Mediterranean refugee

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">forgot this cat</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</div><div>How Europe’s greedy lending to Africa is driving the migration wave that fuels the EU’s xenophobic politics</div><div>
</div><div>Written by Vijay Prashad / Independent Media Institute October 23, 2019</div><div>If you ask an African migrant in Europe who came across the Mediterranean Sea in a boat if they would make the journey again, most of them would say “yes.” Many of them had been on vans and trucks that took them across the dangerous Sahara Desert, and many of them had been on board vessels that struggled to get across the choppy waters. They might have seen their fellow migrants die of thirst or of drowning, but none of that halts their conviction that they’d cross the sands and the seas again.</div><div>
</div><div>Harsh treatment by European border guards and an overwhelming experience of racism inside European society do not bring regret or suggest that they would not do it again.</div><div>
</div><div>“It was all to earn money,” said Drissa from Mali. “Thinking of my mom and my dad. My big sister. My little sister. To help them. That was my pressure. That’s why Europe.”</div><div>
</div><div>Myths About African Migrants</div><div>
</div><div>A UN Development Program report, released on October 17, shows that 97 percent of the nearly 2,000 African migrants in Europe interviewed would take the same risks to come to Europe again knowing what they know now about the danger of the journey or what life in Europe would be like. What is powerful about this UN report is that it dispels the many myths about African migration.</div><div>
</div><div>There is a terrible view that Africans are somehow “invading” Europe, even worse “swarming” into Europe. Anti-immigration rhetoric speaks of building fences and creating a Fortress Europe. It is as if there is a war, and Europeans must arm themselves against invaders. A year ago, the UN’s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide Adama Dieng warned that European politicians fan the flames with hateful rhetoric that “is legitimizing hatred, racism and violence. While extremists spread inflammatory language in mainstream political discourse under the guise of ‘populism,’ hate crimes and hate speech continue to rise. Hate crimes constitute one of the clearest early-warning signs for atrocity crimes.” At the UN in Geneva this May, Dieng—a Senegalese lawyer—said, “Big massacres start always with small actions and language.”</div><div>
</div><div>The UN report shows that the hatefulness around the African migrant is misplaced. The reasons for major flows of migration to Europe actually come from within Europe itself. Those leaving war zones—Syria and Afghanistan in West Asia, but also Eritrea and Libya—come in expected numbers as they flee bombs that are often produced inside Europe. These numbers are much higher than for those Africans who come to Europe for work.</div><div>
</div><div>In fact, more than 80 percent of African migrants stay on the continent. The proportion of African emigration out of the continent compared to Africa’s population “is one of the lowest in the world,” says the United Nations. Most of the migrants who go to Europe, according to European data, come by regular channels—with a visit to the embassy, an application for a visa, the granting of the visa, and then a flight into the country; irregular arrivals, many of whom might come by boat, are far fewer than those who come with a valid visa. It is racism that fails to acknowledge this reality.</div><div>
</div><div>Remittances</div><div>
</div><div>If you dig into the numbers from the UNDP report, you find that 58 percent of the African migrants in Europe were either employed at home or in school when they decided to leave; most of the migrants had jobs and earned competitive wages. What drove them is the insecurity in their countries, and the fact that they felt they could earn more elsewhere. More than half of the migrants had been supported financially by their families to make the journey, and 78 percent sent back money to their families.</div><div>
</div><div>World Bank statistics show that remittances to African countries are growing. In line with the global trend, sub-Saharan Africa received more foreign exchange from remittances than from foreign direct investment (FDI).</div><div>
</div><div>In 2018, according to the World Bank, remittances to sub-Saharan Africa totaled $46 billion—almost 10 percent more than in 2017. The countries that received high remittances were Comoros, Gambia, Lesotho, Cabo Verde, Liberia, Zimbabwe, Senegal, Togo, Ghana, and Nigeria.</div><div>
</div><div>The total FDI flow into sub-Saharan Africa, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), was $32 billion, up by 13 percent from 2017, but a significant amount less than the remittance flows.</div><div>
</div><div>Migrants who send money home are more important than the corporations and banks that bring investment dollars into these countries. It’s too bad the bankers are treated better than the migrants.</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>African Debt Crisis 2.0</div><div>
</div><div>Africa is on the threshold of a major debt crisis.</div><div>
</div><div>The last debt crisis was in the 1980s, as part of the broader Third World debt crisis. In the decolonization period, Africa—looted of its wealth by colonialism—had to borrow money for development; these funds were large, but worse was the manipulation of dollar-denominated debt by the London Interbank Borrowing Rate (LIBOR) and by the U.S. Treasury’s interest rates. Skyrocketing debt in the 1980s produced a long period of austerity and suffering. That debt simply could not be paid as long as multinational corporations effectively stole Africa’s resources and refused to pay taxes on that drain of wealth. This was the reason why initiatives such as the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) were created by the World Bank and the IMF in 1996 and 2005, respectively. By 2017, these initiatives provided $99 billion to reduce Africa’s debts from a debt-to-GNI (Gross National Income) ratio of 119 percent to 45 percent.</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>No change in the structure was made—no assault on transfer mispricing and base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS), mechanisms used by Western-based multinationals to continue their plunder of the African continent. When the 2014 commodity price shock came, many African countries slipped gradually toward a new debt crisis. The new debts are not all government debt, but they include very high proportions of private sector debt, which has tripled from $35 billion (2006) to $110 billion (2017) according to World Bank figures. Debt repayments have risen dramatically, which means that investments in health and education have declined, as has access to capital for small-scale private sector businesses.</div><div>
</div><div>Currently, according to World Bank numbers, half of the 54 states in Africa struggle with high debt-to-GDP (Gross Domestic Product)—with many of these over the 60 percent threshold that signals a crisis. The rate of increase of this debt has set off alarms across the continent.</div><div>
</div><div>What does this mean?</div><div>
</div><div>It means that if there is any financial crisis in the West, it will draw away financing from Africa, plunge the region into another major debt crisis, and set millions of people in search of better earning opportunities. Families and countries in Africa have come to rely upon these remittances. They are part of the structural fabric of finances.</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>Racism against the migrant is an enormous problem, and it must be tackled in itself.</div><div>
</div><div>But deeper than that is another problem that has grown as a result of no effective post-colonial policy—the structural problem of the ongoing theft of resources from Africa, and of the lack of financing for the continent to develop its own potential. Allowing multinational firms to steal African resources, and allowing foreign banks to lend to Africa at virtually usurious conditions, simply creates a cycle of crisis that results in migration and remittances as the band-aids.</div><div>
</div><div>Europe does not have a refugee or migration crisis. The real crisis is in Africa, where the thief—often a European firm—continues to undermine the continent’s ability to breathe.</div><div>
</div><div>Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at Globetrotter, a project of the Independent Media Institute. He is the chief editor of LeftWord Books and the director of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. He has written more than twenty books, including The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (The New Press, 2007), The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South (Verso, 2013), The Death of the Nation and the Future of the Arab Revolution (University of California Press, 2016) and Red Star Over the Third World (LeftWord, 2017). He writes regularly for Frontline, the Hindu, Newsclick, AlterNet and BirGün.</div><div>
</div><div>This article was produced by Globetrotter, a project of the Independent Media Institute.</div><div>
</div></div><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>2 big SYS fails uncorrected led to djt: gt recess and gulf war 2, brexit</b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...curry salon</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">After the Iraq war, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown appointed a commission to investigate how exactly his country stumbled into such a tragic fiasco.<b>&nbsp;The Chilcot Report (for Lord John Chilcot, who led the commission) was an account of political bungling and deception as thorough and damning as the Pentagon Papers. Its 2016 release made former Prime Minister Tony Blair, chief accomplice to George W. Bush in that disastrous undertaking, into a social leper.</b>&nbsp;Unlike Robert Mueller, Chilcot had an absolute right to interview any witness and compel production of any document he felt he needed; nearly all his interviews were done in public, and he delivered his report direct to the people of the United Kingdom.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The war was hatched in America by ideologues bent on exporting democracy via bribery and force of arms.&nbsp; In the eyes of many, it surpasses Vietnam as the worst foreign policy blunder in our nation’s history. In a speech to the nation summarizing the case for it, Bush leaned heavily on the only possible rationale for an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation:</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Intelligence gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal some of the most lethal weapons ever devised.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">For months, his vice president and national security adviser peddled “evidence” of nuclear and chemical weapons. Before his speech, Bush was told by experts at the Department of Energy that the evidence was false, but he kept the news to himself. To this day it remains unproven who was lying, and who was only lied to.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Congressional Budget Office says the war cost the U.S. $2 trillion. Nobel Prize-winning economist Joe Stiglitz puts it at $3 trillion. Nearly 4,500 U.S. military personnel died there, and tens of thousands more suffered disabling physical and psychic wounds. Iraqi casualties remain in dispute — as Gen. Tommy Franks informed reporters, “We don’t do body counts” — but estimates range from 180,000 to more than a million deaths.&nbsp;</span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The UN High Commissioner for Refugees counted</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 3.7 million refugees</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Americans think the war’s over. Last month, it took 166 Iraqi lives.</span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 2009, as Gordon Brown was launching the Chilcot Inquiry, Barack Obama was being pressured to take a similar look back at how America was lured or lied into war. Obama took a different tack. Rather than appoint a commission with plenipotentiary powers, he did nothing. Aides said he thought retracing Bush’s path to war would make it hard to forge bipartisan alliances with Republicans.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Similar concerns colored his take on the other huge crisis he inherited, the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;2008 Wall Street meltdown that leveled the global economy.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;No one knows its true cost, only that the number exceeds most human minds’ ability to conceptualize. A Government Accountability Office study put the U.S. cost at $22 trillion.</span></b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Social and political costs were even higher. Post-meltdown austerity measures, following on<b>&nbsp;decades of stagnant wages just as millions of Middle East refugees flooded Europe, rocking center-left coalitions that had ruled the West since World War II. Far-right political parties the old order was too polite to label fascist began to metastasize. Britain got Brexit. America got Trump.[NOTE CONFLUENCE OF 2 FAILS]</b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">When the crisis broke, Obama was running for president. His closing stump speech was a litany of vows to curb corruption; above all, to punish Wall Street fraud. His administration never brought a case. Three years later, he went on “60 Minutes” to explain that the worst behavior wasn’t actually illegal. Given his dazzling intellect and access to wise counsel, one assumes he knew that what he said wasn’t true.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Privately, Obama revealed his thinking. He worried that prosecutions would hurt banks. He worried he’d lose personal support in the business community. (A major culprit, Goldman Sachs, was also his biggest donor.) And he worried he’d lose business backing vital to building bipartisan coalitions in Congress.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Lying was as much a cause of the Great Recession as it was of the Iraq war. Loan originators lied about applicants’ creditworthiness. Investment bankers lied about the toxicity of mortgage portfolios. Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s and Fitch all lied. So did Obama and most of Congress, which meant&nbsp;<b>major reforms, excepting only Elizabeth Warren’s Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, were designed to curb “irrational exuberance,” not the immorality at the root of what befell us</b>.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Instead of going to prison, bankers got bailed out, while homeowners got betrayed. Like the meltdown itself, the government’s response helped incite a populist revolt. Obama and Clinton Democrats were deaf to it, but Trump’s final 2016 TV ad began “Our movement is about replacing a failed and corrupt political establishment.” In the last week, it replaced nearly every other ad he had up in the industrial Midwest.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">These failures — to investigate the origins of the Iraq war and the Great Recession and punish the culprits</span>&nbsp;— were not anomalies. After 9/11, no one had the stomach to hold George W. Bush to account for ignoring intelligence reports on his desk,</b>&nbsp;so the bipartisanship crowd invented a structural failure and wasted years rearranging intelligence and homeland security bureaucracies, resulted in a new Cabinet-level post, the Director of National Intelligence, who lacks the authority to direct anyone to do anything.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It happened after the 2000 election: Media barons set out to fix the exit polls, Congress set out to rid the world of hanging chads via nifty paperless ballots and the Democratic Party set out to rid the world of Ralph Nader.<b>&nbsp;Thus, a pioneering GOP foray into voter suppression went nearly unremarked.</b></span><b>&nbsp;</b>Despite butterfly ballots, staged riots, a chief election official doing double duty as a Bush campaign chair and a Supreme Court concocting phony equal protection claims to rob Al Gore of real due process, Bush was clothed in legitimacy, leaving millions of Americans to conclude that the system was indeed rigged.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">I doubt we’d be saddled with Trump had we not come to resemble him: way too materialistic, more than a bit narcissistic, unfocused, unlettered, infantile, even amoral. Our responses to these crises suggest that we also share a high tolerance for lying, a limited capacity for self-examination and an unspoken belief that the rich and powerful are above the law. Which brings us to the latest in our recent line of failures to look either evil or ourselves in the eye, the Mueller Report....</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><a href="https://www.vox.com/world/2017/7/6/15804196/generation-identity-identitarians-alt-right-migration-islam-refugees-europe"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.vox.com/world/2017/7/6/15804196/generation-identity-identitarians-alt-right-migration-islam-refugees-europe</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">many lnx pix</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>European alt-right group wants to take to the sea to stop rescuers from saving migrants</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Members of “Generation Identity” plan Greenpeace-style guerrilla activism against migration. They want to use their own boat to intercept NGO humanitarian ships.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Sarah Wildman&nbsp; Updated Jul 17, 2017, 11:34am EDT</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Protesters from far-right movement Generation Identitaire take part in a demonstration against migrants on June 17, 2016 in Berlin, Germany. NurPhoto / Contributor</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Desperate refugees and migrants making the treacherous and often deadly trip across the Mediterranean bound for Europe on flimsy rafts and boats this summer may face a new obstacle: the European alt-right.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A group of European 20-somethings who call themselves “Generation Identity” and work under the banner “Defend Europe” want to stop migrants from coming to Europe by intercepting the humanitarian ships working to rescue migrants in distress. Modeled after the actions leftist groups like Greenpeace have taken to obstruct whaling ships and nuclear submarines, this new form of anti-immigrant protest isn’t merely symbolic; it could have literal life-or-death consequences for people fleeing war zones, political chaos, and economic privation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That’s because the “Defend Europe” Identitarians want to explicitly target humanitarian boats that race against time to save the lives of refugees.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This summer the United Nations has confirmed some 2,357 migrant deaths in the Mediterranean — a number that rises continually in warm months. In 2016, 5,000 died making the voyage. A recent Amnesty International report showed that 2017 is on track to be the worst year on record for migrant loss.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We are blaming those NGOS for luring people into the sea,” Martin Sellner, a founder of the Austrian branch of the Identitarian movement, told me in a Skype interview. We spoke in early June when the group was first beginning to make international headlines. “We think those NGOs need to be stopped.” He and his colleagues believe the NGOs are, in essence, enabling the human traffickers by meeting the boats that capsize or break apart on the sea.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sellner explained that the group wanted to hire a boat to trawl the coast of Italy, thwarting the NGO ships. This week they got a boat to begin their mission.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They promise to then pick up anyone in distress — a requirement of international maritime law — but say they will then bring them to the African coast rather than escorting them to Europe. It is “not likely at all that we could actually prevent someone from rescuing someone in distress from the sea,” he insisted to me.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet that’s exactly what those involved in rescuing migrants are concerned about.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Saving people’s lives appears to be an afterthought to [their] primary goal of preventing people from entering Europe,” says Simon Murdoch, a researcher at the UK-based group HOPE Not Hate. “In fact, by delaying or impeding rescue missions, it seems far more likely that [they’re] putting more lives at risk on the high seas, particularly vulnerable women, children, and the elderly.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In May, the group, whose members are known as “Identitarians,” held a trial sea protest, in a stunt used to gin up financial support for future forays. It worked. The group raised about $80,000 using crowdfunding, with the goal of hiring ships and crews to trawl the Mediterranean. But in mid-June, PayPal refunded the money after protests from the NGO community and others. The group created another video, and started fundraising again.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As of Sunday, they had raised more than $100,000. They now claim to have a ship ready to sail. As of their last Twitter post, the group was awaiting the ship in Sicily’s Catania harbor, ready to set out this week.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Identitarians use art and social media to protest Muslims and immigrants</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Generation Identity is a pan-European, youth-based right-wing movement that has, until now, been largely known for massive anti-immigrant art exploits.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Caterina Froio, a political scientist at Oxford, says the Identitarians have long created media-friendly protests meant to shock — including a protest in 2010 where they attempted to serve wine and pork in a Parisian neighborhood filled with Muslim immigrants. “It was an indirect way for them to target the Muslim population of that neighborhood without violence being involved,” she explains.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">More recently, they’ve pulled off stunts with high visual impact. In Austria they scaled the city’s famous Burgtheater and unfurled a banner that read, “Heuchler!” (“Hypocrite!” in German); disrupted a performance of a play about refugees, featuring refugee actors; and covered a statue of Maria Theresa, the former Austro-Hungarian empress, with a burqa.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Burgtheater, Vienna, Austria. The banner reads, “Hypocrite.” YouTube</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In France, they took over a mosque in Poitiers, a city that was the setting of an eighth-century battle between Muslims and Christians, and demanded a referendum on immigration and the building of mosques.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Last summer, a German branch of the group protesting German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s asylum policies climbed the Brandenburg Gate and dropped a banner that read, "Secure Borders — Secure Future.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Brandenberg Gate, Berlin. YouTube</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And on June 17 in Berlin, hundreds of Identitarians marched against immigration. Austria’s Martin Sellner spoke at the event, leading a chant calling for “Motherland, Freedom, and Tradition.” In the street, demonstrators spoke of “defending our future” and protesting mass immigration — particularly Muslim immigration. (Hundreds of counter-demonstrators came out as well.)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nearly every time they stage one of these events, the Identitarians also create multi-camera mini documentaries about their efforts. They fill these YouTube-friendly short films with pounding music and a sense of danger — plus a healthy dose of self-satisfied triumph.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But street protest and YouTube cinematography apparently only go so far, and the group now wants to try to physically impede rescue missions. The move is sending alarm bells ringing in NGOs and authorities in an array of European countries, who worry that might put lives at risk.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The group’s first water protest was on May 12, in Sicily’s Catania harbor. That night the ship Aquarius, helmed by the pan-European humanitarian group SOS Méditerranée and with a medical team from Doctors Without Borders on board, was setting out to sea, looking for refugees who have cast off from Africa in boats scarcely worthy of bathtubs.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As they set sail, they were briefly waylaid by a handful of activists aboard a tiny skiff who hoisted a yellow flag emblazoned with the Identitarians’ mark — the Greek letter Lambda, a symbol used by the ancient Spartan warriors who battled Persians in 480 BC — and then threw flares off the ship into the air and sea. The anti-immigrant activists chanted, “No more illegal immigration,” before being briefly detained by the Italian Coast Guard.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Every day, every hour, ships packed with illegal immigrants are flooding the European border, an invasion is taking place,” one activist said in a video describing their Mediterranean aspirations that included footage of the trial run. They headlined the short film “Defend Europe.” “We are losing our safety, our way of life, and we will become a minority in our country!” said another man, staring deeply into the camera.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The video included a bank account number, and a means of wiring the group cash. Though it was later taken down by YouTube for violating its terms of service, it has since been reposted by supporters.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Identitarians have a very specific idea of who is European. Hint: not Muslims.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The Identitarians are not a 'movement,' they are an extreme, radical and racist minority," German Justice Minister Heiko Maas told the German newspaper Tagesspiegel in mid-June.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But the group’s activists are actually very careful about how they describe their motivations.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Their videos are slick, packed with clean-cut, white Europeans speaking about preserving their homeland. They very consciously eschew violence. They claim to be protecting women, and the values of Europe, from assault at the hands of immigrants.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We are not racist,” Sellner tells me earnestly.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We believe all cultures and all people are equal, have a right to preserve and maintain their cultural identity. And by securing our borders ... we want to preserve the real cultural diversity of the world. Because when Europe becomes Islamized, in fact it is a loss of diversity and a loss of culture.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He continues, “So we are not racists, those people who deny us a right for an identity are in fact the real racists. ”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(When Sellner is not helping plan anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant protests, he is also crowdfunding for an app he calls “Patriot Peer,” which he hopes will become akin to Tinder for finding like-minded “patriots.” The app uses Pepe the Frog, the favorite meme of the American alt-right, as an avatar.)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Froio, the political scientist, notes that Identitarians focus on cultural differences rather than biological ones. “Their idea is that different cultures are entitled to exist, but everyone in a different country,” she said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The group is very clear about skirting the European taboo associated with (not to mention, in Austria and Germany, illegality of) Nazism and 1930s-style fascism and as a result has been careful not to fall into the racist linguistic traps of the past. “The Identitarians stay clear of neo-Nazi language and symbols,” says Bernhard Weidinger, a political scientist at the Documentation Center for Austrian Resistance.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“This is the central theme: neo-racism and cultural racism. They talk less about blood,” a theme of the 1930s, and more about “the culture of people,” says Judith Götz, a researcher with the blog Stoppt Die Rechten (“Stop the Right”).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Indeed, the group has a vocabulary tailored to their beliefs. They don’t use words like “deportation” — instead, they talk of “remigration.” Sellner told me, “We need to start a remigration of illegals and to fight radical Islam in Europe.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He points to the Cologne sexual assaults, in which some 1,500 men — a group that included recent migrants and asylum applicants — sexually assaulted hundreds of women on New Year’s Eve 2016 in this West German city. Sellner believes closed-door migrant policies would have prevented the events of that night.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He opines that there have been “almost daily rapes and almost weekly terrorist strikes in Europe — those were the consequences of failed immigration and integration policy. They were the consequences of the policies of multiculturalism.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But while the story of Cologne caused tremendous soul searching in Germany, less attention has been paid to attacks on refugees and asylum seekers in Germany.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Funke Media Group in Germany reported earlier this year there were nearly 3,600 attacks on refugees in Germany alone in 2016, almost 10 per day, including against children. And on June 29, the New York Times reported on a “surge” in right-wing extremism and violence in Germany since the migrant crisis began.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But those kinds of numbers and stories don’t fit Sellner’s narrative. “The Muslim immigrants of today, who will not integrate or assimilate into society, could and will be the terrorists of tomorrow,” Sellner told me. “That's why we have to stop non-European Islamic immigration.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Activists of the French far-right movement Generation Identitaire hold a banner as they demonstrate against migrants in the Italian city of Ventimiglia, on the French-Italian border, on June 14, 2015. JEAN CHRISTOPHE MAGNENET/AFP/Getty Images)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Social media plays a crucial role in the Identitarian movement. On board the night of their trial run was Lauren Southern, an alt-right Canadian blogger. The stunt was filmed from several angles and was up on YouTube immediately. Even the mainstream media is seen as an equal-opportunity means of getting out their message. It makes writing about them all the more complicated.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sellner now makes half of his video posts in English. He’s been interviewed by the BBC’s Newsnight, CNN, and Australia’s SBC. Southern herself has done a number of YouTube videos traveling to meet the Identitarians across Europe.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All this social media has an impact; its reach magnifies what is actually a very small group. Their numbers are not enormous — between 400 and 500 per country, with branches in Italy, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, and beyond. Some of the countries — Austria and France, for example — have far more visible movements than the others.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Weidinger at the Documentation Center for Austrian Resistance explains that most, if not all, of the group’s protests take place in such a way as to be easily, and immediately, disseminated online.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I think the media has blown this phenomenon out of proportion,” he cautions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That said, he says, “Something that is new is that they have a media policy which is, ‘We will talk to anyone, at any time. And we will show our faces and give them our names.’”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“They are basically far-right hipsters”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The group prides itself on its youth.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“No one is over 30,” Sellner tells me. They speak of their Facebook likes — in the tens of thousands — as though that calculates reach and impact, though it is not clear it does.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Each summer for the past six years or so, the group has hosted a training camp for like-minded Europeans in France.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Identitarian summer camp. YouTube</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In promotional videos, you see a few hundred fit men and women jogging through the forest and working on their pushups. They wear T-shirts with slogans like “Defend Europe.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are other such bucolic messages of European identity and camaraderie, and back-to-the-land bonhomie, coming out of the German Identitarian movement as well. Videos from the German wing of the movement show rolling fields and apple-cheeked adherents to the cause.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We stand against the Great Replacement,” intones the voiceover in one German video. The phrase is a reference to the work of French philosopher Renaud Camus, who writes warning essays about how Europeans and European culture will be “replaced” by migrants (and Islam, more specifically).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A still from a German Identitarian YouTube video. YouTube</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“They are basically far-right hipsters,” says Weidinger.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The French arm of the group created a video a few years ago that explained what they see as a generational shift against multiculturalism, and called it “a declaration of war.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We are the generation of ethnic fracture, total failure of coexistence, and forced mixing of races,” says one serious-looking man into the camera, all grainy and textured in black and white, as orchestral strings swell behind him. Yet another 20-something guy says, “We reject your history books to regather our memories.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Martin Sellner, too, feels Europeans have been made to feel guilty for too long for their recent history. “In Austria and in other Western countries we have been bad at dealing with their own past,” he says. “It turns into ideology of your own guilt. ... In every Western European country, what we get in school, we see movies of our own past only consists of feeling guilty. And I think that has been the roots and sources of the political disaster we face today.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He adds, “We should be able to be proud of our heritage again.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“What is alarming is the rhetoric they have of ‘last chance,’ as in, ‘We are the last generation that can prevent Europe from irreversible deterioration,’” says Weidinger, the Austrian researcher of the far right.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He also notes that many of the Identitarian sentiments and ideas on refugees and migrants have filtered into mainstream political culture. The current Austrian foreign minister, Sebastian Kurz, for example, just this year floated the idea of enclaves for refugees to be created outside of Europe.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Our approach must be to protect the external borders and to tell whoever tries to come to Europe illegally, ‘You won’t get through,’” Kurz said in an interview with Politico in December. And in a statement after a trip to Libya, he curtly stated, “A rescue in the Mediterranean should not be linked to a ticket to Central Europe.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In early July, Italy tried to close off ports to those NGO ships that monitor the Libyan coast for rescues. 11,000 refugees had arrived in the space of days, and Italy said the numbers were too high. They later backed off.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But sentiments like these are ones with which the Identitarians would likely heartily agree.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The&nbsp;<b style="">European migrant crisis</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[n 2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">also known as the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><b style="">refugee crisis</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[n 3]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">is a period beginning in 2015</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[12]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">characterized by rising numbers of people arriving in the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">European Union</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(EU) from across the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Mediterranean Sea</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">or overland through</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Southeast Europe</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. It is part of a pattern of increased</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">immigration to Europe</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">from other continents which began in the mid-20th century and which has encountered resistance in many European countries.</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a></sup></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Immigrants from outside Europe include&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">asylum seekers</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">economic migrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup>&nbsp;The term "immigrant" is used by the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">European Commission</a>&nbsp;to describe a person from a non-EU country establishing his or her usual residence in the territory of an EU country for a period that is, or is expected to be, at least twelve months. Most of the migrants came from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Muslim-majority countries</a>&nbsp;in regions south and east of Europe, including the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Greater Middle East</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-origins_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-origins-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought" title="Drought" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Drought</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[18]</a></sup>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">poverty</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence" title="Violence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">violence</a>&nbsp;linked to human-caused&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">global warming</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[21]</a></sup>&nbsp;have accelerated large-scale migration to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Europe</a>&nbsp;from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Middle East</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Africa</a>. In rare cases, immigration has been a cover for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Islamic State</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militants" class="mw-redirect" title="Militants" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">militants</a>&nbsp;disguised as refugees or migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[23]</a></sup>&nbsp;By religious affiliation, the majority of entrants were&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Muslim</a>&nbsp;(usually&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sunni Muslim</a>), with a small component of non-Muslim minorities (including&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Yazidis</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Assyrians</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandean" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Mandeans</a>). According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, the top three nationalities of entrants of the over one million Mediterranean Sea arrivals between January 2015 and March 2016 were&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Syrian</a>&nbsp;(46.7 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Afghan</a>&nbsp;(20.9 per cent) and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Iraqi</a>&nbsp;(9.4 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[24]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Of the migrants arriving in Europe by sea in 2015, 58 per cent were males over 18 years of age (77 per cent of adults), 17 per cent were females over 18 (22 per cent of adults) and the remaining 25 per cent were under 18.<sup id="cite_ref-bsUNHCR2015_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-bsUNHCR2015-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[25]</a></sup>&nbsp;The number of deaths at sea rose to record levels in April 2015, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">when five boats carrying almost 2,000 migrants to Europe&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_migrant_vessel_incidents_on_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">sank in the Mediterranean Sea</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, with a combined death toll estimated at more than 1,200 people.</span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;The shipwrecks took place in a context of ongoing conflicts and refugee crises in several Asian and African countries, which increased the total number of forcibly&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced people" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">displaced people</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;worldwide at the end of 2014 to almost 60 million, the highest level since&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">World War II</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRtrends_30-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-UNHCRtrends-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;The number of people crossing EU borders illegally has fallen from 1.8 million in 2015 to 204,219 in 2017.</span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Background</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2010%E2%80%932017_events" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2010–2017 events</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Schengen_Area_and_Dublin_Regulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Schengen Area and Dublin Regulation</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Carrier's_responsibility" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Carrier's responsibility</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Statistics_on_the_EU's_foreign-born_population_prior_to_2015" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Statistics on the EU's foreign-born population prior to 2015</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Global_refugee_crisis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Global refugee crisis</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#The_crisis_in_Greece_and_Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The crisis in Greece and Italy</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Motivations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Motivations</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Refugee_crisis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Refugee crisis</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Syria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Syria</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Afghanistan</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Economic_asylum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Economic asylum</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#ISIL" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">ISIL</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Migration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Migration</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Statistics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Statistics</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Sea_and_land_arrivals_to_the_EU" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sea and land arrivals to the EU</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2014" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2014</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2015" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2015</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2016" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2016</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2017" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2017</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2018" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2018</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Asylum_applications" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Asylum applications</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2014_2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2014</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2015_2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2015</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#2016_2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1.2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2016</span></font></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Migrant_routes,development_and_responses_in_individual_countries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Migrant routes, development and responses in individual countries</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Austria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Austria</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Croatia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Croatia</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Denmark" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Denmark</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#France" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">France</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Finland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Finland</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Germany</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Greece" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Greece</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Hungary" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hungary</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Italy</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Malta" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Malta</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Melilla_and_Ceuta(Spain)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Melilla and Ceuta (Spain)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Norway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Norway</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Slovenia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Slovenia</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Spain" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.14</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Spain</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Sweden" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.15</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sweden</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Switzerland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.16</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Switzerland</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Turkey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2.17</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Turkey</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Triggers_of_the_summer_2015_crisis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Triggers of the summer 2015 crisis</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Closure_of_green_borders" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Closure of green borders</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Deaths_and_incidents" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Deaths and incidents</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Reactions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reactions</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#European_Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">European Union</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Proposals" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Proposals</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Border_patrol_operations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Border patrol operations</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Relocation_and_resettlement_of_asylum_seekers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Relocation and resettlement of asylum seekers</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#EU%22Safe_countries_of_origin%22_list" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">EU "Safe countries of origin" list</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Valletta_Summit_on_Migration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Valletta Summit on Migration</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Negotiations_with_Turkey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Negotiations with Turkey</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#EU%E2%80%93Turkey_deal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.6.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">EU–Turkey deal</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Effects_on_Dublin_and_Schengen_rules" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Effects on Dublin and Schengen rules</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#EU_member_states" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">EU member states</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#International" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">International</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Libya" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Libya</span></font></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Political_debate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Political debate</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#European_People's_Party" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">European People's Party</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Party_of_European_Socialists" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Party of European Socialists</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Eurosceptic_parties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Eurosceptic parties</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Press_coverage_in_Europe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Press coverage in Europe</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="2010.E2.80.932017_events"><span class="mw-headline" id="2010–2017_events">2010–2017 events</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2010–2017 events" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Between 2010 and 2013, around 1.4 million non-EU nationals, excluding asylum seekers and refugees arrived in the EU each year, with a slight decrease after 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_in_the_EU_33-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-Immigration_in_the_EU-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Amid an upsurge in the number of sea arrivals in Italy from Libya in 2014, several European Union governments refused to fund the Italian-run rescue option&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Operation Mare Nostrum</a>, which was replaced by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontex" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Frontex</a>'s&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Triton" title="Operation Triton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Operation Triton</a>&nbsp;in November 2014. In the first six months of 2015, Greece overtook Italy in the number of arrivals, becoming in the summer of 2015 the starting point of a flow of refugees and migrants moving through&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Balkan</a>&nbsp;countries to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Northern European</a>&nbsp;countries, mainly Germany and Sweden.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Already in 2010 the European Commission explored in a study the financial, political and legal implications of a relocation of migrants in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since April 2015, the EU has struggled to either handle the influx of migrants, reduce (or stop) that influx, or both, by:
-- increasing funding for border patrol operations in the Mediterranean;
-- devising plans to fight&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant smuggling" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">migrant smuggling</a>&nbsp;through initiatives such as the military&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sophia" title="Operation Sophia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Operation Sophia</a>;
-- proposing a new quota system both to relocate asylum seekers among EU states for processing of refugee claims to alleviate the burden on countries on the outer borders of the Union and to resettle asylum seekers who have been determined to be genuine&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">refugees</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Individual countries have at times re-introduced border controls within the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Schengen Area</a>&nbsp;and rifts have emerged between countries willing to allow entry of asylum seekers for processing of refugee claims and other countries trying to discourage their entry.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">According to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eurostat</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">EU member states</a>&nbsp;received over 1.2 million first-time asylum applications in 2015, more than double that of the previous year. Four states (Germany, Hungary, Sweden and Austria) received around two-thirds of the EU's asylum applications in 2015, with Hungary, Sweden and Austria being the top recipients of asylum applications per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-asylum2015_35-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-asylum2015-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a></sup>&nbsp;More than 1 million migrants crossed the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mediterranean Sea</a>in 2015, sharply dropping to 364,000 in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a></sup>&nbsp;Numbers of arriving migrants fell again in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-NebehayIOM_37-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-NebehayIOM-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Schengen_Area_and_Dublin_Regulation">Schengen Area and Dublin Regulation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Schengen Area and Dublin Regulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Main articles:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Schengen Area</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Regulation" title="Dublin Regulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dublin Regulation</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Schengen Agreement</a>&nbsp;of 14 June 1985, 26 European countries (22 of the 28&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">European Union</a>&nbsp;member states, plus four&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">European Free Trade Association</a>&nbsp;states) joined together to form an area where border checks on internal Schengen borders (i.e. between member states) are abolished and instead checks are restricted to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area#Regulation_of_external_borders" title="Schengen Area" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">external Schengen borders</a>&nbsp;and countries with external borders are obligated to enforce border control regulations. Countries may reinstate internal border controls for a maximum of two months for "public policy or national security" reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Motivations">Motivations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motivations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The "European Migrant Crisis", refers to an enormous and unprecedented wave of both war refugees from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syrian Civil War</a>&nbsp;and economic migrants from the Near East and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_76-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:23-76" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Refugee_crisis">Refugee crisis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Refugee crisis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Refugees</a>&nbsp;are people forced to flee their country of origin because of persecution, war, or violence.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UNHCR</a>, the number of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">forcibly displaced people</a>&nbsp;worldwide reached 65,600,000 at the end of 2016; the highest level since World War II, with a 40 per cent increase taking place since 2011. Of these 65,600,000, 22.5 million were&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">refugees</a>&nbsp;(17.2 million under UNHCR's mandate, plus 5.3 million&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Palestinian refugees</a>&nbsp;under&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UNRWA</a>'s mandate). 2.8 million of the refugees were asylum seekers. The rest were persons displaced within their own countries (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">internally displaced persons</a>). The 17.2 million refugees under UNHCR's mandate were around 2.9 million more than at the end of 2014, the highest level since 1992. Among them,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syrian refugees</a>&nbsp;became the largest refugee group in 2014 (3.9 million, 1.55 million more than the previous year), overtaking&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghan refugees</a>&nbsp;(2.6 million), who had been the largest refugee group for three decades. Six of the ten largest countries of origin of refugees were African:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Somalia</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sudan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">South Sudan</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Central African Republic</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eritrea</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Developing countries</a>&nbsp;hosted the largest share of refugees (86 per cent by the end of 2014, the highest figure in more than two decades); the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed countries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">least developed countries</a>&nbsp;alone provided asylum to 25 per cent of refugees worldwide. Even though most Syrian refugees were hosted by neighboring countries such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Turkey</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lebanon</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jordan</a>, the number of asylum applications lodged by Syrian refugees in Europe steadily increased between 2011–17. By December 2017, UNHCR had counted over 1,000,000 asylum applications in 37 European countries (including both EU members and non-members).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[75]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As of 2017, 55 per cent of refugees worldwide came from three nations: South Sudan, Afghanistan, and Syria. Of all displaced peoples, 17 per cent of them are being hosted in Europe. As of April 2018, 15,481 refugees have successfully arrived to the shores of Europe via sea within the first few months of the year alone. There was an estimated 500 that have died in this year alone. In 2015, there was a total of 1.02 million arrivals by sea. Since then, the influx has steadily decreased but is ongoing nonetheless.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-79" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[76]</a></sup></font></p><h4 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Syria">Syria</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The greatest number of refugees fleeing to Europe&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">originate from Syria</a>. Their migration stems from severe socio-political oppression under&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President Bashar al-Assad</a>. Civil war ensued with clashes between pro and anti-government groups. Anti-government forces were supported by external governments (including the US, UK and France<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-80" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[77]</a></sup>) in an effort to topple the Syrian government via classified programs such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Timber Sycamore</a>&nbsp;that effectively delivered thousands of tons of weaponry to rebel groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_81-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:8-81" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_82-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:9-82" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_83-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:10-83" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_84-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:11-84" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_85-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:13-85" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_86-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:14-86" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_87-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:15-87" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_88-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-:16-88" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[85]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2011, a group of Syrians displayed pro-democracy protests in the city of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daraa</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President Assad</a>responded with force and consequently, more protests were triggered nationwide against the Assad regime. By July 2011, hundreds of thousands of people were protesting against President Assad. An early violent crackdown was implemented to try to mitigate these uprisings—however, these measures were met with more unrest. By&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">May 2011</a>, thousands of people had already fled the country and the first refugee camps opened in Turkey. In March 2012, the UNHCR decided to appoint a Regional Refugee Coordinator for Syrian Refugees—recognising the growing concerns surrounding the crisis. Just a year later, in March 2013, the number of Syrian refugees reached 1,000,000. By December 2017,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UNHCR</a>&nbsp;counted 1,000,000 asylum applications for Syrian refugees in the European Union. As of March 2018, UNHCR has counted nearly 5.6 million registered Syrian refugees worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-89" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[86]</a></sup></font></p><h4 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghan refugees</a>&nbsp;comprise the second-largest refugee population in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-90" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[87]</a></sup>&nbsp;According to the UNHCR, there are almost 2.5 million registered refugees from Afghanistan. Most of these refugees have fled the region due to war and persecution. The majority have resettled in Pakistan and Iran, but it is becoming increasingly common to migrate further west to the European Union. Afghanistan has faced nearly 40 years of conflict dating back to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Soviet invasion in 1979</a>. Since then, the nation has faced fluctuating levels of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">civil war</a>&nbsp;amidst unending unrest. The increase in refugee numbers has been credited primarily to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Taliban</a>presence within Afghanistan. Their retreat in 2001, led to nearly 6 million Afghan refugees returning to their homeland. However, after&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">civil unrest and fighting alongside the Taliban's return</a>, nearly 2.5 million refugees have fled Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[88]</a></sup>&nbsp;Most Afghan refugees, however, seek refuge in the neighboring nation of Pakistan. Increasing numbers, though, have committed to the strenuous migration to Turkey and the European Union.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_asylum">Economic asylum</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic asylum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For long,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">economic migration</a>&nbsp;has been a global issue. Such migration is pursued to in order to seek living conditions/standards and job opportunities that do not exist in the migrant's country of origin. These migrants are termed "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">migrant workers</a>" by the United Nations. According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD" title="OECD" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">OECD</a>, over the last ten years, migrants accounted for over 70 per cent of the increase in Europe's workforce. The OECD has reported that such immigration is actually crucial to the growing labor market—filling 15 per cent of the entries into the fastest growing occupations. Overall, the OECD has found that the inflow of migrants has not greatly disrupted any nation's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-92" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[89]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="ISIL"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ISIL</font></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In February 2017, British newspaper&nbsp;<b><i><span style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Guardian</span></i>&nbsp;reported that ISIL was paying the smugglers fees of up to $2,000&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">USD</a>&nbsp;to recruit people from refugee camps in Jordan and Lebanon child migrants in a desperate attempt to radicalize children for the group</b>. The reports by counter-extremism thinktank&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilliam(think_tank)" title="Quilliam (think tank)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Quilliam</a>&nbsp;indicate that an estimated 88,300 unaccompanied children—who are reported as missing—were at risk of radicalization by ISIL.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-93" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[90]</a></sup>In 2016, according to the Italian&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily newspaper" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">daily</a>&nbsp;newspaper&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">La Stampa</a></i>, officials from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol" title="Europol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Europol</a>&nbsp;conducted an investigation into the trafficking of fake documents for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISIL</a>. They identified fake&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syrian</a>&nbsp;passports in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">refugee camps</a>in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Greece</a>&nbsp;that were destined to supposed members of ISIL, in order to avoid Greek government controls and make their way to other parts of Europe. Also, the chief of Europol said that a new task force of 200 counter-terrorism officers would be deployed to the Greek islands alongside Greek border guards in order to help Greece stop a "strategic" level campaign by ISIL to infiltrate terrorists into Europe.</font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Migration" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Migration</font></span></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">See also:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Emigration from Africa</a></font></div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ascertaining<b> motivation </b>is complex, but, according to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, most of the people arriving in Europe in 2015 were&nbsp;<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">refugees</a>, fleeing war and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">persecution</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRarrivals_115-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-UNHCRarrivals-115" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[112]</a></sup>&nbsp;in countries such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syria</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghanistan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eritrea</a>: </b>according to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UNHCR</a>&nbsp;data, 84 per cent of Mediterranean Sea arrivals in 2015 came from the world's top ten refugee-producing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRarrivals1_154-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-UNHCRarrivals1-154" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[151]</a></sup>&nbsp;According to UNHCR, the top ten nationalities of Mediterranean Sea arrivals in 2015 were&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syria</a>&nbsp;(49 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghanistan</a>&nbsp;(21 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq</a>&nbsp;(8 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eritrea</a>&nbsp;(4 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pakistan</a>&nbsp;(2 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigeria</a>&nbsp;(2 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Somalia</a>&nbsp;(2 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sudan</a>&nbsp;(1 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the Gambia</a>&nbsp;(1 per cent) and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mali</a>&nbsp;(1 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-bsUNHCR2015_28-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-bsUNHCR2015-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abcUNHCR2015_155-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-abcUNHCR2015-155" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[152]</a></sup>&nbsp;Asylum seekers of seven nationalities had an asylum recognition rate of over 50 per cent in EU States in the first quarter of 2015, meaning that they obtained protection over half the time they applied: Syrians (94 per cent recognition rate), Eritreans (90 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraqis</a>&nbsp;(88 per cent), Afghans (66 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iranians</a>&nbsp;(65 per cent),&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Somalis</a>&nbsp;(60 per cent) and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sudanese</a>&nbsp;(53 per cent). Migrants of these nationalities accounted for 90 per cent of the arrivals in Greece and 47 per cent of the arrivals in Italy between January and August 2015, according to UNHCR data.<sup id="cite_ref-Asylum_quarterly_report_147-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-Asylum_quarterly_report-147" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-156" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[153]</a></sup>&nbsp;Wars fueling the crisis are the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Syrian Civil War</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_conflict(2003%E2%80%93present)" title="Iraq conflict (2003–present)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq War</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">War in Afghanistan</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">War in Somalia</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">War in Darfur</a>. Refugees from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eritrea</a>, one of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eritrea" title="Human rights in Eritrea" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">most repressive</a>&nbsp;states in the world, flee from indefinite military&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">conscription</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labour" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">forced labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-origins_18-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-origins-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-157" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[154]</a></sup>&nbsp;Some ethnicities or religions from an originating country are more represented among the migrants than others, for instance Kurds make up 80 to 90 percent of all Turkish refugees in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-158" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[155]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Migrants from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Balkans" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Western Balkans</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kosovo</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Albania</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Serbia</a>) and parts of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">West Africa</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Gambia</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigeria</a>) are more likely to be&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_migrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migrants" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">economic migrants</a>, fleeing poverty and lack of jobs, many of them hoping for a better lifestyle and job offers, without valid claims to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">refugee status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-159" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NossiterNiger_160-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-NossiterNiger-160" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[157]</a></sup>&nbsp;The majority of asylum applicants from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Serbia</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Macedonia</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Montenegro</a>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Roma</a>&nbsp;people who feel discriminated against in their countries of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-BalkanExodus_161-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-BalkanExodus-161" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[158]</a></sup>&nbsp;The influx from states like&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nigeria</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pakistan</a>&nbsp;is a mix of economic migrants and refugees fleeing from violence and war such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boko Haram insurgency</a>&nbsp;in north-east Nigeria and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" title="War in North-West Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">War in North-West Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-origins_18-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-origins-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-162" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-163" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[160]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to <b>UNHCR data, 58 per cent of the refugees and migrants arriving in Europe by sea in 2015 were men, 17 per cent were women and 25 per cent were children</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-bsUNHCR2015_28-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-bsUNHCR2015-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abcUNHCR2015_155-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-abcUNHCR2015-155" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[152]</a></sup>&nbsp;Of the asylum applications received in Sweden in 2015, 70 per cent were by men (including minors).<sup id="cite_ref-sma2015_151-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-sma2015-151" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[148]</a></sup>&nbsp;Men search for a safe place to live and work before attempting to reunite later with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRMed_164-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-UNHCRMed-164" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[161]</a></sup>&nbsp;In war-torn countries, men are also at greater risk of being forced to fight or of being killed.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-165" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[162]</a></sup>&nbsp;Among people arriving in Europe there were also large numbers of women and unaccompanied children.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRMed_164-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-UNHCRMed-164" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[161]</a></sup>&nbsp;Europe has received a record number of asylum applications from unaccompanied child refugees in 2015, as they became separated from their families in war, or their family could not afford to send more than one member abroad. Younger refugees also have better chances of receiving asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-166" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[163]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Some argue that migrants have been seeking to settle preferentially in those national destinations offering more generous&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">social welfare</a>&nbsp;benefits and hosting more established Middle Eastern and African immigrant communities. Others argue that migrants are attracted to more tolerant societies with stronger economies, and that the chief motivation for leaving Turkey is that they are not permitted to leave camps or work.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-167" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[164]</a></sup>&nbsp;A large number of refugees in Turkey have been faced with rather difficult living circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-168" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[165]</a></sup>&nbsp;Thus, many refugees arriving in southern Europe continue their journey in attempts to reach northern European countries such as Germany, which are observed as having more prominent outcomes of security.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-169" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[166]</a></sup>&nbsp;In contrast to Germany, historically a popular final destination for the EU migrants, France saw its popularity erode in 2015 among migrants seeking asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-170" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-171" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[168]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Refugees coming specifically from the Middle East have been attempting to seek asylum in Europe rather than in countries surrounding their own neighboring regions.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-172" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[169]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2015, over 80 per cent of the refugees who arrived in Europe by sea, came from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-173" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[170]</a></sup>&nbsp;Routes in which these refugees face while attempting to arrive in Europe, are most often extremely dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-174" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[171]</a></sup>&nbsp;The jeopardy to endure such routes also supports the arguments behind certain refugees' preferential motivations of seeking asylum within European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-175" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[172]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Migrant_routes.2C_development_and_responses_in_individual_countries"><span class="mw-headline" id="Migrant_routes,_development_and_responses_in_individual_countries">Migrant routes, development and responses in individual countries</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Migrant routes, development and responses in individual countries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg/220px-Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg/330px-Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg/440px-Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="609" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_des_routes_d%27immigration_africaine_vers_l%27Europe.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Map of&nbsp;</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrants%27_African_routes" title="Migrants' African routes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">migrants' routes</a>&nbsp;to North Africa and Europe from West Africa</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In September 2015, Europol estimated there were 30 000 suspected migrant smugglers, which rose to 55 000 in 2016 and a further 10 000 more in 2017. Of the smugglers, 63 per cent are from Europe of which 45 per cent are from Balkan countries, 14 per cent from the Middle East, 13 per cent from Africa and 9 per cent from Eastern Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#cite_note-176" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[173]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">619 ggl</font></div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFSgAMAB6BAgFEAA" style=""><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAAegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAAegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAAegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAAegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAAegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAAegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Situation Mediterranean Situation - Situations - UNHCR</a></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean</cite></font></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=meditteranean+refugee&oq=meditteranean+refugee&aqs=chrome..69i57.6774j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b0" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ7B0wAHoECAUQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQqR8wAHoECAUQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:592nyB0KQ5QJ:https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:592nyB0KQ5QJ:https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean%2B%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQIDAAegQIBRAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzAAegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzAAegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzAAegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Most common nationalities of&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mediterranean</span>&nbsp;sea and land arrivals from ... UNHCR, the UN&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Refugee</span>Agency, is calling for increased efforts to address the&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_3" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ2Z0BMAB6BAgFEAY" style=""><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAAQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFSgAMAF6BAgAEAA" style=""><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/5592bd059/sea-route-europe-mediterranean-passage-age-refugees.html&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">The sea route to Europe: The Mediterranean passage in the ... - UNHCR</a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=meditteranean+refugee&oq=meditteranean+refugee&aqs=chrome..69i57.6774j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b2" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ7B0wAnoECAIQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQqR8wAnoECAIQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzACegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzACegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzACegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The European migrant crisis, also known as the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">refugee</span>&nbsp;crisis, is a period beginning in 2015 characterized by rising numbers of people arriving in the European Union (EU) from across the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mediterranean</span>&nbsp;Sea or overland through Southeast Europe. ... Immigrants from outside Europe include asylum seekers and economic migrants.</font></span></a></font></font><div class="osl" style="margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_migrant_crisis+mediterranean+refugee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQHzACegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‎</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_European_migrant_crisis" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_European_migrant_crisis&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ0gIoADACegQIAhAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">Timeline of the European ...</a>&nbsp;·&nbsp;‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%25E2%2580%259316_New_Year%2527s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ0gIoATACegQIAhAH" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">2015–16 New Year's Eve ...</a>&nbsp;·&nbsp;‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ0gIoAjACegQIAhAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">Hungarian border barrier</a></font></font></font></div></div><div data-base-uri="/search" id="ed_2" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ2Z0BMAJ6BAgCEAk"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFSgAMAN6BAgBEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-boats-un-unhcr&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjADegQIARAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Mediterranean will be 'sea of blood' without rescue boats, UN warns ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.theguardian.com/.../mediterranean-sea-of-blood-migrant-refugee-rescue-bo...</cite></font></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.54;">Jun 9, 2019 -&nbsp;</span>The risk of migrants and&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">refugees</span>&nbsp;becoming shipwrecked in the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mediterranean</span>&nbsp;and dying at sea is the highest it has ever been due to a lack of&nbsp;...</font></span></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFSgAMAR6BAgGEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQFjAEegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">UN: Alarming Spike in Refugee, Migrant Deaths in Mediterranean Sea ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.voanews.com/.../un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranea...</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=meditteranean+refugee&oq=meditteranean+refugee&aqs=chrome..69i57.6774j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b4" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQ7B0wBHoECAYQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQqR8wBHoECAYQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQIDAEegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQIDAEegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQIDAEegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.54;">Jan 30, 2019 -&nbsp;</span>The U.N.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">refugee</span>&nbsp;agency says there was an alarming increase in the number of&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">refugees</span>&nbsp;and migrants who lost their lives last year while&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></div></div></div></div></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zxBGp6QmUxUJ:https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-alarming-spike-refugee-migrant-deaths-mediterranean-sea%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjHr-D4-fDiAhUxHzQIHTVDB9kQIDAEegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" color="#000000">=</font></a></font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>