dqa bak

<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">capt 616, includes tozzi below (also bak)</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">lamar smith</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">8/19 new</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">see tozzi bak for lnx</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">used ~ NCA by horner, cei inhofe? mult times?</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">sound sci ~ junk sci --> secret sci:</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">According to Chris Mooney in his book, The Republican War on Science,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sound_science#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a></sup> "sound science", especially in conjunction with th</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">e <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Data Quality Act</a>,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> often means "requiring a higher burden of proof before action can be taken to protect public health and the environment.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" </span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>He also states that, "the sound science movement also confuses the quality of scientific analysis with the degree of scientific certainty that has been achieved on a given question" and manufactures uncertainty by "relying on scientific outliers to sow doubt about mainstream findings"</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a 2002 memo to <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=President_George_W.Bush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President George W. Bush (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">President George W. Bush</a> titled "The Environment: A Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America", obtained by the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Environmental Working Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sound_science#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">conservative political consultant <b><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frank_Luntz" title="Frank Luntz" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Frank Luntz</a>, said "sound science"</b> arguments provide "a window of opportunity to challenge the science." and he has urged politicians to "be even more active in recruiting experts who are sympathetic to your view." </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In other words sound science advocates are not interested in "good science", objectivity, or even "sound" science practices, but in politicizing science to support a specific viewpoint, often relying on testimonials from their own hired, special interest "experts."</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The intended result is often to delay or prevent government regulation....</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p></div><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://cei.org/content/attorneys-general-base-epa-suit-over-carbon-dioxide-regulation-disowned-report" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://cei.org/content/attorneys-general-base-epa-suit-over-carbon-dioxide-regulation-disowned-report</font></a></div><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div id="siteSub" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A</font><a href="https://cei.org/content/attorneys-general-base-epa-suit-over-carbon-dioxide-regulation-disowned-report" class="active" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">ttorneys General Base EPA Suit Over Carbon Dioxide Regulation On "Disowned" Report</font></a></b></div><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-article-byline" style="font-size: small; overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="panel-pane pane-article-byline" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="authors"><a href="https://cei.org/contributor/cei-staff" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">CEI Staff</a></span> <span class="separator">•</span> <span class="date">February 19, 2003</span></font></div></div><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-node-links" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em;"><div class="panel-pane pane-node-links"><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-node-body" style="overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em;"><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-body" style="line-height: 1.6em;"><div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden" style="line-height: 1.6em;"><div class="fielditems"><div class="fielditem even"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington, D.C., February 20, 2003—As seven attorneys general reportedly prepare a lawsuit to coerce EPA to regulate carbon dioxide under the Clean Air Act, the Competitive Enterprise Institute cited the Federal Data Quality Act in <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/027,03360.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">requesting a prohibition</a> on continued dissemination of the lawsuit’s basis, the “National Assessment on Climate Change.”  The Assessment <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/003,03045.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">was actually disavowed</a> in order to resolve a lawsuit filed by CEI, a U.S. Senator, and two Representatives.</font></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The attorneys general today again cited the disgraced National Assessment as support for their lawsuit against EPA.  In October<b> 2000, </b>on the eve of the incomplete and unlawful report’s politicized issuance, several lawmakers and public interest groups including CEI <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/014,02300.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">filed a lawsuit</a> against the White House, which <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/003,03045.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">ultimately withdrew it</a>, asserting it did “not [reflect] policy positions or official statements of the U.S. government.</span>”  A letter from the Office of Science and Technology Policy explaining the Administration’s position is <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/003,03045.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">available here</a>.</font></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The National Assessment was hurriedly slapped together in an incomplete and inaccurate form,” said Christopher C. Horner, a senior fellow at CEI and counsel to the Cooler Heads Coalition.  “The Bush Administration disavowed the report in return for CEI, Senator Inhofe, and the other plaintiffs withdrawing our lawsuit, yet continues to distribute it in flagrant violation of our agreement.” </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This morning Mr. Horner filed a “Data Quality Act” <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/027,03360.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">petition</a> with the White House Science Office, <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/027,03360.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">available here</a>, to prohibit further dissemination of the National Assessment.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Warming Policy & Legal Expert Available for Interviews</font></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christopher C. Horner</font></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Senior Fellow, CEI</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Counsel, Cooler Heads Coalition</font></p><p class="MsoHeader" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">202.262.4458</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">chorner@cei.org</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong>Recently seen on</strong>: MSNBC Live, At Large with Geraldo Rivera (Fox News Channel), and Market Wrap (CNBC).</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CEI is a non-profit, non-partisan public policy group dedicated to the principles of free enterprise and limited government.  For more information about CEI, please visit our website at <a href="https://cei.org/" target="" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">www.cei.org</a>.</font></p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="siteSub"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">horner calls thus a retractions/disavowal?</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216060117/https://cei.org/gencon/003,03045.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://web.archive.org/web/20060216060117/https://cei.org/gencon/003,03045.cfm</font></a></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">September 6, 2001</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christopher C. Horner</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Competitive Enterprise Institute</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Suite 1250</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington, DC  20036</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear Mr. Horner:</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The purpose of this letter is to explain the status of the national assessment of climate change sponsored by the U.S. Global Change Research Program and to explain how the Administration is developing its policies on global climate change.</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The national assessment, titled Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, consists of an overview document of about 150 pages and a foundation document of about 600 pages. These documents were the product of the National Assessment Synthesis Team, an advisory committee chartered under the Federal Advisory Committee Act. As such, they are not policy positions or official statements of the U.S. government. Rather, they were produced by the scientific community and offered to the government for its consideration.</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The formulation of a comprehensive policy addressing global climate change is an important priority for this Administration. Towards this end, the President has constituted a Cabinet-level working group to study this issue and assist in the development of such comprehensive policy. Among other things, this working group is conducting an extensive review of climate change science and technology, has commissioned and received a report from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences on climate change science questions and uncertainties, and is carefully examining how best to address the challenge of climate change. The efforts of this working group will form the basis of government decision-making on the important issue of global climate change.</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sincerely,</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rosina Bierbaum</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Acting Director</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Office of Science and Technology Policy</font></div><div id="siteSub"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div id="siteSub"><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-node-title" style="overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em;"><div class="panel-pane pane-node-title"><h1 style="margin: 0.67em 0px 5px; line-height: 1.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EI's Petition To The Office Of Science And Technoogy Policy To Cease Dissemination Of The National Assessment On Climate C</font></h1></div></div><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-article-byline" style="overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em;"><div class="panel-pane pane-article-byline" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><div class="publication-type-521"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="authors"><a href="https://cei.org/expert/christopher-c-horner" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">Christopher C. Horner</a></span> <span class="separator">•</span> <span class="date">February 19, <b>2003</b></span></font></div></div></div><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-node-links" style="overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em;"><div class="panel-pane pane-node-links"><div class="contents-container contents-container-pane-node-body" style="overflow: hidden; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 40px; line-height: 1.3em;"><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-body" style="line-height: 1.6em;"><div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden" style="line-height: 1.6em;"><div class="fielditems"><div class="fielditem even"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="Section1" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://cei.org/sites/default/files/Christopher%20Horner%20-%20CEI's%20Petition%20To%20The%20Office%20Of%20Science%20And%20Technoogy%20Policy%20To%20Cease%20Dissemination%20Of%20The%20National%20Assessment%20On%20Climate%20Change.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Full Document Available in PDF</font></a></p><p class="Section1" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Petition to Cease Dissemination of the National Assessment on Climate Change, Pursuant to the Federal Data Quality Act</b></font></p><p class="Section1" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;" /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Introduction</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This document follows and incorporates by reference: 1) the information presented the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), Inhofe, et al. v. Bush (DC DC CV 00-02383), the complaint of which is presently withdrawn without prejudice expressly on the basis of OSTP assurances that the National Assessment does not represent a product of the federal government; 2) <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/027,03373.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">correspondence sent by CEI to Assistant Secretary of Commerce Dr. James R. Mahoney and Under Secretary of Commerce Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr</a> (18 October 2002) requesting that the US Global Change Research Change Project’s (USGCRP)<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> National Assessment Synthesis Team undergo housecleaning to remove members responsible for the<b> unlawfully produced, incomplete and FDQA-noncompliant National Assessment on Climate Change</b></span>; and 3) <a href="https://cei.org/gencon/027,03372.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">CEI’s Comments on NOAA/USCCSP’s “Strategic Plan for the Climate Science Program”</a> (17 January 2003)(the latter two are attached).</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Because “[t]he Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) provide oversight [of USGCRP] on behalf of the Executive Office of the President” (<a href="http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/GCRPINFO.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/GCRPINFO.html</a>), OSTP retains responsibility for ensuring the compliance of USGCRP data, particularly the “National Assessment on Climate Change”, with FDQA requirements.  “One of the major activities for the USGCRP during the last several years has been the <a href="http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change</a>.  Assessment of the potential consequences of global change was mandate [sic] by Congress in the authorizing legislation of the USGCRP.  OSTP requested the USGCRP to undertake this assessment, and played a key role in defining the assessment process, which included a series of regional workshops, USGCRP sponsorship of regional and sector vulnerability analyses, and creation of a National Synthesis Report, which will be published in late 2000” (<a href="http://www.ostp.gov/Environment/html/env_projBAK.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">http://www.ostp.gov/Environment/html/env_projBAK.html</a>)(see also, e.g., “NSCTC Annual Report”, at <a href="http://www.ostp.gov/NSTC/html/annualrpt98.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: transparent;">http://www.ostp.gov/NSTC/html/annualrpt98.html</a>).</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pursuant to the justification presented in the cited litigation and attachments, and incorporated by reference in this Request, the <b>Competitive Enterprise Institute requests correction of information, under Section 515 of Public Law 106-554, seeking OSTP comply with the FDQA by immediately ceasing dissemination of any form of the flawed data specifically described herein, </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">and all conclusions or assertions based upon same, which is most effectively obtained by ceasing dissemination of the document formally if inaccurately styled as meeting the requirements as a first statutorily required “Climate Change Impacts in the United States:  The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change”, or<b> National Assessment (NACC).</b></span></font></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="siteSub"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p></div></div></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">off bs copyright 2007</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">wikipedia cites RE puff piece:  https://www.theregreview.org/2013/05/21/21-levinson-policy-entrepreneurs/</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">amazingly: </font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"Given the broad applicability of the DQA, it’s not surprising that one of the most notable DQA victories was initiated by an environmental organization.  Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) used the DQA to change the Fish and Wildlife Service’s (FWS) determination of the habitat needed by the Florida panther. PEER’s successful use of the DQA was particularly remarkable because the group’s Request for Correction was signed by a former FWS scientist who had worked on the panther issue and was subsequently fired.  Thus, DQA empowered citizens in a novel and, perhaps, unforeseen way.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">legit source, https://web.archive.org/web/20130517051337/http://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/2005/03/21/agency-admits-panther-whistleblower-was-right/</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">but chanpionship cherry-picking</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">// =</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">NGOs' Increasing Use of the Data Quality Act, by Jim Tozzi | Notice ...</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">yalejreg.com › ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Mar 5, 2018 - The publication of a landmark treatise on the Data Quality Act (DQA, aka the Information Quality Act or IQA) is timely because there is a ...</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">----</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">http://yalejreg.com/nc/ngos-increasing-use-of-the-data-quality-act/</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">he links to own page many eg but mixed bag, incl strike down epa RULE"?</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">seversl medical pot and trivial eg http://www.thecre.com/news/20050718_news.html</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">----</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">http://www.thecre.com/</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">watchlist current 8/19 http://www.thecre.com/watchlist/index.html</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">eg "EPA Exceeded the Deregulatory Goals of Executive Order 13771" </font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Comment on CEQ's Draft Guidance on NEPA Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions </font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General published a report with the above-captioned title. According this IG report, "The EPA achieved cost savings of $21.5 million in FY 2017 via 16 deregulatory actions and one regulatory action and $75.1 million in FY 2018 via 10 deregulatory and three regulatory actions."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Click here to read this EPA IG report.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>2019?!</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">https://www.epa.gov/quality/epa-response-rfc-federal-data-quality-act-petition-against-further-dissemination-climate</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">EPA response to RFC:<b> Federal Data Quality Act Petition Against Further Dissemination of 'Climate Action Report 2002</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">EPA response to the Request for Correction (RFC)</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">You may need a PDF reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA’s About PDF page to learn more.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">EPA response to RFC: Federal Data Quality Act Petition Against Further Dissemination of 'Climate Action Report 2002 (PDF)(2 pp, 524 K, 05/06/2003)</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">EPA response to the Request for Correction (RFC)</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Christopher C. Homer Competitive Enterprise Institute 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 1250 Washington, D.C. 20036 MAY I 6 aJ03</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> Re: Information Quality Guidelines Request for Correction #7428 Dear Mr. Homer: OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION The purpose of this letter is to respond to your February 10, 2003, request to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by the Environmental Protection Agency (Information Quality Guidelines) (IQG RFC #7428). You requested that EPA cease dissemination of the U.S. Climate Action Report 2002. This letter also responds to your June 4, 2002, letter requesting that EPA cease dissemination of the Report. The U.S. Climate Action Report 2002 is the U.S. Third National Communication that was prepared and submitted by the United States pursuant to its obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since the UNFCCC was ratified by the U.S. in 1992, the State Department has been responsible for developing and submitting each of the U.S. national communications under the UNFCCC (i.e., in 1994, 1997, and 2002). In 2002, as in previous years, the State Department convened an interagency team to draft the document. This team included staff from the Office of Management and Budget, Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Protection Agency, the Departments of State, Energy, Interior, Commerce, Defense, and Transportation, the US Global Change Research Program, U.S. Agency for International Development, and other federal agencies. The document was submitted by the State Department to the UNFCCC Secretariat on May 28, 2002. </font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">300 Scientists Tell Chairman of the House Science Committee: 'we ...</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">https://wattsupwiththat.com › 2016/01/28 › 300-scientists-tell-chairman-of-...</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Jan 28, 2016 - The Data Quality Act required government-wide guidelines to ...... science as a correlation between “cumulative” fossil fuel emissions and ..... In physical reality, the surface climate sensitivity is 0.1₀.2K from the energy budget of the ..... Why not circulate a petitionhere to censure NOAA for it's actions in ...</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">end8/19</font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">man bk says used by ceq and cei to quash nat assessment p 110, resisted by Joe Lieberman?.  Cooney edits; EPA State of Env coney deleted hockey stick and related? </span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DQA</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TOZZI masterminded, 2 sentences</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2001</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">roots:</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" normal="normal" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">President Bush’s first OIRA head, John Graham,</span> 
invited corporate special interests to create a list of 
76 regulatory protections they wanted weakened or 
eliminated.</span><span times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" normal="normal" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> </span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">used by kazman and chris h to beat up ctw on climate 2002</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">claims win but dismissed with prej? see nat asess</font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/ceis-petition-against-further-dissemination-epas-climate-">http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/ceis-petition-against-further-dissemination-epas-climate-</a></font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">LAMAR SMITH UPDATE</font></span></font></font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/25<b>/secret-science</b>-epa_n_5529521.html</font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is the second in a three-part series. Read the first story <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/24/house-science-committee_n_5525609.html?1403707503" target="hplink" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" entry_text="entry_text" lnid="lnid" citation="citation" mpid="mpid" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(46, 112, 97); outline: none; box-sizing: inherit;">here</a>.</font></em></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The conservative “secret science” campaign harkens back nearly twenty years.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In late 1996, industry was trying to fight the Environmental Protection Agency’s first efforts to<b> set a fine particle pollution air quality standard of “PM2.5,” the abbreviation used for particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter.</b></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE), an astroturf lobbying group founded by the petrochemical industrialist brothers Charles and David Koch in 1984, warned that the “effects of the new air quality standards on the economy would be devastating,</b>” based in part on economic analyses conducted by the Center for Study of Public Choice at George Mason University – a group also funded by the Koch brothers. The CSE co-founder and president was Koch Industries vice president Rich Fink, a George Mason economist who has sat on the board of the school’s public choice center.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CSE, the precursor to the Tea Party groups FreedomWorks and Americans for Prosperity, was then led by <b>C. Boyden Gray,</b> an heir to the Reynolds tobacco fortune and GOP kingmaker. In addition to running the tobacco-and-polluter-funded “grassroots” CSE, Gray also managed the Orwellian-sounding “Air Quality Standards Coalition,” an industry coalition coordinated by the National Association of Manufacturers to fight EPA limits on soot and smog pollution.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As industry was not getting much traction with the “it’s going to cost too much” argument, Gray’s group employed street theater as a political tactic.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In January 1997, attendees of a Senate hearing on the proposed EPA rules encountered a group of people wearing white lab coats holding signs saying, “Harvard, release the data!” The supposed scientists in fact came from CSE</b>. In addition, CSE took out ads in the Chicago Tribune attacking the Harvard brand, and writers in the libertarian-industrial network questioned the legitimacy of the studies and demanded the release of the private medical records at their core.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The unwillingness of the study’s authors to allow access to basic data is troubling; such secrecy is incompatible with the modern scientific process,” complained a CSE publication in June 1997.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CSE also found an ideological hook for the economic-damage attacks, spinning pollution limits as an assault on freedom. “Imagine that – a new government regulation that takes away our freedom to celebrate our freedom,” said a CSE radio advertisement in the summer of 1997. The ad claimed that the proposed air pollution regulations would <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">ruin Independence Day by outlawing barbecues, lawn mowers, and fireworks.</span></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The outcome of the campaign was threefold: a weakening and delay of <b>ozone</b> and particulate-matter rules; a $50 million taxpayer-funded project to reconfirm the results; and legislation compelling that the data generated by federally funded research be made available to industry and the public.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fast forward to last year.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>“The data in question have not been subjected to scrutiny and analysis by independent scientists,” Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas) charged in a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed.</b></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Yet Smith’s claim that the studies and the underlying patient data did not undergo independent analysis is false. In fact, in 1997, while Smith was serving his sixth term, Congress appropriated $49.6 million for a major research program into fine particulate matter, including a reanalysis of the Harvard and ACS studies by the Health Effects Institute. Smith voted for the bill.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“When we got the medical records from Harvard, I personally signed a confidentiality agreement, as did the investigators at University of Ottawa. The data was conveyed to a locked room with limited access,” said Health Effects Institute president Dan Greenbaum in an interview.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 2000, the group issued a 297-page report entitled “Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality.”</b> The explicit goal of that study was “to conduct a rigorous and independent assessment of the findings of the Six Cities and ACS Studies of air pollution and mortality.”</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In short, the HEI assessment confirmed the studies’ results. So did a separate HEI analysis of public records from 90 cities known as the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A charitable interpretation is that this multi-year, multi-million-dollar taxpayer effort advanced epidemiological methodologies. Others might say that polluters knowingly gamed the system by unfairly casting doubt on well-founded science.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Shelby Amendment</font></strong></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Following these EPA battles, Sen. Richard Shelby (R-Ala.) drafted the <b>Data Access Act</b>, better known as the Shelby Amendment, in response to his inability to get the underlying medical records from the Harvard Six Cities and American Cancer Society studies.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Shelby amendment mandated that “all data produced under a [federally funded] award will be made available to the public through the procedures established under the Freedom of Information Act [FOIA].” The Office of Management and Budget drafted rules to implement the Shelby amendment that limited the scope to research “used in developing an agency action that has the force and effect of law” and carved out exceptions for confidential data.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Efforts to repeal the Shelby amendment in 1999 led tobacco and oil industry consultant Steve Milloy to coin the term “secret science.”</b> In February, Milloy launched the “Stop Secret Science” sweepstakes, offering a Wall Street Journal subscription to people who sent a comment to OMB on the “secret science” rule. Soon, the Washington Times and the New York Post published “secret science” editorials, and an oil executive attacked the “secret science” of the EPA rules. But the term failed to catch on, perhaps because most politicians couldn’t claim with a straight face that confidential medical records should be made public on industry’s behalf.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Shelby amendment had little actual impact on the Harvard and ACS studies. The ACS data is not funded by federal or public dollars, and is not subject to the Data Access Act. Essentially all of the non-confidential records and data from the Harvard Six Cities research has been made public, a process that was underway before the passage of the amendment.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Whatever the intent, the Shelby amendment marked an important shift in the balance of power between industry and the public, as corporate researchers could get access to federally funded work without any expectation of a quid pro quo.</b></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Forcing a Document Release</font></strong></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Fifteen years later, Rep. Lamar Smith was ready to go further.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After two years of fishing expeditions begun during Ralph Hall’s chairmanship, Smith was fed up with the idea that the federal government wouldn’t –- or couldn’t –- force Harvard and the American Cancer Society to turn over private medical records to his committee.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“If the administration does not provide this data by the end of July, the science committee will force its release through a subpoena,” he warned.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Although the EPA complied with Smith’s previous demands</b>, turning over all of the records under its control, Smith pushed the subpoena forward. On Aug. 1 of last year, the <b>committee authorized subpoenas against the EPA, Harvard University, and the American Cancer Society on a party-line vote. That day, Smith issued a subpoena to the EPA.</b></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A month later, Smith expressed his anger at the EPA’s limited response, challenging the agency to force Harvard and the cancer society to turn over the medical records so that his Committee can “analyze the health effects of exposure to certain air pollutants.”</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In a Sept. 3 letter to EPA administrator Gina McCarthy, Smith claimed that the OMB’s implementation of the Shelby amendment means the EPA’s power to compel private institutions to turn over records is without limit, no matter what confidentiality agreements exist between the researchers and their subjects, or between the government and the researchers.</b></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A March 2013 Congressional Research Service report on the Shelby amendment notes that its scope “excludes personal and business-related confidential data.”</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">When Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-Texas) asked Smith who he wanted to pass along the research data to, he said, “Dr. James Enstrom.”</b></font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It turns out that Mr. Smith’s preferred expert for more than two decades has been closely connected to the American tobacco industry, reviled for its promotion of deceptive marketing and faux-science.</font></font></font></p></div><div class="content-list-component mt-paragraph text" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 730px; min-width: initial; width: 630px; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‘I Understand Science Better’</font></strong></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px; line-height: 27px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></strong></font></font></p></div></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></font></font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Harper's Magazine</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">June 1, 2003 | Urstadt, Bryant |</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Where can a corporate lobbyist hide thirty-two lines of stealth legislation? Right here, between a land transfer to the Gerald R. Ford Foundation and some details about cost-of-living allowances at the Office of Personnel Management, on<b> pages 153 and 154 of the 712-page federal budget for the year 2001. </b>Christened the "Data Quality Act"--one of the many euphemisms employed by the law's supporters--Section 515 presents itself as an innocuous call for federal agencies to improve the accuracy of their data. But the act, which became effective in October 2002, is in fact designed to encumber those agencies and, over time, to hamper their ability to regulate. Passed with no debate and with little public scrutiny, the law is intended not to improve data but, through constant contention, to suppress it.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although technically an extension of the Paperwork Reduction Act, the Data Quality Act forces regulatory agencies to produce reams of extra paperwork. …</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-103124297.html</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">uc</div><div><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Where can a corporate lobbyist hide thirty-two lines of stealth legislation? Right here, between a land transfer to the G<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">erald R. Ford Foundation and some details about cost-of-living allowances at the Office of Personnel Management, on pages 153 and 154</span> of the 712-page federal budget for the year 2001. Christened the "Data Quality <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Act</strong>"--<strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">one</strong> of the many euphemisms employed by the law's supporters--Section 515 presents itself as an innocuous call for federal agencies to improve the accuracy of their data. But the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">act</strong>, which became effective in October 2002, is in fact designed to encumber those agencies and, over time, to hamper their ability to regulate. <b>Passed with no debate and with little public scrutiny, the law is intended not to improve data but, through constant contention, to suppress it.</b></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Although technically an extension of the Paperwork Reduction <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Act</strong>, the Data Quality <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Act</strong> forces regulatory agencies to produce reams of extra paperwork.</span> The <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">act</strong> required that the Office of Management and Budget issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information... disseminated by Federal agencies." <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">When the OMB released these guidelines in February 2002, they consumed some 10,000 words and included definitions of the terms at issue.</span><b>(Philosophers may be interested to know that "quality" now is officially "an encompassing term comprising utility, objectivity, and integrity.")</b> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By October 2002 the individual agencies were required to produce their own guidelines and, more important, to establish "administrative mechanisms" to respond to, keep track of, and deliver reports on any complaints concerning the objectivity, utility, and integrity of their data. If disputed information is found to be out of compliance with these vague requirements, it may now be struck from government use.</span></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Who would conceive of such a thing? As the only person listed in the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">act</strong>, the<b> director of the OMB--Mitch Daniels Jr.,</b> previously a senior vice president at pharmaceutical giant <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Eli Lilly</span>--would be a natural guess, but an inaccurate <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">one</strong>. Nominally, the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">act's</strong> sponsoring representative was <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Jo Ann Emerson, Republican of Missouri, a former lobbyist who gained her seat in 1996 after the death of her husband, eight-term congressman Bill Emerson, from lung cancer</span>. But in reality, the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">act</strong> was written by Jim Tozzi, a current lobbyist whose clients include such corporate citizens as Philip Morris, Bridgestone/Firestone, and Synagro Technologies, a leading disposer of sewage sludge. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">For Tozzi, the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">act</strong> is the opening salvo of his latest venture, the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a for-profit lobbying group whose actual purpose is to render regulations ineffective.</span></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>For data to be "objective" under the OMB's definition, independent scientists should agree on its validity. </b>In practice, this offers limitless opportunity for complaint, because a friendly scientist can always be found to dispute an inconvenient finding. The <b>Competitive Enterprise Institute, </b>for example, has filed a petition under the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">act</strong> demanding that all references to the National Assessment on Climate Change, which affirmed the existence of global warming, be expunged. The CEI's filing leans heavily on Patrick Michaels, </span>a scientist who has argued for years against global warming on behalf of corporations, most recently through the "Greening Earth Society," which is funded by the coal industry. Jim Tozzi himself has used the <strong data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">act</strong> to demand that the EPA rescind statements about the reproductive effects of <b>atrazine,</b> an herbicide made by his client Syngenta. Tozzi's filing draws on studies paid for by Syngenta and peer-reviewed by a group called <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>EcoRisk,</b> which was founded, according to its website, "with the encouragement [sic] and support of various... private chemical corporations." EcoRisk deems the EPA's data irreproducible.</span></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The agencies will report to <b>John D. Graham,</b> the administrator of the OMB's information and regulation division. Previously, Graham was the founding director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis,</span> the bulk of whose funding comes not from Harvard but from more than 100 corporations. The<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> center's "risk analysis" is chiefly economic, </span>and with few exceptions it has argued that the risks posed by corporate products or pollution are outweighed by the evils of regulation. For example, in 2000, after <b>AT&T Wireless gave $300,000 to study the dangers of handheld cell-phone use while driving</b>, the center found that no regulations were warranted<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. In elaborating on the OMB's guidelines, Graham has demanded special scrutiny for "influential" data--i.e., data that might prompt regulation--and has noted that <b><font color="#ff0000">even peer review by a scientific journal may not be sufficient to prove quality.</font></b></span></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation">Finally conservatives and corporate lobbyists have found a bureaucracy they like. With the law in effect, its author, Jim Tozzi, now can devote himself to filing complaints under it. Beyond his attack on the EPA's atrazine study, he has also come to the aid of <b>Bridgestone/Firestone, </b>Goodyear, and the Rubber Manufacturers Association against the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration, which is planning to distribute information about tire defects.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> In his petition, Tozzi demands predissemination review by the manufacturers themselves</span>--perhaps this is "integrity"--and argues, under the "utility" clause, that NHTSA must actually prove that releasing data about unsafe tires is useful.<b> The end result: more paperwork, less information, weaker controls on manufacturers, and fewer safeguards for the public. This, to corporations, is "quality" legislation.</b></p></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2x see below, nice wapo overview:</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><b style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Atrazine </font></b></p><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Rick Weiss</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington Post Staff Writer</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Monday, <b>August 16, 2004</b>; Page A01</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Second of three articles</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Things were not looking good a few years ago for the makers of<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font color="#ff0000"> atrazine,</font> America's second-leading weedkiller.</span> The company was seeking approval from the Environmental Protection Agency to keep the highly profitable product on the market. But scientists were finding it was disrupting hormones in wildlife -- in some cases turning frogs into bizarre creatures bearing both male and female sex organs.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Last October, concerns about the herbicide led the European Union to ban atrazine, starting in 2005. Yet that same month, after 10 years of contentious scientific review, the EPA decided to permit ongoing use in the United States with no new restrictions.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[An Agency Takes a Turn</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Under President Bush, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has made sometimes subtle changes in regulations that carry large consequences for workers and employers. <b>Across the government, the Bush administration has started fewer regulations and killed more of the proposals Bush inherited than two predecessors. </b>TB]</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A last-minute addition to an unrelated piece of legislation has created a tool for attacking the science used by federal agencies as a basis for new regulations. Industry has embraced the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Data Quality Act</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> to challenge 32 major proposals</span></font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, including a successful assault on efforts to restrict the use of the herbicide </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">atrazine.</b></font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Herbicide approvals are complicated, and there is no one reason that atrazine passed regulatory muster in this country. But close observers give significant credit to a single sentence that was added to the EPA's final scientific assessment last year.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">, it read, cannot be considered a "legitimate regulatory endpoint at this time" -- that is, it is not an acceptable reason to restrict a chemical's use -- because the...</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Those words, which effectively rendered moot hundreds of pages of scientific evidence, were adopted by the EPA as a result of a petition filed by a Washington consultant working with atrazine's primary manufacturer, Syngenta Crop Protection.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span><font color="#ff0000"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The petition was filed under the Data Quality Act</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span></font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> a little-known piece of legislation that, under President Bush's Office of Management and Budget, has become a potent tool for companies seeking to beat back regulation.</span></font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist and <font color="#ff0000">slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 without congressional discussion or debate </font>-- is just <b>two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable</b>. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000"><b>John D. Graham,</b> administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)<b>,</b></font><b> who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science.</b>" He said the act,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities."</span></font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry</span>. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation.</font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry.</b> Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the <b>analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, policy or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use.</b></font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Among the petitions:</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">American Chemistry Council</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated with</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> heavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.[see appendiz, acsh?]</span></b></font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• <b>Logging</b> groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Sugar</span> interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The <font color="#ff0000">Salt Institute</font> and the U.S. <b>Chamber of Commerce </b>challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Nickel Development Institute and other nickel interests challenged a government report on the hazards of that metal.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers petitioned the CPSC to retract data that ranked the risk of lint fires in various clothes dryers.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental and consumer groups say the Data Quality Act fits into a larger Bush administration agenda. In the past six months, more than<b> 4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science.</b></font></span></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman">From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business.</font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</b></font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment.</span>"</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That's a view that Christopher C. <b>Horner </b>of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "whiny."</font></font></font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">--</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Hey, you're making me be accurate," he mocked. "I have no sympathy for that."</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Horner said the act, if anything, has proved less useful than anticipated to groups such as his that seek to minimize government regulation. And figures from the OMB confirm that agencies have in many cases resisted challenges to their scientific findings.</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of the 39 Data Quality Act petitions in The Post's analysis, five have resulted in at least some of the changes sought -- all of them filed by industry interests. Five were denied, five were diverted by the agencies to other bureaucratic avenues, and </font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet there are signs, Graham acknowledged, that</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Studying Atrazine </b></font></font></font></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman">murray coal<a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/06/12/coal-ceo-epa-global-warming/"> </a></font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/06/12/coal-ceo-epa-global-warming/">http://ecowatch.com/2014/06/12/coal-ceo-epa-global-warming/</a>  7/14</span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
<span style="line-height: 19.2px;" /></font></p><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Coal executive Robert E. Murray wants to sue the EPA. for lying about AGW</font></b><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The newest innovation of the <a href="http://ecowatch.com/?s=climate%20denial" target="blank">climate denying machine</a>, it turns out, is the lawsuit.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Despite the fact that President Barack Obama’s <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/06/02/obama-epa-carbon-climate-change/" target="blank">emissions rule</a> remains a proposal for at least a year, the mere idea of a limit on carbon has incensed an Ohio <a href="http://ecowatch.com/news/energy-news/coal-mining-pollution/" target="blank">coal </a>executive to the point of threatened litigation. Robert E. Murray, founder of Murray Energy Corp., said he would sue the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for spreading what he believes to be misinformation and attempting to enforce legislation based on it—<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">violations of the federal Data Quality Act in Murray’s view.</span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Under the act, they are obligated to tell the truth, and they are not telling the truth about global warming,” Murray said of the EPA in an interview with <a href="http://www.wvexecutive.com/last-man-standing-bob-murray-war-coal/" target="blank"><em>West Virginia Executive</em></a>. “They are not telling hardly any truth about the science.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>“The earth has actually cooled over the last 17 years, so under the Data Quality Act, they’ve actually been lying about so-called global warming,</b>” he continued. “This lawsuit will force them to not just take data from the environmentalists and publish it, as they have been doing, but to review that data and make sure it’s accurate.”</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Clearly, the EPA doesn’t “just take” data from environmentalists. If that were the case, a project like Keystone XL would have been nixed a while ago. Instead, the agency considers information like the study of nearly 12,000 abstracts concluding with <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2013/05/16/97-percent-scientists-agree-climate-change-man-made/" target="blank">97 percent of scientists</a> agreeing that climate change is manmade.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As for Murray’s cooling argument, NASA has released plenty of data stating the opposite, including <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/01/30/nasa-shows-pace-of-global-warming-15-seconds/" target="blank">this animation</a> showing the intense warming of the planet over the past 60 decades. NASA also predicts that the planet <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/03/18/nasa-earth-warm-20-percent/" target="blank">could warm by 20 percent more</a> than previously estimated by 2099.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That won’t change Murray’s mind, though. He is concerned with the “destruction” of the coal industry that the emissions limit will cause. He says it’s a “human” issue, but he doesn’t give that distinction to the greenhouse gas pollution caused by the same industry.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> russo 2001</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/">http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/</a></font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></a></p><div class="articleHeader"><h2 itemprop="name"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Debating Shelby</font></h2><p class="summary" itemprop="description"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sentiments expressed at a March 12 National Academy of Sciences workshop suggest that scientists and policy-makers remain very concerned about data access issues related to the now infamous Shelby Amendment. The amendment, a two-line provision added by Sen. Richard Shelby (R-Ala.) to an omnibus appropriations law for fiscal year 1999, subjects federally funded scientific research to requests for data made under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).1 Its inclusion sparked a debate between indust</font></p><p class="subHeader"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="authors">By <span itemprop="author">Eugene Russo</span></span> | <span class="date">April 2, <b>2001</b></span></font></p></div><div class="body" itemprop="articleBody"><section><div class="newsSection"><div class="intro"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Sentiments expressed at a March 12 <b>National Academy of Sciences</b> workshop suggest that scientists and policy-makers remain very concerned about data access issues related to the now infamous Shelby Amendment. The amendment, a two-line provision added by <span class="bold">Sen. Richard Shelby</span> (R-Ala.) to an omnibus appropriations law for fiscal year 1999, subjects federally funded scientific research to requests for data made under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).<sup>1</sup> Its inclusion sparked a debate between industry stakeholders and scientists. The former endorsed the amendment as a means of challenging scientific studies that support costly regulations; the latter expressed concerns about increased paperwork, intellectual property searches by industry and academic competitors, unwarranted access to personal information on research subjects, and even deliberate use of the amendment by industry to reinterpret data and harass researchers.</font></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>After receiving thousands of public comments, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reinterpreted the amendment, reaffirming FOIA's privacy trade and secrecy protections,</b> and limiting requested data to published or cited research used by the federal government in developing legally binding agency actions. Thus far, the legislation has not been extensively tested. The National Institutes of Health has granted only four FOIA requests and denied three. The Environmental Protection Agency has received only a handful of requests.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many scientists and scientific institutions, including both the NAS and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, saw the OMB's interpretation as a big improvement. Several panelists at the NAS workshop approved as well, but they expressed continued concern. Workshop attendee <span class="bold">E. William Colgazier</span>, CEO of the NAS and the National Research Council, was hoping the OMB agreement would be acceptable to all interested parties. But after hearing discussion at the workshop, he called his outlook "less sanguine."</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NAS director <span class="bold">Bruce Alberts</span> said he understood the importance of openness in science, but he called FOIA an inappropriate tool for gaining that access. He worries that anybody can request data as a result of the Shelby amendment--that there's no "need to know" provision. He's particularly concerned that tobacco companies or organizations like the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) will soon use FOIA to harass researchers. <span class="bold">David G. Hawkins</span>, director of the Air and Energy Program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said his principle objection was Shelby's applying to only government-funded, and not privately supported, research. Organizations like his, said Hawkins, can't use FOIA to question data presented by industry, though industry can question the underlying data of federally funded research.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has been among the most outspoken supporters of the original Shelby amendment and critics of the OMB revision.</b> "The bottom line is that the data that needs to be shared is the data that is part of public policy, the data that actually imposes costs," said <span class="bold">William L. <b>Kovacs</b></span><b>,</b> vice president of environment, technology, and regulatory affairs at the organization. He claims that the 4,000 new industry regulations established annually cost the U.S. economy $725 billion. Kovacs is primarily concerned about the regulatory impact of studies like a Harvard University-led pollution study that was undertaken to measure the morbidity and mortality effects of particulate matter in six U.S. cities. Dubbed the "six-city study," it was a big reason for Shelby introducing his amendment.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Controlling for age, weight, occupation, education, and other factors, researchers found that the Northeast cities nearest to coal-burning plants had higher mortality rates</span>. Started in 1973, and continuing for more than two decades, the study was crucial to the EPA's tightening of ambient air quality standards. After business interests were denied access to the study's medical data (researchers cited concerns about the anonymity of the subjects involved), Harvard researchers enlisted an independent, nonprofit corporation called the Health Effects Institute (HEI) to do a data audit. HEI backed the data and the findings.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Kovacs said that the Chamber of Commerce remains dissatisfied and continues to insist on seeing the data.</b> At the workshop, when asked by <span class="bold">David Korn</span>, senior vice president for biomedical and health sciences research at the Association of American Medical Colleges, what the U.S. Chamber would do with the data if they had it in hand, Kovacs suggested they'd have a team<b> "reevaluate it."</b> "And then what?" asked Korn. Kovacs gave no specifics. Regardless, he implied that a lawsuit challenging the OMB interpretation was a good possibility.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>More controversy could be looming with another, lesser-known amendment referred to as the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"daughter of Shelby" by <span class="bold">Jim J. Tozzi</span>, a member of the board of advisers at the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. Also passed as part of an omnibus spending bill, this "data quality"</span> amendment says that the OMB must issue regulations that define minimum thresholds of data quality disseminated by the federal government, and regulations that allow any outside party to petition the government for changing that data.</b> According to Tozzi, the amendment requires that data that researchers are presenting to the government, to be used by the government, go through a "quality sieve."</font></p><div class="authorinfo"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eugene Russo can be contacted at <a href="mailto:erusso@the-scientist.com">erusso@the-scientist.com</a>.</font></div><div class="refs"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. N. Halim, "A data access conundrum," <a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/2000/3/20/13/null" target="blank"><em>The Scientist</em>, 14[6]:13, Mar. 20, 2000</a>.</font></div></div></section></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></span></p><p><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4 lines of text inserted in 920 pp ominibus spending bill</font></b></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Data Access Act (Shelby of alabama)</span> gave fossil fuel co's access to raw data of big longterm Harvard epidemiology study that polluted air  could be killing 40K/yr; covers only science that has some federal funding, not industry research, even when the latter is being submitted as part of regulatory process</b> 176-7. actually turns out not to be energy co's but tobacco, b/c sci found combo of tobacco and asbestos was worse than either, so asbestos had models that blames tobacco; Tobacco co's needed evidence to ctr.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Clinton OMB reined in Shelby, but ctr was Data Quality Act</b> 178</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">OMB peer review can combine w/ either 2 to really slow regulation. 190</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">b2 admin sci chapter; typical epa sci advisory panel exxon, monsanto, dow gm as well as wwf; b2 undid</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">2006 <b>TRI gutted</b> depite bilat rec and fact that has reduced toxins 60% and did not cost much 211</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">stats eliminated on effects of factory layoffs and how tax cuts were distributed by class 211</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2 networks of climate data cut by budget cuts 2005 NOAA 211<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 0);" /></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">see also :</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span><a href="http://www.alec.org/model-legislation/state-data-access-act/">http://www.alec.org/model-legislation/state-data-access-act/</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span> </font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>Data Quality Act</b> is a <b>2-sentence piece of legislation </b>-- drafted by lobbyists and snuck into the 2000 spending bill -- that directs the White House <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Office of Management and Budget</a> to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">Jim Tozzi</a>,</font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the industry friendly lobbyist who helped create the little-known "Data Quality Act,</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" is offering his assistance to medical marijuana advocates who are using the Act to undermine government claims that marijuana has no accepted medical value.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Enacted in 2000, the Data Quality Act has </span><font color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">been used by businesses to challenge government reports on such things as climate change and diet</font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In mid-July 2005 the </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Los Angeles Times</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> writes that Tozzi's support of medical marijuana "had more than just altruistic motives.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Since its inception, the Data Quality Act has been under attack as a weapon of big business, a stealthy way to keep federal agencies tied in knots over what constitutes <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sound_science" title="Sound science" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">sound science</a>. Eager to blunt such criticism and dash attempts to thwart his law in Congress, Tozzi has pushed public interest groups to start deploying the act against the bureaucrats."[weed ploy mult times?]</span></font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="SourceWatch_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">SourceWatch links</font></span></h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaancamaaabw4ls6aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaaazqtfrfafkm="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM" qiuk9qaaaaj0uk5t="QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T" wdltzbkaaaagkleqvr42mjgbaegokggbjbgbxbxsbqaaamachwald5r8ygaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_Tozzi" title="James Tozzi" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Tozzi</font></a></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External links</font></span></h2><ul style="line-height: 19.2px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaancamaaabw4ls6aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaaazqtfrfafkm="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM" qiuk9qaaaaj0uk5t="QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T" wdltzbkaaaagkleqvr42mjgbaegokggbjbgbxbxsbqaaamachwald5r8ygaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rick Weiss, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</a>," <i>Washington Post</i>, August 16, 2004.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eric Bailey, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-me-potduo18jul18,1,4361326.story?coll=la-health-medicine" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaafzjrefuef59z4ejadeiq1f36k7u5e7zkxeuqpacj3wk7unokvxvk9khnqh7by9hbdydhnxgjprlqflo4m2ggfyjhhjq8v4agfrgpqx3jtjqgbofmchga="AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA" nakks="nAKks" jajfaaaaaelftksuqmcc="JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Activist Enlists Unlikely Ally in Bid to Legalize Pot: Steph Sherer teams up with a Beltway lobbyist in fight to lift the ban on medical marijuana.</a>", <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, July 18, 2005.</font></li></ul><div><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><div class="content" id="mainentrycontent" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is the second in a three-part series. Read the first story <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/24/house-science-committee_n_5525609.html?1403707503" target="hplink" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 195); text-decoration-line: none; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The conservative “secret science” campaign harkens back nearly twenty years.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In late 1996, industry was trying to fight the Environmental Protection Agency’s first efforts to set a fine particle pollution air quality standard of "PM2.5,"</b> the abbreviation used for particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE),</b> an astroturf lobbying group founded by the petrochemical industrialist brothers Charles and David Koch in 1984, warned that the “effects of the new air quality standards on the economy would be devastating,” based in part on economic analyses conducted by the <b>Center for Study of Public Choice at George Mason University </b>– a group also funded by the Koch brothers. The CSE co-founder and president was Koch Industries vice president Rich Fink, a George Mason economist who has sat on the board of the school's public choice center.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>CSE, the precursor to the Tea Party groups FreedomWorks and Americans for Prosperity, was then led by <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">C. Boyden Gray,</span> an heir to the Reynolds tobacco fortune and GOP kingmaker.</b> In addition to running the tobacco-and-polluter-funded “grassroots” CSE,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Gray also managed the Orwellian-sounding “Air Quality Standards Coalition,” an industry coalition coordinated by the National Association of Manufacturers to fight EPA limits on soot and smog pollution.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As industry was not getting much traction with the “it’s going to cost too much” argument, Gray’s group employed street theater as a political tactic.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In January 1997, attendees of a Senate hearing on the proposed EPA rules encountered a group of people wearing white lab coats holding signs saying, “<b>Harvard, release the data!</b>”</span> The supposed scientists in fact came from CSE. In addition, CSE took out ads in the Chicago Tribune attacking the Harvard brand, and writers in the libertarian-industrial network questioned the legitimacy of the studies and <b>demanded the release of the private medical records at their core.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The unwillingness of the study's authors to allow access to basic data is troubling; such secrecy is incompatible with the modern scientific process,” complained a CSE publication in June 1997.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CSE also found an ideological hook for the economic-damage attacks, spinning pollution limits as an assault on freedom.<b> “Imagine that – a new government regulation that takes away our freedom to celebrate our freedom,"</b> said a CSE radio advertisement in the summer of 1997. The ad claimed that the proposed air pollution regulations would ruin Independence Day by outlawing barbecues, lawn mowers, and fireworks.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The outcome of the campaign was threefold: a<b> weakening and delay of ozone and particulate-matter rules; </b>a<b> $50 million taxpayer-funded project to reconfirm the results</b>; and legislation compelling that the data generated by federally funded research be made available to industry and the public.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fast forward to last year.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The data in question have not been subjected to scrutiny and analysis by<b> independent scientists</b>,” Rep. <b>Lamar Smith (R-Texas) </b>charged in a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet Smith’s claim that the studies and the underlying patient data did not undergo independent analysis is <b>false. </b>In fact, in 1997, while Smith was serving his sixth term, Congress appropriated $49.6 million for a major research program into fine particulate matter, including a reanalysis of the Harvard and ACS studies by the Health Effects Institute. Smith voted for the bill.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“When we got the medical records from Harvard, I personally signed a confidentiality agreement, as did the investigators at University of Ottawa. The data was conveyed to a locked room with limited access,” said Health Effects Institute president Dan Greenbaum in an interview.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2000, the group issued a 297-page report entitled “Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality.” The explicit goal of that study was “to conduct a rigorous and independent assessment of the findings of the <b>Six Cities and ACS Studies of air pollution and mortality.”</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In short, the HEI assessment confirmed the studies’ results. So did a separate HEI analysis of public records from 90 cities known as the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A charitable interpretation is that this multi-year, multi-million-dollar taxpayer effort advanced epidemiological methodologies. Others might say that polluters knowingly gamed the system by unfairly casting doubt on well-founded science.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Shelby Amendment</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Following these EPA battles, Sen. Richard Shelby (R-Ala.) drafted the Data Access Act, better known as the Shelby Amendment, in response to his inability to get the underlying medical records from the Harvard Six Cities and American Cancer Society studies.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Shelby amendment mandated that “all data produced under a [federally funded] award will be made available to the public through the procedures established under the Freedom of Information Act [FOIA].” The Office of Management and Budget drafted rules to implement the Shelby amendment that limited the scope to research “used in developing an agency action that has the force and effect of law” and carved out exceptions for confidential data.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Efforts to repeal the Shelby amendment in 1999 led tobacco and oil industry consultant Steve Milloy to coin the term “secret science.</b>” In February, Milloy launched the “Stop Secret Science” <b>sweepstakes, offering a Wall Street Journal subscription to people who sent a comment to OMB </b>on the “secret science” rule. Soon, the Washington Times and the New York Post published “secret science” editorials, and an oil executive attacked the “secret science” of the EPA rules. But the term failed to catch on, perhaps because most politicians couldn’t claim with a straight face that confidential medical records should be made public on industry’s behalf.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Shelby amendment had little actual impact on the Harvard and ACS studies. The ACS data is not funded by federal or public dollars, and is not subject to the Data Access Act. Essentially all of the non-confidential records and data from the Harvard Six Cities research has been made public, a process that was underway before the passage of the amendment.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whatever the intent, the Shelby amendment marked an important shift in the balance of power between industry and the public, as <b>corporate researchers could get access to federally funded work without any expectation of a quid pro quo.</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Forcing a Document Release</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fifteen years later, Rep. Lamar Smith was ready to go further.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After two years of fishing expeditions begun during Ralph Hall’s chairmanship, Smith was fed up with the idea that the federal government wouldn’t –- or couldn’t –- force Harvard and the American Cancer Society to turn over private medical records to his committee.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“If the <b>administration</b> [EPA?] does not provide this data by the end of July, the science committee will force its release through a subpoena,” he warned.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although the EPA complied with Smith’s previous demands, turning over all of the records under its control, Smith pushed the subpoena forward. On Aug. 1 of last year, the committee authorized subpoenas against the EPA, Harvard University, and the American Cancer Society on a party-line vote. That day, Smith issued a subpoena to the EPA.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A month later, Smith expressed his anger at the EPA’s limited response, challenging the agency to force Harvard and the cancer society to turn over the medical records so that his Committee can “analyze the health effects of exposure to certain air pollutants.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a Sept. 3 letter to EPA administrator Gina McCarthy, Smith claimed that the OMB’s implementation of the Shelby amendment means the EPA’s power to<b> compel private institutions to turn over records is without limit, </b>no matter what confidentiality agreements exist between the researchers and their subjects, or between the government and the researchers.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A March 2013 Congressional Research Service report on the Shelby amendment notes that its scope “excludes personal and business-related confidential data.”</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-Texas) asked Smith who he wanted to pass along the research data to, he said, “<b>Dr. James Enstrom.”</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It turns out that Mr. Smith’s preferred expert for more than two decades has been closely connected to the American tobacco industry, reviled for its promotion of deceptive marketing and faux-science.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'I Understand Science Better'</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Enstrom, an epidemiologist, is perhaps best known for his work on tobacco industry-funded studies, including studies on the health effects of tobacco and second-hand smoke.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">His first published work as an epidemiologist, which wasn't funded by the industry, “Cancer Mortality Among Mormons” (1975), found that Mormons’ low consumption of tobacco and alcohol seemed linked to lower cancer rates than the general population.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That said, Enstrom’s attempts to be funded by the tobacco industry go back to the beginning of his career, as communications as far back as 1975 indicate. Enstrom received $233,500 from 1992 to 1998 from the tobacco industry-sponsored Council for Tobacco Research. In 1997, as anti-tobacco lawsuits were leading to the dissolution of CTR, Enstrom solicited and received $150,000 directly from Philip Morris for research based on his idea that “there may indeed be a threshold below which tobacco use is not related to mortality.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Given the tobacco industry’s widespread campaign of deliberate deceit about the health risks of smoking, tobacco-funded research is now considered tainted.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a 2007 essay, Enstrom accused the entire field of epidemiology of “science McCarthyism.” He finds the move to restrict tobacco-industry funding for research into the health effects of tobacco to be the equivalent of the Soviet government’s efforts to create a "regime of truth" by outlawing research into genetics.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Enstrom has argued depictions of him as a “tobacco industry consultant,” including the one made by Johnson, are “defamatory.” [told singer to sue oreskes]
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As the tobacco money dried up, Enstrom switched over to industry-funded studies of air pollution.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a 2005 study funded by Electric Power Research Institute, Enstrom failed to find a “relationship between ﬁne particulate pollution and total mortality in elderly Californians,” in contrast to conclusions reached in previous work by the American Cancer Society.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a telephone interview from his home in Los Angeles, Enstrom said he’s not biased towards industry but towards the science, and is so often at loggerheads with other researchers because he’s smarter than epidemiologists with medical or other backgrounds. “I'm saying I understand science better,” he said.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whether or not Enstrom’s views on science are better, many are unusual.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For example, Enstrom had no explanation regarding how fine-particulate pollution could have been found to be deadly at various points in the past, as multiple studies around the globe have found, but are not now in California, as he hypothesizes. He told me that the burden of proof should be on the mainstream medical community, because there isn’t medical research that explains how soot causes cardiopulmonary diseases.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We don't have a mechanism,” he said.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But just to cite one of many well-regarded studies on the topic, a decade-old report from the National Research Council noted that there is “growing clinical and epidemiological evidence that ambient air pollution can precipitate acute cardiac events, such as angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Enstrom said he believed that there are potential benefits to exposure to air pollution and radiation. He cited the concept of "hormesis," a controversial scientific concept that hasn't gained widespread acceptance among scientists and is generally reviled by environmentalists.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> He said hormesis posits that “below a certain level of pollution there's a loss of natural immunity; if the air is too clean the body doesn't necessarily protect itself.”</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I believe there's a lot of evidence supporting the validity of hormesis,” he told me.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Unsolicited, Enstrom then made a point to defend the rampant climate-science denial among the Republican members of the House Science Committee. “We should be all thankful that we live in a country where freedom of speech is allowed,” he said.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Private Medical Records</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the main concerns from environmentalists, science advocates, Democrats and others about Smith's demands for the Harvard and American Cancer Society data is that the data includes confidential, personal health information from participants who were promised confidentiality. Such a disclosure of the data would violate their trust, they maintain.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet Smith and his aides (and Enstrom) insist there are ways that participants can be "de-identified."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Even if you were unable to de-identify the documents, you were still required to produce them,” Smith wrote in a September 3 letter to EPA administrator Gina McCarthy. “We are confident the data can be de-identified with relative ease.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But many, including the author of the Six Cities study, argue Smith's position is faulty.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Anonymizing doesn’t work,” said Frank Speizer. “To know enough from the medical records to be able to replicate the results gives you enough information to personally identify individuals.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Speizer added that the specter of being forced to disclose private data is a "stigma" on new research. “How do you get investigators to do this work?" he asked. "How are you going to get people to participate?”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The data included in Harvard Six Cities includes detailed medical records, tests, visits on 8,000 individuals,” explained Greenbaum of the Health Effects Institute. “There are sworn signed statements that we will not disclose this information in any way.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“One of the principal rules that goes throughout science," said Greenbaum, is that "you are really constrained from presenting the data in more than aggregated form.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For example, Greenbaum noted, when the studies were first done, researchers relied on having one or two air monitors in each city and estimating that the exposure reflects everyone in that city. There are now improved methodologies that are based on where people live. “If you know where somebody lives, and when they died, you know who they are,” he explained.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When I presented Greenbaum’s points to Enstrom, he conceded that Greenbaum could be right. “You’re raising concerns that I don’t want to deal with in this phone call,” said Enstrom.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Secret Science Reform Act</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The August subpoena authorized the committee to directly mandate that Harvard University and the American Cancer Society turn over their confidential records. Despite Smith’s rhetoric about the multi-trillion-dollar importance of getting access to the patient records, his committee has only gone after the EPA.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since the EPA doesn’t actually have the confidential medical records, he has changed course, with a new and much broader line of attack.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On February 6,<b> Smith and Rep. David Schweikert (R-Ariz.) introduced the Secret Science Reform Act.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The bill is less than a page long, but it is breathtaking in scope. It forbids the EPA from taking any kind of action – regulatory, advisory, or enforcement – unless the action relies entirely on scientific research that has had all of its data made public.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Unlike the “secret science” subpoena effort, the bill doesn’t try to force the disclosure of confidential data. Instead, it calls for the exclusion of any such research in EPA actions.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Virtually every regulation proposed by the Obama administration has been justified by nontransparent data and unverifiable claims,” said Smith in his press release announcing the bill. “The American people foot the bill for EPA’s costly regulations, and they have a right to see the underlying science.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental advocates say it would have been difficult to launch a more potentially devastating attack on the EPA and its stated mission, "to protect human health and the environment."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Anyone who understood anything about EPA and the myriad responsibilities and legal authorities it has to undertake at the direction of Congress could not have written a two-paragraph bill that more thoroughly disrupts the agency’s ability to protect the public,” said clean-air advocate John Walke of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “One gasps at how oblivious it is to a vast array of unintended and absurd consequences.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The potential public health implications go beyond preventing the EPA from regulating air pollution.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One example: In June, 2010, the Gulf Coast was reeling from the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster. Millions of barrels of crude were gushing into the gulf, treated with millions of gallons of deep-sea chemical dispersants. In Jackson, Mississippi, state legislators convened a series of hearings on the disaster, which BP officials refused to attend.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Legislators – even Steven Palazzo, now a member of the House Science Committee and a co-sponsor the Secret Science Reform Act – asked if the dispersants could make made Gulf seafood toxic.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The chemical composition of those dispersants was and remains confidential.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another example: Walke noted that the Elk River chemical spill in West Virginia earlier this year involved one chemical the EPA knew about but was shrouded in secrecy, and another they didn’t know about at all. More than 100 people were made sick by exposure to the chemical, and about 300,000 residents were warned not to use their tap water in any capacity.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Smith bill, if in effect, in both cases would have prevented the EPA from acting on known dangers that it learned about from confidential information – so therefore, had the law been in place, the agency could not have acted to prevent the circumstances that led to either spill, nor could they have assisted in the spills' aftermath.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Said Walke: "That is ridiculous!"</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Weird Science</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smith hasn't used his perch as committee chairman only to try to make life miserable for environmental regulators. He's got a thing for scientists, too.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The bookish-appearing Smith, who wears round rimless glasses and generally has a quiet, respectful demeanor, has cast his agenda regarding the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> $7 billion National Science Foundation with Texas-sized swagger. “I’m going to have a little fun with them,” he told the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce February 5. “I’m going to change the way the grants are awarded if I have my way.”</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On April 18, 2013, Smith introduced a draft of the <b>High Quality Research Act</b></span><b>, which would compel the NSF director to certify that every grant is for “groundbreaking” research that “solves problems that are of utmost importance to society at large.”</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Inasmuch as the grants come before the results of the research are known, the proposed act was rightly considered absurd.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smith and other GOP members of the committee argue that the NSF awards far too many grants on topics of an unserious nature, which do little but allow left-leaning scientists to travel to often-exotic locales on the federal dime.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He and the other committee Republicans looked at the most recent crop of 164 NSF grants issued the month before he introduced his NSF bill for examples. Looking at titles alone, and not the substance of the proposals -– which is what one prominent Democrat says Smith did -– questions might understandably be raised about whether taxpayers should be paying for the studies.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the grants 164 the NSF announced in March, 2013, was titled, “Picturing Animals in National Geographic, 1888-2008.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Soon after, the Washington Times asked, “[C]an the government really afford to spend $227,437 to study pictures of animals in National Geographic magazines?”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A month later, <b>Rep. Bill Posey (R-Fla.) challenged John Holdren,</b> President Obama's top science advisor, to justify that and other NSF-funded studies, saying “it’s just hard to conceive how those are important to our national security or our national interest.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smith sent a letter to acting NSF director Cora Merritt listing the abstract titles for five grants, including the one regarding National Geographic, questioning their “intellectual merit.” The other grants, which ranged from $152,000 to $435,000, were titled "Comparative Histories of Scientific Conservation: Nature, Science, and Society in Patagonian and Amazonian South America”; “The International Criminal Court and the Pursuit of Justice”; “Comparative Network Analysis: Mapping Global Social Interactions”; and “Regulating Accountability and Transparency in China’s Dairy Industry.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet put in context, it's clear that these studies could be defined as being in the national interest, using a wide range of definitions. According to the NSF Award Abstract, Megan Tracy, an anthropologist with James Madison University, is studying, in part, "how individuals, motivated by global scandals and the pressure to prevent future incidents, transmit and transform food safety regulations and best practices across international borders."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And Maxine Kamari Clarke, a Yale-based anthropologist, will be studying the arrest warrants the International Criminal Court has pursued against African national leaders, as it pertains to "international justice and human rights as these concepts have been interpreted by the [ICC] and the African Union Commission."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All five grants were issued by the NSF Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During his tenure as chair, Smith has attacked a total of 20 different NSF grants by name, 18 of which are in the social sciences. (The other two were related to climate change.)</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Remarkably, two-thirds of these grant recipients are female scientists. Smith’s attacks on research conducted by women took some effort, as females represent only about 30 percent of practicing scientists.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Democrats suspect that Smith's filter doesn’t appear to go beyond reading the names of the abstracts. “It has been my experience that some members read the titles of the research grants but seldom read the substance behind the headlines,” said Science Committee member Rep. Donna Edwards, (D-Md.), referring to Smith.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Just as she did when Smith tried to subpoena the Harvard and American Cancer Society data, Johnson, the panel's top Democrat, again issued a harsh rebuke to Smith after he introduced the High Quality Research Act.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"This is the first step on a path that would destroy the merit-based review process at NSF and intrudes political pressure into what is widely viewed as the most effective and creative process for awarding research funds in the world," Johnson wrote April 26 of last year. "In the history of this Committee, no Chairman has ever put themselves forward as an expert in the science that underlies specific grant proposals funded by the NSF."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington-based advocates for scientific research say the peer-review process by which NSF grants have been funded works well and is accepted as the best available system –- and that allowing politics to be interjected into the process would be potentially disastrous.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The veiled attack on the merit review system is a serious concern. Scientists come together to volunteer their time and evaluate your competitors’ research. You’re only going to fund the best ideas. It’s not a perfect system, but it’s the best system we do have,” said Erin Cadwalader of the Association for Women in Science, herself a biomedical scientist. “It’s important science remain separate from partisan politics.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It’s hard to predict what ideas are going to yield what’s useful and fruitful,” said Cadwalader. “You can’t study heart development without understanding how heart cells communicate with each other. It’s tedious and not very sexy, but it’s what has to be done to understand how to treat heart disease.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Barry Toiv, a spokesman for the American Association of Universities, which represents top public and private research universities, agreed.<b> “Some of the most extraordinary results have come from research that sounds completely uninteresting, funny, weird, irrelevant,” he said.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After months of criticism, Smith slightly watered down the HQRA language into a provision in the FIRST Act, which stands for Frontiers in Innovation, Research, Science, and Technology. The bill is a 2-year reauthorization of NSF programs that still requires NSF officials to certify every research grant as “in the national interest.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On May 1, Holdren told attendees of a forum sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science that the FIRST Act "would have an extraordinarily unfortunate effect" on the NSF's grantmaking process, according to an account from ScienceInsider.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I think that NSF’s peer-review process has proven itself over the years in a manner that has made it the envy of the world,” said Holdren. “Everybody else is trying to mimic the success NSF has had from funding research. I don’t think we should be trying to fix something that isn’t broken.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a question and answer session after his talk, Holdren got to the heart of the matter. The bill, he said, "appears aimed at narrowing the focus of NSF-funded research to domains that are applied to various national interests other than simply advancing the progress of science."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Facing Draconian Funding Cuts</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“If you look at where we are as a nation, the greatest need is more jobs, to get our economy started,” Rep. <b>Sherwood Boehlert, (R</b>-N.Y.), the chairman of the House Science Committee from 2001 until his retirement in 2007, said in a telephone interview from his home in upstate New York. “Most jobs come from the development of new technology, which come from government investment, especially in the basic science enterprise.”</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the request of Boehlert, the National Academy of Sciences developed a 2007 report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, that set goals for greatly expanding the science workforce to ensure America’s future economic competitiveness. The first authorization of the bipartisan Competes Act was 2007, with initial reauthorization in 2010. The goal was to double funding for key agencies in seven years.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The economy tanked and that didn’t happen. Today, the U.S. scientific enterprise is in retreat.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Since the Republican takeover of Congress, the gap between the goals of the 2010 Competes Act and actual science funding has widened into a chasm, with the cuts mandated by sequestration in 2013 adding insult to injury.</span> Only the engineering and computer science directorates at NSF have enjoyed funding in line with inflation, while the other directorates have remained flat or fallen into decline.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In science, when you cut research funding, you're cutting the research as well as the training of the next generation of scientists,” said Toiv. “Training researchers occurs at the same time as you get the research done. You're sending a message to potential young scientists: get out while you can.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The FIRST Act not only calls for funding that doesn’t even keep up with inflation, it intends to cut funding for the social and economic sciences by 45 percent. Social sciences have never been a major portion of NSF funding. This bill suggests even that is too much.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smith's war on social science spells doom for his professed goals for American science in general.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Policy Objective D of the FIRST Act is “expanding the pool of scientists and engineers in the United States, including among segments of the population that have been historically underrepresented" in the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet, “it seems like a contradiction to say we’re going to prioritize doing these things without providing the funding to answer the questions of how to do this,” said Cadwalader.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The House Anti-Science Committee</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The salvos against soot regulations and social science are examples of extreme rhetoric with potentially disastrous consequences to the scientific enterprise in return for relatively small gains to corporate polluters.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But the existence of climate change represents an existential threat to the fossil-fuel industry, and the Republican Party has become, as political historian and former GOP operative Kevin Phillips writes, the vehicle for “petroleum-defined national security.” It's global warming that sparks the Science Committee’s most aggressive language.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The March 26 hearing before the Science Committee to review the President’s proposed science budget was a typical display.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After Smith gaveled in the hearing, he launched directly into an attack on climate science. “Unfortunately, this administration’s science budget focuses, in my view, far too much money, time, and effort on alarmist predictions of climate change,” he said.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">After the likes of Posey, Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.) and Rep. Randy Weber (R-Texas) took turns trying to mock and belittle White House science advisor John Holdren,</span> it became clear that by the time Smith called on the last committee member, Rep. Eric Swalwell, a Democrat from California, Swalwell had had enough. He had listened to more than his fill of climate denial, science-bashing and general hostility toward the witness.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Swalwell, at 33 the committee's youngest member, warned Holdren about where Republicans might try to lead him the next time he's called to testify.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"At this rate, frankly, I'd say you should be prepared to address whether the earth is round or flat – that might come up – or whether indeed gravity is happening," said Swalwell. "You never know what could fly at you from what we've seen already."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This story was supported by The American Independent Institute.</font></em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CORRECTION</strong>: A previous version of this story misstated the meaning of "PM2.5," which refers to the diameter of fine particles, not their prevalence.</font></em></p></div><footer style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="follow bottom-tags" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 17px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.2; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MORE:</font></h2><span class="group" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="entrytag" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/lamar-smith/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 195); text-decoration-line: none; 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</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">timeline </span><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/daily/graphics/regs_081604.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/daily/graphics/regs_081604.html</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">THE FINE PRINT | 
A Policy Puts Science on Trial</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">very good chart http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/graphics/dataQualityChart_081704.html</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ctr reg eff, cei, acc, last 2 together on pthalates, mic, cei 4x, dow, asbestos, 3 sen v epa 3/7/03 oil gas on stormwater, perc, ranch, USCoC, public employees for environmental responsibilty PEER good guys, EWG</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Rick Weiss</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington Post Staff Writer</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Monday, <b>August 16, 2004</b>; Page A01</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Second of three articles</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Things were not looking good a few years ago for the makers of<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font color="#ff0000"> atrazine,</font> America's second-leading weedkiller.</span> The company was seeking approval from the Environmental Protection Agency to keep the highly profitable product on the market. But scientists were finding it was disrupting hormones in wildlife -- in some cases turning frogs into bizarre creatures bearing both male and female sex organs.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Last October, concerns about the herbicide led the European Union to ban atrazine, starting in 2005. Yet that same month, after 10 years of contentious scientific review, the EPA decided to permit ongoing use in the United States with no new restrictions.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[An Agency Takes a Turn</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Under President Bush, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has made sometimes subtle changes in regulations that carry large consequences for workers and employers. <b>Across the government, the Bush administration has started fewer regulations and killed more of the proposals Bush inherited than two predecessors. </b>TB]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000">A last-minute addition to an unrelated piece of legislation has created a tool for attacking the science used by federal agencies as a basis for new regulations. Industry has embraced the Data Quality Act to challenge 32 major proposals</font>, including a successful assault on efforts to restrict the use of the herbicide <b>atrazine.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Herbicide approvals are complicated, and there is no one reason that atrazine passed regulatory muster in this country. But close observers give significant credit to a single sentence that was added to the EPA's final scientific assessment last year.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hormone disruption, it read, cannot be considered a "legitimate regulatory endpoint at this time" -- that is, it is not an acceptable reason to restrict a chemical's use -- because the government had not settled on an officially accepted test for measuring such disruption.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Those words, which effectively rendered moot hundreds of pages of scientific evidence, were adopted by the EPA as a result of a petition filed by a Washington consultant working with atrazine's primary manufacturer, Syngenta Crop Protection. <font color="#ff0000">The petition was filed under the Data Quality Act,</font> a little-known piece of legislation that, under President Bush's Office of Management and Budget, has become a potent tool for companies seeking to beat back regulation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist and <font color="#ff0000">slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 without congressional discussion or debate </font>-- is just <b>two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable</b>. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000"><b>John D. Graham,</b> administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)<b>,</b></font><b> who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science.</b>" He said the act,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities."</span></font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry</span>. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry.</b> Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the <b>analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, policy or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Among the petitions:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• <b>The <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">American Chemistry Council</span> and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated with heavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment.[see appendiz, acsh?]</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• <b>Logging</b> groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Sugar</span> interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The <font color="#ff0000">Salt Institute</font> and the U.S. <b>Chamber of Commerce </b>challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Nickel Development Institute and other nickel interests challenged a government report on the hazards of that metal.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers petitioned the CPSC to retract data that ranked the risk of lint fires in various clothes dryers.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental and consumer groups say the Data Quality Act fits into a larger Bush administration agenda. In the past six months, more than<b> 4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science.</b></font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman">From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment.</span>"</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That's a view that Christopher C. <b>Horner </b>of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "whiny."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">--</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Hey, you're making me be accurate," he mocked. "I have no sympathy for that."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Horner said the act, if anything, has proved less useful than anticipated to groups such as his that seek to minimize government regulation. And figures from the OMB confirm that agencies have in many cases resisted challenges to their scientific findings.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Of the 39 Data Quality Act petitions in The Post's analysis, five have resulted in at least some of the changes sought -- all of them filed by industry interests. Five were denied, five were diverted by the agencies to other bureaucratic avenues, and 24 are pending.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Yet there are signs, Graham acknowledged, that<b> petitioners are becoming more innovative </b>in their use of the act. And petitioners are<b> homing in on agencies whose mission is to protect the environment and public health. </b>The most heavily petitioned are the Environmental Protection Agency, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Institutes of Health, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Studying Atrazine </b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000">Nearly 80 million pounds of atrazine are sprayed on tens of millions of U.S. acres every year, mostly on corn. </font>It is, according to the EPA, the most prevalent herbicide in ground and surface water, remaining stable and toxic for decades in some environments.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is also a major source of revenue for Syngenta, a Swiss company with U.S. headquarters in Greensboro, N.C., that sells hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of the chemical every year.</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">It has been nearly five decades since atrazine was first "registered" -- meaning it was approved for use under certain conditions</span>. Over the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">years, as more was learned about the chemical's potential toxicity to wildlife and humans, it came under increasing federal scrutiny and regulatory restriction. The<b> number of pounds that farmers can legally apply per acre has progressively been reduced, and users have been required to keep the chemical farther and farther away from wells, lakes and reservoirs.</b></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000">For decades, the main concern was cancer. The chemical clearly causes cancer in rats, and male workers in Syngenta's production facility in Louisiana have experienced much higher rates of prostate cancer than other men statewide</font>. But studies supported by Syngenta recently convinced the EPA that the mechanism by which atrazine causes cancer in rats probably does not occur in people. (The company said the only reason for the high rate of prostate cancer in its workers is that it has an aggressive screening program that finds cases that would otherwise go undetected.) Studies are ongoing, but the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> EPA has for now backed off atrazine's cancer threat.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Hermaphrodite frogs</b>, however, have been more difficult to dismiss.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that atrazine may scramble hormones in frogs and other animals. The European Union has officially declared the chemical an endocrine disrupter. Given those concerns, Syngenta's predecessor company -- Novartis Agribusiness -- decided early in the EPA's review not to leave the question up to government scientists. In 1998, it hired a private risk-assessment service, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">EcoRisk</span> Inc. of Ferndale, Wash., to arrange experiments on atrazine's environmental impacts.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EcoRisk, whose past clients include the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Chlorine Chemistry Council, Dow Chemical and Ciba-Geigy Corp</span>., in turn hired Tyrone B.<b> Hayes</b>, a professor of integrative biology and an expert in frog development at the University of California at Berkeley. Hayes holds a biology degree from Harvard and a doctorate in amphibian development from Berkeley, where he was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> tenured at age 30 and became the university's youngest full professor.[almost]</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As part of a team of scientists assembled by EcoRisk, Hayes tested the effects of atrazine on tadpoles of African clawed frogs, a popular "lab rat" species for scientists. Male tadpoles raised with no atrazine in the water developed normally. But those exposed to atrazine were "demasculinized." They had smaller larynxes (voice boxes), their testosterone levels were one-tenth of normal levels, and many grew up as hermaphrodites, with a mix of male and female traits. Moreover, the effects appeared with very small exposures -- just 0.1 parts per billion, or the equivalent of one drop of atrazine in 5,000 40-gallon barrels of water. That's one-thirtieth the level currently allowed in U.S. drinking water.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Hayes sought to publish his work and have the data considered by the EPA, the company told him to run the tests again, said Hayes and Tim Pastoor, a Syngenta vice president.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> When repeated studies confirmed the worrisome link, <b>Hayes was reminded that his contract forbade him to publish without Syngenta's approval. </b></span><b>He was told that his data ought to be passed to a company-selected statistician for double-checking.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hayes quit EcoRisk and repeated his experiments on his own, expanding his work to include other frog species. In one follow-up study of 200 leopard frogs caught in the wild, he found that 100 percent of males in areas that had been treated with atrazine had abnormal sex organs. No such problems were seen in frogs from untreated regions. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He published his results in two prestigious journals, Nature in 2002 and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. That ensured the EPA would consider his findings.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"We showed that these animals are chemically castrated," Hayes said.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ernest Smith, a developmental biologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock and a member of the EcoRisk team, denied that EcoRisk or Syngenta tried to bury Hayes's results.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I think there were some communications breakdowns," he said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smith noted that studies conducted by the other team members had contradicted Hayes's data. Some showed health effects only at higher atrazine doses, while others found no effect at all.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A special EPA science panel would eventually level stinging criticisms at those studies for their poor design and sloppy implementation. Still, the conflicting results left the atrazine question at a standoff. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That is when the company turned to the Data Quality Act -- and <font color="#ff0000">Jim J. Tozzi.</font></span></font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>'Working the Regulatory Process' </b></font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data qualit</span>y. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the<font color="#ff0000"> Triazine Network,</font> a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides.<b> But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group.<font color="#ff0000"> "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</font></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan.</b> Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.<b> It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen<i>, </i></b>a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which <font color="#ff0000">almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.</font></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke</span>. That is when he <b>pioneered the tactic of attacking the science</b> behind proposed regulations.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support,<font color="#ff0000"> he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to<b> Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee</b>. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</font></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, </b>which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and<font color="#ff0000"> Sen. Richard C. Shelby </font>(R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font color="#993399" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font color="#ff0000">"John Graham</font> came in, and he did an unbelievable job,"</span> Tozzi said. <b>"Better than I could have done had I been there myself."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Politicizing the Process </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graham had been the head of Harvard's Center for Risk Analysis, an institution funded primarily by contributions from more than 100 industry and trade association donors. While there, he had amassed a reputation as a skilled critic of the cost of regulation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In one analysis, conducted with funding from the auto industry, he concluded that it would be a mistake to require side air bags in cars because they would cost $400,000 for every year of life saved. Independent experts reviewing his work found that the figure was actually about $60,000, and Graham had to rewrite his article -- and change his conclusion -- before it could be published in a prestigious medical journal.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Bush nominated Graham to head the OIRA, many citizen and environmental groups vehemently objected and <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">more than one-third of the Senate voted no.</span> In his first few months, Graham sent many near-final regulations back to the agencies that had proposed them, often saying he was not convinced they were worth the cost.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Then he turned to the job of implementing the Data Quality Act.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By the fall of 2001, Graham's office had published detailed guidelines for implementing the act.</span> A year later, federal agencies started accepting petitions requesting that they withdraw information that allegedly did not meet OMB standards for "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity."</font></b></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Individual agencies are responsible for reviewing the challenged data and deciding whether they are indeed reliable.<font color="#ff0000"> But the OMB, a part of the White House, oversees the process closely -</font>- through involvement in the agencies' deliberations and by demanding annual reports describing how agencies dealt with each petition.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OMB staff members have been providing "extensive assistance to agencies in preparing responses to correction requests," Graham acknowledged. "OMB oversight is critical to make sure that agencies handle these requests in a diligent and consistent manner," he said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graham said the OMB's unprecedented foray into science is justified in part because the data in question often serve as a foundation for costly regulation, which the OMB oversees. To fulfill the new role, Graham hired the OMB's first nine career scientists, including six with PhDs.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">he Data Quality Act, or at least something like it, "was absolutely needed," said<b><font color="#ff0000"> </font></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b><font color="#ff0000">Horner</font></b> of the Competitive Enterprise Institute.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet Steinzor, the Maryland environmental lawyer, and other critics complain that the OMB's involvement politicizes the process. The expertise of the handful of scientists hired by Graham, they say, cannot match that of the thousands of experts on agency staffs.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And while Graham said the OMB still supports weight-of-the-evidence analyses, Steinzor and others contend that the Data Quality Act <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">inherently focuses on individual snippets of data</span> -- each of which is inevitably open to criticism -- instead of on overarching bodies of evidence.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"You can get lost in the minutiae, and that's exactly where they want you to go," Steinzor said. "They just pick, pick, pick, until you're so addled you can't protect people or the environment."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Tool for Decreasing Regulation </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A few environmental and public interest groups have tried to use the Data Quality Act. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility</span>, a Washington-based group that helps federal scientists who believe their data are being suppressed, has filed three petitions under the act.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One challenged the credibility of a Defense Department document supporting a proposed Army Corps of Engineers project; one contended that the Fish and Wildlife Service had made selective use of data to conclude that hunters should be allowed to shoot rare trumpeter swans; and one charged that Fish and Wildlife had used unsound science to develop "an inadequate recovery plan" for the Florida panther.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I'm not sure it is the sharpest tool in the environmental toolbox, but at least it is a tool," said executive director Jeff Ruch, adding that the swan petition lost and the other two are still under review.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many citizen groups and environmental activists believe the Data Quality Act will always be more useful to those seeking to decrease government regulation. Newly proposed regulations must be justified with evidence, they note, and the act is designed specifically to challenge such evidence.</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"What it really can do best is slow the regulatory process," said Sean Moulton, a senior policy analyst with <font color="#ff0000">OMB Watch</font>, a government watchdog group. "And even a simple delay of a rule can mean a huge financial windfall for an industry."</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the first 20 months, a handful of petitions -- all from industry -- have been at least partly successful. In one, the Competitive Enterprise Institute had wording added to a multi-agency federal climate change report stating that the report's findings did not meet Data Quality Act standards.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In another, a law firm with corporate clients in asbestos litigation got the EPA to agree to make changes in its booklet that offers warnings and safety advice to brake mechanics.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet another, filed by a group that receives funding from the conservative<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Scaife Foundation, succeeded in getting the National Institutes of Health to downgrade warnings about the effects of smokeless tobacco. </span>And then there was the atrazine challenge.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Manufacturing Uncertainty' </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>That petition, filed by Tozzi, made a two-pronged attack on the effort to regulate atrazine more stringently</b>. The first was to claim that the evidence for atrazine's gender-bending effects in frogs was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> not fully reproduced </span>by other Syngenta-funded EcoRisk scientists. The second was to claim that the EPA did not have the proper test to prove atrazine had ill effects.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><u>Tozzi said reliance on irreproducible results would violate the Data Quality Act because information that is not reproducible is "not accurate, reliable or useful."</u></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><u>
</u></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><u>As evidence of irreproducibility, he pointed to the dozen or so studies <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">sponsored by Syngenta</span> in addition to Hayes's study. An independent panel of experts convened by the EPA had already expressed exasperation over the conflicting results and mistakes they found in the design and implementation of those studies.</u></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In at least two of the studies the "control" frogs that were supposed to be atrazine-free were later found to have been in water contaminated with atrazine, an error the scientists said was unintentional. Another set of Syngenta studies was found to be unreliable because<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 80 to 90 percent of the animals died, apparently as a result of inadequate care.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Essentially what Syngenta-funded scientists did "was produce a number of studies that were purposefully flawed and misleading, and that changed the weight of the evidence," Hayes said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>While the EPA review also found some flaws in Hayes's studies, his<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> conclusions have been echoed by at least four other independent research teams in three countries.</span></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"What a coincidence that everybody can find an effect of atrazine on gonads," Hayes said, "except [those] funded by Syngenta."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Michaels, a professor of occupational and environmental health at George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, said<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> even a good study will appear "not reproducible" if enough bad studies are thrown into the mix.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I call this 'manufacturing uncertainty,' and there is a whole industry to do this," said Michaels, who was the Energy Department's assistant secretary for environment, safety and health under Clinton. "They reanalyze the data to make [previously firm] conclusions disappear -- poof. Then they say one study says yes and the other says no, so we're nowhere."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pastoor of Syngenta said there was no conspiracy to create conflicting data.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I don't think it's extending things too far to say atrazine may be one of the best studied chemicals on the face of the earth," he said. "Unfortunately -- or fortunately, depending on how you look at it," other EcoRisk team members "could not replicate what Tyrone had done."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Hayes was not the only team member who at least privately agreed that atrazine was having some effect on frogs. Team member <b>James Carr of Texas Tech told Hayes</b> in an e-mail in February 2003: "I agree with you that the important issue is for everyone involved to come to grips with (and stop minimizing) the fact that independent laboratories have demonstrated an effect of atrazine on gonadal differentiation in frogs.<b> There is no denying this."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>The second prong of Tozzi's attack</b> was that the EPA had not designated tests that would serve as the gold standard of proof of hormone disruption in frogs.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The EPA does have certain "guideline tests" that can automatically trigger regulation, including some that measure certain health effects of chemicals on wildlife. But not for hormone disruption.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jennifer Sass, a scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, said<b> Tozzi's position flies in the face of decades of regulatory science. She said the evidence on atrazine's effects was more than convincing by traditional standards. The act, she said, has "hamstrung EPA's ability to express anything that it couldn't back up with a mountain of data. It basically blocked EPA scientists from expressing an expert opinion."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hayes said he supports efforts at the EPA to create a gold standard test. However, he said, "when we discover a pattern like this, we know we have a problem. Yes, we should work to validate it perfectly.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <b>But in the meantime, let's not keep using 80 million pounds of atrazine per year while we figure it out."</b></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Avoiding Tighter Restrictions </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The EPA ultimately agreed with Tozzi that the lack of such a test prevented it from regulating atrazine as a hormone disruptor -- a concession many environmentalists found surprising.</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>No one claims that Syngenta's Data Quality Act petition was single-handedly responsible for giving atrazine's renewed approval the green light. But coming at the end of an arduous 10-year review, the data quality challenge was "the final one-two-three punch," said Sass of the NRDC, which has sued the EPA repeatedly on atrazine.</b></font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">She and others said that once the EPA conceded that it could not regulate atrazine as a hormone disrupter, Syngenta was free to reach the regulatory finish line.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff0000">In closed meetings -- details of which the EPA has declined to release -- company representatives and EPA officials worked out a plan to avoid tighter restrictions</font><b><u>. Instead, the plan calls for Syngenta to track atrazine levels in 40 U.S. watersheds over the next three years</u></b> to see how farmers are doing in their efforts to minimize contamination. I<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">f concentrations rise above a level that the company agrees is "of concern," then the company will work with the farmers to try to reduce the levels.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The company will also fund more studies on frogs [kloas?]and reanalyze its data on employee cancers.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The resolution, Sass said, was "basically negotiated instead of going with a scientific rationale."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Asked why other stakeholders, such as environmental groups or outside scientists, were not allowed to be part of the negotiations as they were in earlier stages of atrazine's review, James Jones, director of the EPA's office of pesticide programs, said<b> opening the meetings</b> "would be incredibly<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> complicated and would create a disincentive for the company to come to the table."[//range resources frack?]</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exempting Atrazine </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In June, Tozzi filed his latest Data Quality Act petition.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This time it was directed at the National Toxicology Program. That is a part of the <b>National Institutes of Health that reviews chemicals to see if they cause cancer.</b></font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The program had announced in the Federal Register that atrazine was among a long list of chemicals that it was considering for examination. In his petition, <b>Tozzi seized on a few sentences from the program's description of its chemical review procedures. He claimed that those sentences contained discrepancies that violated the Data Quality Act.</b></font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Therefore, he wrote, the <font color="#ff0000">program should be barred from reviewing the cancer-causing potential of any chemicals</font>. In particular, the petition noted, atrazine.[ WTF?]</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Researchers Lucy Shackelford and Julie Tate contributed to this report.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">----</font></div><div><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><h2 itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Debating Shelby</font></h2><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><p class="summary" itemprop="description" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Sentiments expressed at a March 12 </span><font color="#ff0000">National Academy of Sciences </font><font color="#333333">workshop suggest that scientists and policy-makers remain very concerned about data access issues related to the now infamous Shelby Amendment. The amendment, a two-line provision added by</font><font color="#ff0000"> Sen. Richard Shelby</font><font color="#333333"> (R-Ala.) to an omnibus appropriations law for fiscal year 1999, subjects federally funded scientific research to requests for data made under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).1 Its inclusion sparked a debate between indust</font></font></p><p class="subHeader" style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="authors">By <span itemprop="author">Eugene Russo</span></span> | <span class="date">April 2<b>, 2001</b></span></font></p><p class="subHeader" style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></p></div><div><div class="intro" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Sentiments expressed at a March 12 National Academy of Sciences workshop suggest that scientists and policy-makers remain very concerned about data access issues related to the<b> now infamous Shelby Amendment. </b>The amendment, a two-line provision added by <span class="bold">Sen. Richard Shelby</span> (R-Ala.) to an omnibus appropriations law for fiscal year 1999, subjects federally funded scientific research to requests for data made under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).<sup>1</sup> Its inclusion sparked a debate between industry stakeholders and scientists. The former endorsed the amendment as a means of challenging scientific studies that support costly regulations; the latter expressed concerns about increased paperwork, intellectual property searches by industry and academic competitors, unwarranted access to personal information on research subjects, and even deliberate use of the amendment by industry to reinterpret data and harass researchers.</font></div><p style="margin: 14px 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">After receiving thousands of public comments, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reinterpreted the amendment, reaffirming FOIA's privacy trade and secrecy protections, and limiting requested data to published or cited research used by the federal government in developing legally binding agency actions.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Thus far, the legislation has not been extensively tested. The National Institutes of Health has granted only four FOIA requests and denied three. The Environmental Protection Agency has received only a handful of requests.</span></font></b></p><p style="margin: 14px 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many scientists and scientific institutions, including both the NAS and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, saw the OMB's interpretation as a big improvement. Several panelists at the NAS workshop approved as well, but they expressed continued concern. Workshop attendee <span class="bold">E. William Colgazier</span>, CEO of the NAS and the National Research Council, was hoping the OMB agreement would be acceptable to all interested parties. But after hearing discussion at the workshop, he called his outlook "less sanguine."</font></p><p style="margin: 14px 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NAS director <span class="bold">Bruce Alberts</span> said he understood the importance of openness in science, but he called FOIA an inappropriate tool for gaining that access. He worries that anybody can request data as a result of the Shelby amendment--that there's no "need to know" provision. He's particularly concerned that tobacco companies or organizations like the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) will soon use FOIA to harass researchers. <span class="bold">David G. Hawkins</span>, director of the Air and Energy Program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said his principle objection was Shelby's applying to only government-funded, and not privately supported, research. Organizations like his, said Hawkins, can't use FOIA to question data presented by industry, though industry can question the underlying data of federally funded research.</font></p><p style="margin: 14px 0px; line-height: 16.5px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#ff0000">The U.S. Chamber of Commerce </font></b><font color="#333333"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">has been among the most outspoken supporters of the original Shelby amendment and critics of the OMB revision. "The bottom line is that the data that needs to be shared is the data that is part of public policy, the data that actually imposes costs," said</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span></font><span class="bold" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>William L. Kovacs</b></span><font color="#333333"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, vice president of environment, technology, and regulatory affairs at the organization. He claims that the 4,000 new industry regulations established annually cost the U.S. economy $725 billion.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Kovacs is primarily concerned about the regulatory impact of studies like a Harvard University-led pollution study that was undertaken to measure the morbidity and mortality effects of particulate matter in six U.S. cities. Dubbed the <b>"six-city study," it was a big reason for Shelby introducing his amendment.</b></span></font></font></p><p style="margin: 14px 0px; line-height: 16.5px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Controlling for age, weight, occupation, education, and other factors, researchers found that the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Northeast cities nearest to</span></span><font color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> coal-burning plants</font><font color="#333333"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> had higher mortality rates.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Started in 1973, and continuing for more than two decades, the study was crucial to the EPA's tightening of ambient air quality standards. After business interests were denied access to the study's medical data (researchers cited concerns about the anonymity of the subjects involved), Harvard researchers enlisted an independent, nonprofit corporation called the Health Effects Institute (HEI) to do a data audit. HEI backed the data and the findings.</span></font></b></font></p><p style="margin: 14px 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Kovacs said that the Chamber of Commerce remains dissatisfied and continues to insist on seeing the data</b>. At the workshop, when asked by <span class="bold">David Korn</span>, senior vice president for biomedical and health sciences research at the Association of American Medical Colleges, what the U.S. Chamber would do with the data if they had it in hand, Kovacs suggested they'd have a team "reevaluate it." "And then what?" asked Korn. Kovacs gave no specifics. Regardless, he implied that a lawsuit challenging the OMB interpretation was a good possibility.</font></p><p style="margin: 14px 0px; line-height: 16.5px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#333333" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">More controversy could be looming with another, lesser-known amendment referred to as the</font><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <font color="#ff0000">"daughter of Shelby"</font><font color="#333333"> by </font><span class="bold" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Jim J. Tozzi</span><font color="#333333">, a member of the board of advisers at the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</font></b><font color="#333333"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Also passed as part of an omnibus spending bill, this "data quality" amendment says that the</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> OMB must issue regulations that define minimum thresholds of data quality disseminated by the federal government, and regulations that allow any outside party to petition the government for changing that data.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> According to Tozzi, the amendment requires that data that researchers are presenting to the government, to be used by the government, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">go through a "quality sieve."</span></font></font></p><div class="authorinfo" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eugene Russo can be contacted at <a href="mailto:erusso@the-scientist.com" style="color: rgb(45, 134, 203); text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">erusso@the-scientist.com</a>.</font></div><div class="refs" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. N. Halim, "A data access conundrum," <a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/2000/3/20/13/null" style="color: rgb(45, 134, 203); text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><em>The Scientist</em>, 14[6]:13, Mar. 20, 2000</a>.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><b><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman">DATA QUALITY ACT</font></b></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Publication date:</b><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </font><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Feb. 3, 2004</font><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </font><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">SHOULD WHITE HOUSE MUZZLE SCIENTISTS ON HEALTH AND SAFETY?</b><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A firestorm of debate over politicization of science has dogged a White House proposal that could limit the access of reporters and the public to scientific information about environmental health risks.</font></font><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">An August 2003 proposal by the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) would centralize under OMB the "peer review" of science by almost all government agencies - limiting disclosure of scientific results if OMB raises objections.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The OMB "Bulletin" - similar in some ways to an executive order in that it has largely the force of law for executive branch agencies like EPA, FDA, and the Interior Department - is an extension of authority claimed by the White House under the obscure "Data Quality Act." (See <a href="http://notes.sej.org/sej/tipsheet.nsf/80c21fb7123767b586256cd0000f3f91/5EEF154879EC39D986256DE2007A48E4?OpenDocument" target="blank">Nov. 19, 2003, <em>WatchDog TipSheet</em> article</a> with links to earlier articles). OMB, along with conservative and business groups, has claimed the Data Quality Act gives them authority to prevent "dissemination" of inaccurate information, although the law, still untested in the courts, does not define this term.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Debate over OMB's peer review bulletin has erupted both in a <a href="http://www7.nationalacademies.org/stl/peer_review_transcript.pdf" target="blank">National Academy of Sciences workshop</a> on Nov. 18, 2003, and in the <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/iq_list.html" target="blank">comments</a> in the formal docket on the regulatory proposal itself. On one side are the industry groups - who want to discredit the science underlying federal regulations that eat into their profits. On the other side are a number of scientists, scientific groups, environmental groups, and right-to-know groups, who fear the White House will use the new power to shape scientific findings to industry's liking.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John Graham, who heads OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) has advanced the proposal under the banner of "sound science." But many commenters on the proposal think it will manipulate science to produce the exact opposite.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While the Data Quality Act was quietly slipped into the 2001 appropriations bill without hearings on the representation that it was meant merely to correct technical errors, conservative forces quickly began trying to expand its scope. Since then it has been used by lawyers attempting to censor findings (such as those in the "National Assessment" of climate change impacts) reached by a consensus of scientists.</font></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The deadline for public comments on the OMB bulletin was Dec. 15, 2003, while federal agencies had until Jan. 14, 2004. In its proposed form, the bulletin was supposed to have taken effect on Jan. 1, 2004, but is unlikely to have any practical force until OMB issues it in final form - an action which could be months away.</font></span></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/2003iq/162.pdf" target="blank">One group of commenters</a> - 20 former top federal regulators (more from Dem than GOP administrations) including former EPA Administrators Carol Browner and Russell Train - called on OMB to withdraw the proposal and let the National Academy of Sciences handle the issue. ?</font></p><p><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Also calling for its withdrawal were Reps. Henry A<b>. Waxman</b> (CA), John F. Tierney (MA), and five other House Democrats. <font color="#ff0000">Waxman's staff maintains a <a href="http://www.house.gov/reform/min/politicsandscience/" target="blank">Congressional Web site</a> that tracks what it considers the Bush administration's political manipulation of science related to health and the environment.</font></font></span></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On the other side, saying the OMB proposal did not go far enough, were <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">GOP Reps. Jim Gibbons and Chris Cannon (UT), styling himself co-Chair of the "Sound Science Caucus,</span>" a group that declared its intention to form in Oct. 2003, a month after OMB proposed its bulletin, by a core of Western GOPers centered mainly in the<b> Resources Committee. They have gun sights trained on the <font color="#ff0000">"precautionary principle."</font></b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commenters generally supportive of the OMB bulletin included the<b> <font color="#ff0000">American Petroleum Institute</font>, National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, Industrial Minerals Association, American Farm Bureau Federation, National Cattlemen's<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Beef </span>Association and the Public Lands Council (jointly), Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, Nickel Development Institute, Styrene Information and Research Center, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chlorine</span> Chemistry Council, <font color="#ff0000">American Chemistry Council, CropLife America,</font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Edison Electric </span>Institute, National Association of Home Builders, the U.S.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chamber of Commerce, and the National Association of Manufacturers</span>. Some of the groups urged OMB to assume even more control of agency science.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Commenters opposing</b> or calling for major revisions of the bulletin included the <b>National Academy of Sciences,</b>Association of American Medical Colleges and Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (jointly), Ornithological Council, Federation of American Scientists, American Public Health Association, Ecological Society of America, and the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://members.sej.org/sej/tipsheet.php?ID=634"> http://members.sej.org/sej/tipsheet.php?ID=634</a>  supress sci</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font color="#ff0000">cei bs</font></b>: cato also</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div class="node-header" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 14.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: bolder; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Data Access Law: Promoting Accountability and Privacy</font></h2><div class="cei-subtitle" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; overflow: hidden;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On Point No. 44</font></div><div class="cei-authors" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; height: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By <a href="http://cei.org/contributor/james-t-oreilly" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">James T. O'Reilly</a></font></div><div class="cei-date" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; height: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 14, 1999</font></div></div><div class="node-body" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">With the passage of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1966, our society decided to promote government transparency: what is done in government’s name should be open to public oversight, with specific limited exemptions. Now more than 30 years later, agencies have long-established practices for applying FOIA and its various privacy protections, and we have an extensive case history applying the law. This history shows that courts and agencies have used the law to provide public access and accountability in government, while ensuring that both medical privacy and trade secrets are protected. Indeed, given their decades of experience, federal agencies have shown their sensitivity to medical and personal privacy issues, which has made FOIA access remarkably free of errors that would jeopardize private data.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal courts have ruled that FOIA applies to all data in the possession of federal officials, but until recently, it did not apply to research data conducted under federal grants or contracts for research.2 But federal agencies now outsource the gathering of much of the data that underlies critically important public policy decisions. In doing so, this data remains hidden from public view – even when it serves as the basis for regulations. Agencies often require that researchers provide them with the data (which makes it available under FOIA) when agencies contract research. But when outside researchers produce data using federal grant funds, agencies base regulations on such data even when the agency does not take possession of the data.3</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">To rectify this problem and promote accountability, Senator Richard Shelby (R-AL) and others included a provision in the<b> FY1999 Omnibus Appropriations </b>bill that applies to FOIA</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#333333"> to data produced under federal grants.4 The law – often called the </font><b><font color="#ff0000">Shelby Amendment</font></b><font color="#333333"> or the data access law – did not change FOIA, the law simply adds grant-funded data to the pool of data to which FOIA applies.</font></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nevertheless, some in the scientific establishment have raised several questions about the application of FOIA to research data. Because of such questions</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, Rep. George Brown (D-CA) has introduced legislation (H.R. 88) to repeal the data access law, and the House Appropriations Committee voted on an amendment offered by Rep. David Price (D- NC) and James Walsh (R-NY) on whether to delay the standard.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The amendment failed 33 to 25, but the issue may emerge as an amendment on the House floor.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Will FOIA adequately protect researchers’ commercial trade secrets? Long-established agency practices and case law provide strong protections for such competitive data before patents are issued. These protections will apply to grant-generated data in the same way that they apply to other data collected or produced by the federal government. Specifically, exemption 4 of FOIA reads that the law does not apply to: "trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential."5</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When applying this section, courts follow the National Parks test, which holds that information may be protected under exemption 4 if release of the data would "(1) impair the Government’s ability to obtain necessary information in the future; or (2) to cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom the information was obtained."6 The first ensures that parties will continue to provide information voluntarily to the government and the second protects the privacy rights of those who provide information under government mandates.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Accordingly, agencies withhold the portions of the data that researchers mark as proprietary commercial data, if researchers can show that (prior to patent issuance) such protection is necessary to prevent competing firms from preempting the patent status. FOIA legitimately exempts public access to this data, so long as there’s a confidential commercial situation in which the product or design is "competing" for competitive advantage. Courts have held that voluntary submissions of valuable data that are "customarily" withheld from the public shall remain confidential.7 And the courts have held that FOIA officers can protect mandatory submissions if there is a showing of actual competition, and the potential exists for substantial harm, e.g. premature dissemination while a patent is pending.8 Moreover, proprietary rights gain protection because agencies closely follow Executive Order 12,600. The Order established the process for marking and notification prior to any disclosure of commercially sensitive records and gives submitters the opportunity to object to release, including time to seek court review of the disclosure decision.9</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Is grant-funded research of non-profits and public-private partnerships protected under FOIA? Courts have ruled that the same proprietary protections apply to this research data. While the law does require the information to be "trade secret" or "financial" information to gain protection, the source need not be a for profit company, but simply a "person."10 Accordingly, in Critical Mass Energy Project v. NRC, the court held that a nuclear industry association’s reports were confidential under FOIA because the information warranted protection under the National Parks test.11 Accordingly, under this precedent, a nonprofit group that generates such data can ask that agency’s FOIA officers to protect their ability to gain future private commercial advantages – under the old law as well as the new data access law.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Historically, FOIA processing staff have done a reasonably good job of withholding commercial records for which such exemptions are justified. Therefore, if a university hopes to license a product it developed with federal funds, it can expect that its claim to justify withholding will be just as well received as are the same claims by the regulated companies for commercial confidentiality protection. Agencies will use the same criteria for evaluating exemption claims.12</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Will FOIA adequately protect the privacy of the subjects of a research study? Disclosure of Medical data requested under the data access law will have to meet the same high privacy standards that are applied to other personal privacy data collected under FOIA. Medical privacy is well understood and protected under both FOIA exemption (6) and the Privacy Act.13 If an agency gets a request for disclosure of data that contains medical information, it will deny access to the patients’ medical records and identifiable personal information. Case law overwhelmingly supports this practice.14</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Furthermore, agency FOIA officers have shown their sensitivity to medical and personal privacy issues, which has made FOIA access remarkably free of errors that would otherwise jeopardize private medical data. Agencies exclude patient names, delete identifying codes, and excise details so that what agencies disclose amply protects personally embarrassing or medically sensitive topics such the AIDS or cancer status of individuals. Agencies like the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) routinely employ exemption 6 of FOIA to withhold such details, backed by the case law.15 When promulgating the Advisory to agencies on how to apply the data access law, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) acknowledged this consistent pattern of privacy protection.16 The Shelby Amendment links into this system, so that personal privacy interests will receive the same sensitive handling, regardless of source.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Won’t the Shelby Amendment add cost on to researchers who will have to fill numerous FOIA requests? Grantees will only have to provide their data once upon request of the agency. Most grantees will probably never have to provide data. But if they do, they will simply copy it once for the agency, marking the areas they want to keep confidential. Moreover, that law explicitly states that "the agency may authorize a reasonable user fee [on requestors] equaling the incremental cost of obtaining the data,"17 so agencies can properly shift the costs of the FOIA process on to the requester. Hence, the agency bears the processing costs and then charges the costs of searching and screening to the requester.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Will making the data available to the public chill academic freedom? Given that FOIA clearly protects both individual privacy and property rights, applying FOIA to grant research won’t adversely impact the scientific process. If anything, access to this information will encourage healthy peer review, enabling the scientific establishment to weed out unsound research and uphold good research. The existence of flaws in social science data has led at least one court to repudiate a federal rule based on the erroneous study.18 The ability to detect errors is critical when these studies have such profound impacts on public policy. Scientists aspire to do accurate work, and when they receive federal funding, their accuracy has a public dimension, which is served by allowing public access to the data.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Can FOIA requests be used to deliberately disrupt ongoing research? No. The research will be completed at the time of the publication results. The OMB rule implementing the data access law clearly states that the law applies only to published studies. Moreover, the OMB proposed rule also states that it follows the intent of the law, which "According to Congressional floor statements ... is to ‘provide the public with access to federally funded research data’ that is ‘used by the Federal Government in developing policy and rules.’"19 Given that agencies need complete studies on which to base their rules, the law provides access to data from complete studies related to public policy.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Conclusion. Researchers can overcome their fear of the unknown by coming to a better understanding the FOIA process.</b> Unfortunately, FOIA is not well understood by those unfamiliar with its daily operation. In fact, the agencies already effectively screen out medical and other private records as well as shield proprietary documents. The data access law will work when fully implemented because the FOIA process, to which it will simply become a part, already works very well. It properly balances private interests in the data with the public’s interest in seeing the results of studies that the government funds.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For further information on the data access law, please read On Point No. 40 entitled "The Data Access Law: Decreasing Secret Science While Increasing Accountability" (June 7, 1999) By Jennifer Zambone. This On Point can be found on the <b>Competitive Enterprise Institute</b> website at <a href="http://www.cei.org/" title="www.cei.org" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">www.cei.org</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1 James T. O’Reilly is visiting Professor of Law at the University of Cincinnati and is the author of the standard reference treatise, Federal Information Disclosure (West 1977, 2d. Ed. 1992, Supp. 1999). He is also the author of numerous scholarly articles disclosure policy and FOIA’s evolution. Under University of Cincinnati policy, the views expressed in this paper reflect those of the author and do not necessarily reflect that of the University.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2 Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169 (1980).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3 Supreme Court justices dissenting from the majority opinion in Forsham v. Harris warned that if government-funded information related to the regulatory process is immune from FOIA access, "then government by secrecy must surely return."</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4 Congressional Record, October 7, 1998, p. H9875, Vol. 144, No. 139; Pub. L. 105-277 Div. A §101(h).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">5 5 U.S.C. §552(b)(4).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">6 National Parks and Conservation Assn. v. Morton, 498 F. 2d 765, 790 (D.C. Cir. 1974).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">7 Critical Mass Energy Project v. NRC, 975 F.2d 871, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1992), cert denied 113 S.Ct. 1579 (1993).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">8 National Parks, 498 F.2d at 770.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">9 3 C.F.R. 235; also published in the Department of Justice’s FOIA Update (Summer 1997) available at <a href="http://wwwusdoj.gov/oip/foia_updates/Vol_VIII_2/viii2page2.htm" title="http://wwwusdoj.gov/oip/foia_updates/Vol_VIII_2/viii2page2.htm" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">http://wwwusdoj.gov/oip/foia_updates/Vol_VIII_2/viii2page2.htm</a>.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">10 Critical Mass, 975 F.2d at 880.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">11 Id.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">12 See e.g., 21 CFR 20.61, outlining procedures under FOIA section 4 to keep confidential all information that private entities submit to FDA.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">13 5 USC. §552(b)(6); 5 USC §552a et seq.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">14 See e.g. Arieff v. Dept. of Navy, 712 F.2nd 1462 (D.C. Cir., 1983), shielding Senators’ prescription records; Epps v. Dept. of Justice, 801 F.Supp. 787 (D.D.C. 1992), summarily aff’d in part, No. 92-5360 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 29 1993), withholding autopsy photos; Katz v. Natl. Archives & Records Service, 862 F.Supp. 476 (D.D.C1994), preventing the release of x-ray films.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">15 See e.g., Farnsworth v. Proctor and Gamble Co., 758 F.2d. 1545 (11th Cir. 1985), denying an industry request to access names and addresses of women involved in a CDC study.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">16 64 Fed. Reg. 5684 (1999).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">17 Congressional Record, October 7, 1998, p. H9875, Vol. 144, No. 139; Pub. L. 105-277 Div. A §101(h).</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">18 See e.g., Almay v. Califano, 569 F.2d 764 (D.C. Cir. 1977), vacating a hypoallergenic cosmetics rule.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">19 64 Fed. Reg. 5684 (1999); Congressional Record, October 9, 1998, p. S12134.</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#333333">bl</font>og</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">'Data Quality' Law Hinders<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Atrazine </span>Regulation </span></b><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><i style="line-height: 19.2px;">Scaife involved in this junk also</i><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Bush, claims God wanted him to be President, and God wanted him to go to war, ergo God told him to destroy the health, even to death, of the average citizen. And do it by creating a crooked, lieing system that denies proven fact. All for the sake of a few more pennies profit for corporations.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">8/16/2004 </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Copyright 2004 washingtonpost.com </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Things were not looking good a few years ago for the makers of atrazine, America's second-leading weedkiller. The company was seeking approval from the <a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink0" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static; font-weight: inherit !important;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important;">Environmental </span><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important;">Protection</span></font></a> Agency to keep the highly profitable product on the market. But scientists were finding it was disrupting hormones in wildlife -- in some cases turning frogs into bizarre creatures bearing both male and female sex organs. 

Last October, concerns about the herbicide led the European Union to ban atrazine, starting in 2005. Yet that same month, after 10 years of contentious scientific review, the EPA decided to permit ongoing use in the United States with no new restrictions.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Herbicide approvals are complicated, and there is no one reason that atrazine passed regulatory muster in this country. But close observers give significant </span><a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink1" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.2px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">credit</span></font></a><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> to a single sentence that was added to the EPA's final scientific assessment last year. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Hormone disruption, it read, cannot be considered a "legitimate regulatory endpoint at this time" -- that is, it is not an acceptable reason to restrict a chemical's use -- because the <a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink2" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static; font-weight: inherit !important;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom: 1px solid blue; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important;">government</span></font></a> had not settled on an officially accepted test for measuring such disruption. 

Those words, which effectively rendered moot hundreds of pages of scientific evidence, were adopted by the EPA as a result of a petition filed by a Washington consultant working with atrazine's primary manufacturer, Syngenta <a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink3" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static; font-weight: inherit !important;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important;">Crop </span><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important; font-weight: inherit !important;">Protection</span></font></a>.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> The petition was filed under the Data Quality Act, a little-known piece of legislation that, under President Bush's Office of Management and Budget, </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">has become a potent tool for companies seeking to beat back regulation.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist and slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 without congressional discussion or debate -- is just two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">John D. Graham, administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science." He said the act, which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry. Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, </span><a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink4" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.2px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">policy</span></font></a><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">Among the petitions: 

The American Chemistry Council and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated with heavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment. <i>Proven to be a health hazard, but hey, use it anyway.</i> 

Logging groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests. 

Sugar interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake. 

<i>This is all pure idiocy and government corruption.</i> 

The Salt Institute and the U.S. Chamber of <a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink5" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom: 1px solid blue; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">Commerce</span></font></a> challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt. 

The Nickel Development Institute and other nickel interests challenged a government report on the hazards of that metal. 

The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers petitioned the CPSC to retract data that ranked the risk of lint fires in various clothes dryers. </u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Environmental and consumer groups say the Data Quality Act fits into a larger Bush administration agenda. </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">In the past six months, more than 4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act. </u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the </span><a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink6" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.2px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">Environmental </span><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">Law</span></font></a><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">That's a view that Christopher C. Horner of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "whiny." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"Hey, you're making me be accurate," he mocked. "I have no sympathy for that." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Horner said the act, if anything, has proved less useful than anticipated to groups such as his that seek to minimize government regulation. And figures from the OMB confirm that agencies have in many cases resisted challenges to their scientific findings. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Of the 39 Data Quality Act petitions in The Post's analysis, five have resulted in at least some of the changes sought -- all of them filed by industry interests. Five were denied, five were diverted by the agencies to other bureaucratic avenues, and 24 are pending. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Yet there are signs, Graham acknowledged, that petitioners are becoming more innovative in their use of the act. And petitioners are homing in on agencies whose mission is to protect the environment and public health. The most heavily petitioned are the Environmental</span><a href="http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=3833485#" class="kLink" id="KonaLink7" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; line-height: 19.2px; position: static; border: 0px none transparent !important; display: inline !important; background-image: none !important;"><font style="position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">Protection </span><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; position: static; background-image: none; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; width: auto !important; float: none !important; display: inline !important;">Agency</span></font></a><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Institutes of Health, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Studying Atrazine </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Nearly 80 million pounds of atrazine are sprayed on tens of millions of U.S. acres every year, mostly on corn. It is, according to the EPA, the most prevalent herbicide in ground and surface water, remaining stable and toxic for decades in some environments.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">It is also a major source of revenue for Syngenta, a Swiss company with U.S. headquarters in <b>Greensboro, N.C.</b>, that sells hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of the chemical every year. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">It has been nearly five decades since atrazine was first "registered" by the EPA -- meaning it was approved for use under certain conditions. Over the years, as more was learned about the chemical's potential toxicity to wildlife and humans, it came under increasing federal scrutiny and regulatory restriction. The number of pounds that farmers can legally apply per acre has progressively been reduced, and users have been required to keep the chemical farther and farther away from wells, lakes and reservoirs. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">For decades, the main concern was cancer. The chemical clearly causes cancer in rats, and </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">male workers in Syngenta's production facility in Louisiana have experienced much higher rates of prostate cancer than other men statewide.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> But studies supported by Syngenta recently convinced the EPA that the mechanism by which atrazine causes cancer in rats probably does not occur in people. (The company said the only reason for the high rate of prostate cancer in its workers is that it has an aggressive screening program that finds cases that would otherwise go undetected.) Studies are ongoing, but the EPA has for now backed off atrazine's cancer threat. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Hermaphrodite frogs, however, have been more difficult to dismiss. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">For years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that atrazine may scramble hormones in frogs and other animals. </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">The European Union has officially declared the chemical an endocrine disrupter.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> Given those concerns, Syngenta's predecessor company -- Novartis Agribusiness -- decided early in the EPA's review not to leave the question up to government scientists. In 1998, it hired a private risk-assessment service, EcoRisk Inc. of Ferndale, Wash., to arrange experiments on atrazine's environmental impacts. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">EcoRisk, whose past clients include the Chlorine Chemistry Council, Dow Chemical and Ciba-Geigy Corp., in turn hired Tyrone B. Hayes, a professor of integrative biology and an expert in frog development at the University of California at Berkeley. Hayes holds a biology degree from Harvard and a doctorate in amphibian development from Berkeley, where he was tenured at age 30 and became the university's youngest full professor. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">As part of a team of scientists assembled by EcoRisk, Hayes tested the effects of atrazine on tadpoles of African clawed frogs, a popular "lab rat" species for scientists. Male tadpoles raised with no atrazine in the water developed normally. But those exposed to atrazine were "demasculinized." They had smaller larynxes (voice boxes), their testosterone levels were one-tenth of normal levels, and many grew up as hermaphrodites, with a mix of male and female traits. </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Moreover, the effects appeared with very small exposures</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> -- just 0.1 parts per billion, or the equivalent of one drop of atrazine in 5,000 40-gallon barrels of water. That's one-thirtieth the level currently allowed in U.S. drinking water. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">When Hayes sought to publish his work and have the data considered by the EPA, the company told him to run the tests again, said Hayes and Tim Pastoor, a Syngenta vice president. When repeated studies confirmed the worrisome link, Hayes was reminded that his contract forbade him to publish without Syngenta's approval.</u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> He was told that his data ought to be passed to a company-selected statistician for double-checking. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Hayes quit EcoRisk and repeated his experiments on his own, expanding his work to include other frog species. In one follow-up study of 200 leopard frogs caught in the wild, he found that</span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;"> 100 percent of males in areas that had been treated with atrazine had abnormal sex organs. No such problems were seen in frogs from untreated regions.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> He published his results in two prestigious journals, Nature in 2002 and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. That ensured the EPA would consider his findings. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"We showed that these animals are chemically castrated," Hayes said. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Ernest Smith, a developmental biologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock and a member of the EcoRisk team, denied that EcoRisk or Syngenta tried to bury Hayes's results. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"I think there were some communications breakdowns," he said. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Smith noted that studies conducted by the other team members had contradicted Hayes's data. Some showed health effects only at higher atrazine doses, while others found no effect at all. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">A special EPA science panel would eventually level stinging criticisms at those studies for their poor design and sloppy implementation. Still, the conflicting results left the atrazine question at a standoff. That is when the company turned to the Data Quality Act -- and Jim J. Tozzi. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">'Working the Regulatory Process' </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections. 

Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data quality.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the Triazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out,</u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen, a Washington-based consumer advocacy group. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke. That is when he pioneered the tactic of attacking the science behind proposed regulations. </u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support, he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies." 

Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill.</u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) knew about the buried language. 

"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you." </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><i style="line-height: 19.2px;">That really says all that needs to be said about our government</i><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.

"John Graham came in, and he did an unbelievable job," Tozzi said. "Better than I could have done had I been there myself." </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Politicizing the Process </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">Graham had been the head of Harvard's Center for Risk Analysis, an institution funded primarily by contributions from more than 100 industry and trade association donors. While there, he had amassed a reputation as a skilled critic of the cost of regulation. 

In one analysis, conducted with funding from the auto industry, he concluded that it would be a mistake to require side air bags in cars because they would cost $400,000 for every year of life saved. Independent experts reviewing his work found that the figure was actually about $60,000, and Graham had to rewrite his article -- and change his conclusion -- before it could be published in a prestigious medical journal.</u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">When Bush nominated Graham to head the OIRA, many citizen and environmental groups vehemently objected and more than one-third of the Senate voted no. In his first few months, </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Graham sent many near-final regulations back to the agencies that had proposed them, often saying he was not convinced they were worth the cost. 

Then he turned to the job of implementing the Data Quality Act. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">By the fall of 2001, Graham's office had published detailed guidelines for implementing the act. A year later, federal agencies started accepting petitions requesting that they withdraw information that allegedly did not meet OMB standards for "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Individual agencies are responsible for reviewing the challenged data and deciding whether they are indeed reliable. But the OMB, a part of the White House, oversees the process closely -- through involvement in the agencies' deliberations and by demanding annual reports describing how agencies dealt with each petition. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">OMB staff members have been providing "extensive assistance to agencies in preparing responses to correction requests," Graham acknowledged. "OMB oversight is critical to make sure that agencies handle these requests in a diligent and consistent manner," he said. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Graham said the OMB's unprecedented foray into science is justified in part because the data in question often serve as a foundation for costly regulation, which the OMB oversees. To fulfill the new role, Graham hired the OMB's first nine career scientists, including six with PhDs. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The Data Quality Act, or at least something like it, "was absolutely needed," said Horner of the Competitive Enterprise Institute. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Yet Steinzor, the Maryland environmental lawyer, and other critics complain that the OMB's involvement politicizes the process. The expertise of the handful of scientists hired by Graham, they say, cannot match that of the thousands of experts on agency staffs. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">And while Graham said the OMB still supports weight-of-the-evidence analyses, Steinzor and others contend that the Data Quality Act inherently focuses on individual snippets of data -- each of which is inevitably open to criticism -- instead of on overarching bodies of evidence. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"You can get lost in the minutiae, and that's exactly where they want you to go," Steinzor said. "They just pick, pick, pick, until you're so addled you can't protect people or the environment." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">A Tool for Decreasing Regulation </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">A few environmental and public interest groups have tried to use the Data Quality Act. Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, a Washington-based group that helps federal scientists who believe their data are being suppressed, has filed three petitions under the act. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">One challenged the credibility of a Defense Department document supporting a proposed Army Corps of Engineers project; one contended that the Fish and Wildlife Service had made selective use of data to conclude that hunters should be allowed to shoot rare trumpeter swans; and one charged that Fish and Wildlife had used unsound science to develop "an inadequate recovery plan" for the Florida panther. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"I'm not sure it is the sharpest tool in the environmental toolbox, but at least it is a tool," said executive director Jeff Ruch, adding that the swan petition lost and the other two are still under review. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Many citizen groups and environmental activists believe the Data Quality Act will always be more useful to those seeking to decrease government regulation. Newly proposed regulations must be justified with evidence, they note, and the act is designed specifically to challenge such evidence. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"What it really can do best is slow the regulatory process," said Sean Moulton, a senior policy analyst with OMB Watch, a government watchdog group. "And even a simple delay of a rule can mean a huge financial windfall for an industry." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">In the first 20 months, a handful of petitions -- all from industry -- have been at least partly successful. In one, the Competitive Enterprise Institute had wording added to a multi-agency federal climate change report stating that the report's findings did not meet Data Quality Act standards. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">In another, a law firm with corporate clients in asbestos litigation got the EPA to agree to make changes in its booklet that offers warnings and safety advice to brake mechanics. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Yet another, filed by a group that receives funding from the conservative Scaife Foundation, succeeded in getting the National Institutes of Health to downgrade warnings about the effects of smokeless tobacco. And then there was the atrazine challenge. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">'Manufacturing Uncertainty' </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">That petition, filed by Tozzi, made a two-pronged attack on the effort to regulate atrazine more stringently. The first was to claim that the evidence for atrazine's gender-bending effects in frogs was not fully reproduced by other Syngenta-funded EcoRisk scientists. The second was to claim that the EPA did not have the proper test to prove atrazine had ill effects. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Tozzi said reliance on irreproducible results would violate the Data Quality Act because information that is not reproducible is "not accurate, reliable or useful." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">As evidence of irreproducibility, he pointed to the dozen or so studies sponsored by Syngenta in addition to Hayes's study. An independent panel of experts convened by the EPA had already expressed exasperation over the conflicting results and mistakes they found in the design and implementation of those studies. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">In at least two of the studies the "control" frogs that were supposed to be atrazine-free were later found to have been in water contaminated with atrazine,</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> an error the scientists said was unintentional. </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Another set of Syngenta studies was found to be unreliable because 80 to 90 percent of the animals died, apparently as a result of inadequate care. 

Essentially what Syngenta-funded scientists did "was produce a number of studies that were purposefully flawed and misleading, and that changed the weight of the evidence,"</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> Hayes said. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">While the EPA review also found some flaws in Hayes's studies, his conclusions have been echoed by at least four other independent research teams in three countries. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"What a coincidence that everybody can find an effect of atrazine on gonads," Hayes said, "except [those] funded by Syngenta." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">David Michaels, a professor of occupational and environmental health at George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, said </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">even a good study will appear "not reproducible" if enough bad studies are thrown into the mix. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"I call this </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">'manufacturing uncertainty,' and there is a whole industry to do this,"</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> said Michaels, who was the Energy Department's assistant secretary for environment, safety and health under Clinton. </span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">"They reanalyze the data to make [previously firm] conclusions disappear -- poof. Then they say one study says yes and the other says no, so we're nowhere." </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Pastoor of Syngenta said there was no conspiracy to create conflicting data. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">"I don't think it's extending things too far to say atrazine may be one of the best studied chemicals on the face of the earth," he said. "Unfortunately -- or fortunately, depending on how you look at it," other EcoRisk team members "could not replicate what Tyrone had done." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">But Hayes was not the only team member who at least privately agreed that atrazine was having some affect on frogs. Team member James Carr of Texas Tech told Hayes in an e-mail in February 2003:</span><b style="line-height: 19.2px;"> "I agree with you that the important issue is for everyone involved to come to grips with (and stop minimizing) the fact that independent laboratories have demonstrated an effect of atrazine on gonadal differentiation in frogs. There is no denying this." 

The second prong of Tozzi's attack was that the EPA had not designated tests that would serve as the gold standard of proof of hormone disruption in frogs. </b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The EPA does have certain "guideline tests" that can automatically trigger regulation, including some that measure certain health effects of chemicals on wildlife. But not for hormone disruption. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Jennifer Sass, a scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, said Tozzi's position flies in the face of decades of regulatory science. She said the evidence on atrazine's effects was more than convincing by traditional standards.</b><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> The act, she said, has "hamstrung EPA's ability to express anything that it couldn't back up with a mountain of data. It basically blocked EPA scientists from expressing an expert opinion." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Hayes said he supports efforts at the EPA to create a gold standard test. However, he said, "when we discover a pattern like this, we know we have a problem. Yes, we should work to validate it perfectly. But in the meantime, let's not keep using 80 million pounds of atrazine per year while we figure it out." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Avoiding Tighter Restrictions </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The EPA ultimately agreed with Tozzi that the lack of such a test prevented it from regulating atrazine as a hormone disruptor -- a concession many environmentalists found surprising. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">No one claims that Syngenta's Data Quality Act petition was single-handedly responsible for giving atrazine's renewed approval the green light. But coming at the end of an arduous 10-year review, the data quality challenge was "the final one-two-three punch," said Sass of the NRDC, which has sued the EPA repeatedly on atrazine. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">She and others said that once the EPA conceded that it could not regulate atrazine as a hormone disrupter, Syngenta was free to reach the regulatory finish line. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">In closed meetings -- details of which the EPA has declined to release -- company representatives and EPA officials worked out a plan to avoid tighter restrictions. Instead, the plan calls for Syngenta to track atrazine levels in 40 U.S. watersheds over the next three years to see how farmers are doing in their efforts to minimize contamination. If concentrations rise above a level that the company agrees is "of concern," then the company will work with the farmers to try to reduce the levels. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The company will also fund more studies on frogs and reanalyze its data on employee cancers. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The resolution, Sass said, was "basically negotiated instead of going with a scientific rationale." </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><u style="line-height: 19.2px;">Asked why other stakeholders, such as environmental groups or outside scientists, were not allowed to be part of the negotiations as they were in earlier stages of atrazine's review, James Jones, director of the EPA's office of pesticide programs, said opening the meetings "would be incredibly complicated and would create a disincentive for the company to come to the table." </u><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Exempting Atrazine </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">In June, Tozzi filed his latest Data Quality Act petition. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">This time it was directed at the National Toxicology Program. That is a part of the National Institutes of Health that reviews chemicals to see if they cause cancer. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">The program had announced in the Federal Register that atrazine was among a long list of chemicals that it was considering for examination. In his petition, Tozzi seized on a few sentences from the program's description of its chemical review procedures. He claimed that those sentences contained discrepancies that violated the Data Quality Act. </span><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><br style="line-height: 19.2px;" /><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">Therefore, he wrote, the program should be barred from reviewing the cancer-causing potential of any chemicals. In particular, the petition noted, atrazine. </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><b style="line-height: 19.2px;">=</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><b style="line-height: 19.2px;"></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">TOZZI capt 819</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">http://thehill.com/regulation/261316-government-watchdog-wants-changes-to-regulatory-office
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One group is trying to make big changes to the “most powerful agency no one’s ever heard of.”</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This year marks the 35th anniversary of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), and the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (CRE) is asking regulatory experts what the agency should look like another 35 years from now.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The industry-funded government watchdog</b> said the agency, which reviews and signs off on all proposed and final regulations, is the central control center for all regulatory actions.</font></p><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We’re of the opinion that this aircraft is 35 years old and we need a new aircraft,” said Jim Tozzi, a member of CRE's Board of Advisors. </font></span><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi is recommending OIRA increase its staff, which he said has decreased by about 50 percent over the years, and cap the costs that regulators can impose on the public in a given year.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He said he’d also like to see the agency re-energize the Data Quality Act by making the data federal agencies are required to report public, and start overseeing the independent agencies not currently subject to OIRA review, which include the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Securities and Exchange Commissions and the Federal Trade Commission.</font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The CRE plans to publish the comments it receives and then use the comments and responses to them to draft recommendations for OIRA. Because a new administration taking typically signals a review of the former administratio<b>n, Tozzi said there is an opportunity with a new president in 2017 for structural changes to made within OIRA.</b></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I want them to have a database that goes beyond the next four years,” he said. “I want them to look at the basic fundamental issues that haven’t been looked at before. This is encouragement to look beyond four years.” </font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">capt 12/17</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">this version no red</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>jim tozzi OIRA pervert, refined by graham:</b> see OMB/Oira</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DQA --> lamar smith, horner</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">see also atrazine</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">promoted to evil for reyes, and b/c he regards killing ppl sport; no such thing as regulatory murder, but there is De-reg murder. if you do it for money.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> wrecking crew </font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> // to takings?</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ggl docs risk asses, ideol entre w/ JG</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The <b>Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</b> (<b>CRE</b>) is an industry-funded, for-profit think tank.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> It focuses on federal agency compliance with "good government" laws which regulate the regulators. These "good government" laws include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Data Quality Act</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paperwork Reduction Act</a>, Executive Orders on regulatory review, the Unfunded Mandates Act, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> and the Congressional Review Act.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CRE was formed by former career officials of the White House Office of Management and Budget. The head of the firm is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Tozzi</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">It has been criticised as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organisation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">front organisation</a> for industries which seek to undermine the regulatory process, notably by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mooney(journalist)" title="Chris Mooney (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chris C. Mooney</a> in his book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republican_War_on_Science" title="The Republican War on Science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Republican War on Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of CRE's projects to promote public participation in the regulatory process is the establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Public_Docket" title="Interactive Public Docket" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Interactive Public Docket</a>.</font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131200819/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" a="A" cpath="Cpath" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">"Archived copy"</a>. 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background: none;">Advocacy groups in the United States</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lobbying_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Lobbying organizations in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lobbying organizations in the United States</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Category:Agencies of the United States government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Agencies of the United States government</a></li></ul></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.wlf.org/upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/2015Kogan.pdf</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">REVITALIZING THE INFORMATION QUALITY ACT AS A PROCEDURAL CURE</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> FOR UNSOUND REGULATORY SCIENCE : <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A GREENHOUSE GAS RULEMAKING CASE STUDY</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> Lawrence A. Kogan, Esq.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> Introduction Dr. John D. Graham, Indiana University</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> Foreword<b> Jim J. Tozzi, Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington Legal Foundation Critical Legal Issues WORKING PAPER Series Number 19 1 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">February 2015</span></font></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://nebula.wsimg.com/aad41051818e710eb5d3242de005e126?AccessKeyId=39A2DC689E4CA87C906D&disposition=0&alloworigin=1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://nebula.wsimg.com/aad41051818e710eb5d3242de005e126?AccessKeyId=39A2DC689E4CA87C906D&disposition=0&alloworigin=1</a></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">inside erpa.com</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Friday, February 20, 2015 KEY ISSUES: Boilers | Tier 3 | EDSP | Climate Rules DAILY NEWS </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>EPA Critics Float New Strategy To Challenge Agency Rules Using Data Law </b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Posted: February 19, 2015</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b> Backed by former White House regulatory review officials, a free-market advocate is proposing a new legal theory to allow states and private companies to sue EPA based on alleged violations of the Information Quality Act (IQA) in the development of a host of rules, dodging the long-standing holding that IQA violations are immune from judicial review.</b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Federal courts have long held that private plaintiffs lack standing to challenge agency actions under the IQA, finding that the law lacks an explicit right of action and that suits brought under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) are not reviewable because challenged agency actions are not “final</span>.” But in a February white paper [http://www.wlf.org/upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/2015Kogan.pdf] published by the Washington Legal Foundation (WLF), Lawrence A. Kogan, a trade lawyer and free-market advocate, suggests that states and private plaintiffs could have standing to challenge EPA's greenhouse gas (GHG) endangerment finding on the theory that the plaintiffs have a right to be free from regulations that are founded on flawed science that contravenes the law's intent. “The contemplated cause of action is based on the theory that Congress intended that the IQA . . . protect thenegative right of a designated class of persons not to be burdened, financially or otherwise, by poor quality science that agencies disseminate in support of major regulations,” Kogan says in the paper, <b>“Revitalizing The Information Quality Act As A Procedural Cure For Unsound Regulatory Science: A Greenhouse Gas Rulemaking Case Study.” </b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He suggests that a challenge to EPA's 2009 finding that GHGs endanger public welfare -- the basis for EPA's climate regulatory program -- could provide a venue for plaintiffs to test the theory. “EPA’s 2009 GHG Endangerment Findings and the decision-making process that led to those Findings, offer an ideal case study in how the IQA applies in the rulemaking context and how agencies contravene the law. . . . Such final agency action potentially gives rise to legal challenges of EPA’s failure to comply with the IQA’s peer-review standards,” the paper says. If courts accept Kogan's reasoning it would open the door for EPA's opponents to allege IQA violations in challenges against a broad array of other rules, including still-pending actions and some recently finalized regulations.  </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">For example, <b>Jim Tozzi</b> -- formerly a high-ranking official in the White House Office of Management 2 and Budget -- says in an introduction to the paper that Kogan's theory could also be used to challenge EPA's controversial new source performance standards (NSPS) for GHG emissions limits from power plants when the final versions of that rule is released later this year. </span>“Another possible target of the type of IQA challenge [Kogan] proposes would be against EPA’s failure to conduct a peer review of 'highly influential scientific information' in its determination that carbon storage and sequestration is a viable technology -- the central component of its proposed rule to control emissions from new gas-fired power plants,” Tozzi writes in the introduction. IQA Challenges Later in the white paper, Kogan says that a successful climate IQA suit would pave the way for further challenges to EPA actions including the pending rule to define which waters are subject to the Clean Water Act; the social cost of carbon, which underlies many GHG standards; the proposed national ambient air quality standard for ozone; EPA's study on the human-health and environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing; review of the Keystone XL pipeline's environmental impacts; joint EPA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration disapproval of states' coastal nonpoint source pollution control programs; and the Fish and Wildlife Service’s endangered species designations. Tozzi in his introduction to the paper says that if courts reject Kogan's legal arguments, the executive branch -- in particular OMB -- could step in to conduct more robust oversight of agencies' research and response to petitions under the IQA. And he also suggests that if the effort fails, “then it is time for the Congress to pass legislation which declares that the [IQA] to be judicially reviewable.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The IQA -- also known as the Data Quality Act</b> -- generally requires agencies to ensure that scientific and other data used to develop policy stances are objective, reproducible and peer-reviewed. While the law requires agencies to accept and respond to petitions to correct allegedly flawed data used in rulemakings and other decisions, key federal courts have so far held that agency responses to IQA petitions are not final actions and therefore not judicially reviewable, eliminating an enforcement mechanism for private parties to pursue challenges on the merits if agencies deny their petitions. Despite the legal hurdles, EPA critics have continued to file IQA petitions seeking corrections of agency determinations. </font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">odd 2x today no sponsor name]</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">House passes bills to rein in activist influence on regulations</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">By JOHN SICILIANO • 1/7/16 7:34 PM</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>The House passed two Republican-backed bills to roll back excessive regulations and prevent environmentalists from influencing regulations through so-called "sue-and-settle" tactics.</b></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Business groups welcomed passage of the first bill the "Sunshine for Regulatory Decrees and Settlements Act of <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">2015</span>," by a vote of 244 to 173, which <b>takes aim at the use of class-action lawsuits to get federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency to agree to their terms in settlement agreements and defense decrees</b>.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The House also passed, 245 to 174, the <b>SCRUB Act,</b> which would set up a special bipartisan commission to hunt down burdensome rules for repeal and put a damper on federal overreach.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The White House said earlier this week that President Obama would veto both bills.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Stay abreast of the latest developments from nation's capital and beyond with curated News Alerts from the Washington Examiner news desk and delivered to your inbox.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"Today we are one step closer to reforming our broken regulatory system after passage of this common-sense legislation," said <b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">William Kovacs, the U.S. Chamber </span>of Commerce's senior vice president for regulatory affairs and the environment, in response to passage of the sue-and-settle bill.</b></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"The abusive 'sue and settle' practice has gone on long enough, with the public denied the right to weigh in on major policy decisions brought before courts under private agreements between agencies and advocacy groups," Kovacs added. "Regulations that arise from this secretive process cost businesses many millions of dollars and can stunt economic growth."</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The House appears more emboldened than ever to chase down what the GOP sees as regulatory overreach by the president. The House is also expected to take up a resolution of disapproval next week nullifying the EPA's Waters of the United States rule, which has become a prime target by the leadership for repeal.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The water rules make ranchers and farmers subject to enforcement actions by designating ditches waterways, which lawmakers and federal judges have questioned in recent months.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">Jim Tozzi, </span>former head of the White House's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs under President Ronald Reagan, says more is needed to rein in regulations by establishing a regulatory cap.</b></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Also from the Washington Examiner</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"Basically we are beginning to convince advocates for less regulation that if they continue to place procedural constraints on regulators that although such actions will decrease the rate of growth in the regulatory state it will continue to increase but at a slower rate," Tozzi said in an email. "The fix is a regulatory budget, which is the key to kingdom. A regulatory budget puts a cap on the total costs that regulators can impose on the public."</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was involved with groups who advised lawmakers on the SCRUB Act. He is the head of the regulatory watchdog group Center for Regulatory Effectivenes.</font></font></font></font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/house-passes-bills-to-rein-in-activist-influence-on-regulations/article/2579901">http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/house-passes-bills-to-rein-in-activist-influence-on-regulations/article/2579901</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wikifliff</font></p><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 17.92px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Jim Tozzi</b> (born 1938) is a former regulatory official of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="United States Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> He currently is the head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>, an industry-supported organization that describes itself as a "regulatory watchdog."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim Tozzi got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Florida</a>. After some time playing jazz as a self-described “bottom-tier” musician in New Orleans, Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Department of Defense</a>, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. Tozzi served as an officer in the US Army Corps of Engineers.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="user-select: none;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Work_at_OMB.27s_Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs.28OIRA.29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Work at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#The_National_Archives_Interview_on_Centralized_Regulatory_Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Lobbying_Firms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Lobbying Firms</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Role_in_Passage_of_the_Data_Quality_Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Role in Passage of the Data Quality Act</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Work_at_OMB.27s_Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs.28OIRA.29">Work at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Work at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Tozzi was instrumental in the passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> and the establishment of the OMB <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" title="Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> in 1980. Under his directorship, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> It quickly became known among watchdog groups as a bureaucratic “black hole” where proposed regulations disappeared.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Tozzi was the Deputy Administrator of OMB in charge of the OIRA (and therefore of the regulatory agencies) when he left the organization in 1983 at age 45.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a></sup> He had also been the head of the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Federal Ad Hoc Group on Toxic Torts.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Between 1983 and 1986 he was employed as a 'consultant economist' by Beveridge & Diamond, the law firm of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Ruckelshaus</a>, ex-administrator of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and now contracted to the <b>chemical industry.</b> The firm's key lobbyist was J Marshall Coleman (ex State Attorney General) who was counsel to Dow Chemical and working in close relationship with the Chemical Manufacturing Association's American Industrial Health Council (AIHC), along with Edison Electric Institute, and the Society of the Plastic Industry.</font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_National_Archives_Interview_on_Centralized_Regulatory_Review">The National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: The National Archives Interview on Centralized Regulatory Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The National Archives extensively interviewed Jim Tozzi as part of an oral history project documenting the Nixon Administration. The Tozzi interview focused on the history of centralized regulatory review during this transformative period. The link to the complete videotaped interview may be found in the External Links section of this page.</font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Lobbying_Firms">Lobbying Firms</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Lobbying Firms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 1986 Thorne Auchter (ex head of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>) and James Tozzi founded the lobbying company Multinational Business Services (MBS), and its not-for-profit Federal Focus,</b> Inc, (a 501(c)(3) non-profit 'foundation') which was funded largely by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a>. Federal Focus successfully blocked the federal government from gathering data related to deaths from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand_smoke" title="Secondhand smoke" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">secondhand smoke</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal Focus spawned dozens of 'non-profit' policy institutes and business-oriented think-tanks, among them were: • Center for Epidemiological Studies (CES - after 1993) • Institute for Regulatory Policy (IRP - before 1994) • Health Policy Institute (HPI - before 1994); • Center for the Study of Environmental Endocrine Effects (CSEEE - in 1994). • <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> (CRE in 1994) which appears to be his current major organisation (although payments are still funneled through MBE).</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal Focus was the vehicle by which the tobacco industry tried to change the rules for the science of epidemiology and the political rules behind risk-management. (See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Epidemiological_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Epidemiological Practice (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Good Epidemiological Practice</a> (GEP) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Principles (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">London Principles</a>.)</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi has been a member of the Environmental Financial Advisory Board (EFAB) since 1992 and currently serves as chairman of the International/Energy Workgroup. The EFAB provides advice to the Administrator and Program Offices of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) on "how to pay" questions for environmental protection.</font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Role_in_Passage_of_the_Data_Quality_Act">Role in Passage of the Data Quality Act</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Role in Passage of the Data Quality Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was a major behind-the-scenes architect of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Data Quality Act</a> (DQA) which he helped to become law in December 2000 as a stealth rider to the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001. Since 2001 he has lobbied for regulated industries through the use of DQA. Among his accomplishments was the<b> successful recertification of an herbicide, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine" title="Atrazine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">atrazine</a>, </b>by the EPA, despite laboratory and field studies showing that the chemical is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">endocrine disruptor</a> that causes frogs to become hermaphroditic.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi's role in the DQA was analyzed as a case study in <b>policy entrepreneurship</b> in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Science Foundation</a>-funded study</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, "</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqpress.com/product/Lobbying.html" background-color="background-color" initial="initial" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Lobbying and Policymaking: The Public Pursuit of Private Interests</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">," by R. Kenneth Godwin, Scott Ainsworth and Erik K. Godwin. The article "</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/regblog/2013/05/21-levinson-policy-entrepreneurs.html" background-color="background-color" initial="initial" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Policy Entrepreneurs: The Power of Audacity</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" published by RegBlog, an online publication of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, discussed Tozzi's work on both the PRA and the DQA as examples of policy entrepreneurship.</span></font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Personal life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Today Tozzi resides in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alexandria, Virginia</a> with his main office in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dupont Circle</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,DC" title="Washington, DC" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, DC</a>. He is currently working on many projects, including nationwide medical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana" title="Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">marijuana</a> legalization.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thecre.com/ombpapers/OMB_Officials.htm" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; overflow-wrap: break-word; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">http://thecre.com/ombpapers/OMB_Officials.htm</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20021111_fedtimes-tozzi.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word; background: url(">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20021111_fedtimes-tozzi.pdf</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_TheQuietShiftofPower.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word; background: url(">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_TheQuietShiftofPower.pdf</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_JT-WashPost%201981.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word; background: url(">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_JT-WashPost%201981.pdf</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_20060612_ELI_EnvironmentalForum.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word; background: url(">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20110922_20060612_ELI_EnvironmentalForum.pdf</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thecre.com/pdf/20_Years_War.pdf" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word; background: url(">http://thecre.com/pdf/20_Years_War.pdf</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; 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margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; 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background: none;">American lobbyists</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1938_births" title="Category:1938 births" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1938 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Living people</a></li></ul></div></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tozzi</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">writeup from riskasses:</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">TOZZI</span></b></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Brass telescope</b></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“By Chris Mooney</font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If you stand near the fountain at the center of <b>Dupont</b> Circle in Washington, D.C., and gaze up at the surrounding buildings, you should be able to spot a large brass telescope in a seventh story window above Books-A-Million. The device belongs to Jim Tozzi, a former Reagan budget official, well-remunerated corporate consultant, self-described regulatory policy "nerd," and self-confessed voyeur. The telescope has become a "landmark," brags the 65-year-old Tozzi, a gleeful cut-up whose "JJT" monogrammed shirt cuffs belie his musician-jive patter. "That can get you in a lot of trouble," he adds. "I'm a dirty old man. I love it."]”</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“<font color="#000000">Dr. </font><font color="#000000"><b>James J. Tozzi</b></font><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">(also known as Jim Tozzi) was born in ±1938. He got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the University of Florida.</font><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">After spending some time in New Orleans he realized he would never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the</font><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. In 1972 he began working at </font><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Office of Management and Budget</b></span></u></span><font color="#000000">(OMB).</font> “]</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Haldeman: get me a nerd from DoD to put a leash on EPA. Starts at OMB 1972. 1980 OIRA at some point Tozzi is Deputy OMB, leaves 1983. 1986 establishes Federal Focus to lobby OMB. In 1992 working for PH, in 1994 on youth smoking.</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[“ <font color="#000000">An economics Ph.D. who hung around New Orleans until he realized he'd never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began his Washington stint in 1964, reviewing regulations at the Army Corps of Engineers. Having established a reputation as "that nerd over there in the Pentagon that really likes to review rules," as he puts it, </font><font color="#000000"><b>Tozzi later joined the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon administration. Tasked with scrutinizing regs churned out by the newly-created Environmental Protection Agency, he became infamous for second-guessing the agency's enforcement efforts. Environmentalists would ask, "Christ, who's running EPA--Tozzi?", he recalls with a cackle. 
</b></font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Tozzi stayed at the budget office through the election of Ronald Reagan, who named him deputy head of a new OMB division dedicated to overseeing proposed regulations. Soon enough, Tozzi's domain became known as the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> "black hole" of the regulatory process for its reputation of sucking in rules proposed by agencies and never letting them see light again. He earned the nickname "Stealth." "I don't want to leave fingerprints," he once told The Washington Post.</span></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>In 1983, after 20 years of learning how to induce regulatory sclerosis from the inside, Tozzi set up a consulting shop--Multinational Business Services--to do it from the outsid</b></font><font color="#000000">e. MBS clients have included everyone from chemical companies to tire and rubber manufacturers, but Tozzi's most controversial client was undoubtedly the tobacco industry, which during the 1990s sought to battle the emerging scientific consensus that <b>secondhand smoke</b> was a danger to those who were over-exposed to it, particularly people living or working with smokers. One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin.” (Mooney 2004)]</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[[Mooney: “<font color="#000000"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored</span>--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin.</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Tozzi played a key part in this push, earning hundreds of thousands of dollars from <b>Philip Morris</b> for such activities as supporting "legislative mandates on epidemiological standards" and increasing "debate on [secondhand smoke] risk assessment within EPA," according to internal company documents. In one instance, Tozzi deployed a phalanx of lobbyists to his old haunts at the </font><font color="#000000"><b>OMB to block the implementation of a government medical code, used for Medicare and Medicaid claims, that tracked secondhand smoke illnesses. </b></font><font color="#000000">By presenting itself as "a defender of good science, not tobacco," noted the Los Angeles Times in a 1995 article, Tozzi's company succeeded in getting the rule changed--an obscure but major victory for his client. As he explains today, had the government been allowed to accumulate such statistics, tobacco firms "could have been subject to tons of legal actions saying, 'Look at all these illnesses caused by secondary smoke.'</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Although Tozzi says tobacco companies are no longer contributing to the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (founded in 1996), the fight over secondhand smoke was very much a warm-up for his later efforts. Among other work he did for Philip Morris during the mid- and late-1990s, </font><font color="#000000"><b>Tozzi circulated information and proposals concerning two pieces of legislation. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The first, a "data access" law, would allow interested parties to obtain, under the Freedom of Information Act, "all data produced" by any publicly funded scientific study.</span> The second was the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Data Quality Act (</span>though Tozzi insists it was originally his idea and that other industries besides tobacco were interested as well). Together, the proposals would allow regulated companies to conduct detailed internal audits of unfavorable studies--and then battle to stop those unfavorable studies from getting translated into unfavorable regulation.</b></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By the end of the 1990s, as formerly obscure government studies became widely and easily obtainable on agency Web sites--sometimes affecting a firm's stock valuation simply by being posted--business groups and their GOP allies made a concerted effort to make Tozzi's proposals a reality. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">And instead of calling for the kind of massive "regulatory reform" campaign that had fizzled in 1995, they took a backdoor approach, attaching Tozzi's proposals to must-pass appropriations bills.</span> The data access amendment, also known as the "Shelby Amendment" for its sponsor Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), was passed in 1998, and subsequently minimized in scope by a wary Clinton administration. The Data Quality Act rolled through three years ago, and was welcomed with open arms by the Bushies. Now Tozzi's timebomb sits waiting to detonate. In the end, says Kovacs, "what we're going to get is far more than we could have ever gotten by having a comprehensive regulatory law passed."</font>

</font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Quality act</b></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Business groups haven't wasted much time making use of Tozzi's labors. Last August, the </font><font color="#000000"><b>Competitive Enterprise Institute,</b></font><font color="#000000"> a conservative think tank partly funded by the energy industry, filed suit under the Data Quality Act over a Clinton-era report on global warming, known as the </font>National Assessment of Climate Change<font color="#000000">.Though the suit was ultimately settled out of court, government lawyers agreed to attach a disclaimer to the report stating that it was </font>"not subjected" to the Data Quality Act. <font color="#000000">There's little evidence that the study was flawed. But the suit appears to have given the Bush administration a</font> pretext to ignore t<font color="#000000">he National Assessment when it issued its own 10-year plan on climate change research in June of 2003.</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“]] mooney</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<font color="#000000">Tozzi likes to point out that the act has not gummed up the federal regulatory system with challenges, as some environmentalists feared. But that may not last for long.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Even now, Tozzi and his allies are preparing to expand the act's scope by making agency rejection of a data quality complaint grounds for a lawsuit. "Somebody has to test whether it's judicially reviewable," says Kovacs. If they succeed, they'll have created</span></font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> two new entry points into the regulatory process.<font color="#000000"> Industry groups will not only be able to saddle agencies with scientific complaints over their studies that could be costly and time-consuming to answer. They'll also be able to force agencies to defend their responses in court. Hence the term Tozzi's critics often apply to his type of strategy: "Paralysis by analysis."</font></span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi also points out that the Data Quality Act can be used by anybody. And to be sure, a few opportunistic environmental groups have filed data quality complaints with agencies. Most of the current challenges, however, have been brought by industry, which shouldn't come as much of a surprise. Over the past few decades, business interests have spawned an entire infrastructure to generate so-called "counter research," exploiting the nuance and openness inherent to good science in order to "manufacture uncertainty" where little exists. </font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">….<font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">As legal scholar Wendy Wagner of the University of Texas pointed out in a recent article entitled "The 'Bad Science' Fiction," there's little evidence to support the notion that government agencies churn out "junk science" or that their existing peer review protocols are inadequate. The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, Wagner charges, "provides virtually no evidence to support its assumption that a bad-science problem exists."</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi's timebomb</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">That hasn't stopped Tozzi from seeking to </font><font color="#000000"><b>increase the Data Quality Act's scope </b></font><font color="#000000">in a variety of ways. He's written letters both to the </font><font color="#000000"><b>WHO and universities</b></font><font color="#000000">warning that if they want their science to influence the U.S. government, it had better meet data quality standards. In one controversial letter, Tozzi even invoked the Data Quality Act in an attempt to disallow comments submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency by an environmental group.</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Most importantly, he's drafted sample legislation for states. Near the close of a long interview in his spacious office, Tozzi stands up, saunters past his piano and a globe containing a hidden alcohol stash, and collects from his desk a sheet of paper that he's been saving for me. The state of Wisconsin, Tozzi says, has adopted a version of the Data Quality Act. "It's like kudzu, baby," says Tozzi. "You can spray it, shoot it--here," he says, handing over the text of the act. "Now there'll be a whole rumor mill around Washington," he continues. "There's that goddamn Tozzi…."[end moooney]</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1999 dqa for jo a emerson doubt GW, two sentences in giant omnibus spending bill? must pass
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“<font color="#000000">On its face, the Data Quality Act merely requires government agencies to field complaints over the data, studies, and reports they disseminate, in order to ensure the "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity" of the information. Though seemingly unobjectionable, this provides a new workload for agencies that could impinge upon their other duties. But it's just the beginning. </font>The Bush administration has used the DQA as a springboard to implement an unprecedented "peer review" system for government science, a cumbersome set of protocols that was strenuously opposed by the nation's science community, which saw little in the original plan resembling standard academic peer review. ...<font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">The Data Quality Act "allows you to begin inputting, and access the process [from] the very beginning." In fact, the act may also enable businesses to file <b>lawsuits</b> against agencies that reject data quality complaints, a potentially powerful new device in the deregulatory arsenal that could let motivated groups head sensible regulatory changes off at the pass. </font>"Up until the Data Quality Act, the courts almost uniformly held you couldn't get <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">judicial review </span>of government reports," <font color="#000000">says law professor Sidney Shapiro of the University of Kansas, a member scholar of the Center for Progressive Regulation.</font> (mooney 2004).
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DID THEY GET JUD REV?
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The OMB was evil/powerful/stealthy, but combined with the Data Quality Act [gotta watch those Orwellian names], plus :</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[[<b>DATA QUALITY ACT see sep node</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>Publication date:</b></font><font color="#000000"> Feb. 3, 2004 

</font><font color="#000000"><b>SHOULD WHITE HOUSE MUZZLE SCIENTISTS ON HEALTH AND SAFETY?</b></font><font color="#000000">

</font><font color="#000000"><b>A firestorm of debate over politicization of science has dogged a White House proposal that could limit the access of reporters and the public to scientific information about environmental health risks.</b></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>An August 2003 proposal by the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) would <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">centralize</span> under OMB the "peer review" of science by almost all government agencies -<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> limiting disclosure of scientific results if OMB raises objections.</span></b></font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The OMB "Bulletin" -</b><font color="#000000"><b> similar in some ways to an executive order</b></font><font color="#000000"> in that it has largely the force of law for executive branch agencies like EPA, FDA, and the Interior Department - is <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">an extension of authority claimed by the White House under the obscure "Data Quality Act." </span>(See </font><span lang="zxx"><u>Nov. 19, 2003, WatchDog TipSheetarticle</u></span><font color="#000000"> with links to earlier articles).</font> OMB, along with conservative and business groups, has claimed the Data Quality Act gives them authority to prevent "dissemination" of inaccurate information, although the law, still untested in the courts, does not define this term.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Debate over OMB's peer review bulletin has erupted both in a </font><span lang="zxx"><u>National Academy of Sciences workshop</u></span><font color="#000000"> on Nov. 18, 2003, and in the </font><span lang="zxx"><u>comments</u></span><font color="#000000"> in the formal docket on the regulatory proposal itself. On one side are the industry groups - who want to discredit the science underlying federal regulations that eat into their profits. On the other side are a number of scientists, scientific groups, environmental groups, and right-to-know groups, who fear the White House will use the new power to shape scientific findings to industry's liking.</font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">John Graham,</span> who heads OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) has advanced the proposal under the banner of "sound science." But many commenters on the proposal think it will manipulate science to produce the exact opposite.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>While the Data Quality Act was quietly slipped into the 2001 appropriations bill without hearings</b></font><font color="#000000"> on the representation that it was meant merely to correct technical errors, conservative forces quickly began trying to expand its scope. </font>Since then it has been used by lawyers attempting to censor findings (such as those in the "National Assessment" of climate change impacts) reached by a consensus of scientists.</font></p><p style="line-height: 24px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The deadline for public comments on the OMB bulletin was Dec. 15, 2003, while federal agencies had until Jan. 14, 2004. In its proposed form, the bulletin was supposed to have taken effect on Jan. 1, 2004, but is unlikely to have any practical force until OMB issues it in final form - an action which could be months away.</font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="zxx"><u>One group of commenters</u></span><font color="#000000"> - 20 former top federal regulators (more from Dem than GOP administrations) including former EPA Administrators Carol Browner and Russell Train - called on OMB to withdraw the proposal and let the National Academy of Sciences handle the issue. ?</font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Also calling for its withdrawal were Reps. Henry A</font><font color="#000000"><b>. Waxman</b></font><font color="#000000"> (CA), John F. Tierney (MA), and five other House Democrats. </font>Waxman's staff maintains a <span lang="zxx"><u>Congressional Web site</u></span> that tracks what it considers the Bush administration's political manipulation of science related to health and the environment.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">On the other side, saying the OMB proposal did not go far enough, were GOP Reps. Jim Gibbons and Chris Cannon (UT), styling himself co-Chair of the "Sound Science Caucus," a group that declared its intention to form in Oct. 2003, a month after OMB proposed its bulletin, by a core of Western GOPers centered mainly in the </font><font color="#000000"><b>Resources Committee. They have gun sights trained on the </b></font><b>"precautionary principle."</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Commenters generally supportive of the OMB bulletin</span> included the </font><b>American Petroleum Institute</b><font color="#000000"><b>, National Petrochemical & Refiners Association, Industrial Minerals Association, American Farm Bureau Federation, National Cattlemen's Beef Association and the Public Lands Council (jointly), Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, Nickel Development Institute, Styrene Information and Research Center, Chlorine Chemistry Council, </b></font><b>American Chemistry Council, CropLife America,</b><font color="#000000"><b> Edison Electric Institute, National Association of Home Builders, the U.S.Chamber of Commerce, and the National Association of Manufacturers. Some of the groups urged OMB to assume even more control of agency science.</b></font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>Commenters<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> opposing</span></b></font><font color="#000000"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span>or calling for major revisions of the bulletin included the </font><font color="#000000"><b>National Academy of Sciences,</b></font><font color="#000000">Association of American Medical Colleges and Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (jointly), Ornithological Council, Federation of American<b> Scientists, American Public Health</b> Association,<b>Ecological Society </b>of America, and the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. End</font>]]</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">–</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>rfk2 Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., "Crimes Against Nature," </b></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>ch 4  <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Office of Info and Reg Affairs </span>under  OMB all powerful; job is to report on fiscal impact of legis; John Graham head (fdr Harvard Ctr of Risk Analysis)</b></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>Wise Use hack, Mercatus Ctr, ASSC?, AEI; Am Council on Sci and Health </b></font><font color="#000000">(tobacco tactics)</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"At Xmas, let us be thankful for pesticides and safe food"; can kibosh law 6-7 yrs in making w/o? public input; est 1980</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>"dark soothsayer" of cost -benefit analysis,</b></font><font color="#000000"> which is easy to manipulate, esp w/ green (eg massive fish kill measured by price of fillet of one of the few edible ones (p 60-1)</font></font></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">JG got start w/ air bag study in 80's, got adjunct gig at Harvard, then sold its rep, which got more funding which got him tenure (dean pushed for , several signed ltr ~)  HCRA $ from M</font><font color="#000000"><b>onsanto, dupoint, ge, union carbide, dow, boise cas, api, am chem council</b></font><font color="#000000"> 62-3  bd has dupont, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">exxon ecol lawyer</span>, NAM, eastman chem, </font><font color="#000000"><b>Am elec Pwr. </b></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000"><b>J Graham worked for Philip Morris, on 2ndhand smoke [Tozzi? Miloy?]</b></font><font color="#000000">(launder $ thru kraft subsid, then worked w/ them on pesticides in food 64). then his<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> air bag report reviewed, not 400k$ for each year of life saved but 61K$</span>. 1996 study said 60K lives could be saved by change regs and resource alloc "statistical murder” picked up by rwi. during confirmation,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span></font><font color="#000000"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">1st peer rev: 79 of the rules never enacted (only 11 of 90 had been); also "grossly understated the value of human life'</span> </b></font><font color="#000000">p65 2 ltrs, 11 ppl from harvard ~; rendered opinion on many complex issues, tho no hard sci degree (p 66 )</font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graham routinely made deceptive comments to media; he has solcitied $ from industries affected by his work w/o saying he did 67  (only got 37 no votes [confirmation?] , 2nd to JA.) GAO found he hobbled health and eco rules incl epa 67 </font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000"><b>w/ Am Chem C, Mercatus and API hit list of  regs</b></font><font color="#000000">, 23 presented to Congr (incl </font><font color="#000000"><b>arsenic</b></font><font color="#000000">, snowmobiles in parks, roadless areas, </font><font color="#000000"><b>coal plants</b></font><font color="#000000"> (6?) 1980?</font></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">ATRAZINE</span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">{{“<font color="#000000"><b>Working the Regulatory Process' </b></font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data quality. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the</font> Triazine Network,<font color="#000000"> a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. </font><font color="#000000"><b>But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</b></font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group.</font> "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan.</b></font><font color="#000000"> Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. </font><font color="#000000"><b>It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen</b></font><font color="#000000"><i><b>, </b></i></font><font color="#000000">a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which </font>almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">secondhand cigarette smoke. That is when he </span></font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font color="#000000"><b>pioneered the tactic of attacking the science</b></font><font color="#000000"> behind proposed regulations.</font></span></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell,</span>" said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."</b></font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support,</font> he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to <b>Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), [denier?] a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee</b>. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><b>Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, </b></font><font color="#000000">which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and</font> Sen. Richard C. Shelby <font color="#000000">(R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."</b></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.</font></font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"John Graham<font color="#000000"> came in, and he did an unbelievable job," Tozzi said. </font><font color="#000000"><b>"Better than I could have done had I been there myself."...By the fall of 2001, Graham's office had published detailed guidelines for implementing the act. A year later, federal agencies started accepting petitions requesting that they withdraw information that allegedly did not meet OMB standards for "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity."</b></font><b /></font></p><p><b><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">}}</font></b></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></b></b></p><p /><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Analysis: RR introduces a deregulatory regime, gets dark soothsayer of risk analysis from corrupted Harvard infiltrated, Tozzi deputy? Two sentences (motherhood) jammed after Ford Library. After OMB JG set up a grad program for RAND, then <font color="#000000">4th dean of the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs, plus a lot of freelance now (why? Pac legal etc). Risk assessment pretends to be hard-nosed empirical, but stacks the deck, operationalizes/extends/institionalizes Takings, externality, economic value, vs human/biological.</font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">end risk assess</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">atrazine TIMELINE</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1958  approved US</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1972 out of DoD RMN Tozzi starts at OMB</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1980 OIRA at some pt Tozzi #2 dep OMB appt by Reagan</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1983 Tozzi leaves OMB, sets up MBS (Milloy?)</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1986 Tozzi est Federal Focus (CSE Koch)</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1989 Hayes grad harv, UCB PhD 1993, 1994 hired.</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1992 Tozzi works for PM (Lyons RJR.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> cuz of CB Gray</span> EFAB) appt B2 epa CFO?!</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1994 Tozzi youth smoking PM:  when the U.S. Surgeon General was addressing the effects of smoking and tobacco smoke on the young. The strategy was to emphasize the death rate of youth from other factors like accidents and alcohol.[3</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></b></b></b></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1994-5 Triazine network (tozzi). Fawcett $500K till 2011. Mitchell?  ATZ</font></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></p><p><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></font></b></font></b></b></p><p><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">draft of entry:</font></font></b></font></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> 1989-01 HCRA, OMB 2001 till 2006 then RAND where he built Pardee school, which he then leveraged ito eminence gris legit <font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Dean,</font></font><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">School of Public and Environmental Affairs[yikes], Indiana University. No one till Sunstein 9/09?</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></font></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As powerful as OIRA/OMB is in squelching green protection, the Bush 43 always wants to take the outrage to the next level, so we get the Data QualityAct (for those keeping track at home, you will have sussed out that Orwellian scam dictates that there will be no data of any quality, just as our skies will not be “clear” our forests healthy and our kids will be left behind Croatia].</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">{<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> “The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist [Tozzi, big in secondhand smoke, and created a lobby shop to do nothing but work OIRA] and slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 [by Shelby Alabama and Jo Emerson, ex-lobbyist] without congressional discussion or debate -- is just two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable [I.e, a “motherhood” statment, not unlike ___Heidelberg Petition?]. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses.</span></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John D. Graham, administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science." He said the act, which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities."</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation.</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry. Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, policy or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use.</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Among the petitions:</span></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000" size="4">• <font face="Times New Roman">The </font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">American Chemistry Council</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"> and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated with<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">heavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment.</span>[see appendiz, acsh?]</font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000" size="4">• <font face="Times New Roman">Logging</font><font face="Times New Roman"> groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests.</font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000" size="4">• <font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Sugar</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"> interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake.</font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000" size="4">• <font face="Times New Roman">The </font><font face="Times New Roman">Salt Institute</font><font face="Times New Roman"> and the U.S. </font><font face="Times New Roman">Chamber of Commerce </font><font face="Times New Roman">challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt.</font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">…</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science.</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act.</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business.</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment.</span>"</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">That's a view that Christopher C. Horner of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">whiny."</span></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">}</font></b></b></b></p><p style="line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Toxic Release Inventory gutted</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.08in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">statics elimininated on effects of factory layoffs and how tax cuts were distributed by class (p211).</span></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Not even a fair fight, because the law only applied to government studies, not to industry ones. This accounts for how Horner? Got legitimate studies on atrazine tossed, and the decision to extend its permit was based on one industry-backed study. {<font color="#000000"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</span></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data qualit</span>y. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the Triazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group.</font></font> <font face="Times New Roman">"He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</font> }</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in 0in 0.03in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We will see how science, academic and even press suppression are part of this Syngenta story.</font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi: as with any good ideological entrepreneur, as with pal /protege Graham, he uses escalator leverage and lateral career moves to infiltrate some unoccupied ecological niche.</font></b></b></b></p><h2 class="western" style="line-height: 36px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); font-weight: normal;">SourceWatch</font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></h2><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“<font face="Times New Roman">Dr. </font><font face="Times New Roman">James J. Tozzi</font><font face="Times New Roman"> (also known as Jim Tozzi) was born in ±1938. He got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the </font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">University of Florida.</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"> After spending some time in New Orleans he realized he would never make it playing jazz, [he and Hitler would be poster boys for federal funding for the arts?] Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the</font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Department of Defense</span></font><font face="Times New Roman">, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. In 1972 he began working at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Management_and_Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB).</font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><dl><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in;"><font face="Times New Roman"><i>"[</i>Tozzi] rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.</font></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.2in;"><font face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare." <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer">[1]</a></font></dd></font></font></font></b></b></b></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[[“<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Science friction</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi's realm is a subterranean world of arcane rules and obscure alphabet-soup agencies. A self-described "market-based conservative," he's become a master of helping companies challenge the scientific underpinnings of government rules by zooming in, telescope-like, on alleged flaws in individual studies. Tozzi says he's trying to "regulate the regulators"--blocking agencies from releasing weak data or questionable information. Yet most of the studies that Tozzi and his allies challenge are actually pretty reliable.</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An economics Ph.D. who hung around New Orleans until he realized he'd never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began his Washington stint in 1964, reviewing regulations at the Army Corps of Engineers. Having established a reputation as "that nerd over there in the Pentagon that really likes to review rules," as he puts it, Tozzi later joined the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon administration. Tasked with scrutinizing regs churned out by the newly-created Environmental Protection Agency, he became infamous for second-guessing the agency's enforcement efforts. Environmentalists would ask, "Christ, who's running EPA--Tozzi?", he recalls with a cackle<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi stayed at the budget office through the election of Ronald Reagan, who named him deputy head of a new OMB division dedicated to overseeing proposed regulations. Soon enough, Tozzi's domain became known as the "black hole" of the regulatory process for its reputation of sucking in rules proposed by agencies and never letting them see light again. He earned the nickname "Stealth." "I don't want to leave fingerprints,</span>" he once told The Washington Post.</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4">In 1983, after 20 years of learning how to induce regulatory sclerosis from the inside, Tozzi set up a consulting shop--Multinational Business Services--to do it from the outside. MBS clients have included everyone from chemical companies to tire and rubber manufacturers, but Tozzi's most controversial client was undoubtedly the tobacco industry, which during the 1990s sought to battle the emerging scientific consensus that secondhand smoke was a danger to those who were over-exposed to it, particularly people living or working with smokers. <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin....</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Although Tozzi says tobacco companies are no longer contributing to the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (founded in 1996), the fight over secondhand smoke was very much a warm-up for his later efforts. Among other work he did for Philip Morris during the mid- and late-1990s, </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi circulated information and proposals concerning two pieces of legislation. The first, a"data access" law, would allow interested parties to obtain, under the Freedom of Information Act, "all data produced" by any publicly funded scientific study. The second was the Data Quality Act (though Tozzi insists it was originally his idea and that other industries besides tobacco were interested as well). Together, the proposals would allow regulated companies to conduct detailed internal audits of unfavorable studies--and then battle to stop those unfavorable studies from getting translated into unfavorable regulation.</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By the end of the 1990s, as formerly obscure government studies became widely and easily obtainable on agency Web sites--sometimes affecting a firm's stock valuation simply by being posted--business groups and their GOP allies made a concerted effort to make Tozzi's proposals a reality. And instead of calling for the kind of massive "regulatory reform" campaign that had fizzled in 1995, they took a backdoor approach, attaching Tozzi's proposals to must-pass appropriations bills. The data access amendment, also known as the "Shelby Amendment" for its sponsor Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), was passed in 1998, and subsequently minimized in scope by a wary Clinton administration. The Data Quality Act rolled through three years ago, and was welcomed with open arms by the Bushies. Now Tozzi's timebomb sits waiting to detonate. In the end, says Kovacs, "what we're going to get is far more than we could have ever gotten by having a comprehensive regulatory law passed."</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">

</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Quality act</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Business groups haven't wasted much time making use of Tozzi's labors. Last August, the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Competitive Enterprise Institute,</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> a conservative think tank partly funded by the energy industry, filed suit under the Data Quality Act over a Clinton-era report on global warming, known as the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">National Assessment of Climate Change</span>. <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Though the suit was ultimately settled out of court, government lawyers agreed to attach a disclaimer to the report stating that it was </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"not subjected" to the Data Quality Act. </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">There's little evidence that the study was flawed. But the suit appears to have given the Bush administration a</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> pretext to ignore t</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">he National Assessment when it issued its own 10-year plan on climate change research in June of 2003.</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000" size="4"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">…</span></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi likes to point out that the act has not gummed up the federal regulatory system with challenges, as some environmentalists feared. But that may not last for long. Even now, Tozzi and his allies are preparing to expand the act's scope by making agency rejection of a data quality complaint grounds for a lawsuit. "Somebody has to test whether it's judicially reviewable," says Kovacs. If they succeed, they'll have created</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> two new entry points into the regulatory process.</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Industry groups will not only be able to saddle agencies with scientific complaints over their studies that could be costly and time-consuming to answer. They'll also be able to force agencies to defend their responses in court. Hence the term Tozzi's critics often apply to his type of strategy: "Paralysis by analysis."</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi also points out that the Data Quality Act can be used by anybody. And to be sure, a few opportunistic environmental groups have filed data quality complaints with agencies. Most of the current challenges, however, have been brought by industry, which shouldn't come as much of a surprise<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. Over the past few decades, business interests have spawned an entire infrastructure to generate so-called "counter research," exploiting the nuance and openness inherent to good science in order to "manufacture uncertainty" where little exists. </span>Now that capacity can be deployed not only at the back end of the regulatory process--the P.R. battles waged in the popular and scientific press--but also at the front end, before regulators can get their shoes on.</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chris Mooney</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Wa Monthly</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“]]</font></b></b></b></p><p><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></b></b></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; line-height: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
end draft</font></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></p><p><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></b></font></b></b></p><p><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></font></b></font></b></b></p><h2><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-weight: normal;">SourceWatch</font></font></b></font></b></b></h2><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></b></font></b></b><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr. James J. Tozzi (also known as Jim Tozzi) was born in ±1938. He got his Ph.D. in Economics and Business Administration from the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">University of Florida.</span> After spending some time in New Orleans he realized he would never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began working in Washington in 1964 at the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Department of Defense</span>, Office of the Secretary of the Army, where he worked on budget and strategic response issues. In 1972 he began working at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget" class="mw-redirect">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB).</font></b></font></font></b></font></b></font></p><dl style=""><dd><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>"[</i>Tozzi] rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare." <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>(See Tozzi response below)</font></p></dd></dl><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim Tozzi was the Deputy Administrator of OMB when he left the organization in 1983 at age 45.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi has been a member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Financial_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Financial Advisory Board (page does not exist)">Environmental Financial Advisory Board</a> (EFAB) since 1992 and currently serves as chairman of the International/Energy Workgroup. The EFAB provides advice to the Administrator and Program Offices of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) on "how to pay" questions for environmental protection.[est 1989 under FACA, public input] 2006 tozzi, am water, ciba, waste mgmt, conEd; Meiberg DFO; lyons gray stepped down as chair</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1986 <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect">Thorne Auchter</a> and James Tozzi founded<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus">Federal Focus</a>, a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a>-funded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_U.S.tax_code_and_non_profits" title="The U.S. tax code and non profits">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit organization</span>. At the end of 1991 Thorne Auchter founded the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a> (IRP) as a subsidiary of Federal Focus and James Tozzi changed his focus to his company <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services">Multinational Business Services</a> (MBS) founded around 1992. <a href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> The "EPA Watch" of May 15<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, 1992 mentioned Jim Tozzi as the "director of the Washington-based Multinational Business Services Inc. (MBS)". <a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2501205799-5802.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2501205799-5802.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> At about the same time, Tozzi became involved in pro-tobacco activities for Philip Morris.</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The 990 form of Federal Focus for 2002 (last available one on GuideStar) has four people listed as managers: Jim J. Tozzi (director), Barbara Tozzi (treasurer), William Kelly (secretary), and James Tang (vice president). <a href="http://documents.guidestar.org/2002/521/491/2002-521491985-1-F.pdf" class="external autonumber" title="http://documents.guidestar.org/2002/521/491/2002-521491985-1-F.pdf" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> Federal Focus still uses the same address in Washington that was also used for MBS.<a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023329902-9903.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023329902-9903.html" rel="nofollow">[5]</a> Tozzi, who<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> played the coronet since age 7,</span> still seems to like Jazz as the Federal Focus has their own jazz band for low-income children.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1996 Jim Tozzi, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_MacRea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacRea (page does not exist)">James MacRea</a> and possibly also Thorne Auchter founded the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> (CRE) <a href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" rel="nofollow">[6]</a> <a href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" rel="nofollow">[7]</a> of which Tozzi and MacRea are still a "Member of the Advisory Board". <a href="http://www.thecre.com/advisory.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.thecre.com/advisory.html" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 0);">Tozzi was a major behind-the-scenes architect of the </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Data_Quality_Act" title="Data Quality Act"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 0);">Data Quality Act</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 242, 0);"> (DQA) which he helped to become law in 20</span>01.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi Response</span> To Post Article on Reye's Syndrome(Source pgs. 305 & 309, Courting Change, a book published by the Public Citizen Litigation Group)</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Reyes Syndrome Rule Was Withdrawn From OMB Review By The Secretary Of HHS. The assertion that Jim Tozzi rejected the proposed Reyes Syndrome labeling is completely inaccurate. The facts are, as demonstrated in the record, as follows:</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) Sept 20 1982 The Secretary of HHS sent a proposed labeling regulation to OMB.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) Nov 8 1982 The American Academy of Pediatrics announces" "Labeling aspirin-containing preparations as contraindicted in the treatment of influenza or chicken pox should be delayed until more conclusive evidence of the association of aspirin administration and Reye's Syndrome is shown by further investigation."</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) Nov 18 1982 The Secretary of HHS withdrew the rule from OMB review.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The record clearly demonstrates that Tozzi did not delay the implementation of the review for years.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a name="Related_SourceWatch_Resources" id="Related_SourceWatch_Resources"> </a></font></p><h2 style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-weight: normal;">Related SourceWatch Resources</span></font></h2><ul style=""><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoking_as_a_civic_duty" title="Smoking as a civic duty">Smoking as a civic duty</a></font></li></ul><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a name="Related_Links" id="Related_Links"> </a></font></p><h2 style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-weight: normal;">Related Links</span></font></h2><ul style=""><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Stewart Fist, <a href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" class="external text" title="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" rel="nofollow" style="">"The Sound Science Coalition"</a>, 2000?</font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a href="http://www.microwavenews.com/n-d01tobacco.html" class="external text" title="http://www.microwavenews.com/n-d01tobacco.html" rel="nofollow">How Big Tobacco Defines Wireless and EMF Health Debates</a>", <i>Microwave News</i>, November 2001</font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a href="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage/efab/newsletters/newsletter3.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage/efab/newsletters/newsletter3.htm" rel="nofollow">Environmental Financial Advisory Board Newsletter: March 2002</a>", <i>Environmental Protection Agency</i>,</font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a href="http://federaltimes.com/index.php?S=1285338" class="external text" title="http://federaltimes.com/index.php?S=1285338" rel="nofollow">Jim Tozzi, Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>", <i>FederalTimes.com</i>, November 11, 2002</font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"<a href="http://thecre.com/pdf/20040405_tozzi_jazz_omb.pdf" class="external text" title="http://thecre.com/pdf/20040405_tozzi_jazz_omb.pdf" rel="nofollow">Jim Tozzi: On Jazz And OMB</a>", <i>The Federal Paper</i>, November 18, 2002</font></font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"<a href="http://www.no-smoke.org/Steven%20J_final.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.no-smoke.org/Steven%20J_final.pdf" rel="nofollow">Steven J. Milloy: The “Junkman” Exposed</a>", <i>Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights</i>, December 2003</font></font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chris Mooney , "<a href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" rel="nofollow">Paralysis by Analysis, Jim Tozzi's regulation to end all regulation</a>", <i>Washington Monthly</i>, May 2004</font></font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rick Weiss, "<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3733-2004Aug15?language=printer" rel="nofollow">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</a>," Washington Post, August 16, 2004.</font></font></li><li style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eric Bailey, "<a href="http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-me-potduo18jul18,1,4361326.story?coll=la-health-medicine" class="external text" title="http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-me-potduo18jul18,1,4361326.story?coll=la-health-medicine" rel="nofollow" style="">Activist Enlists Unlikely Ally in Bid to Legalize Pot</a>," <i style="">Los Angeles Times</i>, July 18, 2005.</font></li></ul><p style="font-weight: bold;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">----</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">omg real thing:</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; transition-duration: 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s, 0.25s; transition-timing-function: linear, linear, linear, linear, linear, linear, linear; transition-property: background-color, border-color, box-shadow, color, opacity, text-shadow, transform;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Environmental Financial Advisory Board</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (EFAB) provides ideas and advice to EPA's Administrator and program offices on ways to lower the costs of and increase investments in environmental and public health protection.</span></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EFAB's work focuses on:</font></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lowering the cost of environmental protection;</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Removing financial and programmatic barriers that raise costs;</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Increasing public and private contribution in environmental facilities and services; and</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Building state and local financial ability to meet environmental laws.</font></li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Authority and Guidance Document</span></font></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100E65G.txt" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB's Charter</a></font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.epa.gov/ocem/faca/" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)</a></font></li></ul><div style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">EFAB Work & Information</span></font></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 1.2em; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFN.txt" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB FY 2013-2014 Strategic Action Agenda</a></font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www2.epa.gov/envirofinance/publications" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB Reports</a></font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFS.txt" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; margin: -2px; padding: 2px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">EFAB Factsheet</a></font></li></ul><div style="font-weight: bold;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 24px;">---</span></font></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 24px;">2014</span></font></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 24px;">
</span></font></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"><table id="efab" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Chair</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Karen <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Massey</span></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Missouri</span> Environmental Improvement and Energy Resource Authority</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Jefferson City</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MO</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">State and Local Government</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Helen Akparanta</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Assistant Attorney General/Senior Counsel</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Maryland Department of the Environment</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Baltimore</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MD</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Mark Kim</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chief Financial Officer</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Washington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">DC</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. James MacAdam</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Advisor</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Office of the Mayor - City of Tucson</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Tucson</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">AZ</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Mathilde O. McLean</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Treasurer</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York City Water Board, NYC Department of Environmental Protection</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Flushing</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Jennifer Wasinger</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Assistant Chief</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Oklahoma Water Resources Board</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Oklahoma City</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">OK</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Business (Financial Services)</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Helen Cregger</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Senior Vice President</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Piper Jaffray</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Denver</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CO</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Lisa Daniel</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Public Finance Management</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Memphis</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">TN</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Thomas Liu</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Wayne Seaton</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Wells Fargo Securities</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Richard Weiss</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Executive Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Morgan Stanley</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New York</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NY</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Business (Industry)</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. William Cobb</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Vice President, Environmental Services & Sustainable Development</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Freeport-McMoRan</span> Copper & Gold Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Phoenix</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">AZ</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Edwin William Crooks</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Managing Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">KPMG, </span>LLC</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Great Falls</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">VA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Marie De La Parra</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chief Executive Officer</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">BMB Construction Properties</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Alameda</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Rick Giardina</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Executive Vice President</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Raftelis Financial Consultants, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Centennial</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CO</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Ann J. Grodnik-Nagle</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chicago Bridge and Iron Company</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Madison</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">WI</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Phillip Johnson</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">President/CEO</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Green Terra Energy Corporation</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Washington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">DC</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Suzanne Kim</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Investment Analyst</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">New Forests</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Tiburon</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">CA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. G. Tracy Mehan, III</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Principal</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Cadmus Group, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Arlington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">VA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Leanne Tobias</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Principal</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Malachite, LLC</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Bethesda</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MD</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Eustace Uku</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">President</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Exico, Inc.</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Pittsburgh</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">PA</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Environmental and Other NGOs</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Donna Ducharme</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Executive Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Delta Institute</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Chicago</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">IL</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Vernice Miller-Travis</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Vice Chair</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Maryland Commission on Environmental Justice and Sustainable Communities</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Bowie</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">MD</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Tobias Rittner</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">President and CEO</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Council of Development Finance Agencies</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Columbus</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">OH</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Blanca Surgeon</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Rural Development Specialist</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Rural Community Assistance Corporation</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Santa Fe</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NM</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Special Government Employees</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Heather Himmelberger</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Director</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Southwest Environmental Finance Center</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Albuquerque</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">NM</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ms. Cynthia Williams</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Professor of Law</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">University of Illinois College of Law</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Toronto</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Ontario</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><td colspan="5" style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Designated Federal Official</strong></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Mr. Michael Shapiro</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Deputy Assistant Administrator</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">Washington</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; transition: background-color 0.25s linear 0s, border-color 0.25s linear 0s, box-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, color 0.25s linear 0s, opacity 0.25s linear 0s, text-shadow 0.25s linear 0s, transform 0.25s linear 0s; padding: 0.375em 1em; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.1; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);">D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="font-weight: bold;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <span style="line-height: 19.2px;">Lyons Gray</span><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">was an R.J. Reynolds tobacco company employee who went on to become a state Representative for North Carolina.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#Profiles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Profiles</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#SourceWatch_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">SourceWatch Resources</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lyons_Gray#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></font></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography" style="font-weight: normal;">Biography</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Lyons Gray started working for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/R.J.Reynolds" title="R.J. Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">R.J. Reynolds</a> Tobacco Company in 1967 as a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> salesman</span> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">in the Western Detroit, Michigan Division. He was promoted to Assistant Division Manager in 1968. A native of North Carolina, Gray assisted in Sales Training and Development at RJR.</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ran14d00," data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">at Pg. 10</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He continued to hold various positions in sales at RJR in subsequent years:</font></p><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">March, 1976 - Manager of National Accounts in the Sales Department, effective March 1,1976.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yjw23a00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></li></ul><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">July, 1978 - </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Director of Trade Relations at RJR </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rfb19d00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a></font></li></ul><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">April, 1979 - Lyons resigns from RJR <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/agy39d00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a> 2O YR GAP</font></li></ul><hr style="height: 1px; border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170);" /><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Gray was </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050906-3.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">nominated</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> September 6, 2005, by President</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">George W. Bush</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> to be Chief Financial Officer at the </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Environmental Protection Agency</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (EPA).</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Gray would </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050906-6.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">replace</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Charles Johnson. His nomination was sent to the Senate on September 6, 2005, and he was </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipac.net/digest.asp?g=fmi" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">confirmed</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> on October 7, 2005.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the time of his nomination, Gray was serving on the EPA's <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Environmental_Financial_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Financial Advisory Board (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Financial Advisory Board</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">EFAB</a>) and became the board's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/efinpage/efab/efab2003winterminutes.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">new Chairman</a> in March 2003.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Profiles" style="font-weight: normal;">Profiles</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">elected 1998 "Lyons Gray, after representing the 39th District in the North Carolina General Assembly for 14 years, is president of the Downtown Winston-Salem (North Carolina) Partnership and chairman of the EPA Environmental Finance Advisory Board. His daughter, Charlotte Gray, is a 1999 graduate of the Nicholas School's MEM program." (Spring 2003) </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Gray (R-Forsyth County, NC) retired from office in December 2002.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nccbi.org/Legislative_Bulletin/FMO-12-02electionreview.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.env.duke.edu/dukenvironment/spring2003/log.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Gray "has both independent wealth and outstanding <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/GOP" title="GOP" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GOP</a> credentials; his cousin, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/C.Boyden_Gray" title="C. Boyden Gray" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">C. Boyden Gray</a>, served as White House counsel to the first President Bush. But as a state representative he was known as a moderate. He quit the Legislature in 2002 in frustration, decrying 'extremists' in both parties. He also voted to water down a ban on partial-birth abortions and just last year voted to permit North Carolina counties to hike local sales taxes." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.governongo.org/Documents/WSJ_column.rtf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a></font></p><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Grandfather: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bowman_Gray,Sr." title="Bowman Gray, Sr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bowman Gray, Sr.</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Father: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bowman_Gray,Jr." title="Bowman Gray, Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bowman Gray, Jr.</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Uncle: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gordon_Gray" title="Gordon Gray" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gordon Gray</a>, Sr.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Cousin, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/C.Boyden_Gray" title="C. Boyden Gray" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">C. Boyden Gray</a></font></font></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="SourceWatch_Resources" style="font-weight: normal;">SourceWatch Resources</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bush_administration_cronyism_and_incompetence" title="Bush administration cronyism and incompetence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Bush administration cronyism and incompetence</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-weight: normal;">External links</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/lobbyists/Principal.asp?4905" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">Lobbyist </a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/lobbyists/Principal.asp?4905" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">Registration, North Carolina Secretary of State</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">: "Principal: Lyons Gray, LLC; Officer: Lyons Gray; Title: Member/Mgr; Address 200 Pine Valley Road, SW, Winston-Salem, NC 27104; Phone (336) 722-2311."</span></font></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This article may include <a href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/people/gray_lyons.html" class="external text" title="http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/people/gray_lyons.html" rel="nofollow" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">information from Tobacco Documents Online</a>.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Thorne G. Auchter was a former Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety & Health at the U.S. Department of Labor circa 1982.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> After leaving he became director of a group called </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Federal Focus</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which received funding from </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Philip Morris</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rfl38d00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He was also the Executive Director of the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness in 1997.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography" style="font-weight: normal;">Biography</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Thorne Auchter was born on March 6, 1945 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from Jacksonville University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1968, when he started as a job site construction supervisor at Auchter Company, a family-owned construction firm based in Jacksonville. Seven years later, in 1975, he became the Executive Vice President of that company. He served in </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ronald Reagan</a>'s 1980 election campaign as special events director for Florida. On February 11, 1981 President Reagan announced that he would nominate the then 35-year-old Thorne G. Auchter to become the Assistant Secretary of Labor for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA). OSHA regulates smoking in working environments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1000216520-6533.html?start_page=9" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a> One of the main goals of the Administration of President Ronald Reagan was to provide industry with relief from the burden of onerous government regulation. This became Auchter's goal at OSHA. Labor unions were publicly critical of almost every move Auchter made. In September 1983 a Philadelphia-area coalition of unions called on Auchter to resign from office because of the "systematic and insidious dismantling of OSHA."</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/osha13auchter.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In March 1984 Auchter left OSHA to become president of president of the B.B. Andersen Companies, a construction and development group located in Kansas. Controversy developed when it turned out that in 1981 he had dropped a proposed $12,680 penalty against one of the Andersen companies for safety violations. Critics accused him of accepting the job as a "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">quid pro quo</a>."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1986 Thorne G. Auchter and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Tozzi</a> founded the non-profit organization <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Focus</a>, Inc. and later in 1991 he founded a subsidiary of Federal Focus called <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a> (IRP). As director of this <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a>-funded organization, Auchter and Jim Tozzi were involved in several pro-tobacco activities.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While still at IRP, Auchter wrote to Philip Morris officials on the letterhead of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wayne_Valis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne Valis (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayne Valis</a>' <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coalition_for_Uniform_Risk_Evaluation" title="Coalition for Uniform Risk Evaluation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition for Uniform Risk Evaluation</a> (CURE) to discuss a White House meeting that he had attended regarding the 1991 draft of the executive order.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1996 Jim Tozzi, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_MacRea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacRea (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James MacRea</a> and possibly also Thorne Auchter founded the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a> (CRE)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a> as a subsidiary of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Multinational Business Services</a> (MBS) and Auchter became the Executive Director of CRE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Currently he is the CEO of '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracenews.com/" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">Grace Digital Media</a>' owned by Cheryl Reagan, who also runs Federal News Service.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0603/060203h1.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://eatthestate.org/07-18/FocusOnCorporation.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[7]</a></font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_Related_SourceWatch_Resources" style="font-weight: normal;">Other Related SourceWatch Resources</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Harvard_Center_for_Risk_Analysis_and_Big_Tobacco" title="Harvard Center for Risk Analysis and Big Tobacco" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Harvard Center for Risk Analysis</span> and Big Tobacco</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Links" style="font-weight: normal;">Related Links</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auchter.com/" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Auchter Company, Jacksonville, Florida</a>"</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1981/21181a.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Nominations and Appointments</a>," <i>Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</i>, February 11, 1981</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/osha13auchter.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Thorne Auchter Administration, 1981-1984: "Oh, what a (regulatory) relief</a>," <i>Department of Labor</i></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Norbert Hirschhorn, Stella Aguinaga Bialous, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/4/375.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry?</a>," <i>Tobacco Control</i>, July 2001</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Russell Mokhiber, Robert Weissman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/15801" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">U.S. Hires Christian Extremists to Produce Arabic News</a>," <i>AlterNet</i>, May 2, 2003</font></li></ul><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal Focus (FF) is a nonprofit policy research foundation that was incorporated in the District of Columbia on March 24, 1986. Federal Focus shares the same business address as <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services">Multinational Business Services</a> on DuPont Circle in Washington, D.C. According to the FF's Web site, it now works on science policy.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">FF claims on its web site to provide "objective and impartial information and analysis on government policy, science policy, and scientific issues." Moreover, it claims to "disseminate information and views that are objective, unbiased, and impartial."//STATS</font></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It operates the subunit <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a>.</font></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal Focus was affiliated with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect">Jim Tozzi</a>, who was involved in pro-tobacco activities with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect">Philip Morris</a>. FF sought and received grants from Philip Morris to hold educational seminars on science policy for public officials <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Multinational Services, working on behalf of Philip Morris, used Federal Focus as a third party vehicle to help distract attention away from<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> smoking as a youth issue</span> in 1994, when the U.S. Surgeon General was addressing the effects of smoking and tobacco smoke on the young. The strategy was to emphasize the death rate of youth from other factors like accidents and alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-weight: normal;">Funding</span></font></h2><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Funders of Federal Focus include:</font></p><ul style=""><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Cement </span>Alliance</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">American Farm Bureau Federation?</font></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Iron and Steel Institute (page does not exist)">American Iron and Steel Institute</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Paper </span>Institute</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Arkansas State Society</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">AT&T</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Beer_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beer Institute (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Beer Institute</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr. Eric Bovet</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Business Council on the Reduction of Paperwork</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chemical_Manufacturers_Association" title="Chemical Manufacturers Association" class="mw-redirect"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chemical Manufacturers Association</font></a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ciba-Geigy Corp.</font></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a></font><ul><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Communication Systems Development, Inc.</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ul></li></ul><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">District of Columbia Commission for the Arts</font></p><ul style=""><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Edison Electric Institute</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ford Motor Co.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Friends of Annapolis Symphony Orchestra</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Friends of the U.S. National Arboretum</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Gibson</span> Associates</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Government of the District of Columbia</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Health_and_Environmental_Sciences_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health and Environmental Sciences Group (page does not exist)">Health and Environmental Sciences Group</a>, Inc.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kentucky Society of Washington</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Landon School</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marriott International, Inc.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services">Multinational Business Services</a>, Inc.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Chamber_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Chamber Foundation (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">National Chamber Foundation</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Electrical Manufacturers Association</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Endowment for the Arts</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Paint and Coatings Association</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NEXTEL</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Oracle Corp.</font></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp.</font></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PCS Prime Co., LP</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Peter Tare, Inc.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Philip Morris</font></a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Photo Marketing Associates International</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">PSI Energy</span></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Richard Bray Orchestras</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sacramento Traditional Jazz Society</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schuller International, Inc.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scientific Advisory Group on <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Cellular</span> Telephone Research</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Research Institute</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</font></font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. General Services Administration</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Office of Personnel Management</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">USA Today</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wireless Technology Research, L.L.C.</font></li></ul><h2 style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-weight: normal;">References</span></font></h2><ol class="references" style=""><li id="cite_note-0"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsq32c00" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tsq32c00" rel="nofollow">Grant-in-aid request</a> Tozzi J. March 15, 1991. Philip Morris Bates No.2071413114/3115</font></li><li id="cite_note-1"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_ref-1" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.fedfocus.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.fedfocus.org" rel="nofollow">Federal Focus web site</a> accessed January 10, 2008</font></li><li id="cite_note-2"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Federal_Focus#cite_ref-2" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wdp16e00" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wdp16e00" rel="nofollow">No title</a> Tozzi JJ/Multinational Business Services. Letter. January 11, 1994. Philip Morris Bates No. 2048213860/3864</font></li></ol><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a name="Contact" id="Contact"> </a></font></p><h2 style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-weight: normal;">Contact</span></font></h2><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal Focus, Inc.
11 Dupont Circle, N.W., Suite 700
Washington, D.C. 20036
Email: infoATfedfocus.org (substitute an "@" sign for the "AT")</font></p><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style=""><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobaccowiki" title="Category:Tobaccowiki">Tobaccowiki</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Front_groups_portal" title="Category:Front groups portal">Front groups portal</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobacco_industry" title="Category:Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Front_groups" title="Category:Front groups">Front groups</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Tobacco_fronts" title="Category:Tobacco fronts">Tobacco fronts</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Science" title="Category:Science">Science</a></span></font></div></div><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> ----</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">srctch</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Institute for Regulatory Policy (IRP) was founded in 1991 as an operating subunit of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Federal Focus</a>. It was a front group created by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">tobacco industry</a> to support its version of "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sound_science" title="Sound science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">sound science</a>" in environmental and public health policy.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> In addition to tobacco, IRP has worked on issues including radon, chlorinated water and electromagnetic fields.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <span class="toctoggle" style="user-select: none;"> [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></font></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Personnel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Affiliated_organizations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Affiliated organizations</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Articles_and_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Articles and Resources</span></a></font><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#Related_SourceWatch_Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Related SourceWatch Articles</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="History" style="font-weight: normal;">History</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Beginning as early as the 1970s, the tobacco industry began to worry about the mounting evidence showing that nonsmokers as well as smokers suffer adverse health effects from secondhand smoke inhaled in bars, restaurants and other public places. Industry executives realized that the issue of tobacco's indirect effects posed a potentially greater threat to profits than the issue of its direct effects on smokers themselves. Once the public realized that cigarettes were also killing nonsmokers, anti-tobacco activists would press forward with increasing success in their campaigns to ban smoking in public places.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"If smokers can't smoke on the way to work, at work, in stores, banks, restaurants, malls, and other public places, they are going to smoke less," complained Philip Morris political affairs director <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ellen_Merlo" title="Ellen Merlo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ellen Merlo</a> in a speech to tobacco vendors. "A large percentage of them are going to quit. In short, cigarette purchases will be drastically reduced and volume declines will accelerate."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Researchers have known for decades that secondhand smoke causes or exacerbates a number of health problems in nonsmokers, including heart disease, emphysema and asthma</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. In 1992, the U.S. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) added to the list by publishing a risk assessment that designated secondhand tobacco smoke for the first time as a known cause of lung cancer. The tobacco industry's preoccupation with "sound science" emerged as it mobilized to fight the EPA risk assessment.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the 'Report on Recent ETS and IAQ Developments' (ETS='Environmental tobacco smoke' also known as 'secondhand tobacco smoke'; IAQ=Indoor Air Quality) on August 27, 1991 was written: QUAYLE
</font></p><blockquote style="line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Institute for Regulatory Policy, a research group headed by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thorne Auchter</a>, and affiliated with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Federal Focus</a>, Inc., recently submitted a report to the Vice President's Council on Competitiveness [CSE} proposing an Executive Order that would provide centralized guidance for the scientific objectivity of risk assessments. The 170-page report is titled "Toward Common Measures: Recommendations for a Presidential Executive Order on: Environmental Risk Assessment and Risk Management Policy<i>."</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Federal Focus is a Philip Morris-funded </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/501(c)(3)" title="501(c)(3)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">501(c)(3)</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> non-profit organization set up by </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Thorne Auchter</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_Tozzi" title="James Tozzi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">James Tozzi</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in 1986. Later James Tozzi changed his focus to his company </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Multinational_Business_Services" title="Multinational Business Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Multinational Business Services</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (MBS) while Thorne Auchter founded IRP as a subsidiary of Federal Focus. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.electric-words.com/junk/carlo/carlo2.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Other Federal Focus subsidaries were </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Center for Epidemiological Studies' (director: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian" title="Gary Kayajanian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gary Kayajanian</a>, Ph.D</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.), 'Health Policy Institute' (director: Joel Rosenblatt, Ph.D.) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023593752.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 'Center for the Study of Environmental </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Endocrine </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Effects' (CSEEE)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Only IRP and CSEEE are still mentioned of the Federal Focus site as '</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Past Operating Subunits</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fedfocus.org/organization.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The 990 form of Federal Focus for 2002 (last available one on GuideStar) has 4 people listed as managers: Jim J. Tozzi (director), Barbara Tozzi (treasurer), William Kelly (secretary), and James Tang (vice president). </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://documents.guidestar.org/2002/521/491/2002-521491985-1-F.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Federal Focus still uses the same address in Washington that was also used for MSB. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023329902-9903.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Joel Rosenblatt represented on June 7, 1999 the '</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">' (CRE) which some people see as the successor of IRP. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/ec05279m.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[7]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In internal Philip Morris documents lobbyist James Tozzi was described as the company's "primary contact on the EPA/ETS risk assessment during the second half of 1992.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" During that period, it noted, "Tozzi has been invaluable in executing our Washington efforts including generating technical briefing papers, numerous letters to agencies and media interviews," a service for which Philip Morris paid an estimated $300,000 in consulting fees. The document added that "Tozzi could also be helpful in other regulatory matters (food and environmental) affecting PM."</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Philip Morris paid Tozzi's company another $880,000 to establish the IRP as a "nonprofit" think tank, which put together "three different coalitions which support sound science - <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Executive_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition for Executive Order (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition for Executive Order</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Moratorium_on_Risk_Assessments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition for Moratorium on Risk Assessments (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition for Moratorium on Risk Assessments</a>, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_of_Cities_and_States_on_Environmental_Mandates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition of Cities and States on Environmental Mandates (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coalition of Cities and States on Environmental Mandates</a>. ... IRP could work with us as well as <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/APCO_Worldwide" title="APCO Worldwide" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">APCO</a> in a coordinated manner." According to a Philip Morris document, "IRP is now a viable organization that can address various regulatory issues. IRP has established a coalition representing the interests of a broad array of industries and trade associations. Additionally, IRP has established a relationship with many state and local governments throughout the U.S. The coalition could address a number of regulatory issues of interest to PM in 1993."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/2046662829-2837.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[8]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">MBS employee <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_J.Milloy" title="Steven J. Milloy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Steven J. Milloy</a> went on to launch <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/JunkScience" title="JunkScience" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">JunkScience.com</a> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and several other organizations that continue to attack environmentalists, public health and food safety regulators, anti-nuclear and animal rights activists, and a wide range of other targets that he accuses of using unsound science to advance various political agendas.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A pamphlet of Federal Focus published around April 1996 was one of the last signs IRP was still active. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2065344588-4591.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[9]</a> Thorne Auchter who was director of IRP became later the Executive Director of the in 1996 founded Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[10]</a></font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel" style="font-weight: normal;">Personnel</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_G.Auchter" title="Thorne G. Auchter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Thorne G. Auchter</a>, director, former head of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Occupational_Safety%26_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety & Health Administration" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Occupational Safety & Health Administration</a> (OSHA)</font></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Affiliated_organizations" style="font-weight: normal;">Affiliated organizations</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to the IRP, Tozzi and MBS have created a number of other anti-regulatory projects, including:</font></p><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Federal_Focus" title="Federal Focus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Federal Focus</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness" title="Center for Regulatory Effectiveness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles_and_Resources" style="font-weight: normal;">Articles and Resources</span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources" style="font-weight: normal;">Sources</span></font></h3><ol class="references" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vzq81f00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">Remarks By Ellen Merlo Vice President, Corporate Affairs Philip Morris USA at Philip Morris Vendor conference, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York City"</a>, January 25, 1994. Bates Number 2044336068/6114.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023516857-7321.p121-130.html?#p129" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></span></font></li></ol><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_SourceWatch_Articles" style="font-weight: normal;">Related SourceWatch Articles</span></font></h3><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_groups" title="Front groups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Front groups</a></font></li></ul><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">srcwrtch:</font></p><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <span class="selflink">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</span> (CRE) was founded in 1996 by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Tozzi</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_MacRea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacRea (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James MacRea</a> and possibly also <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thorne_Auchter" title="Thorne Auchter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thorne Auchter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/getimg.asp?DOCID=2063589732/9734&PGNO=2063589733" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.house.gov/judiciary/525.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a> It seems that CRE is the successor of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a>. Jim Tozzi, James MacRea and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kenneth_Glozer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Glozer (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kenneth Glozer</a> are the three members of the 'CRE Advisory Board' <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/advisory.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a>. In the past also <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Thomas_D.Hopkins" title="Thomas D. Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas D. Hopkins</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ron_M.Linton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ron M. Linton (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ron M. Linton</a> were members of that board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020802231647/www.thecre.com/advisory.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2002 or 2003 a new section of CRE was created: 'ICANN focus'. In October 2003 the website 'icannfocus.org' was started. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://blog.lextext.com/blog/archives/2003/10/29/5286.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a> That site only consists of 1 page which is a kind of doorway page because visitors to that home page will just see the content of 'thecre.com/icann/' in a frame. The whois information of that site mentions a 'Levinson' which is most likely '<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bruce_Levinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Levinson (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bruce Levinson</a>'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.circleid.com/members/profile_view_ind.php?id=260" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a> Bruce Levinson is the director of the 'Pharmaceutical Policy Project' at CRE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/news/20040202_news.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[7]</a> He is also the director of CRE's 'Fuel Economy Project'<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://thecre.com/forums/member.php?s=c150aa4f4f93f5a6f68a453b72f0709a&action=getinfo&userid=26" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[8]</a> which uses the web site 'www.fueleconomyin.us'. The home page of that site uses a '302 Moved Temporarily' error to redirect visitors to 'www.thecre.com/fuel/economy.htm'.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <span class="toctoggle" style="user-select: none;"> [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></font></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#Funding" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Funding</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#Other_SourceWatch_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Other SourceWatch Resources</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#Contact_Information" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Contact Information</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_for_Regulatory_Effectiveness#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></font></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;" /><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding" style="font-weight: normal;">Funding</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On its website CRE states that it "has no members, but it receives, from time to time, financial support, services in kind, and work product from foundations, trade associations and private firms. Consequently, at any one time, CRE benefits from the input or advice of literally hundreds of small and large firms." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/about.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[9]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It also states that support from companies and trade association is "usually in the form of a monthly contribution to support the Center's activities. Although CRE participants who contribute to the Center are given an opportunity to designate a particular issue to be addressed by the Center and to review CRE's work product prior to its dissemination, they do not control either the content or the papers that the Center ultimately files in a given regulatory proceeding." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thecre.com/regreview/index.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[10]</a></font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_SourceWatch_Resources" style="font-weight: normal;">Other SourceWatch Resources</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_for_Regulatory_Policy" title="Institute for Regulatory Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Institute for Regulatory Policy</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Research_Accountability_Project" title="Research Accountability Project" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Research Accountability Project</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact_Information" style="font-weight: normal;">Contact Information</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness
11 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: 202 265 2383
Web site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thecre.com/" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">http://www.thecre.com</a></font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-weight: normal;">External links</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jennifer B Sass and Jon P Devine, Jr, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241817" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness invokes the Data Quality Act to reject published studies on atrazine toxicity</a>", <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, January 2004, Volume 112 Number 1, pages A18.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim J. Tozzi, William G. Kelly, Jr. and Scott Slaughter, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1241817" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">Data Quality Act: Response from the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness</a>", <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>, January 2004, Volume 112 Number 1, pages A18–A19.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Chris Mooney , "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">Paralysis by Analysis, Jim Tozzi's regulation to end all regulation</a>," <i>Washington Monthly</i>, May 2004.</font></li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Non-Government_Organizations" title="Category:Non-Government Organizations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Non-Government Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Paralysis by Analysis</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim Tozzi's regulation to end all regulation.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Chris Mooney</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If you stand near the fountain at the center of Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., and gaze up at the surrounding buildings, you should be able to spot a <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">large brass telescope in a seventh story window above Books-A-Million. The device belongs to Jim Tozzi, a former Reagan budget official, well-remunerated corporate consultant, self-described regulatory policy "nerd," and self-confessed voyeur. The telescope has become a "landmark," brags the 65-year-old Tozzi, a gleeful cut-up whose "JJT" monogrammed shirt cuffs belie his musician-jive patter. "That can get you in a lot of trouble," he adds. "I'm a dirty old man. I love it."</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If Tozzi is shameless about his extracurricular activities, he's equally proud of the work that occupies his daylight hours. As the flamboyant head of an industry-funded, for-profit think tank called the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, Tozzi has made his career in the decidedly unflamboyant field of government regulation. In the three decades or so since the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and other agencies were formed, industry has become adept both at weighing down the rulemaking process with years of preliminaries and at challenging regulations once promulgated. And for years, Tozzi--thanks to official contacts and regulatory expertise gleaned from two decades in government--has been a master of the game, gumming up the regulatory works and, as he puts it, giving environmentalists and consumer advocates "gastronomical pains."</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But now Tozzi has a chance to change the rules of the game itself. With assistance from the Bush administration, a little-known statute called the "Data Quality Act"--conceived by Tozzi and passed with little debate by Congress three years ago--allows businesses to challenge not just government regulations, but the taxpayer-sponsored science which agencies rely upon to formulate these rules in the first place</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On its face, the Data Quality Act merely requires government agencies to field complaints over the data, studies, and reports they disseminate, in order to ensure the "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity" of the information. Though seemingly unobjectionable, this provides a new workload for agencies that could impinge upon their other duties. But it's just the beginning. The Bush administration has used the DQA as a springboard to implement an unprecedented "peer review" system for government science, a cumbersome set of protocols that was strenuously opposed by the nation's science community, which saw little in the original plan resembling standard academic peer review. (As we went to press, the White House released a revised "peer review" bulletin that appeared to respond to some of these criticisms.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If these efforts succeed, industry groups will have a new set of tools to stop regulations before they even get started--often by using questionable scientific critiques paid for by industry to challenge legitimate science sponsored by taxpayers. "Anyone who is involved in the regulatory process knows it begins ten years or so before you ever see a rule," says William Kovacs, a Chamber of Commerce vice president who's met with Tozzi "a hundred times" to plot strategy. The Data Quality Act "allows you to begin inputting, and access the process [from] the very beginning." In fact, the act may also enable businesses to file lawsuits against agencies that reject data quality complaints, a potentially powerful new device in the deregulatory arsenal that could let motivated groups head sensible regulatory changes off at the pass. "Up until the Data Quality Act, the courts almost uniformly held you couldn't get judicial review of government reports," says law professor Sidney Shapiro of the University of Kansas, a member scholar of the Center for Progressive Regulation.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Already, Tozzi's Data Quality Act has led to suits challenging a government report on climate change and a National Institutes of Health study on diet, both of which represent state-of-the-art scientific work in their fields. The latter suit was recently filed by the Chamber of Commerce and the Salt Institute, an industry group, as a strategic test case to establish judicial review under the Data Quality Act. Slowly, Tozzi and allies are laying the groundwork for a broader assault on the regulatory state. Data quality, says Kovacs, is going to have "a revolutionary impact on the regulatory process."</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science friction</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi's realm is a subterranean world of arcane rules and obscure alphabet-soup agencies. A self-described "market-based conservative," he's become a master of helping companies challenge the scientific underpinnings of government rules by zooming in, telescope-like, on alleged flaws in individual studies. Tozzi says he's trying to "regulate the regulators"--blocking agencies from releasing weak data or questionable information. Yet most of the studies that Tozzi and his allies challenge are actually pretty reliable.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An economics Ph.D. who hung around New Orleans until he realized he'd never make it playing jazz, Tozzi began his Washington stint in 1964, reviewing regulations at the Army Corps of Engineers. Having established a reputation as "that nerd over there in the Pentagon that really likes to review rules," as he puts it, Tozzi later joined the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon administration. Tasked with scrutinizing regs churned out by the newly-created Environmental Protection Agency, he became infamous for second-guessing the agency's enforcement efforts. Environmentalists would ask, "Christ, who's running EPA--Tozzi?", he recalls with a cackle<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tozzi stayed at the budget office through the election of Ronald Reagan, who named him deputy head of a new OMB division dedicated to overseeing proposed regulations. Soon enough, Tozzi's domain became known as the "black hole" of the regulatory process for its reputation of sucking in rules proposed by agencies and never letting them see light again. He earned the nickname "Stealth." "I don't want to leave fingerprints,</span>" he once told The Washington Post.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1983, after 20 years of learning how to induce regulatory sclerosis from the inside, Tozzi set up a consulting shop--Multinational Business Services--to do it from the outside. MBS clients have included everyone from chemical companies to tire and rubber manufacturers, but Tozzi's most controversial client was undoubtedly the tobacco industry, which during the 1990s sought to battle the emerging scientific consensus that secondhand smoke was a danger to those who were over-exposed to it, particularly people living or working with smokers. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">One of tobacco's strategies was to advocate standards for "good epidemiology" that would have made it almost impossible to conclude that secondhand smoke was dangerous. These standards insisted that unless secondhand smoke doubled your risk of getting cancer, it should be ignored--a standard, notes tobacco researcher Stanton Glantz of the University of California-San Francisco, that would bar regulation of nearly any environmental toxin.</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi played a key part in this push, earning hundreds of thousands of dollars from Philip Morris for such activities as supporting "legislative mandates on epidemiological standards" and increasing "debate on [secondhand smoke] risk assessment within EPA," according to internal company documents. In one instance, Tozzi deployed a phalanx of lobbyists to his old haunts at the OMB to block the implementation of a government medical code, used for Medicare and Medicaid claims, that tracked secondhand smoke illnesses. By presenting itself as "a defender of good science, not tobacco," noted the Los Angeles Times in a 1995 article, Tozzi's company succeeded in getting the rule changed--an obscure but major victory for his client. As he explains today,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> had the government been allowed to accumulate such statistics, tobacco firms "could have been subject to tons of legal actions saying, 'Look at all these illnesses caused by secondary smoke.'</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although Tozzi says tobacco companies are no longer contributing to the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness (founded in 1996), the fight over secondhand smoke was very much a warm-up for his later efforts. Among other work he did for Philip Morris during the mid- and late-1990s, Tozzi circulated information and proposals concerning two pieces of legislation. The first, a<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> "data access" law, </span>would allow interested parties to obtain, under the Freedom of Information Act, "all data produced" by any publicly funded scientific study. The <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">second was the Data Quality Act</span> (though Tozzi insists it was originally his idea and that other industries besides tobacco were interested as well). Together, the proposals would allow regulated companies to conduct detailed internal audits of unfavorable studies--and then battle to stop those unfavorable studies from getting translated into unfavorable regulation.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By the end of the 1990s, as formerly obscure government studies became widely and easily obtainable on agency Web sites--sometimes affecting a firm's stock valuation simply by being posted--business groups and their GOP allies made a concerted effort to make Tozzi's proposals a reality. And instead of calling for the kind of massive "regulatory reform" campaign that had fizzled in 1995, they took a backdoor approach, attaching Tozzi's proposals to must-pass appropriations bills. The data access amendment, also known as the "Shelby Amendment" for its sponsor Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), was passed in 1998, and subsequently minimized in scope by a wary Clinton administration. The Data Quality Act rolled through three years ago, and was welcomed with open arms by the Bushies. Now Tozzi's timebomb sits waiting to detonate. In the end, says Kovacs, "what we're going to get is far more than we could have ever gotten by having a comprehensive regulatory law passed."</font></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Quality act</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Business groups haven't wasted much time making use of Tozzi's labors. Last August, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank partly funded by the energy industry, filed suit under the Data Quality Act over a Clinton-era report on global warming, known as the National Assessment of Climate Change</span>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Though the suit was ultimately settled out of court, government lawyers agreed to attach a disclaimer to the report stating that it was "not subjected" to the Data Quality Act. There's little evidence that the study was flawed. But the suit appears to have given the Bush administration a pretext to ignore the National Assessment when it issued its own 10-year plan on climate change research in June of 2003.</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">More recently, in September of 2003 Tozzi submitted a data quality complaint challenging the government's intent to use a World Health Organization report in assembling U.S. dietary guidelines. The WHO report called for individuals to cut dietary intake of so-called "free sugars"--a recommendation considered utterly uncontroversial among mainstream nutritionists, but sharply opposed by the sugar industry, which stood to lose a fortune if the WHO used the report to bolster a global anti-obesity strategy. (Tozzi admits his petition was filed on behalf of "somebody in the food business," but declined to be more specific.) Here, too, "data quality" was merely a cudgel by which to block the government from considering good science when making policy.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi likes to point out that the act has not gummed up the federal regulatory system with challenges, as some environmentalists feared. But that may not last for long.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Even now, Tozzi and his allies are preparing to expand the act's scope by making agency rejection of a data quality complaint grounds for a lawsuit. "Somebody has to test whether it's judicially reviewable," says Kovacs. If they succeed, they'll have created two new entry points into the regulatory process. Industry groups will not only be able to saddle agencies with scientific complaints over their studies that could be costly and time-consuming to answer. They'll also be able to force agencies to defend their responses in court. Hence the term Tozzi's critics often apply to his type of strategy: "Paralysis by analysis."</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi also points out that the Data Quality Act can be used by anybody. And to be sure, a few opportunistic environmental groups have filed data quality complaints with agencies. Most of the current challenges, however, have been brought by industry, which shouldn't come as much of a surprise<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. Over the past few decades, business interests have spawned an entire infrastructure to generate so-called "counter research," exploiting the nuance and openness inherent to good science in order to "manufacture uncertainty" where little exists. </span>Now that capacity can be deployed not only at the back end of the regulatory process--the P.R. battles waged in the popular and scientific press--but also at the front end, before regulators can get their shoes on.</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi himself insists that he doesn't have anything against government or bureaucrats--after all, he used to be one. He says he just wants government to run more efficiently, and believes that "if you intervene in the market, there should be a compelling need to do so, and you should demonstrate that." But while there are no doubt some bureaucrats who live to stick it to big business, the Data Quality Act is transparently a solution in search of a problem. As legal scholar Wendy Wagner of the University of Texas pointed out in a recent article entitled <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"The 'Bad Science' Fiction," there's little evidence to support the notion that government agencies churn out "junk science" or that their existing peer review protocols are inadequate. The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, Wagner charges, "provides virtually no evidence to support its assumption that a bad-science problem exists."</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi's timebomb</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That hasn't stopped Tozzi from seeking to increase the Data Quality Act's scope in a variety of ways. He's written letters both to the WHO and universities warning that if they want their science to influence the U.S. government, it had better meet data quality standards. In one controversial letter, Tozzi even invoked the Data Quality Act in an attempt to disallow comments submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency by an environmental group.</font></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Most importantly, he's drafted sample legislation for states. Near the close of a long interview in his spacious office, Tozzi stands up, saunters past his piano and a globe containing a hidden alcohol stash, and collects from his desk a sheet of paper that he's been saving for me<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. The state of Wisconsin, Tozzi says, has adopted a version of the Data Quality Act. "It's like kudzu, baby," says Tozzi. "You can spray it, shoot it--here," he says, handing over the text of the act. "Now there'll be a whole rumor mill around Washington," he continues. "There's that goddamn Tozzi…."</span></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0405.mooney.html</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Chris Mooney is a senior correspondent for The American Prospect and is writing a book about conservatives and science. (www.chriscmooney.com)</font></p><p style="" /><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An April 1993 internal memo to <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a> from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Epidemiological_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Epidemiological Studies (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Center for Epidemiological Studies</a> listed Gary Kayajanian as Director of the center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023593752.html?start_page=1&images_per_page=10" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A March 1977 edition of </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pesticide and Toxic Chemical News</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> noted that Gary Kayajanian "scientist/lawyer, has joined the staff of the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">EPA's Office of General Counsel for Pesticdes and Toxic Substances</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. He has a PH.D. from the University of Roichester specializing in microbial viral genetics and has done post doctoral work in cancer research. His law degree is from Arizona. The OGC lawyer will be working primarily on pesticide rebutatable presumption against registration notices." </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=wlb97e00&fmt=pdf&ref=results" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In May 2000 a Phillip Morris manager, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steve_Parrish" title="Steve Parrish" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Steve Parrish</a> noted in an email that Kayajanian had called wanting to talk to someone about a chemical that "prevents lung cancer and said he can help our company." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=fhv82c00&fmt=pdf&ref=results" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In an abstract for a June 2003 article - titled "Arsenic, cancer, and thoughtless policy" - in <i>Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety</i>, Kayajanian wrote "the current drinking water contaminant standard for arsenic is 50 ug/L, as an upper bound. There is no lower bound for the standard. In an analysis of three epidemiology studies, the author demonstrates a significant cancer incidence trough for arsenic near 50 ug/L."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Allowing, and even requiring, a much lower arsenic standard is not a desirable health outcome. Since most water systems currently deliver arsenic at levels below 5 ug/L, an undesirable health outcome is expected. For these systems and others not near 50 ug/L, the level of arsenic should be adjusted to bring it near 50 ug/L," he argued. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arsenic-crisis/message/101" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#Contact_details" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Contact details</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></font><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#Articles_by_Kayajanian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles by Kayajanian</span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Kayajanian#Articles_about_Kayajanian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles about Kayajanian</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact_details" style="font-weight: normal;">Contact details</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Suite. 1411, 1600 S. Joyce St.,
Arlington, VA, 22202, US,
</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-weight: normal;">External links</span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles_by_Kayajanian" style="font-weight: normal;">Articles by Kayajanian</span></font></h3><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Gary Kayajanian, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arsenic-crisis/message/101" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Arsenic, cancer, and thoughtless policy</a>", <i>Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety</i>, Volume 55, Issue 2, June 2003, Pages 139-142. (Abstract).</font></li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles_about_Kayajanian" style="font-weight: normal;">Articles about Kayajanian</span></font></h3><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eric Pianin, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:Vzvj6-8DqsYJ:www.eyah.com/tools/gbig/index.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.toxics.net%26action%3Dg2b+%22Gary+Kayajanian%22&hl=en" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Dioxin Report By EPA On Hold Industries Oppose Finding of Cancer Link, Urge Delay</a>", <i>Washington Post</i>, April 12, 2001.</font></li></ul><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wapo</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A special EPA science panel would eventually level stinging criticisms at those studies for their poor design and sloppy implementation. Still, the conflicting results left the atrazine question at a standoff. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That is when the company turned to the Data Quality Act -- and Jim J. Tozzi.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">'Working the Regulatory Process' </span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data qualit</span>y. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and the Triazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen, a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke</span>. That is when he pioneered the tactic of attacking the science behind proposed regulations.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support, he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"John Graham came in, and he did an unbelievable job,"</span> Tozzi said. "Better than I could have done had I been there myself."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Politicizing the Process </font></div><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">all wapo</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">=</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;">timeline </span><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/daily/graphics/regs_081604.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/daily/graphics/regs_081604.html</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">THE FINE PRINT | A Policy Puts Science on Trial</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">very good chart http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/graphics/dataQualityChart_081704.html</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ctr reg eff,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> cei, acc, last 2 together on pthalates, mic, cei 4x, dow, asbestos, 3 sen v epa 3/7/03 oil gas on stormwater, perc, ranch, USCoC, public employees for environmental responsibilty PEER good guys, EWG  </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">from?</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Rick Weiss</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington Post Staff Writer</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Monday, August 16, 2004; Page A01</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Second of three articles</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Things were not looking good a few years ago for the makers of<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> atrazine, America's second-leading weedkiller.</span> The company was seeking approval from the Environmental Protection Agency to keep the highly profitable product on the market. But scientists were finding it was disrupting hormones in wildlife -- in some cases turning frogs into bizarre creatures bearing both male and female sex organs.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Last October, concerns about the herbicide led the European Union to ban atrazine, starting in 2005. Yet that same month, after 10 years of contentious scientific review, the EPA decided to permit ongoing use in the United States with no new restrictions.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[An Agency Takes a Turn</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Under President Bush, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has made sometimes subtle changes in regulations that carry large consequences for workers and employers. Across the government, the Bush administration has started fewer regulations and killed more of the proposals Bush inherited than two predecessors. TB]</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A last-minute addition to an unrelated piece of legislation has created a tool for attacking the science used by federal agencies as a basis for new regulations. Industry has embraced the Data Quality Act to challenge 32 major proposals, including a successful assault on efforts to restrict the use of the herbicide atrazine.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Herbicide approvals are complicated, and there is no one reason that atrazine passed regulatory muster in this country. But close observers give significant credit to a single sentence that was added to the EPA's final scientific assessment last year.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hormone disruption, it read, cannot be considered a "legitimate regulatory endpoint at this time" -- that is, it is not an acceptable reason to restrict a chemical's use -- because the government had not settled on an officially accepted test for measuring such disruption.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Those words, which effectively rendered moot hundreds of pages of scientific evidence, were adopted by the EPA as a result of a petition filed by a Washington consultant working with atrazine's primary manufacturer, Syngenta Crop Protection. The petition was filed under the Data Quality Act, a little-known piece of legislation that, under President Bush's Office of Management and Budget, has become a potent tool for companies seeking to beat back regulation.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Data Quality Act -- written by an industry lobbyist and slipped into a giant appropriations bill in 2000 without congressional discussion or debate -- is just two sentences directing the OMB to ensure that all information disseminated by the federal government is reliable. But the Bush administration's interpretation of those two sentences could tip the balance in regulatory disputes that weigh the interests of consumers and businesses.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John D. Graham, administrator of the OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), who has directed implementation of the Data Quality Act, said the law will keep the federal government hewing to "sound science." He said the act,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> which allows people and companies to challenge government information they believe is inaccurate, is equally accessible to "a wide diversity of interests, both in the business community and in the consumer, environmental and conservation communities."</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But many consumers, conservationists and worker advocates say the act is inherently biased in favor of industry</span>. By demanding that government use only data that have achieved a rare level of certainty, these critics maintain, the act dismisses scientific information that in the past would have triggered tighter regulation.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Washington Post analysis of government records indicates that in the first 20 months since the act was fully implemented, it has been used predominantly by industry. Setting aside the many Data Quality Act petitions filed to correct narrow typographical or factual errors in government publications or Web sites, the analysis found 39 petitions with potentially broad economic, policy or regulatory impact. Of those, 32 were filed by regulated industries, business or trade organizations or their lobbyists. Seven were filed by environmental or citizen groups. Some environmental groups are boycotting the act, adding to the imbalance in its use.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Among the petitions:</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">American Chemistry Council</span> and others challenged data used by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as it sought to ban wood treated with heavy metals and arsenic in playground equipment.[see appendiz, acsh?]</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• Logging groups challenged Forest Service calculations used to justify restrictions on timber harvests.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Sugar</span> interests challenged the Agriculture Department and the Food and Drug Administration over dietary recommendations to limit sugar intake.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Salt Institute and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce challenged data that led the National Institutes of Health to recommend that people cut back on salt.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Nickel Development Institute and other nickel interests challenged a government report on the hazards of that metal.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">• The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers petitioned the CPSC to retract data that ranked the risk of lint fires in various clothes dryers.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Environmental and consumer groups say the Data Quality Act fits into a larger Bush administration agenda. In the past six months, more than 4,000 scientists, including dozens of Nobel laureates and 11 winners of the National Medal of Science, have signed statements accusing the administration of politicizing science.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The White House's heavy editing of a key global-warming report, its efforts to emphasize abstinence rather than condoms in the war against AIDS and its alleged stacking of scientific advisory committees have drawn particular ire. But many scientists and public advocates believe that far more is at stake with the Data Quality Act.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From their perspective, the act is shifting the authority over the nation's science into the politicized environment of the OMB -- a change, they say, that will favor big business.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Data Quality' Law Is Nemesis Of Regulation</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"It's a tool to clobber every effort to regulate," said Rena Steinzor, a professor of law and director of the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland. "In my view, it amounts to censorship and harassment.</span>"</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That's a view that Christopher C. Horner of the free-market Competitive Enterprise Institute -- which has used the act repeatedly to challenge scientific information -- brushed off as "whiny."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">--</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Hey, you're making me be accurate," he mocked. "I have no sympathy for that."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Horner said the act, if anything, has proved less useful than anticipated to groups such as his that seek to minimize government regulation. And figures from the OMB confirm that agencies have in many cases resisted challenges to their scientific findings.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Of the 39 Data Quality Act petitions in The Post's analysis, five have resulted in at least some of the changes sought -- all of them filed by industry interests. Five were denied, five were diverted by the agencies to other bureaucratic avenues, and 24 are pending.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Yet there are signs, Graham acknowledged, that petitioners are becoming more innovative in their use of the act. And petitioners are homing in on agencies whose mission is to protect the environment and public health. The most heavily petitioned are the Environmental Protection Agency, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Institutes of Health, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission.</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Studying Atrazine </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Nearly 80 million pounds of atrazine are sprayed on tens of millions of U.S. acres every year, mostly on corn. It is, according to the EPA, the most prevalent herbicide in ground and surface water, remaining stable and toxic for decades in some environments.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is also a major source of revenue for Syngenta, a Swiss company with U.S. headquarters in Greensboro, N.C., that sells hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of the chemical every year.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">It has been nearly five decades since atrazine was first "registered" -- meaning it was approved for use under certain conditions</span>. Over the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">years, as more was learned about the chemical's potential toxicity to wildlife and humans, it came under increasing federal scrutiny and regulatory restriction. The number of pounds that farmers can legally apply per acre has progressively been reduced, and users have been required to keep the chemical farther and farther away from wells, lakes and reservoirs.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For decades, the main concern was cancer. The chemical clearly causes cancer in rats, and male workers in Syngenta's production facility in Louisiana have experienced much higher rates of prostate cancer than other men statewide. But studies supported by Syngenta recently convinced the EPA that the mechanism by which atrazine causes cancer in rats probably does not occur in people. (The company said the only reason for the high rate of prostate cancer in its workers is that it has an aggressive screening program that finds cases that would otherwise go undetected.) Studies are ongoing, but the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> EPA has for now backed off atrazine's cancer threat.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hermaphrodite frogs, however, have been more difficult to dismiss.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that atrazine may scramble hormones in frogs and other animals. The European Union has officially declared the chemical an endocrine disrupter. Given those concerns, Syngenta's predecessor company -- Novartis Agribusiness -- decided early in the EPA's review not to leave the question up to government scientists. In 1998, it hired a private risk-assessment service, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">EcoRisk</span> Inc. of Ferndale, Wash., to arrange experiments on atrazine's environmental impacts.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">EcoRisk, whose past clients include the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Chlorine Chemistry Council, Dow Chemical and Ciba-Geigy Corp</span>., in turn hired Tyrone B. Hayes, a professor of integrative biology and an expert in frog development at the University of California at Berkeley. Hayes holds a biology degree from Harvard and a doctorate in amphibian development from Berkeley, where he was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> tenured at age 30 and became the university's youngest full professor.[almost]</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As part of a team of scientists assembled by EcoRisk, Hayes tested the effects of atrazine on tadpoles of African clawed frogs, a popular "lab rat" species for scientists. Male tadpoles raised with no atrazine in the water developed normally. But those exposed to atrazine were "demasculinized." They had smaller larynxes (voice boxes), their testosterone levels were one-tenth of normal levels, and many grew up as hermaphrodites, with a mix of male and female traits. Moreover, the effects appeared with very small exposures -- just 0.1 parts per billion, or the equivalent of one drop of atrazine in 5,000 40-gallon barrels of water. That's one-thirtieth the level currently allowed in U.S. drinking water.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Hayes sought to publish his work and have the data considered by the EPA, the company told him to run the tests again, said Hayes and Tim Pastoor, a Syngenta vice president.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> When repeated studies confirmed the worrisome link, Hayes was reminded that his contract forbade him to publish without Syngenta's approval. </span>He was told that his data ought to be passed to a company-selected statistician for double-checking.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hayes quit EcoRisk and repeated his experiments on his own, expanding his work to include other frog species. In one follow-up study of 200 leopard frogs caught in the wild, he found that 100 percent of males in areas that had been treated with atrazine had abnormal sex organs. No such problems were seen in frogs from untreated regions. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He published his results in two prestigious journals, Nature in 2002 and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. That ensured the EPA would consider his findings.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"We showed that these animals are chemically castrated," Hayes said.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ernest Smith, a developmental biologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock and a member of the EcoRisk team, denied that EcoRisk or Syngenta tried to bury Hayes's results.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I think there were some communications breakdowns," he said.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smith noted that studies conducted by the other team members had contradicted Hayes's data. Some showed health effects only at higher atrazine doses, while others found no effect at all.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A special EPA science panel would eventually level stinging criticisms at those studies for their poor design and sloppy implementation. Still, the conflicting results left the atrazine question at a standoff. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That is when the company turned to the Data Quality Act -- and Jim J. Tozzi.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">'Working the Regulatory Process' </span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Syngenta could not have found a better advocate. Tozzi wrote the Data Quality Act and arranged for its congressional passage after the 2000 elections.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today he is a Washington lobbyist and head of the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a watchdog group that specializes in data qualit</span>y. Tozzi does not reveal his center's contributors, and the atrazine petition he filed does not have Syngenta's name on it. The petition names only the Kansas Corn Growers Association and theTriazine Network, a coalition formed in 1995 to defend atrazine and related herbicides. But Pastoor, Syngenta's head of human safety, said the company helped finance the petition process through contributions to another of Tozzi's businesses, a lobbying firm called Multinational Business Services.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi is "the master craftsman when it comes to working the regulatory process," said Ken Cook of the Washington-based Environmental Working Group. "He knows where the sensitive spots are and where to press and leave no fingerprints."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Once a self-described "bottom-tier" musician on the steamy New Orleans jazz circuit, Tozzi earned a degree in economics and rose to OMB deputy administrator under Ronald Reagan. Under his directorship, the OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was the gatekeeper for virtually all proposed regulations dealing with public health and safety. It quickly became known as a bureaucratic "black hole," where proposed regulations went in for review and never came out, said Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen<i>, </i>a Washington-based consumer advocacy group.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi was at the OMB when evidence arose in the 1980s that giving aspirin to children with flu symptoms increased the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication. A federal health agency recommended that aspirin containers bear warnings, but Tozzi said he was not satisfied the evidence was good enough. It took years for activists and Congress to force the labeling issue -- years in which almost 200 children died of Reye's. Today, with labeling, the syndrome is extremely rare.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After leaving the government, Tozzi helped<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Philip Morris fight mounting evidence of the dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke</span>. That is when he pioneered the tactic of attacking the science behind proposed regulations.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The argument that it costs too much to protect people does not sell," said Thomas O. McGarity, a professor at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and president of the Washington-based Center for Progressive Regulation, a network of academics that supports regulatory action to protect health, safety and the environment. "But what does sell is this idea that the science is not good."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science is ever evolving and often hobbled by uncertainty, but policymakers have long recognized this and relied on weight-of-evidence arguments in making regulations, according to McGarity, other activists and Clinton administration officials. They point out that DDT was banned despite lingering doubts about its role in the decline of birds. Many other substances, including vinyl chloride and asbestos, also were regulated before their full effects were known.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi, believing that the regulatory bar was too low, tried repeatedly to get Congress to pass legislation that would make it easier to challenge the science used to underpin regulations. Then, unable to receive broad congressional support, he crafted legislative language himself and gave it to Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.), a former lobbyist and onetime deputy director of communications for the National Republican Congressional Committee. The wording -- two sentences of 32 short lines -- directed the OMB to issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information . . . disseminated by Federal agencies."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Emerson slipped the sentences into the 712-page Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, which became the coming year's omnibus spending bill. Under pressure to wrap up the long-delayed budget, President Bill Clinton signed the huge bill on Dec. 21, 2000, nine days after the Supreme Court ruled that George W. Bush was to be the next president. It is not clear whether anyone in Congress other than Emerson and Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) knew about the buried language.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"We sandwiched this in between Jerry Ford's library and something else," Tozzi said. "Was it something that did not have hearings? Yes. Is it something that keeps me awake at night? No. Is it something that I would do again, exactly? Yes, you bet your ass I would. I would not even think about it, okay? Sometimes you get the monkey, and sometimes the monkey gets you."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi found even more reason to rejoice as Bush made a pivotal appointment to head the OIRA, Tozzi's old domain within OMB that would now handle data quality: John Graham, a risk-assessment specialist with a history of close ties to regulated industries.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"John Graham came in, and he did an unbelievable job,"</span> Tozzi said. "Better than I could have done had I been there myself."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Politicizing the Process </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graham had been the head of Harvard's Center for Risk Analysis, an institution funded primarily by contributions from more than 100 industry and trade association donors. While there, he had amassed a reputation as a skilled critic of the cost of regulation.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In one analysis, conducted with funding from the auto industry, he concluded that it would be a mistake to require side air bags in cars because they would cost $400,000 for every year of life saved. Independent experts reviewing his work found that the figure was actually about $60,000, and Graham had to rewrite his article -- and change his conclusion -- before it could be published in a prestigious medical journal.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Bush nominated Graham to head the OIRA, many citizen and environmental groups vehemently objected and <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">more than one-third of the Senate voted no.</span> In his first few months, Graham sent many near-final regulations back to the agencies that had proposed them, often saying he was not convinced they were worth the cost.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Then he turned to the job of implementing the Data Quality Act.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By the fall of 2001, Graham's office had published detailed guidelines for implementing the act.</span> A year later, federal agencies started accepting petitions requesting that they withdraw information that allegedly did not meet OMB standards for "quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Individual agencies are responsible for reviewing the challenged data and deciding whether they are indeed reliable. But the OMB, a part of the White House, oversees the process closely -- through involvement in the agencies' deliberations and by demanding annual reports describing how agencies dealt with each petition.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OMB staff members have been providing "extensive assistance to agencies in preparing responses to correction requests," Graham acknowledged. "OMB oversight is critical to make sure that agencies handle these requests in a diligent and consistent manner," he said.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Graham said the OMB's unprecedented foray into science is justified in part because the data in question often serve as a foundation for costly regulation, which the OMB oversees. To fulfill the new role, Graham hired the OMB's first nine career scientists, including six with PhDs.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">he Data Quality Act, or at least something like it, "was absolutely needed," said <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Horner of the Competitive Enterprise Institute.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet Steinzor, the Maryland environmental lawyer, and other critics complain that the OMB's involvement politicizes the process. The expertise of the handful of scientists hired by Graham, they say, cannot match that of the thousands of experts on agency staffs.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And while Graham said the OMB still supports weight-of-the-evidence analyses, Steinzor and others contend that the Data Quality Act <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">inherently focuses on individual snippets of data</span> -- each of which is inevitably open to criticism -- instead of on overarching bodies of evidence.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"You can get lost in the minutiae, and that's exactly where they want you to go," Steinzor said. "They just pick, pick, pick, until you're so addled you can't protect people or the environment."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Tool for Decreasing Regulation </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A few environmental and public interest groups have tried to use the Data Quality Act. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility</span>, a Washington-based group that helps federal scientists who believe their data are being suppressed, has filed three petitions under the act.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One challenged the credibility of a Defense Department document supporting a proposed Army Corps of Engineers project; one contended that the Fish and Wildlife Service had made selective use of data to conclude that hunters should be allowed to shoot rare trumpeter swans; and one charged that Fish and Wildlife had used unsound science to develop "an inadequate recovery plan" for the Florida panther.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I'm not sure it is the sharpest tool in the environmental toolbox, but at least it is a tool," said executive director Jeff Ruch, adding that the swan petition lost and the other two are still under review.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many citizen groups and environmental activists believe the Data Quality Act will always be more useful to those seeking to decrease government regulation. Newly proposed regulations must be justified with evidence, they note, and the act is designed specifically to challenge such evidence.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"What it really can do best is slow the regulatory process," said Sean Moulton, a senior policy analyst with OMB Watch, a government watchdog group. "And even a simple delay of a rule can mean a huge financial windfall for an industry."</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the first 20 months, a handful of petitions -- all from industry -- have been at least partly successful. In one, the Competitive Enterprise Institute had wording added to a multi-agency federal climate change report stating that the report's findings did not meet Data Quality Act standards.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In another, a law firm with corporate clients in asbestos litigation got the EPA to agree to make changes in its booklet that offers warnings and safety advice to brake mechanics.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet another, filed by a group that receives funding from the conservative<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Scaife Foundation, succeeded in getting the National Institutes of Health to downgrade warnings about the effects of smokeless tobacco. </span>And then there was the atrazine challenge.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'Manufacturing Uncertainty' </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That petition, filed by Tozzi, made a two-pronged attack on the effort to regulate atrazine more stringently. The first was to claim that the evidence for atrazine's gender-bending effects in frogs was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> not fully reproduced </span>by other Syngenta-funded EcoRisk scientists. The second was to claim that the EPA did not have the proper test to prove atrazine had ill effects.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi said reliance on irreproducible results would violate the Data Quality Act because information that is not reproducible is "not accurate, reliable or useful."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As evidence of irreproducibility, he pointed to the dozen or so studies <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">sponsored by Syngenta</span> in addition to Hayes's study. An independent panel of experts convened by the EPA had already expressed exasperation over the conflicting results and mistakes they found in the design and implementation of those studies.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In at least two of the studies the "control" frogs that were supposed to be atrazine-free were later found to have been in water contaminated with atrazine, an error the scientists said was unintentional. Another set of Syngenta studies was found to be unreliable because<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 80 to 90 percent of the animals died, apparently as a result of inadequate care.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Essentially what Syngenta-funded scientists did "was produce a number of studies that were purposefully flawed and misleading, and that changed the weight of the evidence," Hayes said.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While the EPA review also found some flaws in Hayes's studies, his<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> conclusions have been echoed by at least four other independent research teams in three countries.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"What a coincidence that everybody can find an effect of atrazine on gonads," Hayes said, "except [those] funded by Syngenta."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Michaels, a professor of occupational and environmental health at George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, said<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> even a good study will appear "not reproducible" if enough bad studies are thrown into the mix.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I call this 'manufacturing uncertainty,' and there is a whole industry to do this," said Michaels, who was the Energy Department's assistant secretary for environment, safety and health under Clinton. "They reanalyze the data to make [previously firm] conclusions disappear -- poof. Then they say one study says yes and the other says no, so we're nowhere."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pastoor of Syngenta said there was no conspiracy to create conflicting data.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I don't think it's extending things too far to say atrazine may be one of the best studied chemicals on the face of the earth," he said. "Unfortunately -- or fortunately, depending on how you look at it," other EcoRisk team members "could not replicate what Tyrone had done."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Hayes was not the only team member who at least privately agreed that atrazine was having some effect on frogs. Team member James Carr of Texas Tech told Hayes in an e-mail in February 2003: "I agree with you that the important issue is for everyone involved to come to grips with (and stop minimizing) the fact that independent laboratories have demonstrated an effect of atrazine on gonadal differentiation in frogs. There is no denying this."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The second prong of Tozzi's attack was that the EPA had not designated tests that would serve as the gold standard of proof of hormone disruption in frogs.</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The EPA does have certain "guideline tests" that can automatically trigger regulation, including some that measure certain health effects of chemicals on wildlife. But not for hormone disruption.</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jennifer Sass, a scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, said Tozzi's position flies in the face of decades of regulatory science. She said the evidence on atrazine's effects was more than convincing by traditional standards. The act, she said, has "hamstrung EPA's ability to express anything that it couldn't back up with a mountain of data. It basically blocked EPA scientists from expressing an expert opinion."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hayes said he supports efforts at the EPA to create a gold standard test. However, he said, "when we discover a pattern like this, we know we have a problem. Yes, we should work to validate it perfectly.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> But in the meantime, let's not keep using 80 million pounds of atrazine per year while we figure it out."</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Avoiding Tighter Restrictions </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The EPA ultimately agreed with Tozzi that the lack of such a test prevented it from regulating atrazine as a hormone disruptor -- a concession many environmentalists found surprising.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">No one claims that Syngenta's Data Quality Act petition was single-handedly responsible for giving atrazine's renewed approval the green light. But coming at the end of an arduous 10-year review, the data quality challenge was "the final one-two-three punch," said Sass of the NRDC, which has sued the EPA repeatedly on atrazine.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">She and others said that once the EPA conceded that it could not regulate atrazine as a hormone disrupter, Syngenta was free to reach the regulatory finish line.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In closed meetings -- details of which the EPA has declined to release -- company representatives and EPA officials worked out a plan to avoid tighter restrictions<u>. Instead, the plan calls for Syngenta to track atrazine levels in 40 U.S. watersheds over the next three years</u> to see how farmers are doing in their efforts to minimize contamination. I<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">f concentrations rise above a level that the company agrees is "of concern," then the company will work with the farmers to try to reduce the levels.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The company will also fund more studies on frogs [kloas?]and reanalyze its data on employee cancers.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The resolution, Sass said, was "basically negotiated instead of going with a scientific rationale."</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Asked why other stakeholders, such as environmental groups or outside scientists, were not allowed to be part of the negotiations as they were in earlier stages of atrazine's review, James Jones, director of the EPA's office of pesticide programs, said opening the meetings "would be incredibly<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> complicated and would create a disincentive for the company to come to the table."[//range resources frack?]</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exempting Atrazine </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In June, Tozzi filed his latest Data Quality Act petition.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This time it was directed at the National Toxicology Program. That is a part of the National Institutes of Health that reviews chemicals to see if they cause cancer.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The program had announced in the Federal Register that atrazine was among a long list of chemicals that it was considering for examination. In his petition, Tozzi seized on a few sentences from the program's description of its chemical review procedures. He claimed that those sentences contained discrepancies that violated the Data Quality Act.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Therefore, he wrote, the program should be barred from reviewing the cancer-causing potential of any chemicals. In particular, the petition noted, atrazine.[ WTF?]</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Researchers Lucy Shackelford and Julie Tate contributed to this report.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3733-2004Aug15_5.html</font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">----</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13296/title/Debating-Shelby/</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><h2 itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="font-weight: normal;">Debating Shelby</font></font></h2><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoking_as_a_civic_duty">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Smoking_as_a_civic_duty</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CSE smoking as civic duty</font></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 19.2px;"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Only a tobacco-funded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Think_tank" title="Think tank" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">think tank</a> would ever go so far as to describe smoking as a civic duty. The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">tobacco industry</a> has been a regular funder of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, (CEI) which in turn has gone to bat repeatedly and eagerly for tobacco in its battles with government agencies such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) and the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). Following the 1993 release of EPA's risk assessment linking <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Secondhand_cigarette_smoke" title="Secondhand cigarette smoke" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">secondhand cigarette smoke</a> to lung cancer, CEI cranked out opinion articles for major newspapers with titles such as "A Smoking Gun Firing Blanks," "EPA's Bad Science Mars ETS Report," and "Safety Is a Relative Thing for Cars; Why Not for Cigarettes?"</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">CEI policy analyst <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alexander_Volokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Volokh (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Alexander Volokh</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> went even further. "Perhaps, in the fine tradition of civil disobedience championed by Thoreau, we should even think of smoking as a civic duty," he wrote in the July 1994 issue of the </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CEI Update</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. "Perhaps," he continued, "every January 11th -- the anniversary of the Surgeon General's original 1964 report on smoking -- we should all light up, giving a filter-tipped finger, as it were, to a health-obsessed government." Volokh admitted that the government's efforts to discourage smoking "may further the cause of health," but concluded that "there are things more valuable than health."</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1996, CEI was one of eight think tanks named in a report by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ralph Nader</a>'s Public Citizen titled "A Million for Your Thoughts: The Industry-Funded Campaign by Conservative Think Tanks Against the FDA." The report identified $3.5 million that these think tanks had received in funding from pharmaceutical, medical device, biotechnology and tobacco companies to help them pump out a "steady stream of reports, fact sheets, op-ed articles and newspaper, radio and television advertisements purporting to document the FDA's deadly overcaution and bullying of manufacturers." CEI's <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Julie_DeFalco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie DeFalco (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Julie DeFalco</a> responded to the Public Citizen report by claiming that its positions on government regulations were developed "years before we ever received tobacco or <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">drug industry</a> money. Our position on FDA reform -- that the FDA is inherently prone to 'deadly overcaution,' and its veto power over new therapies should be removed -- hasn't changed in the nine years since then. How, then, does the fact that our support base has grown to include tobacco and pharmaceutical companies affect the validity of our position?"</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Subsequently, however, additional information has become public about CEI's ties to the tobacco industry (including funding from <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Philip_Morris" title="Philip Morris" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Morris</a> that was not mentioned in the Public Citizen report). The 1997 settlement between tobacco companies and U.S. state attorney generals obligated the tobacco industry to place millions of pages of its internal documents online at locations such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">Philip Morris documents website</a>. Those documents show that there was a hidden tobacco agenda behind CEI's attacks on FDA policies for regulating pharmaceuticals. Those attacks came at the very same time that tobacco executives were scrambling to head off the possibility that the FDA might acquire jurisdiction to regulate cigarettes. During the mid-1990s, Philip Morris alone gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to CEI and other think tanks and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_group" title="Front group" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">front groups</a> such as the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington Legal Foundation</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Newt Gingrich</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Progress_and_Freedom_Foundation" title="Progress and Freedom Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Progress and Freedom Foundation</a>, the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a>, which then argued publicly against FDA regulation of tobacco. According to the <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, "antipathy toward David Kessler's Food and Drug Administration, which wants to regulate cigarettes," was a major common denominator among the think tanks and policy groups to which tobacco companies donated during that time period. Rather than acting independently, CEI and other tobacco-funded think tanks coordinated their activities closely with the tobacco industry's attorneys, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lobbyist" title="Lobbyist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">lobbyists</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PR</a> firms.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In February 1994, FDA Commissioner David Kessler suggested that the agency might have "a legal basis on which to regulate [tobacco] products," based on evidence from internal industry documents and industry insiders that nicotine in cigarettes was being manipulated to cause addiction -- in essence acting as a drug. This was the backdrop to the now-infamous incident in April 1994 when top tobacco executives testified before Congress that nicotine is not addictive.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That same year, Philip Morris received a request for funding from CEI titled "The Human Cost of Regulation: Reframing the Debate on Risk Management." The proposal stated, "Risk has become the secular version of sin in our society, and risk management is the modern-day equivalent of religious crusades. ... From Superfund to indoor air quality to medical drug and device approval, bureaucratic initiatives on this front have ended up as incredibly costly failures whose only real achievement has been the creation of public alarm." To counter this purported threat, CEI proposed to raise "public recognition of the adverse public health effects of medical drug regulation and nutritional labeling" by demonstrating that "risk management by government can often have lethal effects."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Philip Morris had already given $50,000 to CEI on June 29, 1993, and it sent another check for $25,000 on July 27, 1994. The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">quid pro quo</a> came a few months later. In the fall of 1994, notes an internal Philip Morris memorandum, the tobacco company approached CEI, along with the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington Legal Foundation</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a> (CSE), seeking their help "to define the FDA as an agency out of control and one failing to live up to its congressional mandate regarding regulation of drugs and medical devices."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"To the extent FDA regulation was wrapped up in the youth smoking issue, it was hard to argue against," <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Steven_C.Parrish" title="Steven C. Parrish" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Steven C. Parrish</a> noted in an August 1995 presentation to the Philip Morris board of directors. They therefore wanted CEI and the other think tanks to build a case against the FDA surrounding issues <i>unrelated</i> to tobacco. As Parrish explained, "Philip Morris representatives with scientific credentials were assigned the task of meeting with various '<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Think_tanks" title="Think tanks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">think tanks</a>' to discuss the issue of FDA regulation and encourage guest editorials and comments to the media." PM was "pleased," he said, "to see a chorus of rising criticism of Kessler and FDA." Beginning in December 1994, CEI joined CSE and the CEI in what Parrish described as "aggressive media campaigns ... through newspaper ads, policy papers, symposia, or by filing petitions directly with the FDA, and speaking directly to politicians." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xqk92e00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A January 26, 1995, attorney's memorandum by </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_P._Nicoli" title="David P. Nicoli" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">David P. Nicoli</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> to Philip Morris, marked "privileged and confidential," details the company's behind-the-scenes role in a coordinated rollout of media attacks on the FDA by PM's "non-tobacco" allies. CEI began the attack on January 11, "running inside the Beltway anti-FDA radio and TV ads." The following day, CSE held a press conference with a sympathetic congressman and began running its own inside the Beltway ads. Simultaneously, the </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Washington_Legal_Foundation" title="Washington Legal Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Washington Legal Foundation</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ran a full-page ad in the New York Times and a three-quarter-page ad in the </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wall Street Journal</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The FDA's first public response to these attacks occurred on January 17. This was followed, Nicoli noted, by an industry "counter attack that both AP and Reuters pick up. Further volleys fly between the two, as trade press, general media amplify the fight." Other voices began chiming in -- the drug industry, the </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington Post</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Business Week</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Nicoli added that further attacks were already in the works, organized by</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jim_Tozzi" title="Jim Tozzi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Jim Tozzi</a>, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">one of PM's top lobbyists, in coordination with the </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Progress_and_Freedom_Foundation" title="Progress and Freedom Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Progress and Freedom Foundation</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and the blue-chip PR firm of </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Powell_Tate" title="Powell Tate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Powell Tate</a>. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Progress and Freedom Foundation, through Tozzi, set to release FDA piece on 2/1/95 with Powell Tate publicizing," Nicoli reported. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eii57d00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-position="background-position" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a></font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Sourcewatch_resources" style="font-weight: normal;">Related Sourcewatch resources</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_groups" title="Front groups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Front groups</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Tobacco industry</a></font></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-weight: normal;">External links</span></font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xqk92e00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Notes for Jim (Re: Steve Parrish Presentation)</a>" (internal company memorandum), Philip Morris, December 1994.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Nicoli, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eii57d00" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" xmlns:data="data">Legal Analysis of January 1995 Activities</a>," memo to <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kathleen_Linehan" title="Kathleen Linehan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Kathleen Linehan</a>, January 26, 1995.</font></li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Tobaccowiki" title="Category:Tobaccowiki" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tobaccowiki</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Public_relations_case_studies" title="Category:Public relations case studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Public relations case studies</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Tobacco_industry" title="Category:Tobacco industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tobacco industry</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20021111_fedtimes-tozzi.pdf">http://www.thecre.com/pdf/20021111_fedtimes-tozzi.pdf</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nixon’s ‘Nerd’ Turns Regulations Watchdog</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For much of the history of </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the federal bureaucracy, </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">most new regulations were </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">not subject to close and </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">systematic review by an </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">outside party. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And then came Jim Tozzi. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi, now almost a </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">legendary figure in the </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">world of federal regulations, </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">worked for five consecutive </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">administrations — from </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lyndon Johnson’s to </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ronald Reagan’s — to get </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the Office of Management </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and Budget to review the </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">regulations agencies were </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">busy churning out. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi’s latest — if not his </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">crowning — achievement is </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the Data Quality Act, which </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">he largely wrote and helped </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">become law in 2001 from </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">his position as head of the </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for Regulatory </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Effectiveness. That law </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">subjects the quality of data </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">underlying virtually all </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">significant regulations to </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">review by OMB’s Office of </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Information and Regulatory </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Affairs (OIRA). </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It took effect </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oct. 1, when all agencies </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">had filed guidelines to </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ensure the data they use to justify new rules are sound. Agencies also had filed </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">procedures allowing outside parties to challenge and correct faulty data and analyses. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The act — and now its enforcement by OIRA head John Graham — has been widely </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">seen as the most significant expansion in regulatory review in more than half a century. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Getting OMB to review regulations was my whole career,” Tozzi said. “Under the Reagan </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">administration, every environmental regulation had to come to me. I was heavily criticized </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by the environmental groups and we were frequently called up to [congressional] </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“By 1983, I had done what I wanted,” Tozzi said. “I really wanted to build that office. But it </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">was at a huge cost to myself. I had been working seven days a week and didn’t see my </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">family or know my kids. So I left and, at 45, I found myself locked out of the more lucrative </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">jobs my college degrees might have prepared me for. But I noticed I couldn’t walk down </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the street 10 feet without running into 10 lobbyists that knew me.” </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So Tozzi, who has a doctorate in economics and business administration, started a </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">consulting company, Multi-National Business Services, and immediately the telephone </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">began ringing. That challenge sufficed until 1996 when Tozzi, believing that OMB under </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">President Clinton had almost completely dropped the regulatory review ball, opened the </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for Regulatory Effectiveness in Washington, D.C. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We felt we needed a counterpart in the private sector to act as watchdog over agencies. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We were aggressive when OMB was weak and provided assistance when it was strong,” </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tozzi said. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The center also worked to find out how the 1996 Congressional Review Act, which gave </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Congress authority for reviewing all regulations, could best be put into practice. The </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">answer Tozzi came up with was the Data Quality Act. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Now the act is law and fully implemented. All that’s left is to make sure the agencies </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">comply with it. </font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Looking back, I would say it was a hell of a ride,” Tozzi said. “You got a high, man. Every </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">time you went to work. You could feel it. You were going to regulate the regulators.” </font></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One Act Farce</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">harpers mag june 2003</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://thecre.com/pdf/2003june.pdf</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">syangro sludge</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One-Act farce: deregulation by disputation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Harper's Magazine</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Harper's Magazine</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">June 1, 2003 | Urstadt, Bryant | Copyright</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Permalink</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Where can a corporate lobbyist hide thirty-two lines of stealth legislation? Right here, between a land transfer to the Gerald R. Ford Foundation and some details about cost-of-living allowances at the Office of Personnel Management, on pages 153 and 154 of the 712-page federal budget for the year 2001. Christened the "Data Quality Act"--one of the many euphemisms employed by the law's supporters--Section 515 presents itself as an innocuous call for federal agencies to improve the accuracy of their data. But the act, which became effective in October 2002, is in fact designed to encumber those agencies and, over time, to hamper their ability to regulate. Passed with no debate and with little public scrutiny, the law is intended not to improve data but, through constant contention, to suppress it.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although technically an extension of the Paperwork Reduction Act, the Data Quality Act forces regulatory agencies to produce reams of extra paperwork. …</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-103124297.html</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">uc</font></div><div><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Where can a corporate lobbyist hide thirty-two lines of stealth legislation? Right here, between a land transfer to the Gerald R. Ford Foundation and some details about cost-of-living allowances at the Office of Personnel Management, on pages 153 and 154 of the 712-page federal budget for the year 2001. Christened the "Data Quality <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">Act</span>"--<span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">one</span> of the many euphemisms employed by the law's supporters--Section 515 presents itself as an innocuous call for federal agencies to improve the accuracy of their data. But the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span>, which became effective in October 2002, is in fact designed to encumber those agencies and, over time, to hamper their ability to regulate. Passed with no debate and with little public scrutiny, the law is intended not to improve data but, through constant contention, to suppress it.</font></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although technically an extension of the Paperwork Reduction <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">Act</span>, the Data Quality <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">Act</span> forces regulatory agencies to produce reams of extra paperwork. The <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span> required that the Office of Management and Budget issue guidelines "ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information... disseminated by Federal agencies." When the OMB released these guidelines in February 2002, they consumed some 10,000 words and included definitions of the terms at issue. (Philosophers may be interested to know that "quality" now is officially "an encompassing term comprising utility, objectivity, and integrity.") By October 2002 the individual agencies were required to produce their own guidelines and, more important, to establish "administrative mechanisms" to respond to, keep track of, and deliver reports on any complaints concerning the objectivity, utility, and integrity of their data. If disputed information is found to be out of compliance with these vague requirements, it may now be struck from government use.</font></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Who would conceive of such a thing? As the only person listed in the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span>, the director of the OMB--Mitch Daniels Jr., previously a senior vice president at pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly--would be a natural guess, but an inaccurate <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">one</span>. Nominally, the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act's</span> sponsoring representative was Jo Ann Emerson, Republican of Missouri, a former lobbyist who gained her seat in 1996 after the death of her husband, eight-term congressman Bill Emerson, from lung cancer. But in reality, the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span> was written by Jim Tozzi, a current lobbyist whose clients include such corporate citizens as Philip Morris, Bridgestone/Firestone, and Synagro Technologies, a leading disposer of sewage sludge. For Tozzi, the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span> is the opening salvo of his latest venture, the Center for Regulatory Effectiveness, a for-profit lobbying group whose actual purpose is to render regulations ineffective.</font></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For data to be "objective" under the OMB's definition, independent scientists should agree on its validity. In practice, this offers limitless opportunity for complaint, because a friendly scientist can always be found to dispute an inconvenient finding. The Competitive Enterprise Institute, for example, has filed a petition under the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span> demanding that all references to the National Assessment on Climate Change, which affirmed the existence of global warming, be expunged. The CEI's filing leans heavily on Patrick Michaels, a scientist who has argued for years against global warming on behalf of corporations, most recently through the "Greening Earth Society," which is funded by the coal industry. Jim Tozzi himself has used the <span data-auto="strong_text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">act</span> to demand that the EPA rescind statements about the reproductive effects of atrazine, an herbicide made by his client Syngenta. Tozzi's filing draws on studies paid for by Syngenta and peer-reviewed by a group called EcoRisk, which was founded, according to its website, "with the encouragement [sic] and support of various... private chemical corporations." EcoRisk deems the EPA's data irreproducible.</font></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The agencies will report to John D. Graham, the administrator of the OMB's information and regulation division. Previously, Graham was the founding director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, the bulk of whose funding comes not from Harvard but from more than 100 corporations. The center's "risk analysis" is chiefly economic, and with few exceptions it has argued that the risks posed by corporate products or pollution are outweighed by the evils of regulation. For example, in 2000, after AT&T Wireless gave $300,000 to study the dangers of handheld cell-phone use while driving, the center found that no regulations were warranted. In elaborating on the OMB's guidelines, Graham has demanded special scrutiny for "influential" data--i.e., data that might prompt regulation--and has noted that even peer review by a scientific journal may not be sufficient to prove quality.</font></p><p class="body-paragraph" data-auto="body_paragraph" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.2em; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.8px; text-align: justify; background: transparent;" xmlns:translation="urn:EBSCO-Translation"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Finally conservatives and corporate lobbyists have found a bureaucracy they like. With the law in effect, its author, Jim Tozzi, now can devote himself to filing complaints under it. Beyond his attack on the EPA's atrazine study, he has also come to the aid of Bridgestone/Firestone, Goodyear, and the Rubber Manufacturers Association against the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration, which is planning to distribute information about tire defects. In his petition, Tozzi demands predissemination review by the manufacturers themselves--perhaps this is "integrity"--and argues, under the "utility" clause, that NHTSA must actually prove that releasing data about unsafe tires is useful. The end result: more paperwork, less information, weaker controls on manufacturers, and fewer safeguards for the public. This, to corporations, is "quality" legislation.</font></p></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> Tozzi: On Jazz and OMB
"...in Washington information is power – an axiom that Tozzi understands better than just about anyone in town. The law which he drafted... strengthens the hands of industry (and Tozzi’s clients) by allowing companies to challenge agency information that they contend is inaccurate." 

"Lobbyists on both sides of the issue say the center operates the most comprehensive Web site on the subject; even agency officials turn to it for information." 
<i>The Federal Paper</i>, November 18, 2002</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">bs</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James B. MacRae, Jr. 
Former Deputy Administrator 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
The White House, Office of Management and Budget 
1940 - 2014</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.thecre.com/ombpapers/tozzi_profile.html">Jim J. Tozzi</a> 
Former Deputy Administrator 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
The White House, Office of Management and Budget
<i>Currently Director, Multinational Business Services</i></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kenneth Glozer
Former Deputy Associate Director
The White House, Office Of Management and Budget
<i>Currently President, OMB Professionals, Inc.</i></font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>
</i></font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Memorandum from James B. MacRae, Jr. (of the Office of Management and Budget), for C. Boyden Gray (President Bush’s White House counsel). Subject: "FDA Food Biotechnology Policy." Dated March 21, 1992. (2 pages)  </font></div><h3 class="r" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.biointegrity.org/fdadocs/09/view1.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font style="font-weight: normal;">Alliance for Bio-Integrity</font></a></font></h3><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James B. MacRae, Jr., 73, of Schellsburg, died on July 15, 2014 at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, from complications of a bone marrow transplant for leukemia.Before retiring and moving to Bedford County in 1996, he had a distinguished career in the Federal Government, beginning as a Foreign Service Office in 1963 and moving to the White House's Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1971. </font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He had executive responsibilities on both the budget and regulatory offices of OMB, overseeing the Administration's $40 billion budget for the Department of the Treasury and the General Services Administration and later serving as Deputy Director and Acting Director of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, reviewing and clearing all executive agency regulations and forms.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> From 1978 to 1980 he left OMB to direct the Office of Legislative and Congressional Affairs of the Health Care Financing Administration. He then returned to OMB for the rest of his career. He received both the highest and the second highest Presidential Rank awards for the Senior Executive Service. After retirement Jim became an <i style="">Adjunct Professor at George Mason University </i>Law School. He was also active in Bedford county soccer, both as president of the Bedford County Soccer Club and as volunteer soccer coach at Chestnut Ridge High School. He served for several years as president of Bedford County Habitat for Humanity and oversaw the construction of the first two Habitat houses. He also served with several other budget experts on a budget study group requested by the County Commissioners and assisted the Chamber of Commerce for Leadership Bedford County. In recent years he was one of the founders of Tractorfest, an annual Schellsburg event raising money for the Shawnee Valley Fire Company He was born on December 28, 1940, in Wilmington, N.C., and moved with his family at the age of seven to Lincoln University in West Chester County, PA. He was a graduate of Haverford College. He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Nancy, of Schellsburg; a son, James Robertson MacRae of Philadelphia, and wife Suzanne Biemiller; a daughter, Dr. Katherine MacRae Dell of Cleveland and husband Dr. Michael Dell; four grandchildren: Michael James Dell, Thomas Dell, Caroline MacRae, and Jane MacRae; and a brother, Powell K. MacRae of Philadelphia. A Memorial Service will be held, Saturday, September 13, 2014, at 11:00 a.m., at the Bedford Presbyterian Church, with Rev. Doug Friant officiating. Inurnment at Schellsburg Cemetery. Friends will be received from 10:00 a.m., until the hour of the service at the church. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions can be made in Jim's memory to Westtown Friends School, 975 Westtown Road, West Chester, PA 19382. Arrangements by the Timothy A. Berkebile Funeral Home, in Bedford. Our online guestbook is available at www.berkebilefuneralhome.com</font></div><div style="font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div></div><div><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><b><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></b></b></b></font></font></b></b></div></div></div></div></div>