brower, David

<div>uber1:  <a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-796">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-796</a></div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div>see eco-heroes: <a href="https://rachelcarson-wiki.lt.ucsc.edu/wiki/Eco-heroes" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">https://rachelcarson-wiki.lt.ucsc.edu/wiki/Eco-heroes</a><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">David Brower Executive Director of the Sierra Club, he had a significant impact on green history in the US. Video biography Monumental can be seen on PBS. (short excerpt). An earlier biographical video is For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower and is also the name of a book of his essays. Brower is the subject of the classic biography Encounters with the Archdruid by John McPhee. One of his last interviews (video) tells us all we need to know, including the role of corporations. New bio: David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement author interview.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">links:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecotopia.org/ehof/brower/bio.html" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">David Brower</a> Executive Director of the Sierra Club, he had a significant impact on green history in the US. Video biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kqed.org/arts/programs/trulyca/episode.jsp?epid=205905" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">Monumental</a> can be seen on PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWcnGIsU598" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">(short excerpt)</a>. An earlier biographical video is For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower and is also the name of a book of his essays. Brower is the subject of the classic biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/Encounters-Archdruid-John-McPhee/dp/0374514313/ref=pd_sim_b_3#reader" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">Encounters with the Archdruid</a> by John McPhee. One of his last <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NkaAjl7k_s" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">interviews</a> (video) tells us all we need to know, including the role of corporations. New bio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2015-5-september-october/green-life/david-brower-making-environmental-movement" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-january-20-2016/" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" height="%2213%22" width="%2213%22" version="%221.1%22" cg="Cg" transform="%22translate%28-36.467808%2C-258.39005%29%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22m40.55%2C263.9c0-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C1.864%2C0.6213%2C3.107%2C1.864%2C3.728%2C3.728%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0.6213-0.6213%2C0.6213-1.243-1.864-1.864-2.485-3.728-3.728z%22/%3E" c="C" g="g" e="E" rgb="rgb" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:cc="%22http://creativecommons.org/ns%23%22" xmlns:data="data" xmlns:dc="%22http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/%22%3E" xmlns:rdf="%22http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns%23%22">author interview</a>.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-january-20-2016/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-january-20-2016/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">With Douglas Brinkley, professor of history at Rice University and author of several books including The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. And Tom Turner. Turner has worked at the Sierra Club, Friends of the Earth, the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, and Earthjustice. He is the author of the biography David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement. <a href="http://www.harpercollins.com/9780060565312/the-wilderness-warrior" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">About The Wilderness Warrior: </a>In this monumental biography, acclaimed historian Douglas Brinkley examines the life and achievements of Theodore Roosevelt, our “naturalist president,” and his tireless crusade for the American wilderness—a legacy now more important than ever.<a href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520278363" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">About David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement </a>In this first comprehensive authorized biography of David Brower, a dynamic leader in the environmental movement over the last half of the twentieth century, Tom Turner explores Brower’s impact on the movement from its beginnings until his death in 2000.Frequently compared to John Muir, David Brower was the first executive director of the Sierra Club, founded Friends of the Earth, and helped secure passage of the Wilderness Act, among other key achievements. Tapping his passion for wilderness and for the mountains he scaled in his youth, he was a central figure in the creation of the Point Reyes National Seashore and of the North Cascades and Redwood national parks. In addition, Brower worked tirelessly in successful efforts to keep dams from being built in Dinosaur National Monument and the Grand Canyon.Tom Turner began working with David Brower in 1968 and remained close to him until Brower’s death. As an insider, Turner creates an intimate portrait of Brower the man and the decisive role he played in the development of the environmental movement. Culling material from Brower’s diaries, notebooks, articles, books, and published interviews, and conducting his own interviews with many of Brower’s admirers, opponents, and colleagues, Turner brings to life one of the movement’s most controversial and complex figures.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.sierraclub.org/library/david-brower" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.sierraclub.org/library/david-brower</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Born in Berkeley, California, in 1912, David Brower joined the Sierra Club in 1933 because of his interest in mountaineering. He had more than 70 first ascents to his credit and served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division during World War II.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="media-p" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"> Brower began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946, managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954, and served as the Club's first executive director from 1952 to 1969. As author John McPhee wrote in his popular 1971 profile, "Encounters With the Archdruid," Brower was the Sierra Club's "leader, its principal strategist, its preeminent fang." He lit a fire under what was then a serene hiking club and later sparked the first flames of other influential organizations, such as the League of Conservation Voters, Friends of the Earth, and Earth Island Institute.</div>Among his conservation victories: He helped to pass the Wilderness Act and to halt construction of a dam in Dinosaur National Monument. He also helped win protection for Kings Canyon, North Cascades, and Redwood National Parks, along with Point Reyes and Cape Cod National Seashores.A man of multiple talents, Brower was a master of persuasion. He convinced several generations of idealistic youth, through speeches, images, and the printed word, that saving the earth was an urgent spiritual matter. Legions of young people donned backpacks and headed for the Sierra Nevada after reading On the Loose, a 1967 Sierra Club book Brower published about two brothers coming of age in the wilderness. Thousands more were converted by the stunning details of his nature calendars and big pictorial books. (Both were forms of public persuasion he invented and perfected.)Millions witnessed his successful crusade to keep dams out of the Grand Canyon, when he famously asked in a New York Times ad, "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" And many were captivated by seeing him in person and hearing his "sermon," in which he'd wave a photo of our planet and say, "This is the sudden insight from Apollo. There it is. That's all there is. We see through the eyes of the astronauts how fragile our life is, how thin is the epithelium of the atmosphere."By the end of the 20th century, Brower was a cultural icon. He'd written three autobiographies, been profiled by dozens of magazines, and been nominated three times for the Nobel Peace Prize. Among his many awards was the international Blue Planet Prize in 1998, for his contributions to solving global environmental problems.David Brower died of cancer on November 5, 2000 at 88.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">David Ross Brower (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English" style="font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none !important;">/ˈbraʊ.ər/</a>; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">environmentalist</a> and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Friends of the Earth</a> (1969), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Island_Institute" title="Earth Island Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Earth Island Institute</a> (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Sierra Club</a>, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000. As a younger man, he was a prominent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">mountaineer</a>.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;">
</div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">1Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Mountaineering_achievements" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">2Mountaineering achievements</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#World_War_II" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">3World War II</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Career_with_Sierra_Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4Career with Sierra Club</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Coffee_table_books" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.1Coffee table books</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Membership_rises,revenues_drop" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.2Membership rises, revenues drop</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Board_conflict_and_resignation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.3Board conflict and resignation</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Rejoins_and_resigns_from_board" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.4Rejoins and resigns from board</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Founds_Friends_of_the_Earth" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5Founds Friends of the Earth</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Widens_environmental_campaigns" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.1Widens environmental campaigns</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Resigns_from_board" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.2Resigns from board</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Later_years_with_Earth_Island_Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">6Later years with Earth Island Institute</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">7See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">8References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Bibliography" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">9Bibliography</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#Video_resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">10Video resources</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">11External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early life[</h2>Brower was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,California" title="Berkeley, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Berkeley, California</a>. He was married to Anne Hus Brower (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">University of California Press</a> in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P.Irish" title="John P. Irish" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">John P. Irish</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Brower" title="Kenneth Brower" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Kenneth Brower</a>, David Brower's son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Freeman Dyson</a> and his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dyson(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">George Dyson</a>.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Mountaineering achievements[</h2>Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background: none;">mountaineering</a>. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada(U.S.)" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">High Sierra</a> with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Clyde" title="Norman Clyde" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Norman Clyde</a> in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Sierra Club</a>. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_Meadows" title="Tuolumne Meadows" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Tuolumne Meadows</a>. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">first ascents</a>. On the first day, they climbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tyndall" title="Mount Tyndall" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Mount Tyndall</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Williamson" title="Mount Williamson" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Mount Williamson</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barnard(California)" title="Mount Barnard (California)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Mount Barnard</a>. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Agassiz(California)" title="Mount Agassiz (California)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Mount Agassiz</a>. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_Peak" title="Thunderbolt Peak" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Thunderbolt Peak</a>, traversed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Palisade" title="North Palisade" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">North Palisade</a> by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, ...Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiprock" title="Shiprock" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Shiprock</a>, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Navajo reservation</a> in northwestern New Mexico. This climb, rated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" title="Yosemite Decimal System" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">YDS</a> III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[5]</a>Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Yosemite</a> and elsewhere in the western <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">United States</a>.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">World War II[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">University of California Press</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Cambridge University Press</a> for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">World War II</a>. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">North Apeninnes</a> and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised editions. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[6]</a>During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.10th_Mountain_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 10th Mountain Division" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">10th Mountain Division</a>, training its soldiers in mountaineering and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">cross-country skiing</a> in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Bronze Star</a> in action in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Italy</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-aaj_2001-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain(1996_movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire on the Mountain (1996 movie)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Fire on the Mountain</a>. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[7]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Career with Sierra Club[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career with Sierra Club" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Trips" title="High Trips" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">High Trips</a> from 1947 to 1954.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[8]</a> Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Park_Dam" title="Echo Park Dam" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Echo Park Dam</a> in Utah's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Dinosaur National Monument</a>. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Wallace Stegner</a> with photographs by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Litton(environmentalist)" title="Martin Litton (environmentalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Martin Litton</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hyde(photographer)" title="Philip Hyde (photographer)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Philip Hyde</a> — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf. Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Storage_Project" title="Colorado River Storage Project" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Colorado River Storage Project</a> in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Coffee table books[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coffee table books" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Brower began <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books" title="Sierra Club Books" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Sierra Club Books</a>' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Porter" title="Eliot Porter" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Eliot Porter</a> in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between Brower and the Club's board of directors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[9]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Membership rises, revenues drop[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Membership rises, revenues drop" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Under Brower's leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club’s membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society(United_States)" title="The Wilderness Society (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">The Wilderness Society</a>, Brower helped the Club win passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Wilderness Act</a> in 1964. Brower and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Reclamation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Bureau of Reclamation</a> from building two dams that would flood portions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Grand Canyon</a>. In 1964, Brower organized a dory river expedition led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Litton(environmentalist)" title="Martin Litton (environmentalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Martin Litton</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hyde(photographer)" title="Philip Hyde (photographer)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Philip Hyde</a> and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking, "Should we also flood the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Sistine Chapel</a> so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Internal Revenue Service</a> announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)organization" title="501(c)(3) organization" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">501(c)(3)</a> charitable organization status. The board had set up the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club_Foundation" title="Sierra Club Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Sierra Club Foundation</a> as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[10]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Board conflict and resignation[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Board conflict and resignation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>As annual deficits increased, tension grew between Brower and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Diablo Canyon Power Plant</a> planned for construction by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Gas and Electric" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Pacific Gas and Electric</a> (PG&E) near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Obispo" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">San Luis Obispo</a>, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodega_Bay" title="Bodega Bay" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Bodega Bay</a> in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">San Andreas Fault</a>, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe-Nipomo_Dunes" title="Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Nipomo Dunes</a>. In 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy. Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy.Sierra Club board elections in the late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions. In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Ansel Adams</a> and board president Richard Leonard. Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[11]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Rejoins and resigns from board[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Brower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rejoins and resigns from board" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Eventually reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower was deeply concerned about issues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">overpopulation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">immigration</a> — one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-Burke-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[12]</a> "Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us," he said, "and immigration is part of that problem. It has to be addressed."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-Burke-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[12]</a> His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg, a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Founds Friends of the Earth[</h2>Brower founded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Friends of the Earth</a> (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club. The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Earth Day</a> in April 1970. FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">The New Yorker</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">John McPhee</a>, later published as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounters_with_the_Archdruid" title="Encounters with the Archdruid" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Encounters with the Archdruid</a>, which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Dominy" title="Floyd Dominy" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Floyd Dominy</a>, the director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Bureau of Reclamation</a>. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_address" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail address" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">e-mail address</a>.FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C.. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">League of Conservation Voters</a> in 1970, founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marion_Edey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Edey (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Marion Edey</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-edeyfounder-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[13]</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Policy_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Policy Center (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Environmental Policy Center</a> in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries. Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Widens environmental campaigns[</h3>Although Brower's background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska pipeline" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Alaska pipeline</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">supersonic transport</a> airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Agent Orange</a> in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G.Watt" title="James G. Watt" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">James G. Watt</a>'s efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Resigns from board[</h3>Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions. He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Island_Institute" title="Earth Island Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Earth Island Institute</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[14]</a>...==Population Bomb is a best-selling book written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stanford University</a> Professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R.Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> and his wife, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_H.Ehrlich" title="Anne H. Ehrlich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anne Ehrlich</a> (who was uncredited), in 1968.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-The_Population_Bomb_Revisited-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> It predicted worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" title="Famine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">famine</a> in the 1970s and 1980s due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">overpopulation</a>, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a "population explosion" existed in the 1950s and 1960s, but the book and its author brought the idea to an even wider audience.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-intellectual_roots-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-:0-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>The book has been criticized since its publication for its alarmist tone, and in recent decades for its inaccurate predictions. The Ehrlichs stand by the book despite its flaws stating in 2009 that "perhaps the most serious flaw in The Bomb was that it was much too optimistic about the future" and believe that it achieved their goals because "it alerted people to the importance of environmental issues and brought human numbers into the debate on the human future."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-The_Population_Bomb_Revisited-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#General_description_of_the_book" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">General description of the book</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Context" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Context</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Criticisms" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Criticisms</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Restatement_of_Malthusian_theory" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1Restatement of Malthusian theory</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Predictions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2Predictions</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Persistence_of_trends" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3Persistence of trends</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Showmanship" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.4Showmanship</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Social_and_political_coercion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.5Social and political coercion</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Ehrlich's_response" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Ehrlich's response</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General description of the book[</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 352px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/350px-Population_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/525px-Population_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/700px-Population_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="332" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_curve.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none;" /></div>Graph of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">human population</a> from 10,000 BC to 2017 AD. It shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population since the eighteenth century.</div></div></div>The Population Bomb was written at the suggestion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">David Brower</a>, the executive director of the environmentalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Sierra Club</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ballantine" title="Ian Ballantine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ian Ballantine</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ballantine Books</a> following various public appearances Ehrlich had made regarding population issues and their relation to the environment. Although the Ehrlichs collaborated on the book, the publisher insisted that a single author be credited, and also asked to change their preferred title: Population, Resources, and Environment.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-The_Population_Bomb_Revisited-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> The title Population Bomb was taken (with permission) from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Draper,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Draper, Jr." style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">General William H. Draper</a>, founder of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Population Crisis Committee</a> and a pamphlet issued in 1954 by the Hugh Moore Fund. The Ehrlichs regret the choice of title, which they admit was a perfect choice from a marketing perspective, but think that "it led Paul to be miscategorized as solely focused on human numbers, despite our interest in all the factors affecting the human trajectory."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-The_Population_Bomb_Revisited-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>Early editions of The Population Bomb began with the statement:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; border-left: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate...<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-Population_Bomb-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></blockquote>Much of the book is spent describing the state of the environment and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">food security</a> situation, which is described as increasingly dire. Ehrlich argues that as the existing population was not being fed adequately, and as it was growing rapidly, it was unreasonable to expect sufficient improvements in food production to feed everyone. He further argued that the growing population placed escalating strains on all aspects of the natural world. "What needs to be done?" he wrote, "We must rapidly bring the world population under control, reducing the growth rate to zero or making it negative. Conscious regulation of human numbers must be achieved. Simultaneously we must, at least temporarily, greatly increase our food production." Ehrlich described a number of "ideas on how these goals might be reached."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> He believed that the United States should take a leading role in population control, both because it was already consuming much more than the rest of the world, and therefore had a moral duty to reduce its impact, and because the US would have to lead international efforts due to its prominence in the world. In order to avoid charges of hypocrisy or racism it would have to take the lead in population reduction efforts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> Ehrlich floats the idea of adding "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">temporary sterilants</a>" to the water supply or staple foods. However, he rejects the idea as unpractical due to "criminal inadequacy of biomedical research in this area."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> He suggests a tax scheme in which additional children would add to a family's tax burden at increasing rates for more children, as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">luxury taxes</a> on childcare goods. He suggests incentives for men who agree to permanent sterilization before they have two children, as well as a variety of other monetary incentives. He proposes a powerful Department of Population and Environment which "should be set up with the power to take whatever steps are necessary to establish a reasonable population size in the United States and to put an end to the steady deterioration of our environment."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> The department should support research into population control, such as better <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">contraceptives</a>, mass sterilizing agents, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_sex_discernment" title="Prenatal sex discernment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">prenatal sex discernment</a> (because families often continue to have children until a male is born. Ehrlich suggested that if they could choose a male child this would reduce the birthrate). Legislation should be enacted guaranteeing the right to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">abortion</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sex education</a> should be expanded.After explaining the domestic policies the US should pursue, he discusses foreign policy. He advocates a system of "triage," such as that suggested by William and Paul Paddock in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_1975!" title="Famine 1975!" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Famine 1975!</a>. Under this system countries would be divided into categories based on their abilities to feed themselves going forward....</div>