quality Act merely requires government agencies to field complaints over the data, studies, and reports they disseminate, in order to ensure the "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity" of the information. Though seemingly unobjectionable, this provides a new workload for agencies that could impinge upon their other duties. But it's just the beginning. The Bush administration has used the DQA as a springboard to implement an unprecedented "peer review" system for government science, a cumbersome set of protocols that was strenuously opposed by the nation's science community, which saw little in the original plan resembling standard academic peer review. ... The Data Quality Act "allows you to begin inputting, and access the process [from] the very beginning." In fact, the act may also enable businesses to file lawsuits against agencies that reject data quality complaints, a potentially powerful new device in the deregulatory arsenal that could let motivated groups head sensible regulatory changes off at the pass. "Up until the Data Quality Act, the courts almost uniformly held you couldn't get judicial review of government reports," says law professor Sidney Shapiro of the University of Kansas, a member scholar of the Center for Progressive Regulation. (mooney 2004).
DID THEY GET JUD REV?
The OMB was evil/powerful/stealthy, but combined with the Data Quality Act [gotta watch those Orwellian names], plus :[[DATA QUALITY ACT see sep nodePublication date: Feb. 3, 2004 

SHOULD WHITE HOUSE MUZZLE SCIENTISTS ON HEALTH AND SAFETY?

A firestorm of debate over politicization of science has dogged a White House proposal that could limit the access of reporters and the public to scientific information about environmental health risks.An August 2003 proposal by the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) would centralize under OMB the "peer review" of science by almost all government agencies - limiting disclosure of scientific results if OMB raises objections.The OMB "Bulletin" - similar in some ways to an executive order in that it has largely the force of law for executive branch agencies like EPA, FDA, and the Interior Department - is an extension of authority claimed by the White House under the obscure "Data Quality Act." (See Nov. 19, 2003, WatchDog TipSheetarticle with links to earlier articles). OMB, along with conservative and business groups, has claimed the Data Quality Act gives them authority to prevent "dissemination" of inaccurate information, although the law, still untested in the courts, does not define this term.Debate over OMB's peer review bulletin has erupted both in a National Academy of Sciences workshop on Nov. 18, 2003, and in the comments in the formal docket on the regulatory proposal itself. On one side are the industry groups - who want to discredit the science underlying federal regulations that eat into their profits. On the other side are a number of scientists, scientific groups, environmental groups, and right-to-know groups, who fear the White House will use the new power to shape scientific findings to industry's liking.John Graham, who heads OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) has advanced the proposal under the banner of "sound science." But many commenters on the proposal think it will manipulate science to produce the exact opposite.While the Data Quality Act was quietly slipped into the 2001 appropriations bill without hearings on the representation that it was meant merely to correct technical errors, conservative forces quickly began trying to expand its scope. Since then it has been used by lawyers attempting to censor findings (such as those in the "National Assessment" of climate change impacts) reached by a consensus of scientists.The deadline for public comments on the OMB bulletin was Dec. 15, 2003, while federal agencies had until Jan. 14, 2004. In its proposed form, the bulletin was supposed to have taken effect on Jan. 1, 2004, but is unlikely to have any practical force until OMB issues it in final form - an action which could be months away.One group of commenters - 20 former top federal regulators (more from Dem than GOP administrations) including former EPA Administrators Carol Browner and Russell Train - called on OMB to withdraw the proposal and let the National Academy of Sciences handle the issue. ?Also calling for its withdrawal were Reps. Henry A. Waxman (CA), John F. Tierney (MA), and five other House Democrats. Waxman's staff maintains a Congressional Web site that tracks what it considers the Bush administration's political manipulation of science related to health and the environment.On the other side, saying the OMB proposal did not go far enough, were GOP Reps. Jim Gibbons and Chris Cannon (UT), styling himself co-Chair of the "Sound Science Caucus," a group that declared its intention to form in Oct. 2003, a month after OMB proposed its bulletin, by a core of Western GOPers centered mainly in the Resources Committee. They have gun sights trained on the "precautionary principle."Commenters generally supportive of the OMB bulletin included the American Petroleum Institute, National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, Industrial Minerals Association, American Farm Bureau Federation, National Cattlemen's Beef Association and the Public Lands Council (jointly), Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, Nickel Development Institute, Styrene Information and Research Center, Chlorine Chemistry Council, American Chemistry Council, CropLife America, Edison Electric Institute, National Association of Home Builders, the U.S.Chamber of Commerce, and the National Association of Manufacturers. Some of the groups urged OMB to assume even more control of agency science.Commenters opposing or calling for major revisions of the bulletin included the National Academy of Sciences,Association of American Medical Colleges and Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (jointly), Ornithological Council, Federation of American Scientists, American Public Health Association,Ecological Society of America, and the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. End]]

–rfk2 Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., "Crimes Against Nature," ch 4  Office of Info and Reg Affairs under  OMB all powerful; job is to report on fiscal impact of legis; John Graham head (fdr Harvard Ctr of Risk Analysis)Wise Use hack, Mercatus Ctr, ASSC?, AEI; Am Council on Sci and Health (tobacco tactics)"At Xmas, let us be thankful for pesticides and safe food"; can kibosh law 6-7 yrs in making w/o? public input; est 1980"dark soothsayer" of cost -benefit analysis, which is easy to manipulate, esp w/ green (eg massive fish kill measured by price of fillet of one of the few edible ones (p 60-1)JG got start w/ air bag study in 80's, got adjunct gig at Harvard, then sold its rep, which got more funding which got him tenure (dean pushed for , several signed ltr ~)  HCRA $ from Monsanto, dupoint, ge, union carbide, dow, boise cas, api, am chem council 62-3  bd has dupont, exxon ecol lawyer, NAM, eastman chem, Am elec Pwr.  J Graham worked for Philip Morris, on 2ndhand smoke [Tozzi? Miloy?](launder $ thru kraft subsid, then worked w/ them on pesticides in food 64). then his air bag report reviewed, not 400k$ for each year of life saved but 61K$. 1996 study said 60K lives could be saved by change regs and resource alloc "statistical murder” picked up by rwi. during confirmation, 1st peer rev: 79 of the rules never enacted (only 11 of 90 had been); also "grossly understated the value of human life' p65 2 ltrs, 11 ppl from harvard ~; rendered opinion on many complex issues, tho no hard sci degree (p 66 )Graham routinely made deceptive comments to media; he has solcitied $ from industries affected by his work w/o saying he did 67  (only got 37 no votes [confirmation?] , 2nd to JA.) GAO found he hobbled health and eco rules incl epa 67  w/ Am Chem C, Mercatus and API hit list of  regs, 23 presented to Congr (incl arsenic, snowmobiles in parks, roadless areas, coal plants (6?) 1980?

ATRAZINE{{“Working the Regulatory Process' Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data quality. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the Triazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen, a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.After leaving the government, Tozzi helped Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke. That is when he pioneered the tactic of attacking the science behind proposed regulations."The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."
Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.
Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support, he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), [denier?] a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.
"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."
Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.
"John Graham came in, and he did an unbelievable job," Tozzi said. "Better than I could have done had I been there myself."...By the fall of 2001, Graham's office had published detailed guidelines for implementing the act. A year later, federal agencies started accepting petitions requesting that they withdraw information that allegedly did not meet OMB standards for "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity."}}Analysis: RR introduces a deregulatory regime, gets dark soothsayer of risk analysis from corrupted Harvard infiltrated, Tozzi deputy? Two sentences (motherhood) jammed after Ford Library. After OMB JG set up a grad program for RAND, then 4th dean of the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs, plus a lot of freelance now (why? Pac legal etc). Risk assessment pretends to be hard-nosed empirical, but stacks the deck, operationalizes/extends/institionalizes Takings, externality, economic value, vs human/biological.end risk assess==atrazine TIMELINE
1958  approved US
1972 out of DoD RMN Tozzi starts at OMB
1980 OIRA at some pt Tozzi #2 dep OMB appt by Reagan
1983 Tozzi leaves OMB, sets up MBS (Milloy?)
1986 Tozzi est Federal Focus (CSE Koch)
1989 Hayes grad harv, UCB PhD 1993, 1994 hired.
1992 Tozzi works for PM (Lyons RJR. cuz of CB Gray EFAB) appt B2 epa CFO?!
1994 Tozzi youth smoking PM:  when the U.S. Surgeon General was addressing the effects of smoking and tobacco smoke on the young. The strategy was to emphasize the death rate of youth from other factors like accidents and alcohol.[3
1994-5 Triazine network (tozzi). Fawcett $500K till 2011. Mitchell?  ATZ=draft of entry: 1989-01 HCRA, OMB 2001 till 2006 then RAND where he built Pardee school, which he then leveraged ito eminence gris legit Dean, School of Public and Environmental Affairs[yikes], Indiana University. No one till Sunstein 9/09?As powerful as OIRA/OMB is in squelching green protection, the Bush 43 always wants to take the outrage to the next level, so we get the Data QualityAct (for those keeping track at home, you will have sussed out that Orwellian scam dictates that there will be no data of any quality, just as our skies will not be “clear” our forests healthy and our kids will be left behind Croatia].{ “The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist [Tozzi, big in secondhand smoke, and created a lobby shop to do nothing but work OIRA] and slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 [by Shelby Alabama and Jo Emerson, ex-lobbyist] without congressional discussion or debate -- is just two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable [I.e, a “motherhood” statment, not unlike ___Heidelberg Petition?]. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses.John D. Graham, administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science." He said the act, which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities."But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation.A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry. Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, policy or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use.Among the petitions:
• The American Chemistry Council and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated withheavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment.[see appendiz, acsh?]
• Logging groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests.
• Sugar interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake.
• The Salt Institute and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt.…Environmental and consumer groups say the Data Quality Act fits into a larger Bush administration agenda. In the past six months, more than 4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science.The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act.From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business.
'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment."
That's a view that Christopher C. Horner of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "whiny."}2006 Toxic Release Inventory gutted despite bi-partisan recommendation, it is voluntary, and fact that has reduced toxins 60% and did not cost much (p211), thus in line with conservative values. Even odder on that score,statics elimininated on effects of factory layoffs and how tax cuts were distributed by class (p211).Not even a fair fight, because the law only applied to government studies, not to industry ones. This accounts for how Horner? Got legitimate studies on atrazine tossed, and the decision to extend its permit was based on one industry-backed study. {Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.
Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data quality. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the Triazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints." }We will see how science, academic and even press suppression are part of this Syngenta story.Tozzi: as with any good ideological entrepreneur, as with pal /protege Graham, he uses escalator leverage and lateral career moves to infiltrate some unoccupied ecological niche.<h2 class="western" style="line-height: 36px;">SourceWatch</h2>“Dr. James J. Tozzi (also known as Jim Tozzi) was born in ±1938. He got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the University of Florida. After spending some time in New Orleans he realized he would never make it playing jazz, [he and Hitler would be poster boys for federal funding for the arts?] Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. In 1972 he began working at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Management_and_Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB).<dl><dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">"[Tozzi] rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.2in;">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare." <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer">[1]</a></dd></dl>[[“Science frictionTozzi's realm is a subterranean world of arcane rules and obscure alphabet-soup agencies. A self-described "market-based conservative," he's become a master of helping companies challenge the scientific underpinnings of government rules by zooming in, telescope-like, on alleged flaws in individual studies. Tozzi says he's trying to "regulate the regulators"--blocking agencies from releasing weak data or questionable information. Yet most of the studies that Tozzi and his allies challenge are actually pretty reliable.An economics Ph.D. who hung around New Orleans until he realized he'd never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began his Washington stint in 1964, reviewing regulations at the Army Corps of Engineers. Having established a reputation as "that nerd over there in the Pentagon that really likes to review rules," as he puts it, Tozzi later joined the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon administration. Tasked with scrutinizing regs churned out by the newly-created Environmental Protection Agency, he became infamous for second-guessing the agency's enforcement efforts. Environmentalists would ask, "Christ, who's running EPA--Tozzi?", he recalls with a cackle. Tozzi stayed at the budget office through the election of Ronald Reagan, who named him deputy head of a new OMB division dedicated to overseeing proposed regulations. Soon enough, Tozzi's domain became known as the "black hole" of the regulatory process for its reputation of sucking in rules proposed by agencies and never letting them see light again. He earned the nickname "Stealth." "I don't want to leave fingerprints," he once told The Washington Post.In 1983, after 20 years of learning how to induce regulatory sclerosis from the inside, Tozzi set up a consulting shop--Multinational Business Services--to do it from the outside. MBS clients have included everyone from chemical companies to tire and rubber manufacturers, but Tozzi's most controversial client was undoubtedly the tobacco industry, which during the 1990s sought to battle the emerging scientific consensus that secondhand smoke was a danger to those who were over-exposed to it, particularly people living or working with smokers. One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin....Although Tozzi says tobacco companies are no longer contributing to the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (founded in 1996), the fight over secondhand smoke was very much a warm-up for his later efforts. Among other work he did for Philip Morris during the mid- and late-1990s, Tozzi circulated information and proposals concerning two pieces of legislation. The first, a"data access" law, would allow interested parties to obtain, under the Freedom of Information Act, "all data produced" by any publicly funded scientific study. The second was the Data Quality Act (though Tozzi insists it was originally his idea and that other industries besides tobacco were interested as well). Together, the proposals would allow regulated companies to conduct detailed internal audits of unfavorable studies--and then battle to stop those unfavorable studies from getting translated into unfavorable regulation.By the end of the 1990s, as formerly obscure government studies became widely and easily obtainable on agency Web sites--sometimes affecting a firm's stock valuation simply by being posted--business groups and their GOP allies made a concerted effort to make Tozzi's proposals a reality. And instead of calling for the kind of massive "regulatory reform" campaign that had fizzled in 1995, they took a backdoor approach, attaching Tozzi's proposals to must-pass appropriations bills. The data access amendment, also known as the "Shelby Amendment" for its sponsor Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), was passed in 1998, and subsequently minimized in scope by a wary Clinton administration. The Data Quality Act rolled through three years ago, and was welcomed with open arms by the Bushies. Now Tozzi's timebomb sits waiting to detonate. In the end, says Kovacs, "what we're going to get is far more than we could have ever gotten by having a comprehensive regulatory law passed."

Quality actBusiness groups haven't wasted much time making use of Tozzi's labors. Last August, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank partly funded by the energy industry, filed suit under the Data Quality Act over a Clinton-era report on global warming, known as the National Assessment of Climate Change. Though the suit was ultimately settled out of court, government lawyers agreed to attach a disclaimer to the report stating that it was "not subjected" to the Data Quality Act. There's little evidence that the study was flawed. But the suit appears to have given the Bush administration a pretext to ignore the National Assessment when it issued its own 10-year plan on climate change research in June of 2003.…Tozzi likes to point out that the act has not gummed up the federal regulatory system with challenges, as some environmentalists feared. But that may not last for long. Even now, Tozzi and his allies are preparing to expand the act's scope by making agency rejection of a data quality complaint grounds for a lawsuit. "Somebody has to test whether it's judicially reviewable," says Kovacs. If they succeed, they'll have created two new entry points into the regulatory process. Industry groups will not only be able to saddle agencies with scientific complaints over their studies that could be costly and time-consuming to answer. They'll also be able to force agencies to defend their responses in court. Hence the term Tozzi's critics often apply to his type of strategy: "Paralysis by analysis."Tozzi also points out that the Data Quality Act can be used by anybody. And to be sure, a few opportunistic environmental groups have filed data quality complaints with agencies. Most of the current challenges, however, have been brought by industry, which shouldn't come as much of a surprise. Over the past few decades, business interests have spawned an entire infrastructure to generate so-called "counter research," exploiting the nuance and openness inherent to good science in order to "manufacture uncertainty" where little exists. Now that capacity can be deployed not only at the back end of the regulatory process--the P.R. battles waged in the popular and scientific press--but also at the front end, before regulators can get their shoes on.Chris Mooney Wa Monthly“]]
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=<h2>SourceWatch</h2>Dr. James J. Tozzi (also known as Jim Tozzi) was born in ±1938. He got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the University of Florida. After spending some time in New Orleans he realized he would never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. In 1972 he began working at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB).<dl><dd>"[Tozzi] rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare." <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>(See Tozzi response below)</dd></dl>Jim Tozzi was the Deputy Administrator of OMB when he left the organization in 1983 at age 45.Tozzi has been a member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Financial_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Financial Advisory Board (page does not exist)">Environmental Financial Advisory Board</a> (EFAB) since 1992 and currently serves as chairman of the International/Energy Workgroup. The EFAB provides advice to the Administrator and Program Offices of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) on "how to pay" questions for environmental protection.[est 1989 under FACA, public input] 2006 tozzi, am water, ciba, waste mgmt, conEd; Meiberg DFO; lyons gray stepped down as chairIn 1986 <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect">Thorne Auchter</a> and James Tozzi founded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus">Federal Focus</a>, a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a>-funded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_U.S.tax_code_and_non_profits" title="The U.S. tax code and non profits">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit organization. At the end of 1991 Thorne Auchter founded the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a> (IRP) as a subsidiary of Federal Focus and James Tozzi changed his focus to his company <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services">Multinational Business Services</a> (MBS) founded around 1992. <a href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> The "EPA Watch" of May 15, 1992 mentioned Jim Tozzi as the "director of the Washington-based Multinational Business Services Inc. (MBS)". <a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2501205799-5802.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2501205799-5802.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> At about the same time, Tozzi became involved in pro-tobacco activities for Philip Morris.The 990 form of Federal Focus for 2002 (last available one on GuideStar) has four people listed as managers: Jim J. Tozzi (director), Barbara Tozzi (treasurer), William Kelly (secretary), and James Tang (vice president). <a href="http://documents.guidestar.org/2002/521/491/2002-521491985-1-F.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://documents.guidestar.org/2002/521/491/2002-521491985-1-F.pdf" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> Federal Focus still uses the same address in Washington that was also used for MBS.<a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023329902-9903.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023329902-9903.html" rel="nofollow">[5]</a> Tozzi, who played the coronet since age 7, still seems to like Jazz as the Federal Focus has their own jazz band for low-income children.In 1996 Jim Tozzi, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_MacRea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacRea (page does not exist)">James MacRea</a> and possibly also Thorne Auchter founded the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> (CRE) <a href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" rel="nofollow">[6]</a> <a href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" rel="nofollow">[7]</a> of which Tozzi and MacRea are still a "Member of the Advisory Board". <a href="http://www.thecre.com/advisory.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.thecre.com/advisory.html" rel="nofollow">[8]</a>Tozzi was a major behind-the-scenes architect of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act">Data Quality Act</a> (DQA) which he helped to become law in 2001.Tozzi Response To Post Article on Reye's Syndrome(Source pgs. 305 & 309, Courting Change, a book published by the Public Citizen Litigation Group)The Reyes Syndrome Rule Was Withdrawn From OMB Review By The Secretary Of HHS. The assertion that Jim Tozzi rejected the proposed Reyes Syndrome labeling is completely inaccurate. The facts are, as demonstrated in the record, as follows:(1) Sept 20 1982 The Secretary of HHS sent a proposed labeling regulation to OMB.(2) Nov 8 1982 The American Academy of Pediatrics announces" "Labeling aspirin-containing preparations as contraindicted in the treatment of influenza or chicken pox should be delayed until more conclusive evidence of the association of aspirin administration and Reye's Syndrome is shown by further investigation."(3) Nov 18 1982 The Secretary of HHS withdrew the rule from OMB review.The record clearly demonstrates that Tozzi did not delay the implementation of the review for years.<a name="Related_SourceWatch_Resources" id="Related_SourceWatch_Resources"> </a><h2>Related SourceWatch Resources</h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoking_as_a_civic_duty" title="Smoking as a civic duty">Smoking as a civic duty</a></li></ul><a name="Related_Links" id="Related_Links"> </a><h2>Related Links</h2><ul><li>Stewart Fist, <a href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" class="external text" title="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" rel="nofollow">"The Sound Science Coalition"</a>, 2000?</li><li>"<a href="http://www.microwavenews.com/n-d01tobacco.html" class="external text" title="http://www.microwavenews.com/n-d01tobacco.html" rel="nofollow">How Big Tobacco Defines Wireless and EMF Health Debates</a>", Microwave News, November 2001</li><li>"<a href="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage/efab/newsletters/newsletter3.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage/efab/newsletters/newsletter3.htm" rel="nofollow">Environmental Financial Advisory Board Newsletter: March 2002</a>", Environmental Protection Agency,</li><li>"<a href="http://federaltimes.com/index.php?S=1285338" class="external text" title="http://federaltimes.com/index.php?S=1285338" rel="nofollow">Jim Tozzi, Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>", FederalTimes.com, November 11, 2002</li><li>"<a href="http://thecre.com/pdf/20040405_tozzi_jazz_omb.pdf" class="external text" title="http://thecre.com/pdf/20040405_tozzi_jazz_omb.pdf" rel="nofollow">Jim Tozzi: On Jazz And OMB</a>", The Federal Paper, November 18, 2002</li><li>"<a href="http://www.no-smoke.org/Steven%20J_final.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.no-smoke.org/Steven%20J_final.pdf" rel="nofollow">Steven J. Milloy: The “Junkman” Exposed</a>", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, December 2003</li><li>Chris Mooney , "<a href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" rel="nofollow">Paralysis by Analysis, Jim Tozzi's regulation to end all regulation</a>", Washington Monthly, May 2004</li><li>Rick Weiss, "<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" rel="nofollow">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</a>," Washington Post, August 16, 2004.</li><li>Eric Bailey, "<a href="http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-me-potduo18jul18,1,4361326.story?coll=la-health-medicine" class="external text" title="http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-me-potduo18jul18,1,4361326.story?coll=la-health-medicine" rel="nofollow">Activist Enlists Unlikely Ally in Bid to Legalize Pot</a>," Los Angeles Times, July 18, 2005.</li></ul>----omg real thing:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s; transition-timing-function: linear, linear, linear, linear, linear, linear, linear; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform;">The Environmental Financial Advisory Board (EFAB) provides ideas and advice to EPA's Administrator and program offices on ways to lower the costs of and increase investments in environmental and public health protection.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EFAB's work focuses on:<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; word-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;">Lowering the cost of environmental protection;</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;">Removing financial and programmatic barriers that raise costs;</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;">Increasing public and private contribution in environmental facilities and services; and</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;">Building state and local financial ability to meet environmental laws.</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Authority and Guidance Document<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; word-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100E65G.txt" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB's Charter</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><a href="http://www.epa.gov/ocem/faca/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)</a></li></ul><div style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">EFAB Work & Information<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFN.txt" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB FY 2013-2014 Strategic Action Agenda</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><a href="http://www2.epa.gov/envirofinance/publications" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB Reports</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFS.txt" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB Factsheet</a></li></ul><div>---</div><div>2014</div><div>
</div><div><table id="efab" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Chair</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Karen Massey</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Missouri Environmental Improvement and Energy Resource Authority</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Jefferson City</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MO</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">State and Local Government</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Helen Akparanta</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Assistant Attorney General/Senior Counsel</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Maryland Department of the Environment</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Baltimore</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MD</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Mark Kim</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chief Financial Officer</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Washington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">DC</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. James MacAdam</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Advisor</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Office of the Mayor - City of Tucson</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Tucson</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">AZ</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Mathilde O. McLean</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Treasurer</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York City Water Board, NYC Department of Environmental Protection</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Flushing</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Jennifer Wasinger</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Assistant Chief</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Oklahoma Water Resources Board</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Oklahoma City</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">OK</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Business (Financial Services)</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Helen Cregger</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Senior Vice President</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Piper Jaffray</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Denver</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CO</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Lisa Daniel</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Public Finance Management</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Memphis</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">TN</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Thomas Liu</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Wayne Seaton</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Wells Fargo Securities</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Richard Weiss</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Executive Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Morgan Stanley</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Business (Industry)</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. William Cobb</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Vice President, Environmental Services & Sustainable Development</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Phoenix</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">AZ</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Edwin William Crooks</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">KPMG, LLC</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Great Falls</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">VA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Marie De La Parra</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chief Executive Officer</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">BMB Construction Properties</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Alameda</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Rick Giardina</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Executive Vice President</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Raftelis Financial Consultants, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Centennial</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CO</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Ann J. Grodnik-Nagle</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chicago Bridge and Iron Company</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Madison</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">WI</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Phillip Johnson</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">President/CEO</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Green Terra Energy Corporation</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Washington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">DC</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Suzanne Kim</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Investment Analyst</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New Forests</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Tiburon</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. G. Tracy Mehan, III</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Principal</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Cadmus Group, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Arlington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">VA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Leanne Tobias</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Principal</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Malachite, LLC</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Bethesda</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MD</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Eustace Uku</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">President</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Exico, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Pittsburgh</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">PA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Environmental and Other NGOs</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Donna Ducharme</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Executive Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Delta Institute</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chicago</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">IL</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Vernice Miller-Travis</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Vice Chair</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Maryland Commission on Environmental Justice and Sustainable Communities</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Bowie</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MD</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Tobias Rittner</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">President and CEO</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Council of Development Finance Agencies</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Columbus</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">OH</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Blanca Surgeon</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Rural Development Specialist</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Rural Community Assistance Corporation</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Santa Fe</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NM</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Special Government Employees</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Heather Himmelberger</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Southwest Environmental Finance Center</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Albuquerque</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NM</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Cynthia Williams</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Professor of Law</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">University of Illinois College of Law</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Toronto</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ontario</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Designated Federal Official</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Michael Shapiro</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Deputy Assistant Administrator</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Washington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear, border-color 0.25s linear, box-shadow 0.25s linear, color 0.25s linear, opacity 0.25s linear, text-shadow 0.25s linear, transform 0.25s linear; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">D</td></tr></tbody></table></div> Lyons Gray was an R.J. Reynolds tobacco company employee who went on to become a state Representative for North Carolina.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1 Biography</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#Profiles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2 Profiles</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#SourceWatch_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3 SourceWatch Resources</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Biography</h2>Lyons Gray started working for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/R.J.Reynolds" title="R.J. Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">R.J. Reynolds</a> Tobacco Company in 1967 as a salesman in the Western Detroit, Michigan Division. He was promoted to Assistant Division Manager in 1968. A native of North Carolina, Gray assisted in Sales Training and Development at RJR.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ran14d00," data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">at Pg. 10</a>He continued to hold various positions in sales at RJR in subsequent years:<ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">March, 1976 - Manager of National Accounts in the Sales Department, effective March 1,1976.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yjw23a00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">July, 1978 - Director of Trade Relations at RJR <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rfb19d00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">April, 1979 - Lyons resigns from RJR <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/agy39d00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a> 2O YR GAP</li></ul><hr style="height: 1px; border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170);" />Gray was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050906-3.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">nominated</a> September 6, 2005, by President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">George W. Bush</a> to be Chief Financial Officer at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). Gray would <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050906-6.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">replace</a> Charles Johnson. His nomination was sent to the Senate on September 6, 2005, and he was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipac.net/digest.asp?g=fmi" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">confirmed</a> on October 7, 2005.At the time of his nomination, Gray was serving on the EPA's <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Financial_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Financial Advisory Board (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Financial Advisory Board</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">EFAB</a>) and became the board's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage/efab/efab2003winterminutes.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">new Chairman</a> in March 2003.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Profiles</h2>elected 1998 "Lyons Gray, after representing the 39th District in the North Carolina General Assembly for 14 years, is president of the Downtown Winston-Salem (North Carolina) Partnership and chairman of the EPA Environmental Finance Advisory Board. His daughter, Charlotte Gray, is a 1999 graduate of the Nicholas School's MEM program." (Spring 2003) Gray (R-Forsyth County, NC) retired from office in December 2002." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nccbi.org/Legislative_Bulletin/FMO-12-02electionreview.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.env.duke.edu/dukenvironment/spring2003/log.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a>Gray "has both independent wealth and outstanding <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/GOP" title="GOP" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GOP</a> credentials; his cousin, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/C.Boyden_Gray" title="C. Boyden Gray" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">C. Boyden Gray</a>, served as White House counsel to the first President Bush. But as a state representative he was known as a moderate. He quit the Legislature in 2002 in frustration, decrying 'extremists' in both parties. He also voted to water down a ban on partial-birth abortions and just last year voted to permit North Carolina counties to hike local sales taxes." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.governongo.org/Documents/WSJ_column.rtf" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Grandfather: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bowman_Gray,Sr." title="Bowman Gray, Sr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bowman Gray, Sr.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Father: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bowman_Gray,Jr." title="Bowman Gray, Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bowman Gray, Jr.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Uncle: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gordon_Gray" title="Gordon Gray" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gordon Gray</a>, Sr.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Cousin, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/C.Boyden_Gray" title="C. Boyden Gray" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">C. Boyden Gray</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">SourceWatch Resources</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bush_administration_cronyism_and_incompetence" title="Bush administration cronyism and incompetence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bush administration cronyism and incompetence</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/lobbyists/Principal.asp?4905" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">Lobbyist </a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/lobbyists/Principal.asp?4905" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">Registration, North Carolina Secretary of State</a>: "Principal: Lyons Gray, LLC; Officer: Lyons Gray; Title: Member/Mgr; Address 200 Pine Valley Road, SW, Winston-Salem, NC 27104; Phone (336) 722-2311."</li></ul>This article may include <a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/people/gray_lyons.html" class="external text" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/people/gray_lyons.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">information from Tobacco Documents Online</a>.=Thorne G. Auchter was a former Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety & Health at the U.S. Department of Labor circa 1982. After leaving he became director of a group called <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Federal Focus</a>, which received funding from <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Philip Morris</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rfl38d00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>He was also the Executive Director of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness in 1997.<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Biography</h2>Thorne Auchter was born on March 6, 1945 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from Jacksonville University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1968, when he started as a job site construction supervisor at Auchter Company, a family-owned construction firm based in Jacksonville. Seven years later, in 1975, he became the Executive Vice President of that company. He served in President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ronald Reagan</a>'s 1980 election campaign as special events director for Florida. On February 11, 1981 President Reagan announced that he would nominate the then 35-year-old Thorne G. Auchter to become the Assistant Secretary of Labor for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA). OSHA regulates smoking in working environments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1000216520-6533.html?start_page=9" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a> One of the main goals of the Administration of President Ronald Reagan was to provide industry with relief from the burden of onerous government regulation. This became Auchter's goal at OSHA. Labor unions were publicly critical of almost every move Auchter made. In September 1983 a Philadelphia-area coalition of unions called on Auchter to resign from office because of the "systematic and insidious dismantling of OSHA." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/osha13auchter.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a>In March 1984 Auchter left OSHA to become president of president of the B.B. Andersen Companies, a construction and development group located in Kansas. Controversy developed when it turned out that in 1981 he had dropped a proposed $12,680 penalty against one of the Andersen companies for safety violations. Critics accused him of accepting the job as a "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">quid pro quo</a>."In 1986 Thorne G. Auchter and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Tozzi</a> founded the non-profit organization <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Focus</a>, Inc. and later in 1991 he founded a subsidiary of Federal Focus called <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a> (IRP). As director of this <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a>-funded organization, Auchter and Jim Tozzi were involved in several pro-tobacco activities.While still at IRP, Auchter wrote to Philip Morris officials on the letterhead of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wayne_Valis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne Valis (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayne Valis</a>' <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coalition_for_Uniform_Risk_Evaluation" title="Coalition for Uniform Risk Evaluation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition for Uniform Risk Evaluation</a> (CURE) to discuss a White House meeting that he had attended regarding the 1991 draft of the executive order.In 1996 Jim Tozzi, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_MacRea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacRea (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James MacRea</a> and possibly also Thorne Auchter founded the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> (CRE)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a> as a subsidiary of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Multinational Business Services</a> (MBS) and Auchter became the Executive Director of CRE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a>Currently he is the CEO of '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracenews.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Grace Digital Media</a>' owned by Cheryl Reagan, who also runs Federal News Service.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0603/060203h1.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://eatthestate.org/07-18/FocusOnCorporation.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[7]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Related SourceWatch Resources</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis_and_Big_Tobacco" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Related Links</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auchter.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Auchter Company, Jacksonville, Florida</a>"</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1981/21181a.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Nominations and Appointments</a>," Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, February 11, 1981</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/osha13auchter.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Thorne Auchter Administration, 1981-1984: "Oh, what a (regulatory) relief</a>," Department of Labor</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Norbert Hirschhorn, Stella Aguinaga Bialous, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/4/375.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry?</a>," Tobacco Control, July 2001</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Russell Mokhiber, Robert Weissman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/15801" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">U.S. Hires Christian Extremists to Produce Arabic News</a>," AlterNet, May 2, 2003</li></ul>=Federal Focus (FF) is a nonprofit policy research foundation that was incorporated in the District of Columbia on March 24, 1986. Federal Focus shares the same business address as <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services">Multinational Business Services</a> on DuPont Circle in Washington, D.C. According to the FF's Web site, it now works on science policy.FF claims on its web site to provide "objective and impartial information and analysis on government policy, science policy, and scientific issues." Moreover, it claims to "disseminate information and views that are objective, unbiased, and impartial."//STATSIt operates the subunit <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a>.Federal Focus was affiliated with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect">Jim Tozzi</a>, who was involved in pro-tobacco activities with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a>. FF sought and received grants from Philip Morris to hold educational seminars on science policy for public officials <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a>Multinational Services, working on behalf of Philip Morris, used Federal Focus as a third party vehicle to help distract attention away from smoking as a youth issue in 1994, when the U.S. Surgeon General was addressing the effects of smoking and tobacco smoke on the young. The strategy was to emphasize the death rate of youth from other factors like accidents and alcohol.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a><h2>Funding</h2>Funders of Federal Focus include:<ul><li>American Cement Alliance</li><li>American Farm Bureau Federation?</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Iron and Steel Institute (page does not exist)">American Iron and Steel Institute</a></li><li>American Paper Institute</li><li>Arkansas State Society</li><li>AT&T</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Beer_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beer Institute (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Beer Institute</a></li><li>Dr. Eric Bovet</li><li>Business Council on the Reduction of Paperwork</li><li>Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chemical_Manufacturers_Association" title="Chemical Manufacturers Association" class="mw-redirect">Chemical Manufacturers Association</a></li><li>Ciba-Geigy Corp.</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a><ul><li>Communication Systems Development, Inc.</li></ul></li></ul>District of Columbia Commission for the Arts<ul><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Edison Electric Institute</a></li><li>Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany</li><li>Ford Motor Co.</li><li>Friends of Annapolis Symphony Orchestra</li><li>Friends of the U.S. National Arboretum</li><li>Gibson Associates</li><li>Government of the District of Columbia</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Health_and_Environmental_Sciences_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health and Environmental Sciences Group (page does not exist)">Health and Environmental Sciences Group</a>, Inc.</li><li>Kentucky Society of Washington</li><li>Landon School</li><li>Marriott International, Inc.</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services">Multinational Business Services</a>, Inc.</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Chamber_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Chamber Foundation (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">National Chamber Foundation</a></li><li>National Electrical Manufacturers Association</li><li>National Endowment for the Arts</li><li>National Paint and Coatings Association</li><li>NEXTEL</li><li>Oracle Corp.</li><li>Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp.</li><li>PCS Prime Co., LP</li><li>Peter Tare, Inc.</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a></li><li>Photo Marketing Associates International</li><li>PSI Energy</li><li>Richard Bray Orchestras</li><li>Sacramento Traditional Jazz Society</li><li>Schuller International, Inc.</li><li>Scientific Advisory Group on Cellular Telephone Research</li><li>Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.</li><li>Solar Energy Research Institute</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a></li><li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</li><li>U.S. General Services Administration</li><li>U.S. Office of Personnel Management</li><li>USA Today</li><li>Wireless Technology Research, L.L.C.</li></ul><h2>References</h2><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsq32c00" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsq32c00" rel="nofollow">Grant-in-aid request</a> Tozzi J. March 15, 1991. Philip Morris Bates No.2071413114/3115</li><li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_ref-1" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fedfocus.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.fedfocus.org" rel="nofollow">Federal Focus web site</a> accessed January 10, 2008</li><li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_ref-2" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wdp16e00" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wdp16e00" rel="nofollow">No title</a> Tozzi JJ/Multinational Business Services. Letter. January 11, 1994. Philip Morris Bates No. 2048213860/3864</li></ol><a name="Contact" id="Contact"> </a><h2>Contact</h2>Federal Focus, Inc.
11 Dupont Circle, N.W., Suite 700
Washington, D.C. 20036
Email: infoATfedfocus.org (substitute an "@" sign for the "AT")<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobaccowiki" title="Category:Tobaccowiki">Tobaccowiki</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Front_groups_portal" title="Category:Front groups portal">Front groups portal</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobacco_industry" title="Category:Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Front_groups" title="Category:Front groups">Front groups</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobacco_fronts" title="Category:Tobacco fronts">Tobacco fronts</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Science" title="Category:Science">Science</a></div></div> ----srctchThe Institute for Regulatory Policy (IRP) was founded in 1991 as an operating subunit of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Federal Focus</a>. It was a front group created by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">tobacco industry</a> to support its version of "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sound_science" title="Sound science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">sound science</a>" in environmental and public health policy. In addition to tobacco, IRP has worked on issues including radon, chlorinated water and electromagnetic fields.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1 History</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Personnel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2 Personnel</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Affiliated_organizations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3 Affiliated organizations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Articles_and_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4 Articles and Resources</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1 Sources</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Related_SourceWatch_Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2 Related SourceWatch Articles</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.3 External links</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">History</h2>Beginning as early as the 1970s, the tobacco industry began to worry about the mounting evidence showing that nonsmokers as well as smokers suffer adverse health effects from secondhand smoke inhaled in bars, restaurants and other public places. Industry executives realized that the issue of tobacco's indirect effects posed a potentially greater threat to profits than the issue of its direct effects on smokers themselves. Once the public realized that cigarettes were also killing nonsmokers, anti-tobacco activists would press forward with increasing success in their campaigns to ban smoking in public places."If smokers can't smoke on the way to work, at work, in stores, banks, restaurants, malls, and other public places, they are going to smoke less," complained Philip Morris political affairs director <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ellen_Merlo" title="Ellen Merlo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ellen Merlo</a> in a speech to tobacco vendors. "A large percentage of them are going to quit. In short, cigarette purchases will be drastically reduced and volume declines will accelerate."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a>Researchers have known for decades that secondhand smoke causes or exacerbates a number of health problems in nonsmokers, including heart disease, emphysema and asthma. In 1992, the U.S. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) added to the list by publishing a risk assessment that designated secondhand tobacco smoke for the first time as a known cause of lung cancer. The tobacco industry's preoccupation with "sound science" emerged as it mobilized to fight the EPA risk assessment.In the 'Report on Recent ETS and IAQ Developments' (ETS='Environmental tobacco smoke' also known as 'secondhand tobacco smoke'; IAQ=Indoor Air Quality) on August 27, 1991 was written: QUAYLE
<blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Institute for Regulatory Policy, a research group headed by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thorne Auchter</a>, and affiliated with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Focus</a>, Inc., recently submitted a report to the Vice President's Council on Competitiveness [CSE} proposing an Executive Order that would provide centralized guidance for the scientific objectivity of risk assessments. The 170-page report is titled "Toward Common Measures: Recommendations for a Presidential Executive Order on: Environmental Risk Assessment and Risk Management Policy."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></blockquote>Federal Focus is a Philip Morris-funded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/501(c)(3)" title="501(c)(3)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit organization set up by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Thorne Auchter</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_Tozzi" title="James Tozzi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">James Tozzi</a> in 1986. Later James Tozzi changed his focus to his company <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Multinational Business Services</a> (MBS) while Thorne Auchter founded IRP as a subsidiary of Federal Focus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a> Other Federal Focus subsidaries were 'Center for Epidemiological Studies' (director: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian" title="Gary Kayajanian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gary Kayajanian</a>, Ph.D.), 'Health Policy Institute' (director: Joel Rosenblatt, Ph.D.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023593752.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a> and the 'Center for the Study of Environmental Endocrine Effects' (CSEEE). Only IRP and CSEEE are still mentioned of the Federal Focus site as 'Past Operating Subunits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fedfocus.org/organization.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a> The 990 form of Federal Focus for 2002 (last available one on GuideStar) has 4 people listed as managers: Jim J. Tozzi (director), Barbara Tozzi (treasurer), William Kelly (secretary), and James Tang (vice president). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://documents.guidestar.org/2002/521/491/2002-521491985-1-F.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a> Federal Focus still uses the same address in Washington that was also used for MSB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023329902-9903.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a> Joel Rosenblatt represented on June 7, 1999 the '<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>' (CRE) which some people see as the successor of IRP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/ec05279m.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[7]</a>In internal Philip Morris documents lobbyist James Tozzi was described as the company's "primary contact on the EPA/ETS risk assessment during the second half of 1992." During that period, it noted, "Tozzi has been invaluable in executing our Washington efforts including generating technical briefing papers, numerous letters to agencies and media interviews," a service for which Philip Morris paid an estimated $300,000 in consulting fees. The document added that "Tozzi could also be helpful in other regulatory matters (food and environmental) affecting PM."Philip Morris paid Tozzi's company another $880,000 to establish the IRP as a "nonprofit" think tank, which put together "three different coalitions which support sound science - <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Executive_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition for Executive Order (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition for Executive Order</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Moratorium_on_Risk_Assessments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition for Moratorium on Risk Assessments (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition for Moratorium on Risk Assessments</a>, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_of_Cities_and_States_on_Environmental_Mandates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition of Cities and States on Environmental Mandates (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition of Cities and States on Environmental Mandates</a>. ... IRP could work with us as well as <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/APCO_Worldwide" title="APCO Worldwide" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">APCO</a> in a coordinated manner." According to a Philip Morris document, "IRP is now a viable organization that can address various regulatory issues. IRP has established a coalition representing the interests of a broad array of industries and trade associations. Additionally, IRP has established a relationship with many state and local governments throughout the U.S. The coalition could address a number of regulatory issues of interest to PM in 1993."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/2046662829-2837.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[8]</a>MBS employee <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_J.Milloy" title="Steven J. Milloy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Steven J. Milloy</a> went on to launch <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/JunkScience" title="JunkScience" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">JunkScience.com</a> and several other organizations that continue to attack environmentalists, public health and food safety regulators, anti-nuclear and animal rights activists, and a wide range of other targets that he accuses of using unsound science to advance various political agendas.A pamphlet of Federal Focus published around April 1996 was one of the last signs IRP was still active. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2065344588-4591.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[9]</a> Thorne Auchter who was director of IRP became later the Executive Director of the in 1996 founded Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[10]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Personnel</h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_G.Auchter" title="Thorne G. Auchter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thorne G. Auchter</a>, director, former head of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Occupational_Safety%26_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety & Health Administration" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Occupational Safety & Health Administration</a> (OSHA)</li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Affiliated organizations</h2>In addition to the IRP, Tozzi and MBS have created a number of other anti-regulatory projects, including:<ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Focus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Articles and Resources</h2><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sources</h3><ol class="references" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vzq81f00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Remarks By Ellen Merlo Vice President, Corporate Affairs Philip Morris USA at Philip Morris Vendor conference, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York City"</a>, January 25, 1994. Bates Number 2044336068/6114.</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023516857-7321.p121-130.html?#p129" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></li></ol><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Related SourceWatch Articles</h3><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_groups" title="Front groups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Front groups</a></li></ul>srcwrtch:<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (CRE) was founded in 1996 by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Tozzi</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_MacRea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacRea (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James MacRea</a> and possibly also <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thorne Auchter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a> It seems that CRE is the successor of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a>. Jim Tozzi, James MacRea and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kenneth_Glozer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Glozer (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kenneth Glozer</a> are the three members of the 'CRE Advisory Board' <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/advisory.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a>. In the past also <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thomas_D.Hopkins" title="Thomas D. Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas D. Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ron_M.Linton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ron M. Linton (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ron M. Linton</a> were members of that board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020802231647/www.thecre.com/advisory.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a>In 2002 or 2003 a new section of CRE was created: 'ICANN focus'. In October 2003 the website 'icannfocus.org' was started. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://blog.lextext.com/blog/archives/2003/10/29/5286.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a> That site only consists of 1 page which is a kind of doorway page because visitors to that home page will just see the content of 'thecre.com/icann/' in a frame. The whois information of that site mentions a 'Levinson' which is most likely '<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bruce_Levinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Levinson (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bruce Levinson</a>'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.circleid.com/members/profile_view_ind.php?id=260" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a> Bruce Levinson is the director of the 'Pharmaceutical Policy Project' at CRE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/news/20040202_news.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[7]</a> He is also the director of CRE's 'Fuel Economy Project'<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://thecre.com/forums/member.php?s=c150aa4f4f93f5a6f68a453b72f0709a&action=getinfo&userid=26" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[8]</a> which uses the web site 'www.fueleconomyin.us'. The home page of that site uses a '302 Moved Temporarily' error to redirect visitors to 'www.thecre.com/fuel/economy.htm'.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#Funding" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1 Funding</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#Other_SourceWatch_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2 Other SourceWatch Resources</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#Contact_Information" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3 Contact Information</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4 External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">Funding</h2>On its website CRE states that it "has no members, but it receives, from time to time, financial support, services in kind, and work product from foundations, trade associations and private firms. Consequently, at any one time, CRE benefits from the input or advice of literally hundreds of small and large firms." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/about.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[9]</a>It also states that support from companies and trade association is "usually in the form of a monthly contribution to support the Center's activities. Although CRE participants who contribute to the Center are given an opportunity to designate a particular issue to be addressed by the Center and to review CRE's work product prior to its dissemination, they do not control either the content or the papers that the Center ultimately files in a given regulatory proceeding." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/regreview/index.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[10]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">Other SourceWatch Resources</h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Research_Accountability_Project" title="Research Accountability Project" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Research Accountability Project</a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">Contact Information</h2>Center for Regulatory Effectiveness
11 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: 202 265 2383
Web site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">http://www.thecre.com</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">External links</h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jennifer B Sass and Jon P Devine, Jr, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241817" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness invokes the Data Quality Act to reject published studies on atrazine toxicity</a>", Environmental Health Perspectives, January 2004, Volume 112 Number 1, pages A18.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jim J. Tozzi, William G. Kelly, Jr. and Scott Slaughter, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241817" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Data Quality Act: Response from the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>", Environmental Health Perspectives, January 2004, Volume 112 Number 1, pages A18–A19.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Chris Mooney , "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Paralysis by Analysis, Jim Tozzi's regulation to end all regulation</a>," Washington Monthly, May 2004.</li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Non-Government_Organizations" title="Category:Non-Government Organizations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Non-Government Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div>Paralysis by AnalysisJim Tozzi's regulation to end all regulation.By Chris MooneyIf you stand near the fountain at the center of Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., and gaze up at the surrounding buildings, you should be able to spot a large brass telescope in a seventh story window above Books-A-Million. The device belongs to Jim Tozzi, a former Reagan budget official, well-remunerated corporate consultant, self-described regulatory policy "nerd," and self-confessed voyeur. The telescope has become a "landmark," brags the 65-year-old Tozzi, a gleeful cut-up whose "JJT" monogrammed shirt cuffs belie his musician-jive patter. "That can get you in a lot of trouble," he adds. "I'm a dirty old man. I love it."If Tozzi is shameless about his extracurricular activities, he's equally proud of the work that occupies his daylight hours. As the flamboyant head of an industry-funded, for-profit think tank called the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, Tozzi has made his career in the decidedly unflamboyant field of government regulation. In the three decades or so since the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and other agencies were formed, industry has become adept both at weighing down the rulemaking process with years of preliminaries and at challenging regulations once promulgated. And for years, Tozzi--thanks to official contacts and regulatory expertise gleaned from two decades in government--has been a master of the game, gumming up the regulatory works and, as he puts it, giving environmentalists and consumer advocates "gastronomical pains."But now Tozzi has a chance to change the rules of the game itself. With assistance from the Bush administration, a little-known statute called the "Data Quality Act"--conceived by Tozzi and passed with little debate by Congress three years ago--allows businesses to challenge not just government regulations, but the taxpayer-sponsored science which agencies rely upon to formulate these rules in the first placeOn its face, the Data Quality Act merely requires government agencies to field complaints over the data, studies, and reports they disseminate, in order to ensure the "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity" of the information. Though seemingly unobjectionable, this provides a new workload for agencies that could impinge upon their other duties. But it's just the beginning. The Bush administration has used the DQA as a springboard to implement an unprecedented "peer review" system for government science, a cumbersome set of protocols that was strenuously opposed by the nation's science community, which saw little in the original plan resembling standard academic peer review. (As we went to press, the White House released a revised "peer review" bulletin that appeared to respond to some of these criticisms.If these efforts succeed, industry groups will have a new set of tools to stop regulations before they even get started--often by using questionable scientific critiques paid for by industry to challenge legitimate science sponsored by taxpayers. "Anyone who is involved in the regulatory process knows it begins ten years or so before you ever see a rule," says William Kovacs, a Chamber of Commerce vice president who's met with Tozzi "a hundred times" to plot strategy. The Data Quality Act "allows you to begin inputting, and access the process [from] the very beginning." In fact, the act may also enable businesses to file lawsuits against agencies that reject data quality complaints, a potentially powerful new device in the deregulatory arsenal that could let motivated groups head sensible regulatory changes off at the pass. "Up until the Data Quality Act, the courts almost uniformly held you couldn't get judicial review of government reports," says law professor Sidney Shapiro of the University of Kansas, a member scholar of the Center for Progressive Regulation.Already, Tozzi's Data Quality Act has led to suits challenging a government report on climate change and a National Institutes of Health study on diet, both of which represent state-of-the-art scientific work in their fields. The latter suit was recently filed by the Chamber of Commerce and the Salt Institute, an industry group, as a strategic test case to establish judicial review under the Data Quality Act. Slowly, Tozzi and allies are laying the groundwork for a broader assault on the regulatory state. Data quality, says Kovacs, is going to have "a revolutionary impact on the regulatory process."
Science frictionTozzi's realm is a subterranean world of arcane rules and obscure alphabet-soup agencies. A self-described "market-based conservative," he's become a master of helping companies challenge the scientific underpinnings of government rules by zooming in, telescope-like, on alleged flaws in individual studies. Tozzi says he's trying to "regulate the regulators"--blocking agencies from releasing weak data or questionable information. Yet most of the studies that Tozzi and his allies challenge are actually pretty reliable.An economics Ph.D. who hung around New Orleans until he realized he'd never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began his Washington stint in 1964, reviewing regulations at the Army Corps of Engineers. Having established a reputation as "that nerd over there in the Pentagon that really likes to review rules," as he puts it, Tozzi later joined the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon administration. Tasked with scrutinizing regs churned out by the newly-created Environmental Protection Agency, he became infamous for second-guessing the agency's enforcement efforts. Environmentalists would ask, "Christ, who's running EPA--Tozzi?", he recalls with a cackle. Tozzi stayed at the budget office through the election of Ronald Reagan, who named him deputy head of a new OMB division dedicated to overseeing proposed regulations. Soon enough, Tozzi's domain became known as the "black hole" of the regulatory process for its reputation of sucking in rules proposed by agencies and never letting them see light again. He earned the nickname "Stealth." "I don't want to leave fingerprints," he once told The Washington Post.In 1983, after 20 years of learning how to induce regulatory sclerosis from the inside, Tozzi set up a consulting shop--Multinational Business Services--to do it from the outside. MBS clients have included everyone from chemical companies to tire and rubber manufacturers, but Tozzi's most controversial client was undoubtedly the tobacco industry, which during the 1990s sought to battle the emerging scientific consensus that secondhand smoke was a danger to those who were over-exposed to it, particularly people living or working with smokers. One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin.Tozzi played a key part in this push, earning hundreds of thousands of dollars from Philip Morris for such activities as supporting "legislative mandates on epidemiological standards" and increasing "debate on [secondhand smoke] risk assessment within EPA," according to internal company documents. In one instance, Tozzi deployed a phalanx of lobbyists to his old haunts at the OMB to block the implementation of a government medical code, used for Medicare and Medicaid claims, that tracked secondhand smoke illnesses. By presenting itself as "a defender of good science, not tobacco," noted the Los Angeles Times in a 1995 article, Tozzi's company succeeded in getting the rule changed--an obscure but major victory for his client. As he explains today, had the government been allowed to accumulate such statistics, tobacco firms "could have been subject to tons of legal actions saying, 'Look at all these illnesses caused by secondary smoke.'Although Tozzi says tobacco companies are no longer contributing to the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (founded in 1996), the fight over secondhand smoke was very much a warm-up for his later efforts. Among other work he did for Philip Morris during the mid- and late-1990s, Tozzi circulated information and proposals concerning two pieces of legislation. The first, a "data access" law, would allow interested parties to obtain, under the Freedom of Information Act, "all data produced" by any publicly funded scientific study. The second was the Data Quality Act (though Tozzi insists it was originally his idea and that other industries besides tobacco were interested as well). Together, the proposals would allow regulated companies to conduct detailed internal audits of unfavorable studies--and then battle to stop those unfavorable studies from getting translated into unfavorable regulation.By the end of the 1990s, as formerly obscure government studies became widely and easily obtainable on agency Web sites--sometimes affecting a firm's stock valuation simply by being posted--business groups and their GOP allies made a concerted effort to make Tozzi's proposals a reality. And instead of calling for the kind of massive "regulatory reform" campaign that had fizzled in 1995, they took a backdoor approach, attaching Tozzi's proposals to must-pass appropriations bills. The data access amendment, also known as the "Shelby Amendment" for its sponsor Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), was passed in 1998, and subsequently minimized in scope by a wary Clinton administration. The Data Quality Act rolled through three years ago, and was welcomed with open arms by the Bushies. Now Tozzi's timebomb sits waiting to detonate. In the end, says Kovacs, "what we're going to get is far more than we could have ever gotten by having a comprehensive regulatory law passed."
Quality actBusiness groups haven't wasted much time making use of Tozzi's labors. Last August, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank partly funded by the energy industry, filed suit under the Data Quality Act over a Clinton-era report on global warming, known as the National Assessment of Climate Change. Though the suit was ultimately settled out of court, government lawyers agreed to attach a disclaimer to the report stating that it was "not subjected" to the Data Quality Act. There's little evidence that the study was flawed. But the suit appears to have given the Bush administration a pretext to ignore the National Assessment when it issued its own 10-year plan on climate change research in June of 2003.More recently, in September of 2003 Tozzi submitted a data quality complaint challenging the government's intent to use a World Health Organization report in assembling U.S. dietary guidelines. The WHO report called for individuals to cut dietary intake of so-called "free sugars"--a recommendation considered utterly uncontroversial among mainstream nutritionists, but sharply opposed by the sugar industry, which stood to lose a fortune if the WHO used the report to bolster a global anti-obesity strategy. (Tozzi admits his petition was filed on behalf of "somebody in the food business," but declined to be more specific.) Here, too, "data quality" was merely a cudgel by which to block the government from considering good science when making policy.Tozzi likes to point out that the act has not gummed up the federal regulatory system with challenges, as some environmentalists feared. But that may not last for long.Even now, Tozzi and his allies are preparing to expand the act's scope by making agency rejection of a data quality complaint grounds for a lawsuit. "Somebody has to test whether it's judicially reviewable," says Kovacs. If they succeed, they'll have created two new entry points into the regulatory process. Industry groups will not only be able to saddle agencies with scientific complaints over their studies that could be costly and time-consuming to answer. They'll also be able to force agencies to defend their responses in court. Hence the term Tozzi's critics often apply to his type of strategy: "Paralysis by analysis."Tozzi also points out that the Data Quality Act can be used by anybody. And to be sure, a few opportunistic environmental groups have filed data quality complaints with agencies. Most of the current challenges, however, have been brought by industry, which shouldn't come as much of a surprise. Over the past few decades, business interests have spawned an entire infrastructure to generate so-called "counter research," exploiting the nuance and openness inherent to good science in order to "manufacture uncertainty" where little exists. Now that capacity can be deployed not only at the back end of the regulatory process--the P.R. battles waged in the popular and scientific press--but also at the front end, before regulators can get their shoes on.Tozzi himself insists that he doesn't have anything against government or bureaucrats--after all, he used to be one. He says he just wants government to run more efficiently, and believes that "if you intervene in the market, there should be a compelling need to do so, and you should demonstrate that." But while there are no doubt some bureaucrats who live to stick it to big business, the Data Quality Act is transparently a solution in search of a problem. As legal scholar Wendy Wagner of the University of Texas pointed out in a recent article entitled "The 'Bad Science' Fiction," there's little evidence to support the notion that government agencies churn out "junk science" or that their existing peer review protocols are inadequate. The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, Wagner charges, "provides virtually no evidence to support its assumption that a bad-science problem exists."Tozzi's timebombThat hasn't stopped Tozzi from seeking to increase the Data Quality Act's scope in a variety of ways. He's written letters both to the WHO and universities warning that if they want their science to influence the U.S. government, it had better meet data quality standards. In one controversial letter, Tozzi even invoked the Data Quality Act in an attempt to disallow comments submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency by an environmental group.Most importantly, he's drafted sample legislation for states. Near the close of a long interview in his spacious office, Tozzi stands up, saunters past his piano and a globe containing a hidden alcohol stash, and collects from his desk a sheet of paper that he's been saving for me. The state of Wisconsin, Tozzi says, has adopted a version of the Data Quality Act. "It's like kudzu, baby," says Tozzi. "You can spray it, shoot it--here," he says, handing over the text of the act. "Now there'll be a whole rumor mill around Washington," he continues. "There's that goddamn Tozzi…."http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.htmlChris Mooney is a senior correspondent for The American Prospect and is writing a book about conservatives and science. (www.chriscmooney.com)=
An April 1993 internal memo to <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a> from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Epidemiological_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Epidemiological Studies (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Epidemiological Studies</a> listed Gary Kayajanian as Director of the center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023593752.html?start_page=1&images_per_page=10" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>A March 1977 edition of Pesticide and Toxic Chemical News noted that Gary Kayajanian "scientist/lawyer, has joined the staff of the EPA's Office of General Counsel for Pesticdes and Toxic Substances. He has a PH.D. from the University of Roichester specializing in microbial viral genetics and has done post doctoral work in cancer research. His law degree is from Arizona. The OGC lawyer will be working primarily on pesticide rebutatable presumption against registration notices." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=wlb97e00&fmt=pdf&ref=results" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a>In May 2000 a Phillip Morris manager, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steve_Parrish" title="Steve Parrish" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Steve Parrish</a> noted in an email that Kayajanian had called wanting to talk to someone about a chemical that "prevents lung cancer and said he can help our company." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=fhv82c00&fmt=pdf&ref=results" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a>In an abstract for a June 2003 article - titled "Arsenic, cancer, and thoughtless policy" - in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Kayajanian wrote "the current drinking water contaminant standard for arsenic is 50 ug/L, as an upper bound. There is no lower bound for the standard. In an analysis of three epidemiology studies, the author demonstrates a significant cancer incidence trough for arsenic near 50 ug/L.""Allowing, and even requiring, a much lower arsenic standard is not a desirable health outcome. Since most water systems currently deliver arsenic at levels below 5 ug/L, an undesirable health outcome is expected. For these systems and others not near 50 ug/L, the level of arsenic should be adjusted to bring it near 50 ug/L," he argued. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arsenic-crisis/message/101" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#Contact_details" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1 Contact details</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2 External links</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#Articles_by_Kayajanian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1 Articles by Kayajanian</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#Articles_about_Kayajanian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2 Articles about Kayajanian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Contact details</h2>Suite. 1411, 1600 S. Joyce St.,
Arlington, VA, 22202, US,
<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links</h2><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Articles by Kayajanian</h3><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gary Kayajanian, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arsenic-crisis/message/101" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Arsenic, cancer, and thoughtless policy</a>", Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 55, Issue 2, June 2003, Pages 139-142. (Abstract).</li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Articles about Kayajanian</h3><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Eric Pianin, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:Vzvj6-8DqsYJ:www.eyah.com/tools/gbig/index.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.toxics.net%26action%3Dg2b+%22Gary+Kayajanian%22&hl=en" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Dioxin Report By EPA On Hold Industries Oppose Finding of Cancer Link, Urge Delay</a>", Washington Post, April 12, 2001.</li></ul>wapo<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A special EPA science panel would eventually level stinging criticisms at those studies for their poor design and sloppy implementation. Still, the conflicting results left the atrazine question at a standoff. That is when the company turned to the Data Quality Act -- and Jim J. Tozzi.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Working the Regulatory Process' </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data quality. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the Triazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen, a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke. That is when he pioneered the tactic of attacking the science behind proposed regulations.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support, he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"John Graham came in, and he did an unbelievable job," Tozzi said. "Better than I could have done had I been there myself."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Politicizing the Process </div> all wapo<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">timeline <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/daily/graphics/regs_081604.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/daily/graphics/regs_081604.html</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">THE FINE PRINT | A Policy Puts Science on Trial</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">very good chart http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/graphics/dataQualityChart_081704.html</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div>ctr reg eff, cei, acc, last 2 together on pthalates, mic, cei 4x, dow, asbestos, 3 sen v epa 3/7/03 oil gas on stormwater, perc, ranch, USCoC, public employees for environmental responsibilty PEER good guys, EWG  from?</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By Rick Weiss</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington Post Staff Writer</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Monday, August 16, 2004; Page A01</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Second of three articles</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Things were not looking good a few years ago for the makers of atrazine, America's second-leading weedkiller. The company was seeking approval from the Environmental Protection Agency to keep the highly profitable product on the market. But scientists were finding it was disrupting hormones in wildlife -- in some cases turning frogs into bizarre creatures bearing both male and female sex organs.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Last October, concerns about the herbicide led the European Union to ban atrazine, starting in 2005. Yet that same month, after 10 years of contentious scientific review, the EPA decided to permit ongoing use in the United States with no new restrictions.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[An Agency Takes a Turn</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Under President Bush, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has made sometimes subtle changes in regulations that carry large consequences for workers and employers. Across the government, the Bush administration has started fewer regulations and killed more of the proposals Bush inherited than two predecessors. TB]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A last-minute addition to an unrelated piece of legislation has created a tool for attacking the science used by federal agencies as a basis for new regulations. Industry has embraced the Data Quality Act to challenge 32 major proposals, including a successful assault on efforts to restrict the use of the herbicide atrazine.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Herbicide approvals are complicated, and there is no one reason that atrazine passed regulatory muster in this country. But close observers give significant credit to a single sentence that was added to the EPA's final scientific assessment last year.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hormone disruption, it read, cannot be considered a "legitimate regulatory endpoint at this time" -- that is, it is not an acceptable reason to restrict a chemical's use -- because the government had not settled on an officially accepted test for measuring such disruption.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Those words, which effectively rendered moot hundreds of pages of scientific evidence, were adopted by the EPA as a result of a petition filed by a Washington consultant working with atrazine's primary manufacturer, Syngenta Crop Protection. The petition was filed under the Data Quality Act, a little-known piece of legislation that, under President Bush's Office of Management and Budget, has become a potent tool for companies seeking to beat back regulation.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist and slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 without congressional discussion or debate -- is just two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">John D. Graham, administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science." He said the act, which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry. Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, policy or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Among the petitions:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• The American Chemistry Council and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated with heavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment.[see appendiz, acsh?]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• Logging groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• Sugar interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• The Salt Institute and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• The Nickel Development Institute and other nickel interests challenged a government report on the hazards of that metal.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers petitioned the CPSC to retract data that ranked the risk of lint fires in various clothes dryers.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Environmental and consumer groups say the Data Quality Act fits into a larger Bush administration agenda. In the past six months, more than 4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">That's a view that Christopher C. Horner of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "whiny."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">--</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Hey, you're making me be accurate," he mocked. "I have no sympathy for that."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Horner said the act, if anything, has proved less useful than anticipated to groups such as his that seek to minimize government regulation. And figures from the OMB confirm that agencies have in many cases resisted challenges to their scientific findings.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Of the 39 Data Quality Act petitions in The Post's analysis, five have resulted in at least some of the changes sought -- all of them filed by industry interests. Five were denied, five were diverted by the agencies to other bureaucratic avenues, and 24 are pending.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yet there are signs, Graham acknowledged, that petitioners are becoming more innovative in their use of the act. And petitioners are homing in on agencies whose mission is to protect the environment and public health. The most heavily petitioned are the Environmental Protection Agency, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Institutes of Health, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Studying Atrazine </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nearly 80 million pounds of atrazine are sprayed on tens of millions of U.S. acres every year, mostly on corn. It is, according to the EPA, the most prevalent herbicide in ground and surface water, remaining stable and toxic for decades in some environments.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It is also a major source of revenue for Syngenta, a Swiss company with U.S. headquarters in Greensboro, N.C., that sells hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of the chemical every year.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It has been nearly five decades since atrazine was first "registered" -- meaning it was approved for use under certain conditions. Over the years, as more was learned about the chemical's potential toxicity to wildlife and humans, it came under increasing federal scrutiny and regulatory restriction. The number of pounds that farmers can legally apply per acre has progressively been reduced, and users have been required to keep the chemical farther and farther away from wells, lakes and reservoirs.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For decades, the main concern was cancer. The chemical clearly causes cancer in rats, and male workers in Syngenta's production facility in Louisiana have experienced much higher rates of prostate cancer than other men statewide. But studies supported by Syngenta recently convinced the EPA that the mechanism by which atrazine causes cancer in rats probably does not occur in people. (The company said the only reason for the high rate of prostate cancer in its workers is that it has an aggressive screening program that finds cases that would otherwise go undetected.) Studies are ongoing, but the EPA has for now backed off atrazine's cancer threat.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hermaphrodite frogs, however, have been more difficult to dismiss.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that atrazine may scramble hormones in frogs and other animals. The European Union has officially declared the chemical an endocrine disrupter. Given those concerns, Syngenta's predecessor company -- Novartis Agribusiness -- decided early in the EPA's review not to leave the question up to government scientists. In 1998, it hired a private risk-assessment service, EcoRisk Inc. of Ferndale, Wash., to arrange experiments on atrazine's environmental impacts.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EcoRisk, whose past clients include the Chlorine Chemistry Council, Dow Chemical and Ciba-Geigy Corp., in turn hired Tyrone B. Hayes, a professor of integrative biology and an expert in frog development at the University of California at Berkeley. Hayes holds a biology degree from Harvard and a doctorate in amphibian development from Berkeley, where he was tenured at age 30 and became the university's youngest full professor.[almost]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As part of a team of scientists assembled by EcoRisk, Hayes tested the effects of atrazine on tadpoles of African clawed frogs, a popular "lab rat" species for scientists. Male tadpoles raised with no atrazine in the water developed normally. But those exposed to atrazine were "demasculinized." They had smaller larynxes (voice boxes), their testosterone levels were one-tenth of normal levels, and many grew up as hermaphrodites, with a mix of male and female traits. Moreover, the effects appeared with very small exposures -- just 0.1 parts per billion, or the equivalent of one drop of atrazine in 5,000 40-gallon barrels of water. That's one-thirtieth the level currently allowed in U.S. drinking water.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When Hayes sought to publish his work and have the data considered by the EPA, the company told him to run the tests again, said Hayes and Tim Pastoor, a Syngenta vice president. When repeated studies confirmed the worrisome link, Hayes was reminded that his contract forbade him to publish without Syngenta's approval. He was told that his data ought to be passed to a company-selected statistician for double-checking.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hayes quit EcoRisk and repeated his experiments on his own, expanding his work to include other frog species. In one follow-up study of 200 leopard frogs caught in the wild, he found that 100 percent of males in areas that had been treated with atrazine had abnormal sex organs. No such problems were seen in frogs from untreated regions. He published his results in two prestigious journals, Nature in 2002 and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. That ensured the EPA would consider his findings.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"We showed that these animals are chemically castrated," Hayes said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ernest Smith, a developmental biologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock and a member of the EcoRisk team, denied that EcoRisk or Syngenta tried to bury Hayes's results.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I think there were some communications breakdowns," he said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Smith noted that studies conducted by the other team members had contradicted Hayes's data. Some showed health effects only at higher atrazine doses, while others found no effect at all.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A special EPA science panel would eventually level stinging criticisms at those studies for their poor design and sloppy implementation. Still, the conflicting results left the atrazine question at a standoff. That is when the company turned to the Data Quality Act -- and Jim J. Tozzi.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Working the Regulatory Process' </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data quality. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and theTriazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen, a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke. That is when he pioneered the tactic of attacking the science behind proposed regulations.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support, he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"John Graham came in, and he did an unbelievable job," Tozzi said. "Better than I could have done had I been there myself."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Politicizing the Process </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Graham had been the head of Harvard's Center for Risk Analysis, an institution funded primarily by contributions from more than 100 industry and trade association donors. While there, he had amassed a reputation as a skilled critic of the cost of regulation.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In one analysis, conducted with funding from the auto industry, he concluded that it would be a mistake to require side air bags in cars because they would cost $400,000 for every year of life saved. Independent experts reviewing his work found that the figure was actually about $60,000, and Graham had to rewrite his article -- and change his conclusion -- before it could be published in a prestigious medical journal.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When Bush nominated Graham to head the OIRA, many citizen and environmental groups vehemently objected and more than one-third of the Senate voted no. In his first few months, Graham sent many near-final regulations back to the agencies that had proposed them, often saying he was not convinced they were worth the cost.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Then he turned to the job of implementing the Data Quality Act.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By the fall of 2001, Graham's office had published detailed guidelines for implementing the act. A year later, federal agencies started accepting petitions requesting that they withdraw information that allegedly did not meet OMB standards for "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Individual agencies are responsible for reviewing the challenged data and deciding whether they are indeed reliable. But the OMB, a part of the White House, oversees the process closely -- through involvement in the agencies' deliberations and by demanding annual reports describing how agencies dealt with each petition.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">OMB staff members have been providing "extensive assistance to agencies in preparing responses to correction requests," Graham acknowledged. "OMB oversight is critical to make sure that agencies handle these requests in a diligent and consistent manner," he said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Graham said the OMB's unprecedented foray into science is justified in part because the data in question often serve as a foundation for costly regulation, which the OMB oversees. To fulfill the new role, Graham hired the OMB's first nine career scientists, including six with PhDs.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">he Data Quality Act, or at least something like it, "was absolutely needed," said Horner of the Competitive Enterprise Institute.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yet Steinzor, the Maryland environmental lawyer, and other critics complain that the OMB's involvement politicizes the process. The expertise of the handful of scientists hired by Graham, they say, cannot match that of the thousands of experts on agency staffs.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And while Graham said the OMB still supports weight-of-the-evidence analyses, Steinzor and others contend that the Data Quality Act inherently focuses on individual snippets of data -- each of which is inevitably open to criticism -- instead of on overarching bodies of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"You can get lost in the minutiae, and that's exactly where they want you to go," Steinzor said. "They just pick, pick, pick, until you're so addled you can't protect people or the environment."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A Tool for Decreasing Regulation </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A few environmental and public interest groups have tried to use the Data Quality Act. Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, a Washington-based group that helps federal scientists who believe their data are being suppressed, has filed three petitions under the act.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One challenged the credibility of a Defense Department document supporting a proposed Army Corps of Engineers project; one contended that the Fish and Wildlife Service had made selective use of data to conclude that hunters should be allowed to shoot rare trumpeter swans; and one charged that Fish and Wildlife had used unsound science to develop "an inadequate recovery plan" for the Florida panther.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I'm not sure it is the sharpest tool in the environmental toolbox, but at least it is a tool," said executive director Jeff Ruch, adding that the swan petition lost and the other two are still under review.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Many citizen groups and environmental activists believe the Data Quality Act will always be more useful to those seeking to decrease government regulation. Newly proposed regulations must be justified with evidence, they note, and the act is designed specifically to challenge such evidence.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"What it really can do best is slow the regulatory process," said Sean Moulton, a senior policy analyst with OMB Watch, a government watchdog group. "And even a simple delay of a rule can mean a huge financial windfall for an industry."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the first 20 months, a handful of petitions -- all from industry -- have been at least partly successful. In one, the Competitive Enterprise Institute had wording added to a multi-agency federal climate change report stating that the report's findings did not meet Data Quality Act standards.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In another, a law firm with corporate clients in asbestos litigation got the EPA to agree to make changes in its booklet that offers warnings and safety advice to brake mechanics.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yet another, filed by a group that receives funding from the conservative Scaife Foundation, succeeded in getting the National Institutes of Health to downgrade warnings about the effects of smokeless tobacco. And then there was the atrazine challenge.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Manufacturing Uncertainty' </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">That petition, filed by Tozzi, made a two-pronged attack on the effort to regulate atrazine more stringently. The first was to claim that the evidence for atrazine's gender-bending effects in frogs was not fully reproduced by other Syngenta-funded EcoRisk scientists. The second was to claim that the EPA did not have the proper test to prove atrazine had ill effects.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tozzi said reliance on irreproducible results would violate the Data Quality Act because information that is not reproducible is "not accurate, reliable or useful."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As evidence of irreproducibility, he pointed to the dozen or so studies sponsored by Syngenta in addition to Hayes's study. An independent panel of experts convened by the EPA had already expressed exasperation over the conflicting results and mistakes they found in the design and implementation of those studies.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In at least two of the studies the "control" frogs that were supposed to be atrazine-free were later found to have been in water contaminated with atrazine, an error the scientists said was unintentional. Another set of Syngenta studies was found to be unreliable because 80 to 90 percent of the animals died, apparently as a result of inadequate care.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Essentially what Syngenta-funded scientists did "was produce a number of studies that were purposefully flawed and misleading, and that changed the weight of the evidence," Hayes said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While the EPA review also found some flaws in Hayes's studies, his conclusions have been echoed by at least four other independent research teams in three countries.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"What a coincidence that everybody can find an effect of atrazine on gonads," Hayes said, "except [those] funded by Syngenta."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">David Michaels, a professor of occupational and environmental health at George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, said even a good study will appear "not reproducible" if enough bad studies are thrown into the mix.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I call this 'manufacturing uncertainty,' and there is a whole industry to do this," said Michaels, who was the Energy Department's assistant secretary for environment, safety and health under Clinton. "They reanalyze the data to make [previously firm] conclusions disappear -- poof. Then they say one study says yes and the other says no, so we're nowhere."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pastoor of Syngenta said there was no conspiracy to create conflicting data.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I don't think it's extending things too far to say atrazine may be one of the best studied chemicals on the face of the earth," he said. "Unfortunately -- or fortunately, depending on how you look at it," other EcoRisk team members "could not replicate what Tyrone had done."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But Hayes was not the only team member who at least privately agreed that atrazine was having some effect on frogs. Team member James Carr of Texas Tech told Hayes in an e-mail in February 2003: "I agree with you that the important issue is for everyone involved to come to grips with (and stop minimizing) the fact that independent laboratories have demonstrated an effect of atrazine on gonadal differentiation in frogs. There is no denying this."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The second prong of Tozzi's attack was that the EPA had not designated tests that would serve as the gold standard of proof of hormone disruption in frogs.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The EPA does have certain "guideline tests" that can automatically trigger regulation, including some that measure certain health effects of chemicals on wildlife. But not for hormone disruption.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jennifer Sass, a scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, said Tozzi's position flies in the face of decades of regulatory science. She said the evidence on atrazine's effects was more than convincing by traditional standards. The act, she said, has "hamstrung EPA's ability to express anything that it couldn't back up with a mountain of data. It basically blocked EPA scientists from expressing an expert opinion."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hayes said he supports efforts at the EPA to create a gold standard test. However, he said, "when we discover a pattern like this, we know we have a problem. Yes, we should work to validate it perfectly. But in the meantime, let's not keep using 80 million pounds of atrazine per year while we figure it out."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Avoiding Tighter Restrictions </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The EPA ultimately agreed with Tozzi that the lack of such a test prevented it from regulating atrazine as a hormone disruptor -- a concession many environmentalists found surprising.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">No one claims that Syngenta's Data Quality Act petition was single-handedly responsible for giving atrazine's renewed approval the green light. But coming at the end of an arduous 10-year review, the data quality challenge was "the final one-two-three punch," said Sass of the NRDC, which has sued the EPA repeatedly on atrazine.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">She and others said that once the EPA conceded that it could not regulate atrazine as a hormone disrupter, Syngenta was free to reach the regulatory finish line.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In closed meetings -- details of which the EPA has declined to release -- company representatives and EPA officials worked out a plan to avoid tighter restrictions. Instead, the plan calls for Syngenta to track atrazine levels in 40 U.S. watersheds over the next three years to see how farmers are doing in their efforts to minimize contamination. If concentrations rise above a level that the company agrees is "of concern," then the company will work with the farmers to try to reduce the levels.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The company will also fund more studies on frogs [kloas?]and reanalyze its data on employee cancers.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The resolution, Sass said, was "basically negotiated instead of going with a scientific rationale."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Asked why other stakeholders, such as environmental groups or outside scientists, were not allowed to be part of the negotiations as they were in earlier stages of atrazine's review, James Jones, director of the EPA's office of pesticide programs, said opening the meetings "would be incredibly complicated and would create a disincentive for the company to come to the table."[//range resources frack?]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Exempting Atrazine </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In June, Tozzi filed his latest Data Quality Act petition.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This time it was directed at the National Toxicology Program. That is a part of the National Institutes of Health that reviews chemicals to see if they cause cancer.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The program had announced in the Federal Register that atrazine was among a long list of chemicals that it was considering for examination. In his petition, Tozzi seized on a few sentences from the program's description of its chemical review procedures. He claimed that those sentences contained discrepancies that violated the Data Quality Act.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Therefore, he wrote, the program should be barred from reviewing the cancer-causing potential of any chemicals. In particular, the petition noted, atrazine.[ WTF?]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Researchers Lucy Shackelford and Julie Tate contributed to this report.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">----</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><h2 itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Debating Shelby</h2><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoking_as_a_civic_duty">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoking_as_a_civic_duty</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CSE smoking as civic duty
</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 19.2px;">Only a tobacco-funded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Think_tank" title="Think tank" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">think tank</a> would ever go so far as to describe smoking as a civic duty. The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">tobacco industry</a> has been a regular funder of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, (CEI) which in turn has gone to bat repeatedly and eagerly for tobacco in its battles with government agencies such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) and the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). Following the 1993 release of EPA's risk assessment linking <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Secondhand_cigarette_smoke" title="Secondhand cigarette smoke" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">secondhand cigarette smoke</a> to lung cancer, CEI cranked out opinion articles for major newspapers with titles such as "A Smoking Gun Firing Blanks," "EPA's Bad Science Mars ETS Report," and "Safety Is a Relative Thing for Cars; Why Not for Cigarettes?"CEI policy analyst <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alexander_Volokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Volokh (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Alexander Volokh</a> went even further. "Perhaps, in the fine tradition of civil disobedience championed by Thoreau, we should even think of smoking as a civic duty," he wrote in the July 1994 issue of the CEI Update. "Perhaps," he continued, "every January 11th -- the anniversary of the Surgeon General's original 1964 report on smoking -- we should all light up, giving a filter-tipped finger, as it were, to a health-obsessed government." Volokh admitted that the government's efforts to discourage smoking "may further the cause of health," but concluded that "there are things more valuable than health."In 1996, CEI was one of eight think tanks named in a report by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ralph Nader</a>'s Public Citizen titled "A Million for Your Thoughts: The Industry-Funded Campaign by Conservative Think Tanks Against the FDA." The report identified $3.5 million that these think tanks had received in funding from pharmaceutical, medical device, biotechnology and tobacco companies to help them pump out a "steady stream of reports, fact sheets, op-ed articles and newspaper, radio and television advertisements purporting to document the FDA's deadly overcaution and bullying of manufacturers." CEI's <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Julie_DeFalco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie DeFalco (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Julie DeFalco</a> responded to the Public Citizen report by claiming that its positions on government regulations were developed "years before we ever received tobacco or <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">drug industry</a> money. Our position on FDA reform -- that the FDA is inherently prone to 'deadly overcaution,' and its veto power over new therapies should be removed -- hasn't changed in the nine years since then. How, then, does the fact that our support base has grown to include tobacco and pharmaceutical companies affect the validity of our position?"Subsequently, however, additional information has become public about CEI's ties to the tobacco industry (including funding from <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a> that was not mentioned in the Public Citizen report). The 1997 settlement between tobacco companies and U.S. state attorney generals obligated the tobacco industry to place millions of pages of its internal documents online at locations such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Philip Morris documents website</a>. Those documents show that there was a hidden tobacco agenda behind CEI's attacks on FDA policies for regulating pharmaceuticals. Those attacks came at the very same time that tobacco executives were scrambling to head off the possibility that the FDA might acquire jurisdiction to regulate cigarettes. During the mid-1990s, Philip Morris alone gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to CEI and other think tanks and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_group" title="Front group" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">front groups</a> such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington Legal Foundation</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Newt Gingrich</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Progress_and_Freedom_Foundation" title="Progress and Freedom Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Progress and Freedom Foundation</a>, the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a>, which then argued publicly against FDA regulation of tobacco. According to the Wall Street Journal, "antipathy toward David Kessler's Food and Drug Administration, which wants to regulate cigarettes," was a major common denominator among the think tanks and policy groups to which tobacco companies donated during that time period. Rather than acting independently, CEI and other tobacco-funded think tanks coordinated their activities closely with the tobacco industry's attorneys, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lobbyist" title="Lobbyist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lobbyists</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PR</a> firms.In February 1994, FDA Commissioner David Kessler suggested that the agency might have "a legal basis on which to regulate [tobacco] products," based on evidence from internal industry documents and industry insiders that nicotine in cigarettes was being manipulated to cause addiction -- in essence acting as a drug. This was the backdrop to the now-infamous incident in April 1994 when top tobacco executives testified before Congress that nicotine is not addictive.That same year, Philip Morris received a request for funding from CEI titled "The Human Cost of Regulation: Reframing the Debate on Risk Management." The proposal stated, "Risk has become the secular version of sin in our society, and risk management is the modern-day equivalent of religious crusades. ... From Superfund to indoor air quality to medical drug and device approval, bureaucratic initiatives on this front have ended up as incredibly costly failures whose only real achievement has been the creation of public alarm." To counter this purported threat, CEI proposed to raise "public recognition of the adverse public health effects of medical drug regulation and nutritional labeling" by demonstrating that "risk management by government can often have lethal effects."Philip Morris had already given $50,000 to CEI on June 29, 1993, and it sent another check for $25,000 on July 27, 1994. The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">quid pro quo</a> came a few months later. In the fall of 1994, notes an internal Philip Morris memorandum, the tobacco company approached CEI, along with the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington Legal Foundation</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a> (CSE), seeking their help "to define the FDA as an agency out of control and one failing to live up to its congressional mandate regarding regulation of drugs and medical devices.""To the extent FDA regulation was wrapped up in the youth smoking issue, it was hard to argue against," <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_C.Parrish" title="Steven C. Parrish" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Steven C. Parrish</a> noted in an August 1995 presentation to the Philip Morris board of directors. They therefore wanted CEI and the other think tanks to build a case against the FDA surrounding issues unrelated to tobacco. As Parrish explained, "Philip Morris representatives with scientific credentials were assigned the task of meeting with various '<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Think_tanks" title="Think tanks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">think tanks</a>' to discuss the issue of FDA regulation and encourage guest editorials and comments to the media." PM was "pleased," he said, "to see a chorus of rising criticism of Kessler and FDA." Beginning in December 1994, CEI joined CSE and the CEI in what Parrish described as "aggressive media campaigns ... through newspaper ads, policy papers, symposia, or by filing petitions directly with the FDA, and speaking directly to politicians." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xqk92e00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>A January 26, 1995, attorney's memorandum by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_P._Nicoli" title="David P. Nicoli" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">David P. Nicoli</a> to Philip Morris, marked "privileged and confidential," details the company's behind-the-scenes role in a coordinated rollout of media attacks on the FDA by PM's "non-tobacco" allies. CEI began the attack on January 11, "running inside the Beltway anti-FDA radio and TV ads." The following day, CSE held a press conference with a sympathetic congressman and began running its own inside the Beltway ads. Simultaneously, the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Washington Legal Foundation</a> ran a full-page ad in the New York Times and a three-quarter-page ad in the Wall Street Journal. The FDA's first public response to these attacks occurred on January 17. This was followed, Nicoli noted, by an industry "counter attack that both AP and Reuters pick up. Further volleys fly between the two, as trade press, general media amplify the fight." Other voices began chiming in -- the drug industry, the Washington Post, Business Week. Nicoli added that further attacks were already in the works, organized by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Jim Tozzi</a>, one of PM's top lobbyists, in coordination with the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Progress_and_Freedom_Foundation" title="Progress and Freedom Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Progress and Freedom Foundation</a> and the blue-chip PR firm of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Powell_Tate" title="Powell Tate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Powell Tate</a>. "Progress and Freedom Foundation, through Tozzi, set to release FDA piece on 2/1/95 with Powell Tate publicizing," Nicoli reported. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eii57d00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Related Sourcewatch resources</h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_groups" title="Front groups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Front groups</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tobacco industry</a></li></ul>
<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">External links</h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xqk92e00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Notes for Jim (Re: Steve Parrish Presentation)</a>" (internal company memorandum), Philip Morris, December 1994.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">David Nicoli, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eii57d00" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Legal Analysis of January 1995 Activities</a>," memo to <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kathleen_Linehan" title="Kathleen Linehan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kathleen Linehan</a>, January 26, 1995.</li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Tobaccowiki" title="Category:Tobaccowiki" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tobaccowiki</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Public_relations_case_studies" title="Category:Public relations case studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Public relations case studies</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Tobacco_industry" title="Category:Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tobacco industry</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20021111_fedtimes-tozzi.pdf">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20021111_fedtimes-tozzi.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div>Nixon’s ‘Nerd’ Turns Regulations Watchdog</div><div>
</div><div>For much of the history of </div><div>the federal bureaucracy, </div><div>most new regulations were </div><div>not subject to close and </div><div>systematic review by an </div><div>outside party. </div><div>And then came Jim Tozzi. </div><div>Tozzi, now almost a </div><div>legendary figure in the </div><div>world of federal regulations, </div><div>worked for five consecutive </div><div>administrations — from </div><div>Lyndon Johnson’s to </div><div>Ronald Reagan’s — to get </div><div>the Office of Management </div><div>and Budget to review the </div><div>regulations agencies were </div><div>busy churning out. </div><div>
</div><div>Tozzi’s latest — if not his </div><div>crowning — achievement is </div><div>the Data Quality Act, which </div><div>he largely wrote and helped </div><div>become law in 2001 from </div><div>his position as head of the </div><div>Center for Regulatory </div><div>Effectiveness. That law </div><div>subjects the quality of data </div><div>underlying virtually all </div><div>significant regulations to </div><div>review by OMB’s Office of </div><div>Information and Regulatory </div><div>Affairs (OIRA). </div><div>
</div><div>It took effect </div><div>Oct. 1, when all agencies </div><div>had filed guidelines to </div><div>ensure the data they use to justify new rules are sound. Agencies also had filed </div><div>procedures allowing outside parties to challenge and correct faulty data and analyses. </div><div>The act — and now its enforcement by OIRA head John Graham — has been widely </div><div>seen as the most significant expansion in regulatory review in more than half a century. </div><div>“Getting OMB to review regulations was my whole career,” Tozzi said. “Under the Reagan </div><div>administration, every environmental regulation had to come to me. I was heavily criticized </div><div>by the environmental groups and we were frequently called up to [congressional] </div><div>...</div><div>
</div><div><div>“By 1983, I had done what I wanted,” Tozzi said. “I really wanted to build that office. But it </div><div>was at a huge cost to myself. I had been working seven days a week and didn’t see my </div><div>family or know my kids. So I left and, at 45, I found myself locked out of the more lucrative </div><div>jobs my college degrees might have prepared me for. But I noticed I couldn’t walk down </div><div>the street 10 feet without running into 10 lobbyists that knew me.” </div><div>So Tozzi, who has a doctorate in economics and business administration, started a </div><div>consulting company, Multi-National Business Services, and immediately the telephone </div><div>began ringing. That challenge sufficed until 1996 when Tozzi, believing that OMB under </div><div>President Clinton had almost completely dropped the regulatory review ball, opened the </div><div>Center for Regulatory Effectiveness in Washington, D.C. </div><div>“We felt we needed a counterpart in the private sector to act as watchdog over agencies. </div><div>
</div><div>We were aggressive when OMB was weak and provided assistance when it was strong,” </div><div>Tozzi said. </div><div>The center also worked to find out how the 1996 Congressional Review Act, which gave </div><div>Congress authority for reviewing all regulations, could best be put into practice. The </div><div>answer Tozzi came up with was the Data Quality Act. </div><div>“Now the act is law and fully implemented. All that’s left is to make sure the agencies </div><div>comply with it. </div></div><div>
</div><div><div>“Looking back, I would say it was a hell of a ride,” Tozzi said. “You got a high, man. Every </div><div>time you went to work. You could feel it. You were going to regulate the regulators.” </div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One Act Farce</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">harpers mag june 2003</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://thecre.com/pdf/2003june.pdf</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">syangro sludge</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div>One-Act farce: deregulation by disputation.</div><div>
</div><div>Harper's Magazine</div><div>Harper's Magazine</div><div>June 1, 2003 | Urstadt, Bryant | Copyright</div><div>
</div><div>Permalink</div><div>Where can a corporate lobbyist hide thirty-two lines of stealth legislation? Right here, between a land transfer to the Gerald R. Ford Foundation and some details about cost-of-living allowances at the Office of Personnel Management, on pages 153 and 154 of the 712-page federal budget for the year 2001. Christened the "Data Quality Act"--one of the many euphemisms employed by the law's supporters--Section 515 presents itself as an innocuous call for federal agencies to improve the accuracy of their data. But the act, which became effective in October 2002, is in fact designed to encumber those agencies and, over time, to hamper their ability to regulate. Passed with no debate and with little public scrutiny, the law is intended not to improve data but, through constant contention, to suppress it.</div><div>
</div><div>Although technically an extension of the Paperwork Reduction Act, the Data Quality Act forces regulatory agencies to produce reams of extra paperwork. …</div><div>
</div><div>https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-103124297.html</div><div>
</div><div>uc</div><div><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Where can a corporate lobbyist hide thirty-two lines of stealth legislation? Right here, between a land transfer to the Gerald R. Ford Foundation and some details about cost-of-living allowances at the Office of Personnel Management, on pages 153 and 154 of the 712-page federal budget for the year 2001. Christened the "Data Quality Act"--one of the many euphemisms employed by the law's supporters--Section 515 presents itself as an innocuous call for federal agencies to improve the accuracy of their data. But the act, which became effective in October 2002, is in fact designed to encumber those agencies and, over time, to hamper their ability to regulate. Passed with no debate and with little public scrutiny, the law is intended not to improve data but, through constant contention, to suppress it.<p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Although technically an extension of the Paperwork Reduction Act, the Data Quality Act forces regulatory agencies to produce reams of extra paperwork. The act required that the Office of Management and Budget issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information... disseminated by Federal agencies." When the OMB released these guidelines in February 2002, they consumed some 10,000 words and included definitions of the terms at issue. (Philosophers may be interested to know that "quality" now is officially "an encompassing term comprising utility, objectivity, and integrity.") By October 2002 the individual agencies were required to produce their own guidelines and, more important, to establish "administrative mechanisms" to respond to, keep track of, and deliver reports on any complaints concerning the objectivity, utility, and integrity of their data. If disputed information is found to be out of compliance with these vague requirements, it may now be struck from government use.<p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Who would conceive of such a thing? As the only person listed in the act, the director of the OMB--Mitch Daniels Jr., previously a senior vice president at pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly--would be a natural guess, but an inaccurate one. Nominally, the act's sponsoring representative was Jo Ann Emerson, Republican of Missouri, a former lobbyist who gained her seat in 1996 after the death of her husband, eight-term congressman Bill Emerson, from lung cancer. But in reality, the act was written by Jim Tozzi, a current lobbyist whose clients include such corporate citizens as Philip Morris, Bridgestone/Firestone, and Synagro Technologies, a leading disposer of sewage sludge. For Tozzi, the act is the opening salvo of his latest venture, the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a for-profit lobbying group whose actual purpose is to render regulations ineffective.<p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">For data to be "objective" under the OMB's definition, independent scientists should agree on its validity. In practice, this offers limitless opportunity for complaint, because a friendly scientist can always be found to dispute an inconvenient finding. The Competitive Enterprise Institute, for example, has filed a petition under the act demanding that all references to the National Assessment on Climate Change, which affirmed the existence of global warming, be expunged. The CEI's filing leans heavily on Patrick Michaels, a scientist who has argued for years against global warming on behalf of corporations, most recently through the "Greening Earth Society," which is funded by the coal industry. Jim Tozzi himself has used the act to demand that the EPA rescind statements about the reproductive effects of atrazine, an herbicide made by his client Syngenta. Tozzi's filing draws on studies paid for by Syngenta and peer-reviewed by a group called EcoRisk, which was founded, according to its website, "with the encouragement [sic] and support of various... private chemical corporations." EcoRisk deems the EPA's data irreproducible.<p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">The agencies will report to John D. Graham, the administrator of the OMB's information and regulation division. Previously, Graham was the founding director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, the bulk of whose funding comes not from Harvard but from more than 100 corporations. The center's "risk analysis" is chiefly economic, and with few exceptions it has argued that the risks posed by corporate products or pollution are outweighed by the evils of regulation. For example, in 2000, after AT&T Wireless gave $300,000 to study the dangers of handheld cell-phone use while driving, the center found that no regulations were warranted. In elaborating on the OMB's guidelines, Graham has demanded special scrutiny for "influential" data--i.e., data that might prompt regulation--and has noted that even peer review by a scientific journal may not be sufficient to prove quality.<p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Finally conservatives and corporate lobbyists have found a bureaucracy they like. With the law in effect, its author, Jim Tozzi, now can devote himself to filing complaints under it. Beyond his attack on the EPA's atrazine study, he has also come to the aid of Bridgestone/Firestone, Goodyear, and the Rubber Manufacturers Association against the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration, which is planning to distribute information about tire defects. In his petition, Tozzi demands predissemination review by the manufacturers themselves--perhaps this is "integrity"--and argues, under the "utility" clause, that NHTSA must actually prove that releasing data about unsafe tires is useful. The end result: more paperwork, less information, weaker controls on manufacturers, and fewer safeguards for the public. This, to corporations, is "quality" legislation.</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Tozzi: On Jazz and OMB
"...in Washington information is power – an axiom that Tozzi understands better than just about anyone in town. The law which he drafted... strengthens the hands of industry (and Tozzi’s clients) by allowing companies to challenge agency information that they contend is inaccurate." 

"Lobbyists on both sides of the issue say the center operates the most comprehensive Web site on the subject; even agency officials turn to it for information." 
The Federal Paper, November 18, 2002</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">bs</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">James B. MacRae, Jr. 
Former Deputy Administrator 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
The White House, Office of Management and Budget 
1940 - 2014<a href="http://www.thecre.com/ombpapers/tozzi_profile.html">Jim J. Tozzi</a> 
Former Deputy Administrator 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
The White House, Office of Management and Budget
Currently Director, Multinational Business ServicesKenneth Glozer
Former Deputy Associate Director
The White House, Office Of Management and Budget
Currently President, OMB Professionals, Inc.<div>
</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Memorandum from James B. MacRae, Jr. (of the Office of Management and Budget), for C. Boyden Gray (President Bush’s White House counsel). Subject: "FDA Food Biotechnology Policy." Dated March 21, 1992. (2 pages)  </div><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.biointegrity.org/fdadocs/09/view1.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Alliance for Bio-Integrity</a></h3><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">James B. MacRae, Jr., 73, of Schellsburg, died on July 15, 2014 at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, from complications of a bone marrow transplant for leukemia.Before retiring and moving to Bedford County in 1996, he had a distinguished career in the Federal Government, beginning as a Foreign Service Office in 1963 and moving to the White House's Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1971. </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He had executive responsibilities on both the budget and regulatory offices of OMB, overseeing the Administration's $40 billion budget for the Department of the Treasury and the General Services Administration and later serving as Deputy Director and Acting Director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, reviewing and clearing all executive agency regulations and forms.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> From 1978 to 1980 he left OMB to direct the Office of Legislative and Congressional Affairs of the Health Care Financing Administration. He then returned to OMB for the rest of his career. He received both the highest and the second highest Presidential Rank awards for the Senior Executive Service. After retirement Jim became an Adjunct Professor at George Mason University Law School. He was also active in Bedford county soccer, both as president of the Bedford County Soccer Club and as volunteer soccer coach at Chestnut Ridge High School. He served for several years as president of Bedford County Habitat for Humanity and oversaw the construction of the first two Habitat houses. He also served with several other budget experts on a budget study group requested by the County Commissioners and assisted the Chamber of Commerce for Leadership Bedford County. In recent years he was one of the founders of Tractorfest, an annual Schellsburg event raising money for the Shawnee Valley Fire Company He was born on December 28, 1940, in Wilmington, N.C., and moved with his family at the age of seven to Lincoln University in West Chester County, PA. He was a graduate of Haverford College. He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Nancy, of Schellsburg; a son, James Robertson MacRae of Philadelphia, and wife Suzanne Biemiller; a daughter, Dr. Katherine MacRae Dell of Cleveland and husband Dr. Michael Dell; four grandchildren: Michael James Dell, Thomas Dell, Caroline MacRae, and Jane MacRae; and a brother, Powell K. MacRae of Philadelphia. A Memorial Service will be held, Saturday, September 13, 2014, at 11:00 a.m., at the Bedford Presbyterian Church, with Rev. Doug Friant officiating. Inurnment at Schellsburg Cemetery. Friends will be received from 10:00 a.m., until the hour of the service at the church. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions can be made in Jim's memory to Westtown Friends School, 975 Westtown Road, West Chester, PA 19382. Arrangements by the Timothy A. Berkebile Funeral Home, in Bedford. Our online guestbook is available at www.berkebilefuneralhome.com</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div></div><div>=</div></div></div></div></div>