merchants of doubt doc bak
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">820 main oddly blank?</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">presumably attacks on oreskes before the doc b/c of book, but intensified?
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">enstrom email <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">10/21/14 email</span></font></div><div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://sonyclassics.com/merchantsofdoubt/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><strong>Merchants of Doubt</strong></a>, a new film from Food Inc. director <a href="http://robertkennerfilms.com/films/files/detail.php?id=8" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Kenner</a>, hits the big screen nationwide this week and it is already making controversial headlines as the climate deniers go on the attack as predictably as possible. </font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Merchants of Doubt zooms in on the anti-science campaign outlined in <a href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/hsdept/bios/oreskes.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Naomi Oreskes'</a> book of the same name, and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.03em; line-height: 1.5em;">has some pretty shocking and frank interviews with some of the more colorful and influential operatives in the climate denier movement.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.03em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Apparently the film sent such a wave of indigestion through the climate denial cabal that, back in October, <strong><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/S.Fred_Singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">S. Fred Singer</a></strong> and a small group of his chosen deniers and <span class="caps">PR</span> spindoctors discussed via email the opportunity to sue the film into oblivion. </font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.48px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671">http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671</a></span></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">E <span class="amp">&</span> E revealed yesterday an<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> email chain</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> written by the grandfather of climate denial, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Fred Singer</a>, in which he seeks legal advice from the likes of <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Marc Morano</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/anthony-watts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Anthony Watts</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/james-delingpole" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Delingpole</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Christopher Monckton</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/tim-ball" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Tim Ball</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick Michaels</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/judith-curry" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Judith Curry</a>, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a> and <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-bast" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Joseph Bast</a>, asking:</span></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img alt="" src="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/gents.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 133px; width: 500px;" /></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the recipients of the Singer email is James Enstrom (a researcher skewered in the media decades ago for his <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/28/local/me-tobacco28" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">skeptical views on the links</a> between tobacco smoke and cancer, while at the same time he <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/action/document/page?tid=hjl67e00" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">collected checks from Phillip Morris</a>) who suggests that Singer go on the attack before considering any legal action:</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img alt="merchants of doubt" src="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/merchants%20of%20doubt.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 109px; width: 500px;" /></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film debuts across the country this week and no lawsuits have arrived on Dr. Oreskes' or Robert Kenner's doorsteps.<b> Although a stern letter of warning from Singer to Kenner was sent last week and subsequently <a href="http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">published here</a> on the blog maintained by the Center for Tobacco Control, Research and Education.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But nonetheless this email string is important in that it shows clearly that there is a small group of climate deniers that are colluding behind the scenes to stifle their critics in a coordinated way. The casual language and easy offers of assistance make it clear that this is a group that is familiar to each other and has coordinated together in the past.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><strong>Read and download a copy of the entire Fred Singer Merchants of Doubt email chain</strong>. </a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18.59px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf</font></a></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the recipients of the Singer email, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Marc Morano</a>, offers up a poignant interview in Merchants of Doubt, making it clear that he revels in his leadership role amongst climate deniers and his view that it is not scientific fact that wins the day, but who wins the communications war in popular media. </font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here's the official Merchants of Doubt trailer, which heavily features Morano, who I have to say (or would like to think) will someday look back with deep regret for his complete lack of respect for science and academic endeavor. Or at least he might be embarrassed by it:</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ref stanton g</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">M<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">arch 8, 2015</span></font></div><div id="block-views-blogdisplay-block-1" class="block block-views" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="view view-blogdisplay view-id-blogdisplay view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-6702911da418e0b3e7471269b76fa466" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="view-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><h5 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/people/stanton-glantz-phd" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><div class="field field-name-field-pen-name field-type-text field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/people/stanton-glantz-phd" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/people/stanton-glantz-phd" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/people/stanton-glantz-phd" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Stanton A. Glantz, PhD</span></font></a></div></div></div><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></h5></div></div></div></div></div><div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="node-36901" class="node node-blog clearfix" about="/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; vertical-align: baseline; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Climate denier Fred Singer complains about Merchants of Doubt</font></h1><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: auto;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="font-weight: inherit;">Fred Singer, the tobacco denier tuned global warming denier who is presented in Robbie Kenner's new movie </span><a href="http://sonyclassics.com/merchantsofdoubt/" target="blank" style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Merchants of Doubt</em>,</a><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> has written this letter to Robbie. Check out the movie to see who you agree with (and see me wearing a tie talking about Big Tobacco and what we have learned from the tobacco industy documents).</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">Here's the letter:</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: 600; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Also Sent by Registered Mail to Robert Kenner</span><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> Films, 134 So. Norton St, Suite A, Los Angeles, CA 90004</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">Dear Mr. Kenner, </span><b> March 6, 2015</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span style="font-weight: inherit;">I am writing this letter on the advice of my attorneys, who suggested that a friendly letter from me to you might avoid having to take legal action.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">I’ve been informed that your new documentary “Merchants of Doubt” refers to me as “Liar for Hire”. If correct, that is a very serious accusation which of course cannot be backed up in any way.</span></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">The word “</span><em style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Liar”</em><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> implies not only telling something that is not true, but telling an untruth knowingly. So even people who disagree with me on climate-change science (and such people do exist) would have to prove that I don’t really believe what I say – that I am saying it in order to mislead.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">The word “</span><em style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">hire</em><span style="font-weight: inherit;">” implies that I am being paid directly, i.e., that I am on salary by some entity such as an oil company -- or that I am taking money from a source that is supported predominately by such money and that I am aware of it. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">We would judge that </span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><em style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">hire</em><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> is also very difficult to demonstrate.</span></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><b>I have some experience with libel suits; thanks to Kirkland & Ellis, we prevailed against an environmental lawyer, a groupie of then-Senator Al Gore. It took a lot of my time and was costly. I would prefer to avoid having to go to court; but if we do, we are confident that we will prevail.</b><span style="font-weight: inherit;"> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">My good friend, the late J. Gordon Edwards, professor of entomology at San Jose State University, sued the New York Times for libel and prevailed in a jury trial. The NYT had referred to him as someone who is being paid to lie. We think there will be no problem to demonstrate “malice.” (That is, “knowledge that [the libelous statement] was false or [made] with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.")</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Mind you, I am not now accusing you personally of malice, but it is rather too bad that you got mixed up with Naomi Oreskes. She claims to be a historian of science; unfortunately, she has only demonstrated that she’s a great polemicist with a rather well-defined bias. Her book “Merchants of Doubt” contains a number of serious scientific errors; also, it is not in accordance with the kind of scholarship expected from an academic historian. Instead of primary sources, she relies on secondary and even tertiary sources who have obvious, demonstrated</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b> agenda. </b></span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><b>In her book, she attacks four physicists, three of whom were quite distinguished and are now deceased. I have felt it my obligation to defend their reputations posthumously. </b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">I hope that you will respond positively to this letter and suggest ways in which the situation raised by your documentary can be rectified. Your reputation based on your past work is excellent and we should do everything possible to maintain it that way.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">Sincerely yours,</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;">S. Fred Singer</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="font-weight: inherit;"></span></font></p></div></div></div></div><ul class="links inline" style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li class="comment-add first last active" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt#comment-form" title="Share your thoughts and opinions related to this posting." class="active" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Add new comment</font></a></li></ul><div id="comments" class="comment-wrapper" style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 200; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; vertical-align: baseline; letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Comments</font></h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a id="comment-10331" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s;" /></font><div class="comment comment-by-anonymous clearfix" about="/comment/10331#comment-10331" typeof="sioc:Post sioct:Comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 property="dc:title" datatype="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.1; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/10331#comment-10331" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki</font></a></h3><div class="submitted" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/10331#comment-10331" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Permalink</a> <span property="dc:date dc:created" content="2018-01-08T06:21:52-08:00" datatype="xsd:dateTime" rel="sioc:has_creator" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Submitted by <span class="username" xml:lang="" typeof="sioc:UserAccount" property="foaf:name" datatype="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" xmlns:xml="xml">Anonymous</span> on Jan 8, 2018</span></font></div><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field field-name-comment-body field-type-text-long field-label-above" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: auto;"><div class="field-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Comment<span class="colon" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> </font></div><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#SEPP_and_funding%22" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#SEPP_and_funding"</a> title="<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#SEPP_and_funding%22;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#SEPP_and_funding" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#SEPP_and_funding";https://en.w...</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#Second-hand_smoke%22" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#Second-hand_smoke"</a> title="<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#Second-hand_smoke%22;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#Second-hand_smoke" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer#Second-hand_smoke";https://en....</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />-- Jon Krueger<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </font></p></div></div></div></div><ul class="links inline" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li class="comment-reply first last" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/reply/36901/10331" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">reply</font></a></li></ul></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a id="comment-10396" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s;" /></font><div class="comment comment-by-anonymous clearfix" about="/comment/10396#comment-10396" typeof="sioc:Post sioct:Comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 property="dc:title" datatype="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.1; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/10396#comment-10396" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Coincidently . . .</font></a></h3><div class="submitted" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/10396#comment-10396" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Permalink</a> <span property="dc:date dc:created" content="2018-01-08T06:21:53-08:00" datatype="xsd:dateTime" rel="sioc:has_creator" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Submitted by <span class="username" xml:lang="" typeof="sioc:UserAccount" property="foaf:name" datatype="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" xmlns:xml="xml">Anonymous</span> on Jan 8, 2018</span></font></div><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field field-name-comment-body field-type-text-long field-label-above" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: auto;"><div class="field-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Comment<span class="colon" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> </font></div><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The English climate change denier and “scientist”, Viscount Matt Ridley, who here <a href="http://www.mattridley.co.uk/blog/don't-discourage-vaping.aspx%22;http://www.mattridley.co.uk/blog/don't-discourage-vaping.aspx" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mattridley.co.uk/blog/don't-discourage-vaping.aspx";http://ww...</a> encourages us to “glamourise” electronic cigarettes, here <a href="http://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2015-02-03a.535.6&s=Viscount+Ridley#g535.7%22;http://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2015-02-03a.535.6&s=Viscount+Ridley#g535.7" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2015-02-03a.535.6&s=Viscount+Rid...</a> very recently directly misquotes and therefore arguably misleads The House of Lords regarding the Cochrane paper on ENDS here<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2/abstract%22;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2/abstract" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2/abstra...</a>.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> He states:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> "Viscount Ridley (Conservative) To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether they will consider encouraging rather than discouraging the spread of vaping, in the light of the Cochrane review of e-cigarettes published on 17 December 2014 which found that e-cigarettes were more effective as an aid to quitting smoking than any other method."<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> As we know, and as is clearly stated, the paper actually states:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> “We could not determine if EC was better than a nicotine patch in helping people stop smoking because the number of participants in the study was low.”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> It is a great shame when allegedly eminent and powerful “scientists” directly misquote key papers to others: whilst debating in Parliament. To advocate glamourising the devices, before the science on them is complete, is surely reckless.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> Dave Bareham.</font></p></div></div></div></div><ul class="links inline" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li class="comment-reply first last" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/reply/36901/10396" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">reply</font></a></li></ul></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a id="comment-10406" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s;" /></font><div class="comment comment-by-anonymous clearfix" about="/comment/10406#comment-10406" typeof="sioc:Post sioct:Comment" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 property="dc:title" datatype="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.1; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/10406#comment-10406" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Needless to say, Singer threatens a lot</font></a></h3><div class="submitted" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/comment/10406#comment-10406" class="permalink" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">Permalink</a> <span property="dc:date dc:created" content="2018-01-08T06:21:53-08:00" datatype="xsd:dateTime" rel="sioc:has_creator" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Submitted by <span class="username" xml:lang="" typeof="sioc:UserAccount" property="foaf:name" datatype="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" xmlns:xml="xml">Anonymous</span> on Jan 8, 2018</span></font></div><div class="content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field field-name-comment-body field-type-text-long field-label-above" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: auto;"><div class="field-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Comment<span class="colon" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span> </font></div><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; overflow: hidden;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1) He attacked Oreskes and Science for comments on Singer in a book review in 2005. he sent lawyer, Naomi sent docs, lawyer disappeared.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2) He threatened DeSmogBlog ... bounced.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />3) the only threat he carried out was agains a poor grad stuident who couldn;'t fight back.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />4) If somebody want to learn more on Singer, there are several sections in PDF at <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/2012/10/23/fakery-2-more-funny-finances-free-tax%22;Fakery" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.desmogblog.com/2012/10/23/fakery-2-more-funny-finances-free-t...</a> 2.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Key evidence on Singer getting paid (for attacks on EPA regardign secondhand smoke) are actually from the LTDL.</font></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MoD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rk6Q4hfYThc <b>maher</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt</font></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming</b></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is a</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 2010 non-fiction book </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by American </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">historians of science</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Oreskes" title="Naomi Oreskes" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Naomi Oreskes</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_M.Conway" title="Erik M. Conway" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Erik M. Conway</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. It identifies parallels between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" title="Global warming controversy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">global warming controversy</a> and earlier controversies over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">tobacco smoking</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">acid rain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">DDT</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">hole in the ozone layer</a>. Oreskes and Conway write that in each case "keeping the controversy alive" by spreading doubt and confusion after a scientific consensus had been reached was the basic strategy of those opposing action.</span><sup id="cite_ref-stek_1-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-stek-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>In particular, they show that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Seitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Seitz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fred Seitz</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer" title="Fred Singer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fred Singer</a>, and a few other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarian" title="Contrarian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">contrarian</a> scientists joined forces with conservative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">think tanks</a> and private corporations to challenge the scientific consensus on many contemporary issues</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Some of the book's subjects have been critical of the book, but most reviewers received it favorably. One reviewer said that </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Merchants of Doubt</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is exhaustively researched and documented, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">and may be one of the most important books of 2010. Another reviewer saw the book as his choice for best <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_book" title="Science book" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">science book</a> of the yea</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">r.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Mckie8_3-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-Mckie8-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> It was made into a film, </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt(film)" title="Merchants of Doubt (film)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Merchants of Doubt</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, directed by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kenner" title="Robert Kenner" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Kenner</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, released in 2014.</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#Themes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Themes</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#Reception" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reception</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#Authors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Authors</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#Other_books_on_the_same_theme" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Other books on the same theme</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes">Themes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
The book criticizes the so-called Merchants of Doubt, some predominantly American science key players, above all</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">Bill Nierenberg</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">,</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Seitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Seitz" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">Fred Seitz</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">, and</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer" title="Fred Singer" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">Fred Singer</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">. All three are physicists: Singer was a space and satellite researcher, whereas Nierenberg and Seitz worked on the atomic bomb.</span><sup id="cite_ref-sb_6-0" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-sb-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">They have been active on topics like acid rain, tobacco smoking, global warming and pesticides. The book claims that these scientists have challenged and diluted the</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">scientific consensus</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">in the various fields, as of the</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangers_of_smoking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangers of smoking" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">dangers of smoking</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">, the effects of acid rain, the existence of the "</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone hole" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">ozone hole</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">", and the existence of</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">anthropogenic climate change</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-pk_5-2" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-pk-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Seitz and Singer have been involved with institutions such as</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">The Heritage Foundation</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">,</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">and</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">George C. Marshall Institute</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">in the United States. Funded by</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">corporations</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">and conservative</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation(United_States_law)" title="Foundation (United States law)" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">foundations</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">, these organizations have opposed many forms of</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_interventionism" title="Economic interventionism" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">state intervention</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">or regulation of U.S. citizens. The book lists similar tactics in each case: "discredit the science, disseminate false information, spread confusion, and promote doubt".</span><sup id="cite_ref-rm_7-0" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-rm-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup>Oreskes and Conway write that a handful of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">politically conservative</a> scientists, with strong ties to particular industries, have "played a disproportionate role in debates about controversial questions".<sup id="cite_ref-pk_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-pk-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> The authors write that this has resulted in "deliberate obfuscation" of the issues which has had an influence on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Public opinion on climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public opinion</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">policy-making</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pk_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-pk-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The book states that Seitz, Singer, Nierenberg and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jastrow" title="Robert Jastrow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Jastrow</a> were all fiercely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-communist</a> and they viewed government regulation as a step towards <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">socialism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">communism</a>. The authors argue that, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, they looked for another great threat to free market capitalism and found it in environmentalism. They feared that an over-reaction to environmental problems would lead to heavy-handed government intervention in the marketplace and intrusion into people's lives.<sup id="cite_ref-ocmerch_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-ocmerch-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup> Oreskes and Conway state that the longer the delay the worse these problems get, and the more likely it is that governments will need to take the draconian measures that conservatives and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">market fundamentalists</a> most fear. They say that Seitz, Singer, Nierenberg and Jastrow denied the scientific evidence, contributed to a strategy of delay, and thereby helped to bring about the situation they most dreaded.<sup id="cite_ref-ocmerch_8-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-ocmerch-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup> The authors have a strong doubt about the ability of the media to differentiate between false truth and the actual science in question; however, they stop short of endorsing censorship in the name of science.<sup id="cite_ref-RG_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-RG-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup> The journalistic norm of balanced reporting has helped, according to the authors, to amplify the misleading messages of the contrarians. Oreskes and Conway state: "small numbers of people can have large, negative impacts, especially if they are organised, determined and have access to power".<sup id="cite_ref-rm_7-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-rm-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The main conclusion of the book is that there would have been more progress in policy making if not for the influence of the contrarian "experts", who tried for ideological reasons to undermine trust in the science base for regulation.</span><sup id="cite_ref-RG_9-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-RG-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Similar conclusions were already drawn, among others on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Frederick Seitz</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">William Nierenberg</a> in the book <i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Species" title="Requiem for a Species" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change</a></i> (2010) by Australian academic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Hamilton" title="Clive Hamilton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Clive Hamilton</a>.</span></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception" style="">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Most reviewers received <i>Merchants of Doubt</i> enthusiastically</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip Kitcher</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Science</a></i> says that Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway are "two outstanding historians".<sup id="cite_ref-pk_5-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-pk-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> He calls <i>Merchants of Doubt</i> a "fascinating and important study". Kitcher says that the apparently harsh claims against Nierenberg, Seitz, and Singer are "justified through a powerful dissection of the ways in which prominent climate scientists, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Roger Revelle</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Santer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Santer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ben Santer</a>, were exploited or viciously attacked in the press".<sup id="cite_ref-pk_5-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-pk-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, Will Buchanan says that <i>Merchants of Doubt</i> is exhaustively researched and documented, and may be one of the most important books of 2010. Oreskes and Conway are seen to demonstrate that the doubt merchants are not "objective scientists" as the term is popularly understood. Instead, they are "science-speaking mercenaries" hired by corporations to process numbers to prove that the corporations' products are safe and useful. Buchanan says they are salesmen, not scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Bud Ward published a review of the book in <i>The Yale Forum on Climate and the Media</i>. He wrote that Oreskes and Conway use a combination of thorough scholarly research combined with writing reminiscent of the best investigative journalism, to "unravel deep common links to past environmental and public health controversies".<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-Ward-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup> In terms of climate science, the authors' leave "little doubt about their disdain for what they regard as the misuse and abuse of science by a small cabal of scientists they see as largely lacking in requisite climate science expertise".<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_12-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-Ward-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Phil England writes in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecologist" title="The Ecologist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Ecologist</a></i> that the strength of the book is the rigour of the research and the detailed focus on key incidents. He said, however, that the climate change chapter is only 50 pages long, and recommends several other books for readers who want to get a broader picture of this aspect: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hoggan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Hoggan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jim Hoggan</a>'s <i>Climate Cover-Up</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Monbiot</a>'s <i>Heat: How to Stop the Planet Burning</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Gelbspan" title="Ross Gelbspan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ross Gelbspan</a>'s <i>The Heat is On</i> and <i>Boiling Point</i>. England also said that there is little coverage about the millions of dollars which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Mobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon Mobil" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Exxon Mobil</a> has put into funding groups actively involved in promoting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">climate change denial</a> and doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>A review in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Economist</a></i> calls this a powerful book </b>which articulates the politics involved and the degree to which scientists have sometimes manufactured and exaggerated environmental uncertainties, but opines that the authors fail to fully explain how environmental action has still often proved possible despite countervailing factors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N.Proctor" title="Robert N. Proctor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert N. Proctor</a>, who coined the term "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">agnotology</a>" to describe the study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt, wrote in <i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">American Scientist</a></i> that <i style="">Merchants of Doubt</i> is a detailed and artfully written book. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He set it in the context of other books which cover the "history of manufactured ignorance":</span><sup id="cite_ref-Proctor_15-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-Proctor-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michaels(epidemiologist)" title="David Michaels (epidemiologist)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">David Michaels</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'s </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubt_is_their_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubt is their Product" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Doubt is their Product</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (2008), </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mooney(journalist)" title="Chris Mooney (journalist)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Chris Mooney</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'s </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republican_War_on_Science" title="The Republican War on Science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Republican War on Science</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (2009), </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rosner" title="David Rosner" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">David Rosner</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and Gerald Markowitz's </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deceit_and_Denial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deceit and Denial (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Deceit and Denial</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (2002), and his own book </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Wars" title="Cancer Wars" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cancer Wars</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (1995).</span><sup id="cite_ref-Proctor_15-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-Proctor-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Robin McKie in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Guardian</a></i> states that Oreskes and Conway deserve considerable praise for exposing the influence of a small group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cold War</a> ideologues. Their tactic of spreading doubt has confused the public about a series of key scientific issues such as global warming, even though scientists have actually become more certain about their research results. McKie says that <i>Merchants of Doubt</i> includes detailed notes on all sources used, is carefully paced, and is "my runaway contender for best science book of the year".<sup id="cite_ref-Mckie8_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-Mckie8-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Sociologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner_Grundmann" title="Reiner Grundmann" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Reiner Grundmann</a>'s review in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioSocieties" title="BioSocieties" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BioSocieties</a></i> journal, acknowledges that the book is well researched and factually based, but criticizes the book as being written in a black and white manner whereas historians should write a more nuanced description. The book depicts special interests and contrarians misleading the public as being mainly responsible for stopping action on policy. He says this shows a lack of basic understanding of the political process and the mechanisms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_policy" title="Knowledge policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">knowledge policy</a>, because the authors assume that public policy would follow on from an understanding of the science. While the book provides "all the [formal] hallmarks of science", Grundmann sees it less as a scholarly work than a passionate attack and overall as a problematic book.<sup id="cite_ref-RG_9-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-RG-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>William O'Keefe </b>and Jeff Kueter from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, which was founded by Seitz,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[16]</a></sup> say that although <i style="">Merchants of Doubt</i> has the appearance of a scholarly work, it discredits and undermines the reputations of people who in their lifetime contributed greatly to the American nation. They say that it does this by questioning their integrity, impugning their character, and questioning their judgement</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Authors">Authors</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" user-select="user-select" none="none" margin-left="margin-left" em="em" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchants_of_Doubt&action=edit§ion=4" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span>Naomi Oreskes is Professor of History and Science Studies at Harvard University. She has degrees in geological science and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ph.D.</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Geological</a> Research and the History of Science. Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," in <i>Science</i>, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-collins-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup> Erik M. Conway is the historian at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NASA</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">California Institute of Technology</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,California" title="Pasadena, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pasadena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_18-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_note-collins-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup></font></p><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Climate change controversy</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Climate change policy of the United States</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,uncertainty_and_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear, uncertainty and doubt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Fear, uncertainty and doubt</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_Mafia" title="Greenhouse Mafia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Greenhouse Mafia</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Health effects of tobacco</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_politics_of_science" title="List of books about the politics of science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">List of books about the politics of science</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Scientific opinion on climate change</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactured_controversy" title="Manufactured controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Manufactured controversy</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Media coverage of climate change</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Scientific consensus</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_control_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco control movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Tobacco control movement</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Tobacco politics</font></a></li></ul><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_books_on_the_same_theme">Other books on the same theme</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_Doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of Doubt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Triumph of Doubt</a> (2020) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michaels(epidemiologist)" title="David Michaels (epidemiologist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Michaels</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_Denial:Heads_in_the_Sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand</a> (2011) by Haydn Washington and John Cook</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (2009) by James Hoggan and Richard Littlemore</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubt_Is_Their_Product:How_Industry%27s_Assault_on_Science_Threatens_Your_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health</a> (2008) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michaels(epidemiologist)" title="David Michaels (epidemiologist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Michaels</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchants_of_Doubt&action=edit§ion=6" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-stek-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-stek_1-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteketee,Mike2010" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Steketee, Mike (November 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/some-sceptics-make-it-a-habit-to-be-wrong/story-fn59niix-1225956414538" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Some sceptics make it a habit to be wrong"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Australian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Some+sceptics+make+it+a+habit+to+be+wrong&rft.date=2010-11-20&rft.au=Steketee%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnational-affairs%2Fsome-sceptics-make-it-a-habit-to-be-wrong%2Fstory-fn59niix-1225956414538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOreskesConway2010" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpMh3nh3JI0C&pg=PP4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming</i></a>. Bloomsbury Press. p. 6. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-610-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-1-59691-610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+of+Doubt%3A+How+a+Handful+of+Scientists+Obscured+the+Truth+on+Issues+from+Tobacco+Smoke+to+Global+Warming&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-610-4&rft.aulast=Oreskes&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft.au=Conway%2C+Erik+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpMh3nh3JI0C%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merchantsofdoubt.org/index.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">merchantsofdoubt.org</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207184210/http://www.merchantsofdoubt.org/index.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Archived</a> December 7, 2016, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Mckie8-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-Mckie8_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-Mckie8_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McKie, Robin (August 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/08/merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-conway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M Conway".</a> <i>The Guardian</i>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sonyclassics.com/merchantsofdoubt/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Merchants of Doubt"</a>. Sony Pictures Classics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merchants+of+Doubt&rft.pub=Sony+Pictures+Classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsonyclassics.com%2Fmerchantsofdoubt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-pk-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-pk_5-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-pk_5-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-pk_5-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-pk_5-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-pk_5-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKitcher,Philip2010" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kitcher, Philip</a> (June 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/328/5983/1230-a" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Climate Change Debates"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science(journal)" title="Science (journal)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Science</a></i>. <b>328</b> (5983): 1231–2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...328.1230K" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2010Sci...328.1230K</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1189312" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" lock-green.svg="Lock-green.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">10.1126/science.1189312</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Climate+Change+Debates&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=5983&rft.pages=1231-2&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1189312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...328.1230K&rft.au=Kitcher%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F328%2F5983%2F1230-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-sb-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-sb_6-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,Seth2010" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brown, Seth (May 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;">'</span>Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">USA Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Merchants+of+Doubt%27+delves+into+contrarian+scientists&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.au=Brown%2C+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2F2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-rm-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-rm_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-rm_7-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie,Robin2010" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McKie, Robin (August 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/01/climate-change-robin-mckie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"A dark ideology is driving those who deny climate change"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+dark+ideology+is+driving+those+who+deny+climate+change&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.au=McKie%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Faug%2F01%2Fclimate-change-robin-mckie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-ocmerch-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-ocmerch_8-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-ocmerch_8-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#CITEREFOreskesConway2010" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oreskes & Conway 2010</a>, pp. 248–255</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-RG-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-RG_9-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-RG_9-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-RG_9-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrundmann2013" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grundmann, Reiner (August 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4754580" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Debunking sceptical propaganda"</a>. <i>BioSocieties</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 370–374. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fbiosoc.2013.15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">10.1057/biosoc.2013.15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioSocieties&rft.atitle=Debunking+sceptical+propaganda&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=370-374&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fbiosoc.2013.15&rft.aulast=Grundmann&rft.aufirst=Reiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4754580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Rohr, <i>Die Machiavellis der Wissenschaft. Das Netzwerk des Leugnens.</i>In: <i>Physik in unserer Zeit</i> 46, Issue 2, 2015, p. 100, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpiuz.201590021" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">10.1002/piuz.201590021</a>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan, Will (June 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2010/0622/Merchants-of-Doubt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Merchants of Doubt: How "scientific" misinformation campaigns sold untruths to consumers</a> <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Ward-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-Ward_12-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-Ward_12-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Bud (July 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2010/07/merchants-of-doubt/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Reviews: Leaving No Doubt on Tobacco, Acid Rain, Climate Change</a>, <i>The Yale Forum on Climate and the Media</i>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">England, Phil (September 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theecologist.org/reviews/books/592288/merchants_of_doubt.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Merchants of Doubt</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecologist" title="The Ecologist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Ecologist</a></i>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16374460" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">All guns blazing: A question of dodgy science</a>, (June 17, 2010), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Economist</a></i>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Proctor-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-Proctor_15-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-Proctor_15-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Proctor, Robert (September–October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/manufactured-ignorance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Book Review: Manufactured Ignorance</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Scientist</a></i>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBegley2007" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Begley, Sharon (August 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/global-warming-deniers-well-funded-machine-99295" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Global Warming Deniers: A Well-Funded Machine"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <q style="quotes: " apos="apos">...a central cog in the denial machine: the George C. Marshall Institute, a conservative think tank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Global+Warming+Deniers%3A+A+Well-Funded+Machine&rft.date=2007-08-04&rft.aulast=Begley&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fglobal-warming-deniers-well-funded-machine-99295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'KeefeKueter2010" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">O'Keefe, William; Kueter, Jeff (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029151255/http://marshall.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/OKeefe-and-Kueter-Clouding-the-Truth-A-Critique-of-Merchants-of-Doubt.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Clouding the Truth: A Critique of Merchants of Doubt"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Outlook</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George C. Marshall Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshall.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/OKeefe-and-Kueter-Clouding-the-Truth-A-Critique-of-Merchants-of-Doubt.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span> on October 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 12,</span> 2015</span>. <q style="quotes: " apos="apos">Although cloaked in the appearance of scholarly work, the book constitutes an effort to discredit and undermine the reputations of three deceased scientists who contributed greatly to our nation... This book questions their integrity, impugns their character, and questions their judgment on the basis of little more than faulty logic and preconceived opinion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Outlook&rft.atitle=Clouding+the+Truth%3A+A+Critique+of+Merchants+of+Doubt&rft.date=2010-06&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Kueter%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarshall.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F06%2FOKeefe-and-Kueter-Clouding-the-Truth-A-Critique-of-Merchants-of-Doubt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchants+of+Doubt" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-collins-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-collins_18-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt#cite_ref-collins_18-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcovigevani.com/upload/london_2008/Collins_Literary_London_2008_Rights_List.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Collins Literary Agency Rights Guide/March 2008</a></span></font></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchants_of_Doubt&action=edit§ion=7" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merchantsofdoubt.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Official website</font></a></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2011/3101369.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Merchants of Doubt</a>, Public Lecture (2010), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_NSW" class="mw-redirect" title="University of NSW" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of NSW</a>, <i>The Science Show</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" title="ABC Radio National" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ABC Radio National</a>, January 8, 2011.</font></li></ul><div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1041.4px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 0.4em 2em; margin: 1em auto 0px; font-weight: bold;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Change in Average Temperature.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/24px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/36px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/48px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="816" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Global_warming" title="Portal:Global warming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Global warming portal</a></span></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; display: inline;"><span style="display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="Aegopodium podagraria1 ies.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/36px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2010_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2010 non-fiction books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2010 non-fiction books</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2010_in_the_environment" title="Category:2010 in the environment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2010 in the environment</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_history_books" title="Category:21st-century history books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">21st-century history books</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_books_about_science" title="Category:History books about science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">History books about science</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_books_about_politics" title="Category:History books about politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">History books about politics</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_books" title="Category:Climate change books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change books</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_denial" title="Category:Climate change denial" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change denial</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_non-fiction_books" title="Category:Environmental non-fiction books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental non-fiction books</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_books" title="Category:Political books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Political books</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_about_the_politics_of_science" title="Category:Books about the politics of science" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Books about the politics of science</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_adapted_into_films" title="Category:Books adapted into films" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Books adapted into films</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Professional_ethics" title="Category:Professional ethics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Professional ethics</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Doubt" title="Category:Doubt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Doubt</a></li></ul></div></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3675568/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3675568/</font></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jamy Ian Swiss<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Magician and Magic Historian</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Stanton A. Glantz<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Stanton A. Glantz<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self (as Stanton Glantz)</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sam Roe<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Sam Roe<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Journalist, Chicago Tribune</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Patricia Callahan<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Patricia Callahan<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Journalist, Chicago Tribune</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Hansen<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>James Hansen<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Climate Scientist</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John Passacantando<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>John Passacantando<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Former Executive Director, Greenpeace USA</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bill O'Keefe<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bill O'Keefe<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Former Chairman of Global Climate Coalition</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Naomi Oreskes<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Naomi Oreskes<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Professor of the History of Science</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Frederick Singer<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Frederick Singer<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self (as Fred Singer)</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Shermer<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Michael Shermer<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Founder of The Skeptics Society</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Taylor<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>James Taylor<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - <b>Self-Proclaimed Science and Economical Expert, Heartland Institute</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Matthew Crawford<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Matthew Crawford<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Former Executive Director of the George C. Marshall Institute</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marc Morano<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Marc Morano<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Self-Proclaimed Environmental Journalist</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Benjamin Santer<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Benjamin Santer<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Climate Scientist (as Ben Santer)</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael E. Mann<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Michael E. Mann<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Climate Scientist (as Michael Mann)</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Katharine Heyhoe<span style="white-space:pre"> </span><b>Katharine Heyhoe</b><span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Climate Scientist</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tim Phillips<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Tim Phillips<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Chairman, Americans for Prosperity</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bob Inglis<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bob Inglis<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Republican Politician</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rest of cast listed alphabetically:</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee Raymond<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Lee Raymond<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>...<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Self - Chief Executive Officer, Exxon Mobil (archive footage</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">kenner also food inc</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...on screen, the man widely regarded as the grandfather of climate denial appears a genial participant in a newly-released expose about industry’s efforts to block action on global warming.
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But behind the scenes, <b>Fred Singer has lobbied fellow climate deniers to try to block the film, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/20/merchants-of-doubt-film-exposes-slick-us-industry-behind-climate-denial" data-link-name="in body link" data-component="in-body-link" class=" u-underline" style="outline: none; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none !important;">Merchants of Doubt</a>, and raised the prospect of legal action against the filmmaker.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It’s exactly what we talk about in the film. It’s a product of a playbook which is to go after the messengers and attack and try and change the conversation, and try to intimidate, and it is very effective,” said Robert Kenner, the filmmaker.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since the film’s release, Kenner, and Naomi Oreskes, a Harvard professor and co-author of <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/13/climate-change-historians-will-look-back-and-ask-why-didnt-they-act" data-link-name="in body link" data-component="in-body-link" class=" u-underline" style="font-weight: bold; outline: none; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none !important;">the book on which the documentary is based</a>, have come under attack in climate denier blogs, and in email chains.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The backlash appears to have been initiated by Singer, 90, a Princeton-trained physicist who has a cameo in the film.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A friend tipped me off that Kenner’s film is making its way thru the festival circuit, and added:<span id="more-20449" /></font></p><blockquote style="" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Wait until you see Robbie Kenner’s new film, Merchants of Doubt. It’s extremely well done, and covers of this ground to demonstrate the tobacco – climate – denial nexus.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Morano is astonishingly honest about his strategy. Jaw-dropping interviews.”</b></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kenner’s earlier film “Food Inc.” was powerful and influential as well. In the new post-climate-march political terrain, I suspect this film will be widely discussed.
Looking forward to this.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="http://variety.com/2014/film/news/merchants-of-doubt-documentary-gets-distribution-from-sony-classics-1201277476/" target="blank" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Variety:</font></a></p><blockquote style="" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><div class="variety-content-wrapper"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sony Pictures Classics has acquired worldwide rights from <a id="auto-tag_participant-media" href="http://variety.com/t/participant-media/" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Participant Media</a> and Omidyar Network for Robert Kenner’s pundit documentary “<a id="auto-tag_merchants-of-doubt" href="http://variety.com/t/merchants-of-doubt/" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Merchants of Doubt</a>.”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="auto-link" title="Producers" href="http://variety411.com/us/los-angeles/producers/" target="blank" rel="nofollow" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Producers</a> are Kenner and Melissa Robledo.<b> Jeff Skoll</b> and Diane Weyermann of Participant Media, and Pierre<b> Omidyar</b> of Omidyar Network exec produced.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film will be released by the end of the year.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The pic is inspired by the book of the same name by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway. It explores a secretive group of pundits-for-hire who present themselves in the media as scientific authorities – yet have the contrary aim of spreading confusion about toxic chemicals, pharmaceuticals and climate change.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Weyermann said, “Robby’s terrific film ‘Food, Inc.’ is one of Participant’s most successful, impactful documentaries, and we anticipate audiences will also embrace ‘Merchants of Doubt.’”</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jeff Ivers negotiated the deal for the film on behalf of Participant Media with Sony Pictures Classics.</font></p></div></blockquote><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px;" guardian="Guardian" text="Text" egyptian="Egyptian" web="Web" georgia="Georgia" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">10/31/14 aside from <b>singer libel suit discussion, ORESKES</b></font></span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">morano, michaels, schnare, horner, s kazman. monckton go after UC, harvard and stanford, w/<b> glantz </b>at ucsf and 2 unnamed stanford profs; in part b/c alums, so presumably defective education?!</font></span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf</font></a></span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy</a></font></span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></p><div class="content" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" inherit="inherit" line-height="line-height" px="px"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ICN reporters Lisa Song and Zahra Hirji contributed to this story.</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In the months before the debut of the<b> new documentary film "Merchants of Doubt,"</b> <b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">long-time climate denialist Fred Singer </b>contacted more than two dozen bloggers, public relations specialists and scientists asking for help in derailing the documentary’s release.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">"Can I sue for damages?” Singer asked in an email last October. "Can we get an injunction against the documentary?"</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Singer is one of the "merchants of doubt" identified in the documentary, as are a number of other recipients of his email. The documentary, released nationwide last week, exposes the small network of hired pundits and scientists helping to sow doubt about climate science and delay legislative action on global warming in the United States.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Singer's email became public earlier this week when it was leaked to journalists.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Many of those copied on the email thread, such as Singer and communications specialist <b>Steven Milloy</b>, have financial ties to the tobacco, chemical, and oil and gas industries and have worked to defend them since the 1990s. Others seem relatively new to the denialist camp, such as climate scientist <b>Judith Curry</b>. All, however, have been vocal before Congress, on broadcast news or on the Internet in arguing that human activity is not the primarily driver of climate change.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Here is InsideClimate News' guide to those who were on the emails, in alphabetical order:</b></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Ron <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Arnold</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Arnold is the executive vice president of the think tank the Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, which has received funding from various conservative foundations and oil and gas companies, including ExxonMobil. Arnold used to have a weekly column in the Washington Examiner and is a frequent guest on Fox News. There is "vanishing public concern over 'dangerous man-made climate change' and growing discontent with the politicized rear guard's increasingly desperate search for new scare words and its bigoted hate speech hurled at skeptics ('deniers,' evoking the Holocaust)," he <a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/heartland-institute-conference-shows-the-growing-power-of-climate-realism/article/2550882" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a> in 2014.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Timothy Ball</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A retired geography professor from the University of Winnipeg, Ball says he doesn't believe humans are behind climate change. The "claim" of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that humans are almost solely responsible for global warming "is not proven except in their computer models and cannot be proven until we understand how much climate varies naturally," <a href="http://drtimball.com/about/this-site/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">he wrote on his website</a>.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Joseph "Joe" <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Bast</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Bast is <a href="http://heartland.org/joseph-bast" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">president and CEO of the Heartland Institute</a>, a Chicago-based conservative think tank that supports climate change denial events and researchers. According to an <a href="http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=2543" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">essay he published in 2011</a>, Bast attended the University of Chicago but never graduated. He started Heartland during college and dropped out to work there full-time. Last month, public documents revealed that Harvard-Smithsonian researcher Willie Soon failed to disclose funding from fossil fuel sources for some of his contrarian research. Bast has since said the Heartland Institute offers its full support to Soon. Bast called the researcher a "brilliant and courageous scientist" and said Soon's critics are, "all ethically challenged and mental midgets," according to Heartland Institute blog post.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Joe Bastardi</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Bastardi has a <b>bachelor's degree in meteorology </b>and worked at Accuweather before joining WeatherBELL Analytics LLC, a meteorological consulting firm. Last September, Bastardi <a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2014/09/weather-channels-chief-meteorologist-joe-bastardi-climate-change-prostituting-weather-for-politics-2912566.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">told the website beforeitsnews.com</a>, "Nature, not man, rules the climate system." He said the people who participated in the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> People's Climate March were "more concerned with their political agenda than climate science," and that they shouldn't be "prostituting the weather and climate for [their] own needs."</span></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Michael Bastasch</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Bastasch is a reporter for The Daily Caller,</b> a conservative news site. He covers energy and environmental news and often provides a platform for skeptics. In May 2014, he <a href="http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/16/skeptical-scientists-debunk-white-house-global-warming-report/2/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>, "The Obama administration and environmentalists have tried to make it seem like there are virtually no dissenting voices among scientists that mankind is causing the Earth to warm rapidly and towards a catastrophic end. But not all scientists are in lock-step with the White House on climate science."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">William Briggs</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Briggs is a <b>statistician at Cornell </b>University in Ithaca, N.Y., and a consultant at New York Methodist Hospital. More than two decades ago, he spent a year as a meteorologist for the National Weather Service. He is listed as an <a href="http://heartland.org/william-briggs" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">e</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://heartland.org/william-briggs" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit;">xpert</a> on the Heartland Institute's website</span>, where he <a href="http://news.heartland.org/editorial/2013/10/16/dubious-climate-change-certainties" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>, "Climate change is of no real interest to anyone except climatologists." Earlier this year, he co-wrote an <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0699-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">article</a> in the peer-reviewed Chinese Science Bulletin with fellow climate denialists Christopher Monckton and Willie Soon arguing that the IPCC's models are inaccurate and the world won't warm dangerously this century.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Russell Cook</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Cook is the editor of the website <a href="http://gelbspanfiles.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">GelbspanFiles.com</a>. <a href="http://gelbspanfiles.com/?page_id=16" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">According to Cook</a>, he uses the site to "dig deeply into the accusation that scientists and others who express skepticism about the theory of man-made global warming are being paid by the fossil fuel industry to lie about the issue." Cook has <a href="http://heartland.org/russell-cook" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">several connections to the </a><a href="http://heartland.org/russell-cook" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Heartland</a><a href="http://heartland.org/russell-cook" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;"> Institute</a>, a conservative think-tank: he serves as a contributing editor to Heartland's Environment & Climate News publication and the Somewhat Reasonable blog.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Judith Curry</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Curry is a professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Institute of Technology. During a January 2014 hearing before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, <a href="http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=07472bb4-3eeb-42da-a49d-964165860275" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Curry said</a> the problem of climate change has been "vastly oversimplified." She said scientists should pay more attention to the role of natural variability in the climate system and the uncertainties in climate modeling. She also said the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is overly confident in attributing most of the warming to human activity.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Joe D'Aleo</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">D'Aleo is a former Weather Channel meteorologist and executive director of<a href="http://icecap.us/index.php/go/about-us" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Icecap.us</a>, a project that seeks to connect "respected scientists and journalists that are not deniers," but who don't believe human activity is the main driver of global warming. Last May, D'Aleo was <a href="http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/16/skeptical-scientists-debunk-white-house-global-warming-report/#ixzz31uhcEsxp" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">one of 15 climate skeptics</a> who wrote a rebuttal to the White House's National Climate Assessment report. "As this rebuttal makes clear, the NCA provides no scientific basis whatsoever for regulating CO2 emissions," they wrote.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">James Delingpole</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Delingpole is a British climate writer and author of the 2012 book "Watermelons: How Environmentalists are Killing the Planet, Destroying the Economy and Stealing Your Children's Future." He identifies himself as "libertarian conservative" and on his <a href="http://jamesdelingpole.com/about/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">personal web page</a> lists "the 'global warming' myth" as one of his dislikes. Delingpole's work has been published in the Daily Mail, Daily Express, The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator, among others.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">David Paul<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Driessen</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Driessen is senior policy adviser at the <b>Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</b>, a Washington, D.C.-based libertarian think tank focused on environmental issues that has received funding from fossil fuel interests such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. A frequent contributor to the conservative news site Townhall.com, Driessen says he doesn't believe in anthropogenic global warming. "Every measure of actual evidence contradicts alarmist claims and computer model predictions," <a href="http://townhall.com/columnists/pauldriessen/2015/01/17/merchants-of-smear-n1944329" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">he wrote in January</a>. "No matter how fast or sophisticated those models are, feeding them false or unproven assumptions about CO2 and manipulated or 'homogenized' temperature data still yields garbage output, scenarios and predictions."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">James<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Enstrom</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Enstrom is an epidemiologist and president of the Scientific Integrity Institute. He argues that air pollution doesn't lead to serious health effects and has challenged the California Air Resources Board and the California legislature's attempts to regulate car emissions. He was fired after 35 years at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2011.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Steve Goddard </font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Goddard is the pseudonym of climate denialist Tony Heller, who has been active in the anti-global warming action campaign since 2008. Heller has degrees in geology and electrical engineering. He currently runs the blog Real Science, where he comments on climate research and political news. He has <a href="https://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/who-is-steven-goddard/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">called</a> it "a massive lie" that 97 percent of climate scientists agree the world is warming. He also maintains that U.S. and global temperature records have been tampered with, rendering global warming projections inaccurate.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Pierre Gosselin</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Gosselin is the author of the climate skeptic blog <a href="http://notrickszone.com/#sthash.GGlGdrij.dpbs" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">NoTrickZone.com</a>. He said he thinks humans have a "modest" role in impacting the planet's climate, but ultimately he believes "<a href="http://notrickszone.com/about-pierre-gosselin/#sthash.EuRuYTQL.dpbs" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">the forces of nature overwhelm anything man puts out.</a>" Gosselin owns a small business involving communication work for various industries. He has an associate degree in civil engineering from Vermont Technical College and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, according to his website.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Greenie Watch</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Greenie Watch blog is run by Australian <a href="http://jonjayray.tripod.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">social scientist John Ray</a>. It questions the scientific evidence for global warming. "Climate is just the sum of weather. So if you cannot forecast the weather a month in advance, you will not be able to forecast the climate 50 years in advance," he <a href="http://antigreen.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>on his blog's home page. In response to the release of Fred Singer's emails about the film "Merchants of Doubt," Ray wrote, "We skeptics have got Warmists on the defense, a pathetic 'ad hominem' defense though it is."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">William <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Happer</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Happer is a physicist at Princeton University and an outspoken critic of global warming. He has repeatedly called global warming trends "<a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323528404578452483656067190" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">exaggerated</a>." In a TV interview last year, he compared the scientific community's treatment of carbon dioxide to "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqxcY8YWh8M" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">the demonization of poor Jews under Hitler</a>." During President George H. W. Bush's term, Happer was director of the office of energy research at the Department of Energy.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Jim Lakely</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Lakely runs the blog <a href="http://blog.heartland.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Somewhat Reasonable</a> out of the Chicago-based libertarian think-tank the Heartland Institute. Lakely is also the<a href="http://heartland.org/jim-lakely" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">communications director and co-director of the Center on the Digital Economy</a> at the institute. Previously, he worked as a journalist covering politics and technology. He has a bachelor's degree from the University of Pittsburgh, according to his <a href="http://heartland.org/jim-lakely" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Heartland profile</a>. In a December 2014 blog post, Lakely wrote, "The reason why the United Nations and the world's governments focus on fighting climate change is because that mission gives them license to control everything about the economy of every state in the world."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Patrick J. Michaels</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Michaels is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank based in Washington, D.C. He was long considered the most credible scientist in the climate denial campaign. He was the president of the American Association of State Climatologists and an IPCC author, sharing the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with other contributing scientists. But Michaels—who at one point <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/08/16/113717/oil-fueled-pat-michaels/?mobile=nc" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">estimated</a> 40 percent of his funding came from the fossil fuel industry—has been <a href="http://mediamatters.org/research/2013/07/10/patrick-michaels-catos-climate-expert-has-histo/194800" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">caught</a> repeatedly making inaccurate climate claims, including on Fox News and in the Washington Post and Forbes.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Steven J. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Milloy</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Milloy is the director of external policy and strategy for Murray Energy Corp., </b>the largest privately held coal producer in the U.S. He also runs the website JunkScience, which aims to cast doubt on peer-reviewed climate research. He got his start as a denialist working for the tobacco and chemical industries in the 1990s. In 1998, he helped write the American Petroleum Institute's strategy to challenge climate science. Milloy is a former columnist for Fox News who now frequently appears as a guest to discuss energy and climate issues. His <a href="http://junkscience.com/about-steve-milloy/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">bio</a> boasts that he has written "over 600 articles/columns published in major newspapers/web sites, including The Wall Street Journal, Investor’s Business Daily, FoxNews.com, Financial Times, National Post (Canada), USA Today, Los Angeles Times, Washington Times, New York Post, New York Sun and other print and web outlets."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Christopher <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Monckton</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Monckton serves as <a href="http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/personnel.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">chief policy adviser</a> to the conservative think tank Science & Public Policy Institute. He has written several articles denouncing the severity of global warming and is a regular speaker at anti-climate action conferences. In testimony before Congress in 2010, he said climate change was a "<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/climate-scientists-christopher-monckton" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">non-problem</a>." Earlier this year, he co-wrote an <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0699-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">article</a> in the peer-reviewed Chinese Science Bulletin with fellow climate denialists arguing that the IPCC's models are inaccurate and the world won't warm dangerously by the end of the century. Monckton also invented the "<a href="http://www.mathpuzzle.com/eternity.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Eternity</a>" puzzle, has a background in journalism, and in the early 1980s served an adviser to former U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Marc <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Morano</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Morano runs the denialist blog ClimateDepot. He's also the communications director of the Center for a Constructive Tomorrow, a Washington, D.C.-based libertarian think tank focused on environmental issues that's received funding from fossil fuel interests such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. He got his start on the climate issue working as communications director for Republican Sen. Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma from 2006 to 2009, and before that for conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. He's a frequent speaker at the Heartland Institute's International Conference on Climate Change and often appears on Fox News and other conservative media outlets. In 2010, after months of stoking Climategate on his blog, he <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-cyber-bullying/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">said</a> climate scientists "deserve to be publicly flogged."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Joanne Nova</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Nova is an Australian climate denialist and author of "The Skeptic's Handbook," a crash course in false science claiming global warming isn't happening and isn't human-caused. The book has been translated into 16 languages. Nova and her husband, fellow climate denialist David Evans—whose name was attached to Nova's email address in Fred Singer's messages—also run Science Speak, a "<a href="http://sciencespeak.com/about.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">scientific modeling and mathematical research company</a>" that challenges evidence the world is warming.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Roger Pielke</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Roger Pielke Sr., a controversial climate scientist, <a href="http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2008/10/qa-roger-pielke-sr" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">said</a> he believes that "humans have altered the climate system." However, he also supports the idea that warming has recently stopped and has argued against some well-established points of climate science, such as observed sea level rise and glacier melting. Pielke holds the position of senior research scientist at the<a href="http://cires.colorado.edu/about/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Studies</a>. He also is a senior research associate the University of Colorado in Boulder. It's unclear whether the intended recipient of an email thread concerning "Merchants of Doubt" was Pielke himself, or his son Roger Pielke Jr. His son is a <a href="http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/about_us/meet_us/roger_pielke/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">policy researcher at the Center for Science and Technology</a> in Colorado and has criticized those who have linked climate change to increasingly extreme weather.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Thomas P. Sheahen</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Sheahen is a physicist and director of the Institute for Theological Encounter with Science and Technology. According to the <a href="http://heartland.org/tom-sheahen" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Heartland Institute</a>, he is also the vice chairman of Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project's board of directors. "The science is NOT settled at all," he <a href="http://www.climatedepot.com/2015/01/15/morano-testifies-in-wva-on-climate-school-curriculum-we-must-not-tell-kids-there-is-no-debate-and-no-dissent-is-allowed/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">said</a> in testimony in West Virginia earlier this year challenging the teaching of man-made climate change as scientific fact. "It would be a great disservice to children to indoctrinate them with one currently fashionable theory."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">S. Fred Singer</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Singer is one of the earliest and most vocal scientists in the climate denial campaign. He was an academic and government space researcher for nearly four decades before working on behalf of the tobacco industry to discredit scientific evidence that smoking was bad for human health. In the early 1990s, he started attacking global warming. He founded an anti climate-action think tank, the Science and Environmental Policy Project, using fossil fuel funds. The group has denied the existence of man-made climate change for 25 years. He also created the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), a publication of junk science that counters the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's work. He has <a href="http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2013/09/the_un_climate_panels_hot_spot_is_missing_in_action.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">called</a> the IPCC's latest assessment "a wonderful paper weight or door stop."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Wei-Hock (Willie) <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Soon</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Soon, a solar physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, has posited that increased energy from the sun—not the burning of fossil fuels—is the biggest driver of modern climate change. His theory has been widely refuted by the scientific community, including the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the National Academy of Sciences. In February, public documents showed that Soon received hundreds of thousands of dollars from fossil fuel interests to publish "deliverables" in the form of articles about the solar-warming theory in scientific journals. He failed to disclose conflicts of interests to those journals and during congressional testimony. Soon also has ties to several conservative, climate-denying think tanks, including the Heartland Institute and the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow.</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Roy Spencer</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Spencer is a scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville and a former senior scientist for climate studies at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. He says he believes natural fluctuations in the climate system <a href="http://www.drroyspencer.com/global-warming-natural-or-manmade/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">could be the primary driver</a> of global warming. During a Senate hearing in July 2013,<a href="http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=16e80c55-9ebf-42e4-852e-1f6e960b0902" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Spencer told the committee</a> humans "are having some influence" on climate change, "but it is impossible to know with any level of certainty how much influence."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">James Taylor</font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://heartland.org/james-m-taylor-jd" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit;">Taylor</a> is vice president of external relations and a senior fellow of environment and energy policy at the conservative think tank the Heartland Institute.</span> He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Dartmouth College and a law degree from Syracuse University. In 2012, it was revealed that the Heartland Institute had plans to spend $200,000 over two years to circulate materials sowing doubt about climate change in classrooms. In an <a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20120314/heartland-institute-climate-change-skepticism-science-education-experts-david-wojick-ipcc-kyoto-protocol" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;">interview with InsideClimate News</a>, Taylor said the material would act as "a nice counterweight" to material with "an overtly political and alarmist message in regards to climate change."</font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Anthony <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Watts</span></font></strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Watts edits the blog Watts Up With That, which questions climate science and presents, "<a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/about-wuwt/faqs/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">the untold story of the climate debate from the climate skeptic side</a>." Watts studied electrical engineering and meteorology at Purdue University but never graduated. He then served as an on-air meteorologist for 25 years. He's a frequent speaker at anti-climate action events hosted by the Heartland Institute. "I believe that our [man-made] contribution [to climate change] may be far less than has been postulated," he <a href="http://www.newsreview.com/reno/watts-me-worry/content?oid=602867" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">told</a> a California newspaper in 2007. "Our measurement network has been compromised—not intentionally, but accidentally and through carelessness."</font></p></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><div class="tagged-with" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" box-sizing="box-sizing" inherit="inherit" text-transform="text-transform" uppercase="uppercase" margin-bottom="margin-bottom" em="em" line-height="line-height" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><label style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; line-height: 1.2;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">PUBLISHED UNDER:</font></label><div class="field field-name-field-topics field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; padding-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/topics/denial" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">DENIAL</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><h1 class="title" style="" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></h1><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">e&e the good one:</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Merchants of Doubt' emails spark fiery debate about strategies of climate skeptics</b></font></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Evan Lehmann, E&E reporter</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ClimateWire: Monday, <b>March 9, 2015</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Before the release this Friday of the documentary "Merchants of Doubt," S. Fred Singer sought the advice of nearly 30 climate skeptics about their chances of halting the movie and whether he should sue Naomi Oreskes, who co-authored the book on which it's based.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Has she finally gone too far?" asked Singer.</font></b></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The discussion is outlined in a chain of emails initiated last fall by the 90-year-old physicist, who is featured in the film for his work questioning the amount of influence people have on rising temperatures. His request reached a mix of academics and others who have been mostly antagonistic toward mainstream climate findings. <b>ClimateWire obtained the emails from a source who received them as a forwarded message.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Perhaps the strongest response came from<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> James Enstrom</span>, an epidemiologist who has challenged the science around the health risks of secondhand smoke and particulate air pollution. Enstrom told Singer that he could make "a very strong case" against Oreskes if Singer filed complaints with the universities she's affiliated with.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">"I suggest you Attack Oreskes by Filing short Grievances with Harvard and Stanford," Enstrom wrote to Singer on Oct. 21</span>. Oreskes is a professor of scientific history at Harvard University with a doctorate from Stanford University.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Good thought," Singer responded.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The wider discussion is viewed by some as a<b> window into the network of skeptical scientists, bloggers and conservative think tank scholars who often raise objections to mainstream climate science. The tactics discussed -- like lawsuits and grievances -- reflect previous efforts to constrain critics of Singer and others through legal attacks, or the threat of them, </b>several people involved with the movie say</span>.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"This is part of their intimidation," Oreskes said in an interview. "It's a part about trying to make people frightened that if they do speak up and they do expose what's going on, they'll get attacked. And they will get attacked. I've been attacked."</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The documentary is based on her book, "Merchants of Doubt," published in 2010. In it, she outlined the similarities between the political fight around climate change and the earlier debates about whether smoking was dangerous. The effort to fight health problems from smoking was stalled for years. She suggested that a small group of scientists cooperating with think tanks and businesses managed to obscure basic truths about the harms of both. The movie will be released nationally Friday. It's directed by Robert "Robby" Kenner, the creator of the 2008 documentary "Food Inc."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer, who cooperated with Kenner to film a scene for the movie</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, said in an interview with ClimateWire that he has</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> decided not to take legal action against Oreskes or Kenner. It would be too expensive and would require too much of his time</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, he said.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> <b style="">He also ruled out filing grievances against Oreskes with university administrators because "they're just as bad as she is."[enstrom ~]</b></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Still, Singer has sent mixed signals about his intentions. Last week, he <b>sent a letter to Kenner to raise the possibility of legal action.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I would prefer to avoid having to go to court; but if we do, we are confident that we will prevail," Singer said in the letter, which suggests that the film treats him <b>maliciously</b> and adds, "it is rather too bad that you got mixed up with Naomi Oreskes."</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A 'liar for hire' or an honest skeptic?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The letter was posted on <b>Climate Depot, a website critical of climate science run by Marc Morano</b>, who is featured in the film and was a recipient of Singer's emails last fall.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"I think there's a pattern," Kenner said of Singer's letter in an interview. "It's to come after and try to silence critics and to intimidate. And when [Singer] implies litigation is very expensive, I think it's an attempt to be intimidating."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On the other hand, it might be going too far to suggest that Singer's goal is to stifle his critics if he feels he's been slandered, said Andrew Hoffman, a professor at the University of Michigan who studies the behavior of climate skeptics.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Singer says he believes the movie refers to him as a "liar for hire," though he hasn't seen it. That's false, he said, noting that he believes genuinely that humans have little effect on climate change.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> He also rejects the idea that he's being paid by fossil fuel companies, apart from an unsolicited $10,000 donation from an Exxon foundation 12 years ago to the Science & Environmental Policy Project, which he founded.[do i have proof ?]</span></b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer acknowledged that he has "made a lot of money on oil," but it was decades ago, from fees he charged to financial institutions, major corporations like IBM and some oil companies to predict the price of crude using a computer model he created, Singer said. The money wasn't related to research around climate change, he sai</span>d.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I'm real sad about this attack, but it's not unexpected," Singer said of the "liar for hire" phrase.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But does the movie say that?</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">No, said Kenner, who provided a transcript of the scene with Singer to ClimateWire. He and others say<b> it appears to be a phrase created by a media outlet that reviewed the film.</b></font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Besides, lying isn't a common tool of skeptical scientists, Oreskes said. These contrarians are generally successful, and trusted by some, in one field or another.</font></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><i>
</i></b></font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">"This isn't about lying," Oreskes said. "This is something much more terrible, in a way. Much more devious. A kind of what we call doubtmongering."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I never said that anyone was lying, and I never would say that," she added.<b> "But this is part of the strategy, too. These people put words in other people's mouths, and then they act all outraged about it, and they spread the claim that you said something that you never said. And then they threaten to sue you for it."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer supporters slam 'Merchants of Smear'</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oreskes has an example in mind.</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Singer filed a libel suit in the early 1990s against Justin Lancaster</b>, a climate researcher at the University of California, San Diego, who claimed that Singer had taken advantage of his mentor and colleague, Roger Revelle, a noted climate scientist, in the months before Revelle's death</span>.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer approached Revelle a month before his triple bypass heart surgery to cooperate on a journal article that downplayed the urgency of addressing climate change. It marked a reversal for Revelle, who supported policies to reduce greenhouse gases and was a mentor to former Vice President Al Gore. The paper roiled the climate debate as Gore's opponents highlighted it to raise questions about the certainty of warming.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Revelle missed the debate. He died in July 1991 and was unable to shed light on Lancaster's assertions that Singer had pressured Revelle into co-authoring the paper in his weakened state after surgery. So Lancaster accused Singer of acting unethically, and Singer sued. Lancaster eventually settled the suit and entered a yearslong gag period.</font></span></div><div><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></div><div><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He would later say the settlement was one of his biggest regrets. And he accused Singer, in even stronger terms, of pressuring Revelle to cooperate.</font></b></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"It was one of the worst things I ever did, was to give him a retraction," Lancaster said in an interview. "I did it to try to save my marriage."</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer frequently points to his success with that case. He raised it in his letter to Kenner and in his emails last fall.</font></span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The lawsuit was not filed to intimidate," Singer said in the interview. "It was filed because what Lancaster suggested was that I faked the participation of Roger Revelle as a co-author. That's completely untrue. We have a complete retraction and an apology."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In his October emails, Singer reaches out to some of the most recognizable opponents of mainstream climate science and policies, including Willie Soon, Patrick Michaels, Anthony Watts, Steven Milloy, Joe Bastardi and Joe Bast.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An English climate change denier, Christopher Monckton, viscount of Brenchley, responded to Singer's request for advice by saying he would "draft the complaint" for a lawsuit, but Singer never followed up.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"In every way, they have bent the science," Monckton said of mainstream scientists and the filmmakers. "And having bent the science and not convinced anybody, not even themselves really, they're not simply resorting to the fallback position which Hitler and Goebbels on the left did, which Mao Tse-tung and Pol Pot did, and of course ... Stalin and Lenin did, and that is smear."</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"So this film should really be called 'Merchants of Smear,'" he added.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The pre-release controversy around the movie provides more than just a glimpse into the stormy messaging strategies on climate change. It also promotes the film. But does it help convey the facts?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hoffman, of the University of Michigan, says tit-for-tats between mainstream and contrarian researchers tend to raise the profile of skeptical scientists, despite their relatively small number. He pointed to the recent inquiries undertaken by Democratic members of Congress, who want the identity of donors who help fund skeptical academics, as an advantage for those who challenge climate science.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Frankly, this degradation benefits the skeptics," Hoffman said</font></div></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/new-mccarthyism-how-fear-socialism-fuels-americas-climate-denial" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://www.alternet.org/environment/new-mccarthyism-how-fear-socialism-fuels-americas-climate-denial</font></a></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">oreskes and c 10/15</font></div></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>video doc:</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">on screen, the man widely regarded as the grandfather of climate denial appears a genial participant in a newly-released expose about industry’s efforts to block action on global warming.
</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">But behind the scenes, Fred Singer has lobbied fellow climate deniers to try to block the film, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/20/merchants-of-doubt-film-exposes-slick-us-industry-behind-climate-denial" data-link-name="in body link" data-component="in-body-link" class=" u-underline" style="font-weight: bold; outline: none; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none !important;">Merchants of Doubt</a>, and raised the prospect of legal action against the filmmaker.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">“It’s exactly what we talk about in the film. It’s a product of a playbook which is to go after the messengers and attack and try and change the conversation, and try to intimidate, and it is very effective,” said Robert Kenner, the filmmaker.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Since the film’s release, Kenner, and Naomi Oreskes, a Harvard professor and co-author of <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/13/climate-change-historians-will-look-back-and-ask-why-didnt-they-act" data-link-name="in body link" data-component="in-body-link" class=" u-underline" style="font-weight: bold; outline: none; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none !important;">the book on which the documentary is based</a>, have come under attack in climate denier blogs, and in email chains.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" padding="padding" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The backlash appears to have been initiated by Singer, 90, a Princeton-trained physicist who has a cameo in the film.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date">
</span> </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(242, 247, 252);">Naomi Oreskes gave a 77:12 presentation at U.Vic in June describing the “Merchants of Doubt”. I recommend watching it! It’s at </span><a href="http://www.pics.uvic.ca/webstream.php#oreskes" rel="nofollow" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 24px; background: rgb(242, 247, 252);">http://www.pics.uvic.ca/webstream.php#oreskes</a></font></span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">blog links to singer ctr attack, also sum?</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date">
</span> </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="home_blog_date"><a href="http://climateinsight.wordpress.com/editorial/merchant-of-doubt-s-fred-singer/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://climateinsight.wordpress.com/editorial/merchant-of-doubt-s-fred-singer/</a></span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="home_blog_date">...</span><span style="line-height: 24px;">That link is to “</span><a href="http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/06/science_and_smear_merchants.html" target="blank" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: 24px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Science and Smear Merchants</a><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span style="line-height: 24px;">” by S. Fred Singer in the “</span><a class="zem_slink" title="The American Thinker" href="http://www.americanthinker.com/" rel="homepage" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; line-height: 24px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">American Thinker</a><span style="line-height: 24px;">” blog.</span></span><span style="line-height: 24px;"> He opens with this:</span></strong></font></font></p><blockquote style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" rgb="rgb" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" padding="padding" em="em" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" quotes="quotes" none="none" line-height="line-height"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Professor <a href="http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/06/naomi_oreskes_conspiracy_queen.html" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Naomi Oreskes</a>, of the <a class="zem_slink" title="University of California, San Diego" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=32.881,-117.238&spn=0.01,0.01&q=32.881,-117.238%20%28University%20of%20California%2C%20San%20Diego%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">University of California in San Diego</a>, claims to be a science historian. One can readily demonstrate that she is neither a credible scientist nor a credible historian; the best evidence is right there in her recent book, “<span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="zem_slink" title="Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming" href="http://www.amazon.com/Merchants-Doubt-Handful-Scientists-Obscured/dp/1596916109%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzemanta-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D1596916109" rel="amazon" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming</a></span>,” coauthored with Eric Conway. </font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Her science is faulty; her historical procedures are thoroughly unprofessional. She is, however, an accomplished polemicist, who has found time for world lecture tours, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">promoting her book and her ideological views, while being paid by the citizens of California.</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span>Her book tries to smear four senior physicists — of whom I am the only surviving one. I view it as my obligation to defend the reputations of my late colleagues and good friends against her libelous charges</font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" rgb="rgb" border="border" px="px" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Those are very serious allegations. Please read his article as background to this posting.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> He points to a number of <b>typographical and editorial errors, </b>claiming that they disqualify her as a scientist. They are very minor and not surprising in a book with 355 pages;</span> the <a href="http://merchantsofdoubt.org/" target="blank" sl-processed="1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merchants of Doubt</a> website now has an “Errata” section correcting most of them. They are about as trivial as the fact that Singer misnamed Erik M. Conway as “Eric”. He then goes on to chastise her for failing to speak directly with him and others who are subjects of the book, claiming that she used only secondary sources and that this demonstrates that she is not a historian either.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b> He makes an allegation of libel without documenting what he regards as libelous....</b></span></font></span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">June 7,<b> 2011</b></font></span></p><h1 style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="font-weight: normal;">Naomi Oreskes, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Conspiracy Queen</span></font></h1><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">By <a href="http://www.americanthinker.com/norman_rogers/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Norman Rogers</a> [who?</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Norman Rogers is a Senior Policy Advisor at the<b> </b><a href="http://www.heartland.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><b>Heartland</b> Institute</a></span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> and maintains a </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">personal <a href="http://www.climateviews.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">website</a>. </span>
</font></p><div class="article_body" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Naomi Oreskes is the environmentalist Noam Chomsky. She thinks that <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">anyone who questions environmentalist doctrine is evil</span>. Her crusade is to expose the presumed ulterior motives of the critics. According to Oreskes, if you question the dubious studies concerning secondhand tobacco smoke, you must be in the pay of tobacco companies. If you question global warming, you must be working for a fossil fuel company. If you question the DDT ban, you must part of a right wing conspiracy to weaken faith in government regulators.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Oreskes is the author of one of the silliest<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1686.full" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"> articles</a> ever to appear in the journal <em>Science</em>. She claimed that she analyzed 928 peer-reviewed papers on global warming and 100% agreed with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concerning global warming. </span> If you go to the website of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="http://www.nipccreport.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">(NIPCC)</a> </span>you can find hundreds of peer reviewed papers that disagree with the IPCC in one way or another. </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Her latest book, with co-author Erik Conway, is <em>Merchants of Doubt</em>. In this tedious [ kiss of death? uses big words?] book she treats us to the details of numerous disputes between those who subscribe to normative environmental theology and those who don't. Normative environmental theology is the sort of <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">theology</span> that is preached by the <a href="http://action.sierraclub.org/site/PageServer?pagename=TakeAction&s_src=610ZSCAC01" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Sierra Club</a> or the<a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/about/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>. Oreskes is a professor and an important <a href="http://sio.ucsd.edu/Profile/noreskes" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">administrator</a> at the University of California. Like Chomsky, she cloaks her endless conspiracy theories in the machinery of scholarship. Her 343 page book has 64 pages of notes. A pig with lipstick is still a pig.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Neither Oreskes nor her co-author have strong scientific educations and it shows. From her book it is obvious that she enjoyed access to many scientists, but somehow none of her scientist friends found the time to proof read <em>Merchants of Doubt</em>. [proofread is one word, irony; note no evidence of error] This is not hard to understand. Merchants of Doubt is a book of unsurpassed monotony. Conspiracy theories get boring very quickly, especially when the conspiracies are all variations of a few crude plots. A number of <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">informed critiques </span>of <em>Merchants of Doubt</em> can be seen in the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Merchants-Doubt-Handful-Scientists-Obscured/product-reviews/1608193942/ref=cm_cr_pr_hist_1?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&filterBy=addOneStar" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">1-star Amazon reviews</a>. [TP was training?]</span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In the introduction to <em>Merchants of Doubt</em> the fact that adding CO2 to the atmosphere causes the stratosphere to cool and the troposphere to warm is explained as follows:</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 30px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">But if the warming is caused by greenhouse gases emitted at the surface and largely trapped in the lower atmosphere, then we expect the troposphere to warm, but the stratosphere to cool.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">It is a bit difficult to know what this sentence means but it is clear that Oreskes hasn't the faintest idea concerning radiation and the role of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases (mostly CO2) are not trapped in the lower atmosphere but are well mixed up to and including the stratosphere. CO2 causes the stratosphere to cool because CO2 is a good radiator of infrared radiation and thus improves the capability to exhaust stratospheric heat to space as radiation. Cooling of the stratosphere is not evidence of global warming. It is evidence of increased CO2 in the atmosphere. The distinction is important. </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The<a href="http://assassinationscience.com/climategate/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">climategate</span></a> emails are hundreds of emails among important scientists that show them to be perverting scientific protocols and practicing propaganda to promote global warming alarmism. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="https://www.llnl.gov/news/aroundthelab/2011/Apr/ATL-041111_santer.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Ben Santer</a> is a prominent player in the climategate emails. He is most famous for saying this about the global warming skeptic scientist <a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Patrick Michaels</a>:</span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 30px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Next time I see Pat Michaels at a scientific meeting, I'll be tempted to beat the crap out of him. Very tempted.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Oreskes, apparently before the release of the <b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">climategate</span> emails, said this about Ben Santer: </b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 30px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He's thoroughly moderate... soft-spoken, almost self-effacing ... you might think he was an accountant...<a id="ednref1" href="http://tmp.americanthinker.com/mt-static/plugins/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/paste/blank.htm#edn1" name="ednref1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><sup>[i]</sup></a></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Ben Santer, who may be Oreskes' favorite scientist, has been struggling for years with the skeptics concerning the relative heating of the upper troposphere. He has resorted to publishing papers with as many of <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/309/5740/1551.short" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">24 co-authors</a>, apparently in an attempt to make his arguments more credible by collecting a lot of scientists willing to support him. </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In Oreskes' milieu, it is apparently a bad thing to be <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">anti-communist. </span> She attacks and psychoanalyzes the physicist Frederick Seitz for his "strident" and "unalloyed" anti-communism. She puts thoughts in Seitz's head. He thinks his colleagues are "ingrates" and he "has an uneasy time with the masses." He was "hawkish" and "superior." Another physicist, William Nierenberg, is also psychoanalyzed by Oreskes. According to her Nierenberg "hated environmentalists" and was "overconfident." Nierenberg's son Nicholas Nierenberg has been so upset by Oreskes' distortions of his father's work that he started a <a href="http://www.nicolasnierenberg.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">website</a> to refute Oreskes. The sin of these eminent physicists for Oreskes is that they were critics of <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">environmental extremism</span> and strong supporters of the United States in the Cold War. Seitz and Nierenberg are both dead and thus cannot defend themselves.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Fred Singer is a scientist who has been in the forefront of defending science against <a href="http://junkscience.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">junk science</a></b>. </span>This is not an easy road to take. Junk science is a basic tool for groups that are pushing ideological positions. Subtle distinctions are not welcomed by the ideological groups. If you acknowledge that smoking cigarettes causes cancer, but then you dare to say that the hazard presented by secondhand smoke is exaggerated, you are tagged as a supporter of cancer. If you say that the case for man-caused global warming is full of holes you are tagged as an agent of fossil fuel companies. Very few scientists are brave enough to take the heat and personal attacks the come from standing up to junk science. Fred Singer has been doing it for a long time. In his late 80's, he is still writing scientific papers and traveling the world giving lectures. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Oreskes is a promoter of junk science </span>and for that reason cannot abide Fred Singer. Singer is her favorite punching bag. His name appears dozens of times in<em>Merchants of Doubt</em>. </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Should we be surprised that Naomi Oreskes is a professor at the University of California and has been<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> promoted to an administrative position? </span>After all Noam Chomsky was a professor at MIT. But Chomsky was a professor because of his work in linguistics, not because he believes in crazy conspiracies. It seems that Naomi Oreskes is successful not in spite of her love of conspiracy, but exactly because she promotes conspiracies. This makes one wonder what has happened to the intellectual climate at the University of California.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The science establishment has fallen so low that it thinks it is a useful tactic to deal with its critics by accusing them of conspiracies financed by tobacco companies and oil companies. For the last 50 years, starting with <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">DDT, we have been subjected to junk science</span> <b>scares</b>. The scares were invariably false or exaggerated. Most of these scares were not more than brief media sensations, but some scares have been disruptive, diverting attention from real problems. The king of all scares is global warming. Taken seriously, it requires revamping the entire world economy and making us all poorer. The predictions of global warming disaster are deeply flawed junk science dressed up with an impressive "scientific" structure of panels, committees and organizations. The global warming scare is rapidly collapsing. Scientists outside of the global warming bubble are pointing out the flaws in the science and a coterie of well-informed <a href="http://climateaudit.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">bloggers</a> is getting out the message by bypassing the establishment media where critics' voices are generally blocked. Nature is helping because the earth and the oceans are <a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/05/06/the-global-warming-hypothesis-and-ocean-heat/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">failing to warm</a> according to script. </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>That a conspiracist like Naomi Oreskes would be welcomed by the global warming scientific establishment and <a href="http://tinyurl.com/3wrvon2" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">invited</a> to speak at the December 2010 American Geophysical Union</b> meeting is a symptom of increasing desperation. The global warming advocates have dug themselves into a deep hole and they can't seem to stop digging. Ironically Oreskes spoke at a meeting where Exxon Mobil was the biggest financial contributor<a id="ednref2" href="http://tmp.americanthinker.com/mt-static/plugins/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/paste/blank.htm#edn2" name="ednref2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><sup>[ii]</sup></a>. Apparently it's not a conspiracy if Exxon Mobil gives its money to the right people.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Norman Rogers is a Senior Policy Advisor at the<b> </b><a href="http://www.heartland.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><font style=""><b style="">Heartland</b> Institute</font></a></span> and maintains a <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">personal <a href="http://www.climateviews.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">website</a>. </span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> </font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> <a id="edn1" href="http://tmp.americanthinker.com/mt-static/plugins/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/paste/blank.htm#ednref1" name="edn1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><sup>[i]</sup></a> Merchants of Doubt page 1</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a id="edn2" href="http://tmp.americanthinker.com/mt-static/plugins/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/paste/blank.htm#ednref2" name="edn2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><sup>[ii]</sup></a> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Exxon Mobil was a titanium sponsor, the highest category.</span></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> </font></p><hr style="height: 1px;" /></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
Page Printed from: http://www.<b>americanthinker</b>.com/articles/../2011/06/naomi_oreskes_conspiracy_queen.html at September 13, 2013 - 06:03:38 PM CDT</font></p><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><h1 class="title"><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></b></h1><div><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">oops 2x</font></b></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">e&e the good one:</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Merchants of Doubt' emails spark fiery debate about strategies of climate skeptics</b></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>Evan Lehmann, E&E reporter</div><div>
</div><div>ClimateWire: Monday, <b>March 9, 2015</b></div><div>
</div><div>Before the release this Friday of the documentary "Merchants of Doubt," S. Fred Singer sought the advice of nearly 30 climate skeptics about their chances of halting the movie and whether he should sue Naomi Oreskes, who co-authored the book on which it's based.</div><div>
</div><div>"Has she finally gone too far?" asked Singer.</div><div>
</div><div>The discussion is outlined in a chain of emails initiated last fall by the 90-year-old physicist, who is featured in the film for his work questioning the amount of influence people have on rising temperatures. His request reached a mix of academics and others who have been mostly antagonistic toward mainstream climate findings. ClimateWire obtained the emails from a source who received them as a forwarded message.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Perhaps the strongest response came from James Enstrom, an epidemiologist who has challenged the science around the health risks of secondhand smoke and particulate air pollution. Enstrom told Singer that he could make "a very strong case" against Oreskes if Singer filed complaints with the universities she's affiliated with.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"I suggest you Attack Oreskes by Filing short Grievances with Harvard and Stanford,</span>" Enstrom wrote to Singer on Oct. 21. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Oreskes is a professor of scientific history at Harvard University with a doctorate from Stanford University.</span></div><div>
</div><div>"Good thought," Singer responded.</div><div>
</div><div>The wider discussion is viewed by some as a window into the network of skeptical scientists, bloggers and conservative think tank scholars who often raise objections to mainstream climate science. The tactics discussed -- like lawsuits and grievances -- reflect previous efforts to constrain critics of Singer and others through legal attacks, or the threat of them, several people involved with the movie say.</div><div>
</div><div>"This is part of their intimidation," Oreskes said in an interview. "It's a part about trying to make people frightened that if they do speak up and they do expose what's going on, they'll get attacked. And they will get attacked. I've been attacked."</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>The documentary is based on her book, "Merchants of Doubt," published in 2010. In it, she outlined the similarities between the political fight around climate change and the earlier debates about whether smoking was dangerous. The effort to fight health problems from smoking was stalled for years. She suggested that a small group of scientists cooperating with think tanks and businesses managed to obscure basic truths about the harms of both. The movie will be released nationally Friday. It's directed by Robert "Robby" Kenner, the creator of the 2008 documentary "Food Inc."</div><div>
</div><div>Singer, who cooperated with Kenner to film a scene for the movie, said in an interview with ClimateWire that he has decided not to take legal action against Oreskes or Kenner. It would be too expensive and would require too much of his time, he said. He also ruled out filing grievances against Oreskes with university administrators because "they're just as bad as she is."</div><div>
</div><div>Still, Singer has sent mixed signals about his intentions. Last week, he sent a letter to Kenner to raise the possibility of legal action.</div><div>
</div><div>"I would prefer to avoid having to go to court; but if we do, we are confident that we will prevail," Singer said in the letter, which suggests that the film treats him maliciously and adds, "it is rather too bad that you got mixed up with Naomi Oreskes."</div><div>
</div><div>A 'liar for hire' or an honest skeptic?</div><div>
</div><div>The letter was posted on Climate Depot, a website critical of climate science run by Marc Morano, who is featured in the film and was a recipient of Singer's emails last fall.</div><div>
</div><div>"I think there's a pattern," Kenner said of Singer's letter in an interview. "It's to come after and try to silence critics and to intimidate. And when [Singer] implies litigation is very expensive, I think it's an attempt to be intimidating."</div><div>
</div><div>On the other hand, it might be going too far to suggest that Singer's goal is to stifle his critics if he feels he's been slandered, said Andrew Hoffman, a professor at the University of Michigan who studies the behavior of climate skeptics.</div><div>
</div><div>Singer says he believes the movie refers to him as a "liar for hire," though he hasn't seen it. That's false, he said, noting that he believes genuinely that humans have little effect on climate change. He also rejects the idea that he's being paid by fossil fuel companies, apart from an unsolicited $10,000 donation from an Exxon foundation 12 years ago to the Science & Environmental Policy Project, which he founded.</div><div>
</div><div>Singer acknowledged that he has "made a lot of money on oil," but it was decades ago, from fees he charged to financial institutions, major corporations like IBM and some oil companies to predict the price of crude using a computer model he created, Singer said. The money wasn't related to research around climate change, he said.</div><div>
</div><div>"I'm real sad about this attack, but it's not unexpected," Singer said of the "liar for hire" phrase.</div><div>
</div><div>But does the movie say that?</div><div>
</div><div>No, said Kenner, who provided a transcript of the scene with Singer to ClimateWire. He and others say it appears to be a phrase created by a media outlet that reviewed the film.</div><div>
</div><div>Besides, lying isn't a common tool of skeptical scientists, Oreskes said. These contrarians are generally successful, and trusted by some, in one field or another.</div><div>
</div><div>"This isn't about lying," Oreskes said. "This is something much more terrible, in a way. Much more devious. A kind of what we call doubtmongering."</div><div>
</div><div>"I never said that anyone was lying, and I never would say that," she added. "But this is part of the strategy, too. These people put words in other people's mouths, and then they act all outraged about it, and they spread the claim that you said something that you never said. And then they threaten to sue you for it."</div><div>
</div><div>Singer supporters slam 'Merchants of Smear'</div><div>
</div><div>Oreskes has an example in mind.</div><div>
</div><div>Singer filed a libel suit in the early 1990s against Justin Lancaster, a climate researcher at the University of California, San Diego, who claimed that Singer had taken advantage of his mentor and colleague, Roger Revelle, a noted climate scientist, in the months before Revelle's death.</div><div>
</div><div>Singer approached Revelle a month before his triple bypass heart surgery to cooperate on a journal article that downplayed the urgency of addressing climate change. It marked a reversal for Revelle, who supported policies to reduce greenhouse gases and was a mentor to former Vice President Al Gore. The paper roiled the climate debate as Gore's opponents highlighted it to raise questions about the certainty of warming.</div><div>
</div><div>But Revelle missed the debate. He died in July 1991 and was unable to shed light on Lancaster's assertions that Singer had pressured Revelle into co-authoring the paper in his weakened state after surgery. So Lancaster accused Singer of acting unethically, and Singer sued. Lancaster eventually settled the suit and entered a yearslong gag period.</div><div>
</div><div>He would later say the settlement was one of his biggest regrets. And he accused Singer, in even stronger terms, of pressuring Revelle to cooperate.</div><div>
</div><div>"It was one of the worst things I ever did, was to give him a retraction," Lancaster said in an interview. "I did it to try to save my marriage."</div><div>
</div><div>Singer frequently points to his success with that case. He raised it in his letter to Kenner and in his emails last fall.</div><div>
</div><div>"The lawsuit was not filed to intimidate," Singer said in the interview. "It was filed because what Lancaster suggested was that I faked the participation of Roger Revelle as a co-author. That's completely untrue. We have a complete retraction and an apology."</div><div>
</div><div>In his October emails, Singer reaches out to some of the most recognizable opponents of mainstream climate science and policies, including Willie Soon, Patrick Michaels, Anthony Watts, Steven Milloy, Joe Bastardi and Joe Bast.</div><div>
</div><div>An English climate change denier, Christopher Monckton, viscount of Brenchley, responded to Singer's request for advice by saying he would "draft the complaint" for a lawsuit, but Singer never followed up.</div><div>
</div><div>"In every way, they have bent the science," Monckton said of mainstream scientists and the filmmakers. "And having bent the science and not convinced anybody, not even themselves really, they're not simply resorting to the fallback position which Hitler and Goebbels on the left did, which Mao Tse-tung and Pol Pot did, and of course ... Stalin and Lenin did, and that is smear."</div><div>
</div><div>"So this film should really be called 'Merchants of Smear,'" he added.</div><div>
</div><div>The pre-release controversy around the movie provides more than just a glimpse into the stormy messaging strategies on climate change. It also promotes the film. But does it help convey the facts?</div><div>
</div><div>Hoffman, of the University of Michigan, says tit-for-tats between mainstream and contrarian researchers tend to raise the profile of skeptical scientists, despite their relatively small number. He pointed to the recent inquiries undertaken by Democratic members of Congress, who want the identity of donors who help fund skeptical academics, as an advantage for those who challenge climate science.</div><div>
</div><div>"Frankly, this degradation benefits the skeptics," Hoffman said</div></div><div><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></b></div><div><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></b></div><div><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></b></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div>