Heney

wiki

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<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Francis Joseph Heney (March 17, 1859 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,New_York" title="Lima, New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lima, New York</a> – October 31, 1937 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,California" title="Santa Monica, California" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Santa Monica, California</a>) was a lawyer, judge, and politician. In 1891 while an attorney in Tucson, Arizona Territory, he defended the abused wife of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C.Handy" title="John C. Handy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John C. Handy</a>, who threatened to kill him. When Handy attacked Heney, Heney shot and killed Handy in self-defense. Heney served as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General" title="Arizona Attorney General" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Attorney General</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arizona Territory</a> between 1893 and 1895. He was the chief prosecutor of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Land_Fraud_scandal" title="Oregon Land Fraud scandal" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oregon Land Fraud scandal</a> from 1904 to 1910 and served as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. District Attorney</a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Oregon" title="United States District Court for the District of Oregon" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">District of Oregon</a> from January 9 to December 3, 1905. He prosecuted corrupt San Francisco politicians from 1906 to 1908. He ran for the U.S. Senate from California on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party(United_States,_1912)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Progressive Party</a> ticket in 1914.

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13px; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#Personal_life" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Personal life</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#The_Handy_case.2C_1891" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 The Handy case, 1891</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#The_Oregon_land_fraud_trials.2C_1905" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 The Oregon land fraud trials, 1905</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#The_San_Francisco_graft_prosecution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 The San Francisco graft prosecution</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#Other_activities" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 Other activities</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#Sources" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 Sources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#Notes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 Notes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#External_links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8 External links</a></li>

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<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Handy case, 1891<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_J._Heney&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Handy case, 1891" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

In fact, it was well known that the doctor was having an affair with another woman, and that he kept his wife on morphine. It was known as well, that he often chained her to a bedpost when he was away from home. On September 28, 1891, Heney emerged from the courthouse with a lunch hour crowd. Unbeknownst to him, John Handy was waiting across the street. Near the corner of Pennington and Church Streets, Handy attacked the much smaller Heney.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#cite_note-boessenecker-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> The Tombstone Epitaph wrote: "A pistol cracked, the men grappled and fell to the ground. A deputy sheriff dashed [to] the spot where the two were struggling for possession of the gun. Other officers were there in almost no time. Then one of the contenders jumped to his feet and ran toward the courthouse ... for the first time we ... recognized the hurrying man as Frank Heney."

During the melee, Heney reached into his coat pocket for a pistol he carried for protection. Handy struggled for possession of the weapon and, whether by his hand or Heney's, the gun went off. A bullet lodged in the doctor’s abdomen, and hours later, while "Gunfighter Surgeon" Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E.Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">George Goodfellow</a> operated, Handy died. Immediately following the shooting, Heney surrendered to authorities. After a lengthy hearing it was determined that he had acted in self-defense and he was exonerated.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J.Heney#cite_note-boessenecker-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> Remarkably, a warm friendship developed between Francis Heney and John C. Handy, Jr., son and namesake of the man Francis killed in self-defense. When the aged attorney died in 1937, the younger Handy served as a pallbearer at his funeral.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#cite_note-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>

Heney was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General" title="Arizona Attorney General" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Attorney General</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arizona Territory</a> between 1893 and 1895. He then returned to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco</a> where he opened a civil practice.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney#cite_note-hichborn-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a>:p19

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Heney prosecuted Mayor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz" title="Eugene Schmitz" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eugene Schmitz</a> and political boss <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ruef" title="Abe Ruef" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Abe Ruef</a> for bribery. While examining prospective jurors Heney had publicly revealed the fact that one man on the panel, Morris Haas, was ineligible because he had many years earlier served a term in San Quentin Prison. Heney did not need to humiliate Haas publicly in this way; he did so in anger, believing that Ruef was trying to plant the man on the jury. Haas deeply resented Heney’s action and brooded over it for many weeks. While the trial was in temporary recess, Haas approached Heney in the courtroom, whipped out a revolver, and shot the attorney in the head; the bullet lodged behind the jaw muscles, where a difference of a fraction of an inch in any direction would have produced a fatal wound. Heney was carried away on a stretcher, mumbling, "I’ll get him [Ruef] yet." His place was taken by a bright young assistant named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hiram Johnson</a>, and the trial went on.

Haas was placed in a prison cell with a policeman to guard him; but in spite of these precautions he was found dead the following evening, a small pistol beside him. Those who believed Haas had been hired by Ruef to murder Heney now believed, naturally, that some other gangster in Ruef’s employ had done away with Haas so that he could not talk. The chief of police <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Biggy" title="William J. Biggy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">William J. Biggy</a> was deeply hurt by Heney’s public criticism of him for negligence in the Haas case. Biggy later fell overboard from a police launch during a nighttime crossing of San Francisco Bay, a possible suicide.

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Former mayor James Phelan along with banker Rudolph Spreckels and editor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Older" title="Fremont Older" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Fremont Older</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bulletin" title="San Francisco Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco Bulletin</a> asked United States District Attorney <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_J._Heney" title="Francis J. Heney" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Francis Heney</a>, fresh from a successful stint as Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General's office in prosecuting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_land_fraud_scandal" title="Oregon land fraud scandal" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oregon land fraud scandal</a>, to help put an end to the corruption. Heney charged Ruef and Schmitz with numerous counts of bribery and brought them to trial. Heney rejected a juror because he was an ex-con and publicly accused Ruef of trying to plant him on the jury. During the trial, the rejected juror shot Heney in the face, but Heney survived. The juror was found dead in jail the next morning, and many suspected Ruef and his allies of complicity in his death. Some members of the public thought that Sheriff William Biggy was negligent, and when he fell off a boat late one night and drowned, some thought it may have been suicide, but others thought he may have been murdered.

Ruef's trial was eventually brought to a successful close by Assistant District Attorney <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hiram Johnson</a> and after several appeals Ruef served four years in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_Prison" title="San Quentin Prison" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Quentin Prison</a>. While there he wrote a series of tell-all columns for Older's Bulletin newspaper implicating a number of companies, executives, and public officials. Mayor Schmitz was found guilty, jailed, and then released and retried, but did not serve any time. All of the business owners and supervisors implicated received immunity for their testimony about Ruef's and Schmitz's complicity and were not arrested or charged. When new District Attorney Fisker, a former athlete, was elected, he stopped the investigations and all further prosecutions.

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Background" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Background</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Powerful_unions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1.1 Powerful unions</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Beginning_of_strike" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Beginning of strike</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Mayor_arms_strikebreakers" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.1 Mayor arms strikebreakers</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Strike_broken" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.2 Strike broken</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Union_Labor_Party_formed" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Union Labor Party formed</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_backs_Mayoral_candidate" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.1 Ruef backs Mayoral candidate</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_controls_city_contracts" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.2 Ruef controls city contracts</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Supervisors_seek_payoffs" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.3 Supervisors seek payoffs</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Leading_citizens_seek_help" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 Leading citizens seek help</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#1905_election" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.1 1905 election</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Railroad_franchise_bribery" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.2 Railroad franchise bribery</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Earthquake_slows_prosecution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.3 Earthquake slows prosecution</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Committee_of_50_established" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.4 Committee of 50 established</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Heney_initiates_prosecution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.5 Heney initiates prosecution</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Grand_jury_convenes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 Grand jury convenes</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Court_convenes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.1 Court convenes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Supervisors_implicated" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.2 Supervisors implicated</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_confesses" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.3 Ruef confesses</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ford_indicted" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.4 Ford indicted</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Schmitz_indicted" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.5 Schmitz indicted</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_trial_begins" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5.6 Ruef trial begins</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Bomb_destroys_Gallagher.27s_home" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 Bomb destroys Gallagher's home</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Heney_shot_in_court" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6.1 Heney shot in court</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_convicted" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 Ruef convicted</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Schmitz_convicted.2C_released" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.1 Schmitz convicted, released</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Police_Chief_dies" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7.2 Police Chief dies</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Aftermath" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8 Aftermath</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#Ruef_serves_four_years" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">8.1 Ruef serves four years</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">9 References</a></li>

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<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Background<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Thee companies and other well-funded interest groups and individuals used their economic power and influence to form trusts and monopolies that guaranteed them power. Many of these wealthy and powerful people lived in San Francisco, the largest port on the West Coast, and when necessary could reinforce their hold on power through corrupt politicians and city bosses.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-sfmuseum-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>

<h3 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.17em; line-height: 1.6; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Powerful unions<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Powerful unions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<h2 style=" color: black; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Beginning of strike<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning of strike" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

On May 1, 6,000 of the Cooks' and Waiters' Union walked out, demanding one day off per week, a ten-hour work day, and a union shop in all city restaurants. They were joined by the Carriage Makers union and journeymen butchers, and on May 20, the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists" title="International Association of Machinists" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Association of Machinists</a> announced a nationwide strike.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> The employers hired an attorney, M. F. Michael, who was their sole visible face; the membership[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">clarification needed</a>]. He announced in an interview published on May 10, 1901, that the employers were unalterably opposed to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">closed shop</a> and they would not negotiate that point. The employers' association received up to $500,000 in anonymous donations and used their financial muscle to threaten to cut off supplies to anyone who broke ranks.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ratliff-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a>

During the next two days, 500 women telephone operators and 1,500 streetcar operators also went on strike.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonbloody-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> On May 7, what would later be called “Bloody Tuesday", six streetcars carrying armed guards attempted to leave the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbarn (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">carbarn</a>. An enraged mob threw rocks and bricks, gunfight erupts between guards and men shooting from nearby vacant lots. From inside carbarns, strikebreakers opened fire on crowd. Two dead, 20 wounded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonbloody-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a>

The contract for handling the baggage for attendees of a national convention of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth_League" title="Epworth League" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Epworth League</a> in San Francisco was given to a non-union company. During the prior year, a union company was hired during another convention in San Francisco to handle the baggage, but many attendees did not receive their luggage until they were ready to leave town. Tens of thousands of attendees were projected to attend, and the Drayman's Association was hoping to avoid a similarly embarrassing episode. However, the non-union company given the contract was unable to fulfill its obligations and sought the assistance of firm controlled by the newly organized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamsters" title="Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brotherhood of Teamsters</a>. The union refused to work on a job with non-union men.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>:p15 In response, the Draymen's Association, under pressure from the Employers' Association, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_out" title="Lock out" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">locked out</a> the city's unionized teamsters on July 21.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p287 They were hoping to break the power of the teamsters' union.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>]

Fearing that the teamsters' union would be crushed, the San Francisco Labor Council directed the City Front Federation, led by its President Andrew Furuseth,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> including the city's 14 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">maritime</a> unions, the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, the longshoremen's unions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike" title="Sympathy strike" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">strike</a> in support of the locked out teamsters.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 A total of about 16,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshoreman" title="Longshoreman" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">longshoremen</a>, clerks, packers, and warehouse workers on both sides of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Francisco Bay</a> joined the work stoppage, further increasing the tense situation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 The lockout spread to the entire waterfront, which shut down much of the Bay Area's transportation and as a result most commerce.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p287

<h3 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.17em; line-height: 1.6; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mayor arms strikebreakers<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mayor arms strikebreakers" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Both sides refused to compromise on their stance for a closed or an open shop.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> Both accused the other of conspiracy and aggressive tactics, further aggravating tensions and confusing the public.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>:p16 During July, regional produce was ready to be shipped, and the employers hired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">strikebreaker</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker" style=" text-decoration: none; background: none;">s</a>. Democratic Mayor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan" style=" text-decoration: none; background: none;">James D. Phelan</a>, who had served three consecutive terms, designated the employers' strikebreakers as “special deputies”, allowing them to wear badges, bear arms, and carry clubs, and told the police to protect the strikebreakers. Farmers grew frustrated when their wheat stood on the docks and began to load and move their own crops. Former Army teamsters, returning from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine-American_War" title="Philippine-American War" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">war in the Philippines</a>, gladly filled the available strikebreaking jobs, and university students from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">University of California</a> took jobs.

The employers' strikebreakers were met by the unions with force and the employers called for police intervention. The strikers threw rocks at the strikebreakers and marbles under the feet of the horses pulling the carts.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-myrow-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a> The mayor's actions did nothing to stop the violence and inflamed the union leadership. They accused the strikebreakers of routine brutality and violence. Mayor Phelan had been elected in large measure due to the support of organized labor but now he sided with the employers. At a meeting in his office, he refused to withdraw the policemen from the waterfront. In anger, labor attendees falsely reported that Phelan told them, "If you don't want to be clubbed, get back to work."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-hichborn-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a> His attitude further enraged the labor leadership.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>

<h3 style=" color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.17em; line-height: 1.6; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Strike broken<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; font-family: sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_graft_trials&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strike broken" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

<p style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On September 29, after four months of strikes and increased violence, a bloody riot and gun battle broke out on Kearny Street in broad daylight.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-carlssonlabor-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a> The employers' strikebreakers attacked the union blockade. Picketing workers were clubbed, five workers were shot and killed, and 336 were hurt. Hundreds more were arrested and the strike was broken.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-foner-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>:p288 On October 3, California Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_T._Gage" title="Henry T. Gage" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Henry T. Gage</a> stepped in and threatened all parties with the imposition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">martial law</a>. He convened a meeting of the Drayman's Association and the Teamsters Union, eliminating the employers association. The terms of the settlement were never made public, but the result was that the employers were able to retain an open shop, though they could not exclude members of the union.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-ladd-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> The employers' association, flush with success, soon disbanded.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_graft_trials#cite_note-bean-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>

In November, 1908, an attempt was made on the life

of Mr. Heney. The San Francisco newspapers, with the

exception of the Bulletin and the Call, by this time were

indulging in furious attacks on the various members of

the prosecution, and upon Heney in particular. The at-

tacks were necessarily personal, as they would not have

dared to defend Ruef, even had they been so inclined, but

no doubt they were actuated by fear that Heney's hector-

ing methods would surprise the names of the "higher-

ups" from the defiant Ruef, now in his third trial. Their

diatribes, assisted by cartoons, were held responsible for the

attempted murder of the assistant district attorney; but

the general opinion is that the man was a hired assassin.

His name was Haas. There was little doubt that at-

tempts were being made to "fix" the jury; and, as this

man had boasted that he soon would be able to live in

luxury, Heney succeeded in getting him off the third

jury by exposing the fact that Haas had sojourned in a

State's Prison for forgery. He was altogether a miserable

324

by Pach Brothers.

GOV. HIRAM JOHNSON

LAST PHASES

specimen of humanity. On the 13 th of November he

sHpped up behind Mr. Heney in the crowded court-room

and fired a pistol-bullet into his head, just before his right

ear. Heney's mouth happened to be open. The ball passed

between the skiill and jaw and exhausted its strength in

the soft lining at the back of the mouth, finally lodging

in the bone of the jaw on the opposite side.

There was great excitement in Fulton Street that day.

The old-time crowds were there, wrought up to the point

of hysteria, and there was much speechmaking and talk

of lynching. But it ended in no overt attempt to frus-

trate the law, and Haas meanwhile had been rushed to

jail in an automobile. When searched, no other weapon

was discovered, but that night he was found dead from a

derringer wound in his head. Whether the derringer had

been concealed in his shoe or whether it had been passed

to him in his cell with orders to use it, or whether he was

murdered, will probably never be known. He certainly

knew too much to be permitted to stand the "third

degree."

Heney was ill from the shock, although his only per-

manent disability was deafness in one ear. The prose-

cution of the Ruef case was continued by Matt I. Sulli-

van and Hiram Johnson, one of the ablest lawyers in

San Francisco, and in full sympathy with the prosecution.

Probably Ruef himself was not more astonished, when

he actually was convicted and sentenced to fourteen

years in the penitentiary, than San Francisco, so long

accustomed to the miscarriage of "justice," particularly

when the prosecuted was a rich man. But Ruef, at least,

is out of the way.

The next sensational trial was that of Patrick Cal-

325

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