DARPA

6.10 DARPA

(Defense) Advanced Research Projects Agency

https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARAPA60_publication-no-ads.pdf

https://www.darpa.mil/Timeline/index !!!

https://www.darpa.mil/program/grounded-artificial-intelligence-language-acquisition

The past few decades have seen explosive growth in the development and training of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, which are now embedded in digital computing processes spanning several key industries. One area that has benefited from AI, and specifically machine learning (ML) techniques and statistical methods, is the area of human language technology (HLT). These methods have provided significant improvements to numerous language technologies such as machine translation, information retrieval, name entity detection, event detection, knowledge base creation, and more. These technologies have been successfully deployed in government, defense, and commercial settings, such as for call centers, reservation services, and personal assistants.

However, ML suffers from a need for large amounts of annotated data for training in order to achieve the required accuracy for various applications. ML technology is also brittle, incapable of dealing with new data sources, topics, media, and vocabularies. These weaknesses of ML, as applied to natural language, are due to exclusive reliance on the statistical aspects of language, with no regard for its meaning.

The Grounded Artificial Intelligence Language Acquisition (GAILA) AI Exploration (AIE) topic aims to enable computers to acquire language in a manner similar to the way children do. Children acquire language based on their perceptions of aural and visual information about the world around them. The process of observing moving images and aligning them with auditory stimuli allows them to associate a sequence of sounds (a word) with some aspect of the concrete or abstract elements of the world that the word represents. Children learn to decipher which aspects of an observed scenario relate to the different words in the message from a tiny fraction of the examples that ML systems require. Sequencing information, variations of word forms, and other additional information help children make ever finer classifications of the concepts that they learn, about events or actions (often expressed by verbs), the objects or entities that participate in those events (typically nouns), and the attributes and relations of those entities and events (adjectives and prepositional phrases). GAILA seeks to research and develop a model for grounded language acquisition and an automated language acquisition prototype that learns to understand English text and speech, making the information more useable by automated analytics.

The mouse was an early example of many innovations that DARPA would help nurture into various components of the information technology landscape over the next five decades. In What Will Be (HarperCollins, 1997), author Michael Dertouzos credits DARPA with “… between a third and a half of all the major innovations in computer science and technology.”

Projects[edit]

A list of DARPA's active and archived projects is available on the agency's website. Because of the agency's fast pace, programs constantly start and stop based on the needs of the U.S. government. Structured information about some of the DARPA's contracts and projects is publicly available.^{[44]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-44)

Active projects[edit]

ACTUV: A project to build an unmanned Anti-submarine warfare vessel.^{[45]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-45)

Air Dominance Initiative: a 2015 program to develop technologies to be used in sixth-generation jet fighters.^{[46]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-46)^{^{[*^needs ^update*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]

Air Space Total Awareness for Rapid Tactical Execution (ASTARTE): sensors, artificial intelligence algorithms, and virtual testing environments in order to create an understandable common operating picture when troops are spread out across battlefields^{[47]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-47)

Atmospheric Water Extraction (AWE) program^{[48]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-48)

Big Mechanism: Cancer research. (2015)^{[49]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-s1-49)^{^{[*^needs ^update*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]

binary structure inference system: extract software properties from binary code to support repository-based reverse engineering for micro-patching that minimizes lifecycle maintenance and costs (2020)^{[50]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-50)

Blackjack: a 2018+ program to develop and test military satellite constellation technologies with a variety of "military-unique sensors and payloads [attached to] commercial satellite buses. ...as an 'architecture demonstration intending to show the high military utility of global LEO constellations and mesh networks of lower size, weight, and cost spacecraft nodes.' ... The idea is to demonstrate that 'good enough' payloads in LEO can perform military missions, augment existing programs, and potentially perform 'on par or better than currently deployed exquisite space systems.'"^{[51]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-sn20180531%60-51) Blue Canyon Technologies,^{[52]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-52) Raytheon,^{[53]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-53) and SA Photonics Inc.^{[54]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-54) were working on phases 2 and 3 as of fiscal year 2020.

broadband, electro-magnetic spectrum receiver system: prototype and demonstration^{[55]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-55)

BlockADE: Rapidly constructed barrier. (2014)^{[56]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-56)

Boeing X-37^{[57]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-57)

Captive Air Amphibious Transporter^{[58]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-58)

Causal Exploration of Complex Operational Environments ("Causal Exploration") – computerized aid to military planning. (2018)^{[59]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-59)^{[60]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-60)

Clean-Slate Design of Resilient, Adaptive, Secure Hosts (CRASH), a TCTO^{^{[*^clarification ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")^] initiative^{[61]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-61)

Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment (CODE): Modular software architecture for UAVs to pass information to each other in contested environments to identify and engage targets with limited operator direction. (2015)^{[62]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-62)^{[63]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-63)

Combat Zones That See: "track everything that moves" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras^{[64]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-64)

Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effectors (CRANE) program: demonstrate an experimental aircraft design based on active flow control (AFC), which is defined as on-demand addition of energy into a boundary layer in order to maintain, recover, or improve aerodynamic performance. The aim is for CRANE to generally improve aircraft performance and reliability while reducing cost. (2020)^{[65]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-65)

Computational Weapon Optic (CWO): Computer rifle scope that combines various features into one optic.^{[66]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-66)

DARPA XG: technology for Dynamic Spectrum Access for assured military communications.^{[67]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-67)

detection system consisting of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based assays paired with reconfigurable point-of-need and massively multi-plexed devices for diagnostics and surveillance^{[68]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-68)

Experimental Spaceplane 1 (formerly XS-1): phase 2 and 3 of a reusable unmanned space transport^{[69]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-69)

Fast Lightweight Autonomy: Software algorithms that enable small UAVs to fly fast in cluttered environments without GPS or external communications. (2014)^{[70]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-70)

Fast Network Interface Cards (FastNICs): develop and integrate new, clean-slate network subsystems in order to speed up applications, such as the distributed training of machine learning classifiers by 100x.^{[71]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-71) Perspecta Labs^{[72]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-72) and Raytheon BBN^{[73]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-73) were working on FastNICs as of fiscal year 2020.

Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON): a research effort within TTO^{^{[*^clarification ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")^] to develop a small satellite launch vehicle. (2008)^{[74]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-74) This vehicle is under development by AirLaunch LLC.^{[75]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-75)

Gamma Ray Inspection Technology (GRIT) program: research and develop high-intensity, tunable, and narrow-bandwidth gamma ray production in compact, transportable form. This technology can be utilized for discovering smuggled nuclear material in cargo via new inspection techniques, and enabling new medical diagnostics and therapies.^{[76]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-76) RadiaBeam Technologies LLC was working on a phase 1 of the program, Laser-Compton approach, in fiscal year 2020.^{[77]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-77)

Glide Breaker program: technology for an advanced interceptor capable of engaging maneuvering hypersonic vehicles or missiles in the upper atmosphere. Northrop Grumman^{[78]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-78) and Aerojet Rocketdyne^{[79]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-79) were working on this program as of fiscal year 2020.

Gremlins: Air-launched and recoverable UAVs with distributed capabilities to provide low-cost flexibility over expensive multirole platforms.^{[80]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-80)

Ground X-Vehicle Technology

High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System^{[81]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-81)^{[82]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-82)

High Productivity Computing Systems^{[83]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-83)

HIVE (Hierarchical Identify Verify Exploit) CPU architecture. (2017)^{[84]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-84)

Hydra: Undersea network of mobile unmanned sensors. (2013)^{[85]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-85)

hypersonic boost glide systems research^{[86]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-86)

Insect Allies (2017–2021)^{[87]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-87)^{[88]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-88)

Integrated Sensor is Structure^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Intelligent Integration of Information (I3) in SISTO, 1994–2000 – supported database research and with ARPA CISTO and NASA funded the NSF Digital Library program, that led. a.o. to Google.^{[89]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-89)

Joint All-Domain Warfighting Software (JAWS): software suite featuring automation and predictive analytics for battle management and command & control with tactical coordination for capture (“target custody”) and kill missions.^{[90]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-90)

Lasers for Universal Microscale Optical Systems (LUMOS): integrate heterogeneous materials to bring high performance lasers and amplifiers to manufacturable photonics platforms.^{[91]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-91) As of fiscal year 2020, the Research Foundation for the State University of New York (SUNY) was working to enable “on-chip optical gain” to integrated photonics platforms, and enable complete photonics functionality “on a single substrate for disruptive optical microsystems.”^{[92]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-92)

Manta Ray extra-large unmanned underwater vehicle. (2020)^{[93]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-93)

Media Forensics (MediFor): A project aimed at automatically spotting digital manipulation in images and videos, including Deepfakes. (2018)^{[94]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-94)^{[95]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-95)

MEMS Exchange: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Implementation Environment^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Millimeter-wave GaN Maturation (MGM) program: develop new GaN transistor technology to attain high-speed and large voltage swing at the same time.^{[96]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-96) HRL Laboratories LLC, a joint venture between Boeing and General Motors, is working on phase 2 as of fiscal year 2020.^{[97]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-97)

Modular Optical Aperture Building Blocks (MOABB) program: design optical satellite components (e.g. telescope, bulk lasers with mechanical beam-steering, detectors, electronics) in a single device. Create a wafer-scale system that is one hundred times smaller and lighter than existing systems and can steer the optical beam far faster than mechanical components. Research and design electronic-photonic unit cells that can be tiled together to form large-scale planar apertures (up to 10 centimeters in diameter) that can run at 100 watts of optical power. The overall goals of such technology are (1) rapid 3D scanning using devices smaller than a cell-phone camera; (2) high-speed laser communications without mechanical steering; (3) and foliage-penetrating perimeter sensing, remote wind sensing, and long-range 3-D mapping.^{[98]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-98) As of fiscal year 2020, Analog Photonics LLC of Boston, Massachusetts, was working on phase 3 of the program and is expected to finish by May 2022.^{[99]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-99)

Multi- Azimuth Defense Fast Intercept Round Engagement System (MAD-FIRES) program: develop technologies that combine advantages of a missile (guidance, precision, accuracy) with advantages of a bullet (speed, rapid-fire, large ammunition capacity) to be used on a medium-caliber guided projectile in defending ships.^{[100]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-100) Raytheon is currently working on MAD-FIRES phase 3 (enhance seeker performance, and develop a functional demonstration illuminator and engagement manager to engage and defeat a representative surrogate target) and is expected to be finished by November 2022.^{[101]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-101)

Near Zero Power RF and Sensor Operations (N-ZERO): Reducing or eliminating the standby power unattended ground sensors consume. (2015)^{[102]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-102)

Neural implants for soldiers. (2014)^{[103]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-103)^{[104]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-104)

Novel, nonsurgical, bi-directional brain-computer interface with high spacio-temporal resolution and low latency for potential human use.^{[105]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-105)

Operational Fires (OpFires): developing a new mobile ground-launched booster that helps hypersonic boost glide weapons penetrate enemy air defenses.^{[106]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-106) As of 17 July 2020, Lockheed Martin was working on phase 3 of the program (develop propulsion components for the missile’s Stage 2 section) to be completed by January 2022.^{[107]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-107)

Persistent Close Air Support^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

PREventing EMerging Pathogenic Threats (PREEMPT)^{[108]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-108)

Protein Design: Processes^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

QuASAR: Quantum Assisted Sensing and Readout^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]^{[109]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-109)

QuBE: Quantum Effects in Biological Environments^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]^{[110]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-110)

QUEST: Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology^{[111]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-111)

Quiness: Macroscopic Quantum Communications^{[112]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-112)^{[113]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-113)

QUIST: Quantum Information Science and Technology^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]^{[114]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-114)^{[115]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-115)^{[116]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-116)

Rational Integrated Design of Energetics (RIDE): developing tools that speed up and facilitate energetics research.^{[117]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-117)

Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites program: a telerobotic and autonomous robotic satellite-servicing project, conceived in 2017, and planned for launch no earlier than the 2020s.^{[118]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-118)

Remote-controlled insects^{[119]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-119)

SafeGenes: a synthetic biology project to program "undo" sequences into gene editing programs (2016)^{[120]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-120)

Sea Train develop and demonstrate ways to overcome range limitations in medium unmanned surface vessels by exploiting wave-making resistance reductions.^{[121]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-121) Applied Physical Sciences Corp. of Groton, Connecticut, is undertaking Phase 1 of the Sea Train program, with an expected completion date of March 2022.^{[122]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-122)

Secure Advanced Framework for Simulation & Modeling (SAFE-SiM) program: build a rapid modeling and simulation environment to enable quick analysis in support of senior-level decision-making. As of fiscal year 2020, Radiance Technologies^{[123]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-123) and L3Harris^{[124]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-124) were working on portions of the program, with expected completion in August and September of 2021, respectively.

Securing Information for Encrypted Verification and Evaluation (SIEVE) program: use zero knowledge proofs to enable the verification of capabilities for the US military “without revealing the sensitive details associated with those capabilities."^{[125]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-125) Galois Inc. of Portland, Oregon, and Stealth Software Technologies of Los Angeles, California, are currently working on the SIEVE program, with a projected completion date of May 2024.^{[126]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-126)^{[127]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-127)

Satellite Remote Listening System: a satellite mounted system that can eavesdrop on a targeted area on the surface of the planet in coordination with satellite cameras.^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^] This project is in its infant stage.^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]

Semantic Forensics (SemaFor) program: develop technologies to automatically detect, attribute, and characterize falsified media (e.g., text, audio, image, video) to defend against automated disinformation. SRI International of Menlo Park, California, and Kitware Inc. of Clifton, New York, are working on the SemaFor program, with an expected completion date of July 2024.^{[128]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-128)^{[129]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-129)

Sensor plants: DARPA "is working on a plan to use plants to gather intelligence information" through DARPA's Advanced Plant Technologies (APT) program, which aims to control the physiology of plants in order to detect chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats. (2017)^{[130]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-130)

SIGMA: A network of radiological detection devices the size of smart phones that can detect small amounts of radioactive materials. The devices are paired with larger detector devices along major roads and bridges. (2016)^{[131]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-131)

SIGMA+ program: by building on concepts theorized in the SIGMA program, develop new sensors and analytics to detect small traces of explosives and chemical and biological weaponry throughout any given large metropolitan area.^{[132]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-132)

SoSITE: System of Systems Integration Technology and Experimentation: Combinations of aircraft, weapons, sensors, and mission systems that distribute air warfare capabilities across a large number of interoperable manned and unmanned platforms. (2015)^{[133]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-133)

SSITH: System Security Integrated Through Hardware and Firmware - secure hardware platform (2017); basis for open-source, hack-proof voting system project and 2019 system prototype contract^{[134]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-134)

SXCT: Squad X Core Technologies: Digitized, integrated technologies that improve infantry squads' awareness, precision, and influence. (2015)^{[135]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-135)

SyNAPSE: Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Tactical Boost Glide (TBG): Air-launched hypersonic boost glide missile. (2016)^{[136]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-136)^{[137]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-137)^{[138]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-138)^{[139]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-erblandStults-139)^{[140]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-2019Raytheon-140)

Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node: Ship-based long-range ISR^{^{[*^clarification ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")^] UAV. (2014)^{[141]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-141)

TransApps (Transformative Applications), rapid development and fielding of secure mobile apps in the battlefield

UAVForge (2011)^{[142]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-142)

ULTRA-Vis (Urban Leader Tactical Response, Awareness and Visualization): Heads-up display for individual soldiers. (2014)^{[143]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-143)

underwater network, heterogeneous: develop concepts and reconfigurable architecture, leveraging advancement in undersea communications and autonomous ocean systems, to demonstrate utility at sea.^{[144]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-144) Raytheon BBN is currently working on this program, with work expected through 4 May 2021, though if the government exercises all options on the contract then work will continue through 4 February 2024.^{[145]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-145)

Upward Falling Payloads: Payloads stored on the ocean floor that can be activated and retrieved when needed. (2014)^{[146]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-146)

Urban Reconnaissance through Supervised Autonomy (URSA) program: develop technology for use in cities to enable autonomous systems that U.S. infantry and ground forces operate to detect and identify enemies before U.S. troops come across them. Program will factor in algorithms, multiple sensors, and scientific knowledge about human behavior to determine subtle differences between hostiles and innocent civilians.^{[147]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-147) Soar Technology Inc. of Ann Arbor, Michigan, is currently working on pertinent vehicle autonomy technology, with work expected completed by March 2022.^{[148]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-148)

VTOL X-Plane (2013)^{[149]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-wired20130225-149)

Warrior Web: Soft exosuit to alleviate musculoskeletal stress on soldiers when carrying heavy loads. (2014)^{[150]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-150)

XDATA: Processing and analyzing vast amounts of information. (2012)^{[151]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-151)

Past or transitioned projects[edit]

4MM (4-minute mile): Wearable jetpack to enable soldiers to run at increased speed.^{[152]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-152)

AGM-158C LRASM: Anti-ship cruise missile. ^{[153]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-153)

Adaptive Vehicle Make: Revolutionary approaches to the design, verification, and manufacturing of complex defense systems and vehicles.

ArcLight: Ship-based weapon system capable of striking targets nearly anywhere on the globe, based on the Standard Missile 3.

ARPA Midcourse Optical Station (AMOS), a research facility that now forms part of the Haleakala Observatory.

ARPANET, earliest predecessor of the Internet.

ASTOVL, precursor of the Joint Strike Fighter program^{[154]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-MartinBaker-154)

The Aspen Movie Map allowed one to virtually tour the streets of Aspen, Colorado. Developed in 1978, it is the earliest predecessor to products like Google Street View.^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Atlas: A humanoid robot.

Battlefield Illusion^{[155]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-155)

BigDog/Legged Squad Support System (2012): legged robots.^{[156]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-156)

The Boeing X-45 unmanned combat aerial vehicle refers to a mid-2000s concept demonstrator for autonomous military aircraft.

Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system): an acoustic gunfire locator developed by BBN Technologies for detecting snipers on military combat vehicles.

CALO or "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes": software

CPOF: the command post of the future—networked information system for Command control.

DAML

ALASA: (Airborne Launch Assist Space Access): A rocket capable of launching a 100-pound satellite into low Earth orbit for less than $1 million.

FALCON

DARPA Grand Challenge: driverless car competitions

DARPA GXV-T: Ground X Vehicle ^{[157]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-157)^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]

DARPA Network Challenge (before 2010)^{[158]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-158)

DARPA Shredder Challenge 2011^{[159]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-159) – Reconstruction of shredded documents

DARPA Silent Talk: A planned program attempting to identify EEG patterns for words and transmit these for covert communications.^{[160]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-auto-160)

DARPA Spectrum Challenge (2014)^{[161]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-161)

DEFENDER

Defense Simulation Internet, a wide-area network supporting Distributed Interactive Simulation

Discoverer II radar satellite constellation

EATR^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]

EXACTO: Sniper rifle firing guided smart bullets.

GALE: Global Autonomous Language Exploitation

High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP): An ionospheric research program jointly funded by DARPA, the U.S. Air Force's AFRL and the U.S. Navy's NRL.^{[162]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-162) The most prominent area during this research was the high-power radio frequency transmitter facility, which tested the use of the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI).

High Performance Knowledge Bases

HISSS

Human Universal Load Carrier: battery-powered human exoskeleton.

Hypersonic Research Program *"The DARPA/AF Falcon Program: The Hypersonic Technology Vehicle #2 (HTV-2) Flight Demonstration Phase"*.

Luke Arm, a DEKA creation produced under the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program.

MAHEM: Molten penetrating munition.

MeshWorm: an earthworm-like robot.^{[163]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-163)

Mind's Eye: A visual intelligence system capable of detecting and analyzing activity from video feeds.^{[164]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-164)

MOSIS

MQ-1 Predator

Multics

Next Generation Tactical Wearable Night Vision: Smaller and lighter sunglass-sized night vision devices that can switch between different viewing bands.^{[165]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-165)^{[166]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-166)

NLS/Augment: the origin of the canonical contemporary computer user interface

Northrop Grumman Switchblade: an unmanned oblique-wing flying aircraft for high speed, long range and long endurance flight

One Shot: Sniper scope that automatically measures crosswind and range to ensure accuracy in field conditions.^{[167]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-167)

Onion routing, a technique developed in the mid-1990s and later employed by Tor to anonymize communications over a computer network.

Passive radar^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Phoenix: A 2012–early-2015 satellite project with the aim to recycle retired satellite parts into new on-orbit assets. The project was initiated in July 2012 with plans for system launches no earlier than 2016.^{[168]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-sn20130517-168)^{[169]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-aw20130123-169) At the time, Satlet tests in low Earth orbit were projected to occur as early as 2015.^{[170]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-sn20140321-170)^{^{[*^needs ^update*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^]

Policy Analysis Market, evaluating the trading of information futures contracts based on possible political developments in several Middle Eastern countries. An application of prediction markets.^{[171]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-nyt20030729-171)^{[172]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-ss201307-172)^{[173]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-173)

POSSE

Project AGILE, a Vietnam War-era investigation into methods of remote, asymmetric warfare for use in conflicts with Communist insurgents.

Project MAC

Proto 2: a thought-controlled prosthetic arm

Rapid Knowledge Formation^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Sea Shadow

SIMNET: Wide area network with vehicle simulators and displays for real-time distributed combat simulation: tanks, helicopters and airplanes in a virtual battlefield.

System F6—Future, Fast, Flexible,*Fractionated Free-flying Spacecraft*United by Information Exchange—technology demonstrator: a 2006–2012

I3 (Intelligent Integration of Information),^{[174]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-174) supported the Digital Library research effort through NSF

Strategic Computing Program

Synthetic Aperture Ladar for Tactical Applications (SALTI)

XOS: powered military exoskeleton $226 million technology development program. Cancelled in 2013 before the notionally planned 2015 launch date.^{[168]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-sn20130517-168)^{[170]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-sn20140321-170)

SURAN (1983–87)

Project Vela (1963)

Vulture: Long endurance, high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle.

VLSI Project^{^{[*^when?^*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")^] – Its offspring include BSD Unix, the RISC processor concept, many CAD tools still in use today.^{^{[*^citation ^needed*}}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")^]

Walrus HULA: high-capacity, long range cargo airship.

Wireless Network after Next (WNaN), advanced tactical mobile ad hoc network

WolfPack (2010)^{[175]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-175)

Notable fiction[edit]

DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular fiction. Some realistic references to DARPA in fiction are as "ARPA" in *Tom Swift*and the Visitor from Planet X (DARPA consults on a technical threat),^{[176]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-176) in episodes of television program *The West Wing* (the ARPA-DARPA distinction), the television program *Numb3rs*,^{[177]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-177) and the Netflix film *Spectral*.^{[178]^}(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA#cite_note-178)