Fred SINGER 2

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">some problems with thebrain tags?</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">singer1 g uk margins</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">see revelle lancaster, academic and sci suppression
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">have i been able to prove he took oil $?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">see mashey 2012 fake experts 185 pp ton on singer</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>=</div><div>5 Allegations</div><div><b>SEPP and Singer: I allege that Singer:</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div>1. committed perjury by claiming a dead Chairman, §2, §A.1,</div><div>a red flag for long-term governance problems. IRS-9M, IRS-6G</div><div>2. Filed 990s with unusual characteristics that let money easily be</div><div>handled in ways that violated the rules, §3, §B, §C. IRS-7F</div><div>3. acted to influence public opinion, perhaps on legislation, and hence</div><div>may run afoul of lobbying limits, §E, §W. IRS-5L?</div><div>4. rarely produced real science or education, but rather voluminous antiscience, often climate, sometimes for tobacco, for the public in OpEds,</div><div>articles, talks, not in peer-reviewed journals, §W, §D. IRS-0E</div><div>5. was commissioned to create the NIPCC anti-science reports for its</div><div>channels to legislators and public, §E. IRS-0E</div><div>Any of the above may be sufficient to revoke SEPP charity status, and if</div><div>proven, some of these carry serious financial or legal penalties.</div><div>89</div><div>HEARTLAND, Basts and Taylor I allege that Heartland:</div><div>6. has a long history of taking tobacco money for advocacy, which few</div><div>would call research and education, §F, §G. IRS-0E</div><div>7. publishes a E&CN newsletter pervaded by untruthful or misleading</div><div>claims on science, §W, §X, §Y, §Z. IRS-0E.</div><div>8. has spent lavishly on climate anti-science conferences (ICCC), paying</div><div>government employees to attend. §G.3 IRS-0E, IRS-5L</div><div>9. sponsored Singer and Idso’s NIPCC anti-science reports, heavily</div><div>publicized through its channels to legislators and the public.</div><div>Nature criticized the conferences and the NIPCC, §H, §N. IRS-0E</div><div>10. supported odd money flows, §H.2, §H.3, §K. IRS-7F</div><div>11. has made dubious grants to foreign entities. §H.3, §H.4. IRS-10F</div><div>12. constantly advertises its pervasive ability to reach US legislators and so</div><div>seems to violate 501(c)(3) lobbying rules, §G. IRS-5L</div><div>Any of the above may be sufficient to revoke Heartland charity status,</div><div>which of course also impacts its donors.</div><div>This is “pattern and practice” seen pervasively in E&CN, elsewhere.</div><div>---</div><div>CSCDGC, CO2Science, Craig Idso, Robert Ferguson §K I allege that:</div><div>13. CSCDGC and CO2Science have dubious governance. The Board is</div><div>the Idso family, §K.1 IRS-6G</div><div>14. CSCDGC and CO2Science have some odd money transfers, §K, as do</div><div>CSCDGC and Robert Ferguson, a well-paid employee. IRS-7F</div><div>15. Ferguson’s SPPI is an anti-science outlet, §K.3 IRS-0E</div><div>16. Craig Idso promotes anti-science, at CO2Science and E&CN. IRS-0E</div><div>Any of the above may be sufficient to revoke charity status.</div><div>Other think tanks, Fig. F.4 I allege that:</div><div>17. Given the well-documented actions of tobacco companies, any think</div><div>tank that took tobacco money was likely not doing so for science or</div><div>education, but for PR and/or lobbying, Fig. F.5. Hence, all in Fig. F.4</div><div>should be examined carefully. Most took money for advocacy in</div><div>support of hurting children. They get $400M+/year. IRS-0E, IRS-5L</div><div>18. Although not documented in detail here, many of these also advocate</div><div>climate anti-science, especially those in Fig. ES.1. [MAS2010]</div><div>Either of the above may be sufficient to revoke charity status for many.</div><div>DONORS TRUST AND CAPITAL, Whitney Ball §I I allege that they:</div><div>19. funded entities to promote anti-science and that specific itemizations</div><div>showed they knew what they were funding, see Fig. H.1 for Heartland</div><div>funding and . §K.1.1 for CSCDGC. IRS-7F</div><div>20. have sent funds directly to CSCDGC employee Ferguson, which might</div><div>be dubious, especially given SPPI’s nature. . §K.3 IRS-0E , IRS-7F</div><div>This also applies to the Lambe and Bradley foundations.</div><div>21. routinely funded entities that have taken money for nonfactual</div><div>advocacy, not education, whether from tobacco companies, fossil</div><div>interests or private foundations. IRS-0E, IRS-5L</div><div>This may be a good reason to revisit donor-advised funds.</div><div>Some of these grants are no more in the public interest than paying</div><div>people to help promote cigarettes to children.</div><div>People might doubt my negative assessments of “science,” but they might</div><div>ask for official comments from the American Geophysical Union, the US</div><div>National Academy of Sciences, the US Centers for Disease Control (on the</div><div>tobacco issues), the UK Royal Society, or journals like Nature or Science.</div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div>p 28</div><div><b>Even if Singer had never gotten money directly or indirectly from</b></div><div><b>tobacco/fossil sources, IRS-0E rules violations are violations, period.</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div>B.2 Fossil energy funding chains</div><div>Via Sourcewatch,119 some funding chains have been:</div><div>Coal companies</div><div>Western Fuels Association120</div><div>Robert Balling121</div><div><b>Singer</b></div><div>
</div><div>API, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, Texaco, etc</div><div>Global Climate Coalition122</div><div><b>Singer</b></div><div>
</div><div>According to ABC News123</div><div>“Singer insists he is not on the payroll of the energy industry, but admits he once</div><div>accepted an unsolicited check from Exxon for $10,000.”</div><div><b>ExxonMobil</b></div><div><b>Singer</b></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Generous companies just send unsolicited donations, I guess.</span>124</div><div>Funding chains through Heartland are discussed later.</div><div>Singer has worked closely for 2 decades with GMI, whose CEO William</div><div>O’Keefe is a 25-year veteran of API.125 Singer also has had a long</div><div>association with a top ExxonMobil lobbyist, discussed next...</div><div>p29</div><div>Randy Randol was a key ExxonMobil lobbyist, retired YE2004.126</div><div> He was on the 1998 GCSCT team with SEPP.</div><div>127</div><div>If Singer did not already know him, he surely made contact thereafter.</div><div> He is an organizer of the Virginia SEEE, with Singer and Haapala. 128</div><div> Along with Singer’s Board, he was copied on email, as of 2010.129</div><div>“To: "Canadian Nuclear Discussion List" <cdn-nucll mailman1.cis.mcmaster.ca="mailman1.cis.mcmaster.ca" /></div><div>Subject: [cdn-nucl-l] American Thinker:: Renewable electricity hoax, fraud, ripoff</div><div>From: "Jerry Cuttler" <jerrycuttler rogers.com="rogers.com">161</jerrycuttler></div><div>―----- Original Message -----</div><div>From: S. Fred Singer</div><div>To: Thomas Lifson</div><div>Cc: ken@haapala.com ; Mark@legalplanner.com ; Tom Sheahen ; Donna</div><div>Bethell ; randy.randol@comcast.net 162</div><div>Sent: Thursday, August 05, 2010 9:06 AM</div><div>Subject: RE: Renewable electricity hoax, fraud, rip-off</div><div>Thank you, Thomas I was particularly pleased to read some of the comments --</div><div>meatier than the original article</div><div>comments.americanthinker.com/read/42323/646560.html You have</div><div>sophisticated readers. Best Fred‖ (Fred‘s article attached, published by Lifson)”</div><div><b>Singer has certainly supported demands for Michael Mann’s email by Ken</b></div><div><b>Cuccinelli</b>130</div><div>&nbsp;One might wonder how often Randol and other interesting</div><div>people would appear if Singer’s emails were subpoenaed. One might</div><div>suspect they would be far more interesting than Mann’s.</div><div>Tobacco companies funded some good, but irrelevant, medical science.</div><div>ExxonMobil has funded some good energy research. Still, when someone</div><div>not a medical researcher has taken tobacco money, and has taken fossil</div><div>money, while doing everything possible to discredit climate science,</div><div>people might reflect on possible influences.</div><div>
</div><div>126 MAS2010, p.147.</div><div>127 MAS2010, pp.19-20, 147. Singer’s wife Candace Crandall represented SEPP.</div><div>128 vaseee.org Scientists and Engineers for Energy and Environment</div><div>129 mailman.mcmaster.ca/mailman/private/cdn-nucl-l/1008/msg00001.html</div><div>MAS2011f, p.20</div><div>130 www.americanthinker.com/2010/11/the_global_warming_court_battl.html</div><div>----</div><div><div></div><div>singer peer few and bad]</div><div>5) Fred Singer, “Lack of Consistency Between Modeled and Observed</div><div>Temperature Trends,” Energy and Environment, June 2011.144</div><div>“I thank Roger Cohen and Christopher Monckton for useful discussion, three</div><div>anonymous reviewers for valuable comments, and Robert Warren Anderson145</div><div>and Wm McBride for technical assistance. The author is grateful to Prof. A.</div><div>Zichichi and the Ettore Majorana Foundation for their hospitality and the</div><div>participants of the 2010 Erice Conference for critical discussions. This paper is</div><div>dedicated to my long-term colleague and collaborator Dr. Klaus-Peter Heiss</div><div>(1945 – 2010, Brixen, Alto Adige).”</div><div>146</div><div>The 5 papers might be summarized as follows:</div><div> 1) and 5) were in a poorly-regarded journal known for climate antiscience, E&E.</div><div> 2) and 3) got into a credible journal, with Singer as 3rd author. They</div><div>were soon rendered irrelevant by discovery of more bugs in the</div><div>Spencer/Christy software that skewed temperatures low, §Y.1.</div><div> 4) had serious statistical flaws.</div><div></div></div><div><div></div><div>p33</div><div>C.5 Influence on public opinion?</div><div>The reader unfamiliar with 501(c)(3) rules regarding “education” or</div><div>lobbying might review §0.4. Briefly, communications should be based on</div><div>facts that are not distorted. SEPP’s 990s claim there has been no</div><div>lobbying.160 For 2002-2004 Part III NO was checked for:</div><div>“1.During the year, has the organization attempted to influence national, state, or</div><div>local legislation, including any attempt to influence public opinion on a</div><div>legislative matter or referendum?”</div><div>For 2005-2007 Part VI-B, “Lobbying Activity by Nonelecting …””</div><div>“During the year, did the organization attempt to influence national, state or local</div><div>legislation, including any attempt to influence public opinion on a legislative</div><div>matter or referendum…”</div><div>The answer was always NONE.</div><div>For 2008-2010, Part IV, :Line 4:</div><div>“4 Did the organization engage in lobbying activities?”</div><div>The NO box was checked.</div><div>A small sample of visible actions is: IRS-3E, IRS-5L</div><div>07/08/96 WSJ OpEd: Dangers from the Global Climate Treaty161</div><div>07/11/96 WSJ Letter: Coverup in the Greenhouse162</div><div>07/25/97 WSJ OPEd: A Treaty Built on Hot Air, Not Scientific</div><div>Consensus163</div><div>08/14/02 GMI2002, Letter to President164</div><div>07/09/09 Letter to Congress165</div><div>08/31/09 A Climate Bill that does Nothing for the Climate166</div><div>10/29/09 Letter to Senate167</div><div>02/08/11 Letter to House of Representatives168</div><div>SEPP’s TWTW newsletter seems geared to influence public opinion.169</div><div>See §W and §X. IRS-0E</div><div>C.6 Summary</div><div>Singer has shown consistent behavior for 2 decades (Fig. E.1):170</div><div> Occasionally write low-quality technical papers, ignore serious errors.</div><div> Repeat long-refuted bad arguments again and again.171</div><div> Write masses of (non-peer-reviewed) material and talks for the public.</div><div>Scientists argue within science constantly. Singer has been generating</div><div>scientific-looking (but often wrong, cherry-picked, etc) materials to</div><div>impress the general public and confuse them about environmental science,</div><div>rather than seriously arguing within science.172</div><div>&nbsp;IRS-0E</div><div>Even ignoring the perjury and possible financial issues, I allege that</div><div>education issues are enough to place SEPP in violation of charity rules</div><div>for most of its history.</div><div>173</div><div>This is not a free speech argument. Singer is free to say what he likes,</div><div>even obvious untruths.174</div><div>&nbsp;He can sell his services as an expert-for-hire or</div><div>do PR. The issue is why such work is in the public is in the public interest</div><div>and deserves the privilege of tax-exemption. I allege that it does not.</div><div>----</div></div><div></div></div><div><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/2022/01/28/jordan-petersons-climate-expert-is-science-denier-funded-by-oil-backed-think-tank/">https://www.desmog.com/<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">2022/01</span>/28/jordan-petersons-climate-expert-is-science-denier-funded-by-oil-backed-think-tank/</a></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>t<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">he source for author </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Jordan Peterson</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">’s recent claim that climate change cannot be modelled was a climate science denier who received money from a libertarian think tank funded by oil companies.&nbsp;</span></b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Canadian psychologist was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jan/27/word-salad-of-nonsense-scientists-denounce-jordan-petersons-comments-on-climate-models" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">widely criticised</a>&nbsp;for spreading climate misinformation this week after telling the popular Joe Rogan podcast’s 11 million subscribers that climate models were full of errors that increase over time, and that climate is too complicated to model accurately.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Peterson responded to the criticism on Thursday in tweets to his 2.2 million followers&nbsp;<a href="https://archive.ph/Qh3m1" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">citing</a>&nbsp;a book called “Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate” by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/s-fred-singer/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">S Fred Singer</a>.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Singer, an American atmospheric physicist who died in 202</b>0, argued that climate change was natural and not increased by human-caused carbon dioxide emissions. He argued that warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions was “trivial”.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">In 1990 he founded the Science and Environment Policy Project (SEPP) that expounded these views. In 2014 DeSmog&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/2012/02/14/heartland-institute-exposed-internal-documents-unmask-heart-climate-denial-machine/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">revealed</a>&nbsp;that Singer received $5,000 a month from US right-wing think tank the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/heartland-institute/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">Heartland Institute</a>, which has taken donations from oil interests including ExxonMobil and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/koch-network-database/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">Koch family</a>. Singer was a&nbsp;<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120622221904/http://climateconference.heartland.org/speakers" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">speaker</a>&nbsp;at a 2012 Heartland conference where&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/2012/05/22/heartland-denial-palooza-sponsors-have-received-67-million-exxonmobil-koch-and-scaife-foundations/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">sponsors</a>&nbsp;received $67 million from Exxon, Koch and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/scaife-family-foundations/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">Scaife Family Foundations</a>.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer frequently criticised climate modelling by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the peer-reviewed authority on climate science made up of hundreds of climate scientists.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a&nbsp;<a href="https://archive.is/LCN7k" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">2016 article</a>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">American Thinker</span>,</b>&nbsp;Singer wrote: “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has to provide proof for significant human-caused climate change; yet their climate models have never been validated and are rapidly diverging from actual observations.&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“The real threat to humanity comes not from any (trivial) greenhouse warming but from cooling periods creating food shortages and famines.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">twt]</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The Scientists Were Right’</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr Simon Evans, policy editor at Carbon Brief, told DeSmog: “Back in the early 1970s, scientists were building simple climate models and they hypothesised that rising greenhouse gas emissions would warm the planet.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Well,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-well-have-climate-models-projected-global-warming" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">the results are in</a>, and those scientists were right. Not only that, those models – and other more recent ones – have been pretty accurate in estimating how much warming we would get.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Peterson is known for his self-help books and opposition to “identity politics”, but has increasingly been&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/jordan-peterson/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">spreading</a>&nbsp;climate science misinformation.&nbsp;</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In his Joe Rogan interview, Peterson advocated hydraulic fracturing to extract shale gas – known as fracking – and dismissed the idea that greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced to net zero by 2050.&nbsp;</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In an appearance on</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m0011nwl/question-time-2021-18112021" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">BBC Question Time</a>&nbsp;i</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">n November,&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Peterson criticised the COP26 UN climate summit and said developing countries should not be encouraged to control their CO2 emissions.&nbsp;</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Last week Peterson&nbsp;</span><a href="https://archive.ph/miP6o" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">shared</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;a tweet from&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/net-zero-watch/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">Net Zero Watch</a>, a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/2021/10/11/climate-science-denial-group-rebrands-as-net-zero-watch/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">rebranding</a>&nbsp;of the climate science-denying&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.com/global-warming-policy-foundation/" data-wpel-link="internal" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">Global Warming Policy Forum</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which questioned whether wind power is a “reliable, efficient and in-demand technolog</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">y”. Peterson’s tweet added, regarding net zero targets: “Any “policy maker” who aims at zero anything has instantly demonstrated his or her incompetence.”</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jennie King, head of civic action and education at the I</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">nstitute for Strategic Dialogue t</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">hink tank, said:&nbsp;</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“This latest episode reveals a growing trend, whereby ‘non-climate influencers’ are becoming central nodes of mis- and disinformation for a mainstream public and exposing them to views which either deny the reality and impacts of climate change, or explicitly undermine trust in the science and institutions working to marshal a response.&nbsp;</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“There are absolutely things to be debated and agreed around climate action, governance, timelines and finance, but the fundamental bases that Peterson calls into question are entirely ill-informed and do not move the conversation forward,” she added.&nbsp;</font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">8/20</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Key&nbsp;Deeds</font></h2><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">April 6,&nbsp;2020</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Fred Singer passed away at 95 years old. Obituaries were published&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407195017/https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">at the Heartland Institute</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/s-fred-singer-scientist-and-climate-change-skeptic-dies-at-95/2020/04/11/e4c1f648-7b4e-11ea-b6ff-597f170df8f8_story.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><em>Washington Post</em></a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/climate/s-fred-singer-dead.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><em>The&nbsp;New York Times</em></a>,&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.drillednews.com/post/fred-singer-obituary-climate-denier" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Drilled News</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423174641/https://wattsupwiththat.com/2020/04/07/ip-award-winning-atmospheric-scientist-dr-fred-singer-dies-pioneering-scientist-the-dean-of-climate-skeptical-scientists/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Watts Up With That</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423174922/https://www.climatedepot.com/2020/04/07/rip-award-winning-atmospheric-scientist-dr-fred-singer-dies-pioneering-scientist-the-dean-of-climate-skeptical-scientists/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Climate Depot</a>,&nbsp;</em>among others.&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s75" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s76" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s77" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a>,<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s78" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;[78]</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s79" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[79</a>], [<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s80" style="text-decoration-line: none;">80]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While&nbsp;blogs like&nbsp;<em>Climate Depot&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em><span class="caps" style="">WUWT</span></em>&nbsp;promoted Singer as “The Dean of Climate Skeptical Scientists,” Paul Thacker at&nbsp;<em>Drilled</em>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drillednews.com/post/fred-singer-obituary-climate-denier" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">went into depth</a>&nbsp;to describe Singer's history of “bullying&nbsp;scientists.”</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Singer seemed to take special pleasure in discrediting scientists who investigated the ways that human activity threatens public health and the safety of our planet, the sort of research that informs regulations to solve problems ranging from acid rain’s toll on forests to&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">DDT</span>’s impacts on wildlife, as well as — of course — the effects of climate change on us all,” Thacker wrote.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s78" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Writing at&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">WUWT</span>/Climate Depot,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Marc Morano&nbsp;</a>described how he and&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CFACT</span>'s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-rucker" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig Rucker</a>&nbsp;had bestowed the “<span class="caps" style="">DAUNTLESS</span>&nbsp;Purveyor of Climate Truth” upon Singer in 2018.&nbsp; They described Singer as a “&nbsp;giant of a man, a renowned pioneering scientist, a prominent climate skeptic and perhaps the most influential skeptical scientist in the climate debate since the 1980s.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s79" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[79</a>], [<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s80" style="text-decoration-line: none;">80]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">May 15,&nbsp;2018</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer wrote an article in&nbsp;<em>The Wall Street Journal</em>&nbsp;titled “<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-sea-is-rising-but-not-because-of-climate-change-1526423254" rel="nofollow" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Sea Is Rising, but Not Because of Climate Change</a>.” In the article, Singer claimed, “the temperature of sea water has no direct effect on sea-level rise. That means neither does the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide.</span>”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s72" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“This conclusion is worth highlighting: It shows that sea-level rise does not depend on the use of fossil fuels. The evidence should allay fear that the release of additional&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CO2</span>&nbsp;will increase sea-level rise,” Singer wrote.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s72" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He does admit that “there is also good data showing sea levels are in fact rising at an accelerating rate” however comments that “The cause of the trend is a puzzle.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s72" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CO2</span>. We can expect the sea to continue rising at about the present rate for the foreseeable future. […] There is nothing we can do about rising sea levels in the meantime. We’d better build dikes and sea walls a little bit higher,” Singer concluded.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s72" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Union of Concerned Scientists (<span class="caps" style="">UCS</span>)<a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/guest-commentary/heres-why-seas-are-rising-somebody-remind-the-wall-street-journal" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;offered commentary on&nbsp;Singer's&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">WSJ</span>&nbsp;piece</a>, noting that the counter to Singer's claims, “science is crystal clear” regarding the reason for sea level rise:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s73" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“[W]e know that without strong policy to limit&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CO2</span>&nbsp;emissions, the rising water will continue to accelerate, inundating all the coastal cities of the world,”&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">UCS</span>&nbsp;noted. “The reason that sea levels are rising faster and faster is because every bit of coal, oil, and gas we burn adds to the&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CO2</span>&nbsp;in the atmosphere, absorbing more of the Earth’s radiant heat, and contributing more to the thermal expansion of seawater and the loss of land ice. This is not a mystery. It’s extremely well understood and documented by millions of direct&nbsp;measurements.”</font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scientists at&nbsp;<em>Climate Feedback</em>&nbsp;also examined the&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">WSJ</span>&nbsp;article, and found it “<a href="https://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/wall-street-journal-commentary-grossly-misleads-readers-about-science-of-sea-level-rise-fred-singer/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">grossly misleads readers about science of sea level rise</a>” and that Singer's claims were “contradicted by a wealth of data and research.” According to the scientists' feedback,&nbsp;“Singer bases his conclusion entirely on a cherry-picked comparison of sea level rise 1915-1945 and a single study published in 1990, claiming a lack of accelerating sea level rise despite continued warming. But in fact, modern research utilizing all available data clearly indicates that sea level rise has accelerated, and is unambiguously the result of human-caused global warming.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s74" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">March 23,&nbsp;2017</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407033255/http://climateconference.heartland.org/Speakers/s-fred-singer/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Singer was a speaker</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>'s 12th International Conference on Climate Change (<span class="caps" style="">ICCC12</span>) on a “Cllimate Science” panel alongside&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/don-easterbrook" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Don Easterbrook&nbsp;</a>and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a>.</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s66" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Panel 1B) Climate&nbsp;Science</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[2 vids]</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">february 23,&nbsp;2017</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Fred Singer&nbsp;was a<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Climate%20denier%20Paris%20withdrawal%20petition.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;signatory of a <b>petition (<span class="caps" style="">PDF</span>)&nbsp;</b></a><b>organized by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/02/27/climate-denier-richard-lindzen-300-scientists-trump-usual-parade-non-experts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Lindzen&nbsp;</a>of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cato-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Cato Institute&nbsp;</a>urging&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/donald-trump" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">President Donald&nbsp;</a>Trump to pull the United States out of the United Nations international convention on climate change (<span class="caps" style="">UNFCCC</span></b>).</span><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s64" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;[64]</a></font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="dquo" style="margin-left: 0px;">“</span>In just a few weeks, more than 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals from around the world have signed the petition below,” Lindzen wrote in the letter.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s64" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/02/27/climate-denier-richard-lindzen-300-scientists-trump-usual-parade-non-experts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">DeSmog investigated the list</a>, and found that only a small handful of the signatories could be considered “even remotely ‘qualified’ or ‘eminent’ — but not in the field of climate science.” The list included individuals “interested in climate,” and one signatory who only identified as an “emailer who wished to sign the petition” while some signers provided no affiliation or address whatsoever.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s65" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">December 12,&nbsp;2016</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Fred Singer&nbsp;was an attendee at a private meeting also attended by Trump's&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">EPA</span>&nbsp;Transition team lead&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Myron Ebell</a>&nbsp;on Capitol Hill.&nbsp;<em><span class="caps" style="">E&E</span>&nbsp;News</em>&nbsp;reported that the event was&nbsp;not open to the public or to the press and Ebell refused to give any details. The event was hosted by the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute (<span class="caps" style="">CEI</span>)&nbsp;</a>and held in the hearing room of the Senate Environment and Public Works (<span class="caps" style="">EPW</span>) Committee. The&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">EPW</span>&nbsp;committee is chaired by Senator<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-inhofe" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;James Inhofe</a>&nbsp;who, like Trump, has described human-caused climate change as a hoax.</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s60" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/12/13/exclusive-myron-ebell-donald-trump-s-aide-epa-meets-who-s-who-long-serving-climate-science-deniers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><em>DeSmog</em>&nbsp;reported&nbsp;</a>that the event featured the “<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/12/13/exclusive-myron-ebell-donald-trump-s-aide-epa-meets-who-s-who-long-serving-climate-science-deniers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Who's Who of Climate Science Deniers</a>.” &nbsp;Australian Senator&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/malcolm-roberts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Malcolm Roberts</a>, who spoke at the event, also&nbsp;wrote that the meeting was a<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> gathering of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cooler-heads-coalition" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Cooler Heads Coalition</a>&nbsp;</span>and<a href="https://www.facebook.com/malcolmrobertsonenation/posts/984456478364899" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;listed some of the participants on Facebook</a>:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s61" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s62" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[62</a>]</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[twt]</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">names mentioned above&nbsp;included:</font></p><ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steven-goddard" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Tony&nbsp;Heller</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/timothy-f-ball-tim-ball" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Tim&nbsp;Ball</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Fred&nbsp;<b>Singer</b></font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/ken-haapala" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Ken<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;Haapala</span></font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-rucker" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Craig&nbsp;Rucker</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Randy&nbsp;Randall</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steve-milloy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Steve&nbsp;<b>Milloy</b></font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><b>Marc&nbsp;Morano</b></font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-delingpole" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><b>James&nbsp;Delingpole</b></font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><b>Chris&nbsp;Horner</b></font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><b>Myron&nbsp;Ebell</b></font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tom de&nbsp;Weise</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-taylor" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">James&nbsp;Taylor</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Pat&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Michaels</span></font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Austin&nbsp;Smithson</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brandon&nbsp;Middleton</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marlo-lewis-jr" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Marlo&nbsp;Lewis</font></a></li></ul><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>DeSmog</em>&nbsp;also noted that <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">three of the attendees—Myron Ebell, Randy Randol, and Steve Milloy—had all been part of the<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Global_Climate_Science_Communications_Plan(1998)" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;Global Climate Science Communications Team in the late 1990s</a>, a group organized by the American Petroleum Institute</span>. According to an&nbsp;<a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/documents/Global%20Climate%20Science%20Communications%20Plan%20(1998).pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">early memo</a>, the group said “victory will be achieved when […] Average citizens 'understand'&nbsp;(recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom'.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s63" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 8&nbsp;-&nbsp;10,&nbsp;2016</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer was a speaker at&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722212143/http://www.ddponline.org/2016/03/07/announcing-the-ddp-34th-annual-meeting/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">34th Annual Meeting</a>&nbsp;of <b>Doctors for Disaster Preparedness,</b>&nbsp;co-sponsored by Access to Energy, the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Oregon_Institute_of_Science_and_Medicine" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine</a>, and Physicians for Civil Defense.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s14" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer spoke alongside&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/ken-haapala" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Ken Haapala</a>, both representing the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/science-and-environmental-policy-project" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Science and Environmental Policy Project</a>. Singer's portion of the presentation focused on “Paris&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">COP</span>-21,” while Haapala spoke on “Legal Actions of&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">EPA</span>,&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CPP</span>, and&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">SCOTUS</span>.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s14" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="caps" style="">DDP</span>&nbsp;listed the following speakers at their event:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s14" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></font></p><ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jane&nbsp;Orient</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Willie&nbsp;Soon</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/david-legates" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">David&nbsp;Legates</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mohan&nbsp;Doss</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Arthur&nbsp;Levy</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Geoffrey&nbsp;L.&nbsp;Shapiro</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steven&nbsp;Hatfill</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">S.&nbsp;Fred&nbsp;Singer</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ken&nbsp;Haapala</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tony Heller (<span class="caps" style="">AKA</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steven-goddard" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Steven Goddard</a>)</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Patrick&nbsp;Frank</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joe&nbsp;Leimkuhler</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Donald&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Miller</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/howard-hayden" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Howard&nbsp;Hayden</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/yuri-maltsev" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Yuri&nbsp;Maltsev</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Stephen&nbsp;Jones</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Matthew&nbsp;Robinson</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/art-robinson" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Arthur&nbsp;Robinson</a>&nbsp;</font></li></ul><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">December 7,&nbsp;2015</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer appeared at the United Nation’s Conference on Climate Change,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="caps" style="">COP21</span></a>, in Paris, France with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/committee-constructive-tomorrow" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (<span class="caps" style="">CFACT</span>)</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute (<span class="caps" style="">CEI</span>)</a>&nbsp;to “hold a ‘counter-conference’ … called the Day of Examining the Data.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s15" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a>&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Other notable climate science deniers that were in attendance at the “counter-conference,” included:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/bob-carter" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Carter</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-essex" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Christopher Essex</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-taylor" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Taylor</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-moore" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick Moore</a>,&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/wolfgang-muller" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Wolfgang Müller</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-inhofe" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Inhofe</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Christopher Monckton</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s16" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[</a></span><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s16" style="text-decoration-line: none;">16<span style="line-height: 1.1em;">]</span></a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Watch S. Fred Singer's “counter-conference” presentation with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>, below (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZKIUP9EGp8&t=94m30s" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">S. Fred Singer's presentation begins at 1:34:30</a>):&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s15" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[15</a>]</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[vid]</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">november 30,&nbsp;2015</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 17.6px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer is a co-author of a Heartland Institute/<span class="caps" style="">NIPCC</span>&nbsp;book titled&nbsp;<em style="line-height: 17.6px;">Why Scientists Disagree about Global Warming: The&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">NIPCC</span>&nbsp;Report on Consensus.&nbsp;</em><span style="line-height: 1.1em;">The book was timed for release on the&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.1em;">first day of the United Nations' twenty first conference of the parties (</span><span style="line-height: 1.1em;"><span class="caps" style="">COP21</span>) in Paris. &nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s17" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 17.6px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151201190942/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2015/11/prweb13103180.htm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">the Heartland Institute press release,</a>&nbsp;The Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change's book,&nbsp;“emphatically rejects claims of a 'scientific consensus' on the causes and consequences of climate change.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s17" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 17.6px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contrary to the book's premise, multiple studies and surveys have shown that 97 percent or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree that climate warming trends over the past century are&nbsp;due to human activities (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151201191641/http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="caps" style="">NASA</span>&nbsp;for example</a>).&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s18" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 17.6px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Other authors include&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig D. Idso</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/center-study-carbon-dioxide-and-global-change" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change</a>&nbsp;(<span class="caps" style="">CSCDGC</span>)<span style="line-height: 18.59px;">&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 17.6px;">and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/bob-carter" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Bob Carter</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-public-affairs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; line-height: 17.6px;">Institute for Public Affairs (<span class="caps" style="">IPA</span>)</a><span style="line-height: 17.6px;">.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">NIPCC</span>&nbsp;itself is sponsored by&nbsp;the&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">CSCDGC</span>,&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">SEPP</span>, and The Heartland Institute.&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s17" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 17.6px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="caps" style="">CSDGC</span>,&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">IPA</span>, and&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">SEPP</span>&nbsp;are all secretive about their funding sources. Still, available data at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">ExxonSecrets&nbsp;</a>and the&nbsp;<a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Conservative Transparency Project</a>&nbsp;show they have received funding from&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Exxon_Mobil" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">ExxonMobil</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/donors-capital-fund" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Donors Capital Fund</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/scaife-family-foundations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Scaife</a>, and<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-family-foundations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;Koch-related Foundations</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="line-height: 1.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">June 11-12,&nbsp;2015</font></span></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer was a&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630170131/http://climateconference.heartland.org/speakers/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">speaker</a>&nbsp;on Panel 9: “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714194306/http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/63592897" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Climate Change Reconsidered&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">II</span>: Human Welfare, Energy, and Policies</a>,” at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>’s Tenth International Conference on Climate Change (<span class="caps" style="">ICCC10</span>) in Washington, D.C., with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig Idso</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/bob-carter" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Bob Carter</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Christopher Monckton</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s19" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">View S. Fred Singer’s Panel 9 presentation at the Heartland Institute’s&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">ICCC10</span>, below:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s20" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font style="text-decoration-line: none;">[</font><span style="text-decoration-line: none; line-height: 14.3px;">2</span></a>0][vid]</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">may 12,&nbsp;2015</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer is a signatory to an&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913190656/http://cornwallalliance.org/anopenlettertopopefrancisonclimatechange/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">open letter to Pope Francis on climate change</a>. The letter invites the Pope to reconsider his views on climate change before his upcoming encyclical letter on the environment, which is widely expected to call for measures to prevent climate change in the interests of the world's poor.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s21" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The open letter was coordinated and signed by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/calvin-beisner" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Calvin Beisner</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cornwall_Alliance" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Cornwall Alliance</a>.&nbsp;According to the letter, “Good climate policy must recognize human exceptionalism, the God-given call for human persons to 'have dominion' in the natural world (Genesis 1:28), and the need to protect the poor from harm, including actions that hinder their ascent out of poverty.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s21" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another excerpt&nbsp;below:</font></p><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">”[…] the [climate] models are wrong. They therefore provide no rational basis to forecast dangerous human-induced global warming, and therefore no rational basis for efforts to reduce warming by restricting the use of fossil fuels or any other means.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s21" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://desmogblog.com/judith-curry" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Judith Curry</a>&nbsp;comments&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913190908/https://judithcurry.com/2015/04/29/pope-francis-climate-change-and-morality/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">on her blog&nbsp;<em>Climate Etc</em>.&nbsp;</a>that “Arguably the most effective 'pushback' comes from Cal Beisner of the Cornwall Alliance, who coordinated An Open Letter to Pope Francis on Climate Change.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s22" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[22]&nbsp;</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">March,&nbsp;2015</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer is one of several climate change skeptics cc'd on an email from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">S. Fred Singer</a>&nbsp;in hopes of countering the documentary film “Merchants of Doubt,” which exposes the network of climate change skeptics and deniers trying to delay legislative action on climate change. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s23" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The October, 2014 email was leaked to journalists before the documentary was released.&nbsp;“Can I sue for damages?” Singer asked in the email. “Can we get an injunction against the documentary?”<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s23" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>InsideClimate News</em>&nbsp;reports in their article “<a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Leaked Email Reveals Who's Who List of Climate Denialists</a>,” how “Many of those copied on the email thread, such as Singer and communications specialist Steven Milloy, have financial ties to the tobacco, chemical, and oil and gas industries and have worked to defend them since the 1990s.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s23" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>InsideClimate News</em>&nbsp;also documented all those who were cc'd on the email, including the following skeptics and groups:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s23" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></font></p><ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/ron-arnold" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Ron&nbsp;Arnold</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/tim-ball" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Timothy&nbsp;Ball</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-bast" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Joseph “Joe”&nbsp;Bast</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joe-bastardi" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Joe&nbsp;Bastardi</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/michael-bastasch" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Michael&nbsp;Bastasch</font></a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_M.Briggs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">William&nbsp;Briggs</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/russell-cook" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Russell&nbsp;Cook</font></a></li><li><a href="http://desmogblog.com/judith-curry" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Judith&nbsp;Curry</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-d-aleo" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Joe&nbsp;D'Aleo</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-delingpole" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">James&nbsp;Delingpole</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/paul-driessen" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">David Paul&nbsp;Driessen</font></a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_E.Enstrom" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">James&nbsp;Enstrom</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steven-goddard" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Steve&nbsp;Goddard</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pierre&nbsp;Gosselin</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Greenie&nbsp;Watch</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/william-happer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">William&nbsp;Happer</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim&nbsp;Lakely</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Patrick J.&nbsp;Michaels</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steve-milloy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Steven J.&nbsp;Milloy</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Christopher&nbsp;Monckton</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Marc&nbsp;Morano</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joanne-nova" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Joanne&nbsp;Nova</font></a></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Roger_A.Pielke,Sr." target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Roger Pielke Sr.&nbsp;</a>(Or&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Roger_Pielke_Jr." target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Roger Pielke Jr.</a>&nbsp;- Unclear in&nbsp;Email)</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Thomas P.&nbsp;Sheahen</font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">S. Fred&nbsp;Singer</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Wei-Hock (Willie)&nbsp;Soon</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/roy-spencer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Roy&nbsp;Spencer</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-taylor" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">James&nbsp;Taylor</font></a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/anthony-watts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Anthony&nbsp;Watts</font></a></li></ul><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DeSmogBlog covered the emails here: “<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/03/10/merchants-doubt-debut-fred-singer-deniers-lawsuit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Merchants of Doubt Film Debuts, Textbook Denial Attack Campaign Led By Fred Singer Ensues</a>” and DeSmogBlog also&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">archived a full copy of the Singer email thread (<span class="caps" style="">PDF</span>)</a>.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="line-height: 1.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">August 30,&nbsp;2014</font></span></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Marc Morano</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-taylor" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Taylor</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/william-o-keefe" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">William O’Keefe</a>, and Tim Phillips were all featured in the film&nbsp;<a href="http://sonyclassics.com/merchantsofdoubt/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><em>Merchants of Doubt</em></a>, based on the 2010 non-fiction book by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s24" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the film's synopsis on its website,&nbsp;<em>Merchants of Doubt</em>&nbsp;“lifts the curtain on a secretive group of highly charismatic, silver- tongued pundits-for-hire who present themselves in the media as scientific authorities – yet have the contrary aim of spreading maximum confusion about well-studied public threats ranging from toxic chemicals to pharmaceuticals to climate change.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s24" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.03em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">July 7 - 9,&nbsp;2014</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer was a&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154246/http://climateconference.heartland.org/speakers/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">speaker</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>’s Ninth International Conference on Climate Change (<span class="caps" style="">ICCC9</span>) in Las Vegas, Nevada.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s25" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DeSmogBlog has done in-depth research on the other speakers and sponsors from Heartland's&nbsp;<span class="caps" style="">ICCC9</span>, which can be found&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2014/07/08/return-denial-palooza-heartland-institute-hitches-anti-science-wagon-freedomfest" style="text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s26" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">November 30 - December 1,&nbsp;2012</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fred Singer was&nbsp;<a href="http://www.eike-klima-energie.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder_Dateien/5.IKEK_Muenchen/Programme_Climate-Conference_Munich_2012.11.30_V10.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">a speaker (<span class="caps" style="">PDF</span>)</a>&nbsp;at the Eighth International Conference on Climate Change (<span class="caps" style="">ICCC</span>-8)/Fifth International Conference on Climate and Energy (<span class="caps" style="">ICCE</span>-5) sponsored by both the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/european-institute-climate-and-energy" style="text-decoration-line: none;">European Institute for Climate and Energy (<span class="caps" style="">EIKE</span>)</a>. Singer's speech is titled “Checking the Evidence for Man-Made Global Warming.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s27" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></font></p><p class="title" style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">May 21 -&nbsp;23,&nbsp;2012</font></span></p><p class="title" style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fred Singer was a&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622221904/http://climateconference.heartland.org/speakers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">speaker</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>'s 7th International Conference on Climate Change (<span class="caps" style=""><span class="caps" style=""><span class="caps" style="">ICCC7</span></span></span>).&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s28" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DeSmogBlog<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-denial-palooza-sponsors-have-received-67-million-exxonmobil-koch-and-scaife-foundations" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;researched the co-sponsors behind Heartland's&nbsp;<span class="caps" style=""><span class="caps" style=""><span class="caps" style="">ICCC7</span></span></span></a>&nbsp;and found that they had collectively received&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: 700;">over $67 million</span>&nbsp;from ExxonMobil, the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Koch_Brothers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Koch Brothers&nbsp;</a>and the conservative&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Scaife_Foundations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Scaife family foundations</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s29" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">January,&nbsp;2010</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109191954/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/31633524/the_climate_killers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">January 2010 issue of&nbsp;<em>Rolling Stone</em>&nbsp;Magazine</a>, Singer was profiled in the top 17 “polluters and deniers who are derailing efforts to curb global warming.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s30" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[30</a>]</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In an excerpt of the article about “The Climate Killers,” Singer is described as “A former mouthpiece for the tobacco industry” who “is still wheeled out as an authority by big polluters determined to kill climate legislation.”<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s30" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;[30</a>]</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">April,&nbsp;2008</font></span></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer is the editor, and a contributor to the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2008/11/not-the-ipcc-nipcc-report/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">“<span class="caps" style="">NIPCC</span>” report</a>, titled “Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate” (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015734/http://heartland.org/sites/all/modules/custom/heartland_migration/files/pdfs/22835.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="caps" style="">PDF</span></a>).<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer#s31" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;[31]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report is published by the<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heartland_Institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">&nbsp;Heartland Institute</a>, and also gives credit to Singer's&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=SEPP" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Science and Environmental Policy Project (<span class="caps" style="">SEPP</span>).&nbsp;</a>Contributors&nbsp;include:</font></p><ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/dennis-avery" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Dennis Avery</a>,</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/rm-bob-carter" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Carter</a>,</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/richard-s-courtney" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Courtney</a>,</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-d-aleo" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Joseph D'Aleo</a>,</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/vincent-gray" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Vincent Gray</a>,</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/ken-haapala" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Kenneth Haapala</a>,<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" style="text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font color="#000000" /></a><font color="#000000"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig Idso</a>,</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/zbigniew-jaworowski" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Zbigniew Jaworowski</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/madhav-khandekar" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Madhav Khandekar</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/william-kininmonth" style="text-decoration-line: none;">William Kininmonth</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/hans-hj-labohm" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Hans Labohm</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Christopher Monckton</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/tom-segalstad" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Tom Segalstad</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/george-taylor" style="text-decoration-line: none;">George Taylor</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/gerd-rainer-weber" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Gerd Weber</a>,</font></font></font></font></li><li><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and&nbsp;others.</font></font></font></font></li></ul><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">March 8,&nbsp;2007</font></span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></font></font></font></p><div><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;=</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">no lnx</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">|<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/climate/s-fred-singer-dead.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/climate/s-fred-singer-dead.html</a></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>S. Fred Singer, a Leading Climate Change Contrarian, Dies at 95</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Climate and Environment</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Methane Rule Rollback</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Trump’s Changes</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Climate 101</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Is Your Hometown Hotter?</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">S. Fred Singer, a Leading Climate Change Contrarian, Dies at 95</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Derided as a “Merchant of Doubt,” he spent decades trying to refute the evidence of global warming and other environmental risks.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">S. Fred Singer in an undated photo. A physicist, he argued that the threat of climate change was overblown and the effects of global warming would be largely beneficial.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">John Schwartz</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">By John Schwartz</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>April 11, 2020</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">S. Fred Singer, a physicist whose efforts to refute established climate science earned him the enmity of experts, died on April 6 at a nursing facility in Rockville, Md. He was 95.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">His death was confirmed by Rochelle Lieberman, a cousin.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Even as evidence of the human causes of climate change and its risks to the planet coalesced into a scientific certainty, Dr. Singer argued that the threat of climate change was overblown, that efforts to blunt its effects would cause grievous economic damage, and that the effects of global warming would be largely beneficial.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>“Not only was Fred among the first atmospheric experts to publicly question the validity of climate models, but as it became more and more politically incorrect to criticize the models, Fred was unmoved,” said Steven J. Milloy</b>, a climate-change denialist who served on President Trump’s transition team for the Environmental Protection Agency. “<b>He doubled and tripled down on substantive criticism of the models, putting his scientific view ahead of the risks to his stellar career and reputation.”</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But most climate experts saw a humbug.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Dr. Singer was a focus of the book “Merchants of Doubt” (2010), which examined how tobacco and other industries promoted a small group of scientists who worked to muddy the truth on climate change and other environmental risks, including secondhand smoke, asbestos and acid rain. He was one of those, the book’s authors, Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, wrote, who “used their scientific credentials to present themselves as authorities” and “used their authority to try to discredit any science they didn’t like.”</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>In an interview, Dr. Oreskes, who is a historian of science at Harvard University, noted that Dr. Singer singled out reputable climate scientists for personal and professional attack. “I think he did a lot of damage, through literally decades of casting doubt on established science,” she said.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[Climate and Environment ›</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Keep Up on the Latest Climate News</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Updated Aug. 17, 2020</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Here’s what you need to know this week:</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Trump administration finalized a plan to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas companies, which will likely spur a legal battle.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Climate change leaders said the vice-presidential choice of Kamala Harris signaled that Democrats will have a focus on environmental justice.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>This year is poised to be one of the hottest ever and millions are already feeling the pain, but the agony of extreme heat is profoundly unequal across the globe</b>.]</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Before he was a vocal climate-change contrarian, Dr. Singer had an illustrious scientific career. An early rocket scientist whose work was important to the development of earth observation satellites, he was a professor at the University of Maryland, the University of Miami and the University of Virginia, among other institutions, alternating with positions in government.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">From 1962 to 1964, he was director of what was known as the National Weather Satellite Center. He was the deputy assistant secretary for water quality and research at the Department of the Interior from 1967 to 1970 and then, until 1971, the deputy assistant administrator for policy at the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency. From 1987 to 1989, he was chief scientist at the Department of Transportation.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">[ImageDr. Singer wrote or co-wrote more than a dozen books. His most recent opinion article was published when he was 94.]</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Dr. Singer wrote or co-wrote more than a dozen books. His most recent opinion article was published when he was 94.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Despite his accomplishments, said Ms. Lieberman, his cousin, “he wasn’t flashy about things like that.” She recalled that during a visit with him to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington when she was a little girl, she was surprised to find him cited in an exhibition about earth observation satellites. “Why’s his name on this?” she recalled thinking. “I was too young to appreciate it at the time.”</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In 1990, Dr. Singer created the Science and Environmental Policy Project “to challenge government environmental policies based on poor science,” as the group’s website states. He would later try to undercut the work of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by creating a think tank called the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>The U.N. group warned in 1995 that warming “is likely to cause widespread economic, social and environmental dislocation over the next century if emissions of heat-trapping gases are not reduced.” Dr. Singer remained unfazed. “They have no evidence. None,” he told fellow contrarians at a conference in Copenhagen in 2009.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">With the coming of the Trump administration, climate contrarians were once again in demand, and Dr. Singer was considered “the most senior of Mr. Trump’s experts on climate change,” Peter Ferrara, a senior fellow at Heartland, wrote last year in an essay in The Washington Times.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Siegfried Fred Singer was born on Sept. 27, 1924, in Vienna to Joseph Singer, a jeweler, and his wife, Anna, according to the 2004 book “Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation: A Biographical Dictionary.”</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>His family fled the Nazis, sending him to England through the kindertransport program. He made his way to the United States in 1940 and was reunited with his family in Ohio.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He graduated from the Ohio State University with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering in 1943.&nbsp;<b>He signed naturalization papers in 1945, while serving in the Navy. He received a Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1948.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Dr. Singer married Isabel Robbins in 1979; they divorced in 1983. In 1990 he married Candace Carolyn Crandall, who helped set up the Science and Environmental Policy Project. They divorced in 2000. He had no children from either marriage, though he had five stepchildren. A sister, Melanie Watkins, died last year. His survivors include his stepchildren Erin Gifford and Ryan Hill, and a close extended family.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A prolific writer, Dr. Singer published opinion articles in The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal; his most recent for The Journal (which is confuted by reams of data and research) appeared in 2018, when he was 94. He wrote or co-wrote more than a dozen books.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Reacting to Dr. Singer’s death, Andrew Dessler, a climate scientist at Texas A&M University, wrote on Twitter, “I always liked Fred personally,” comparing him to “an irascible uncle who would say the most preposterous things at Thanksgiving and everyone would just roll their eyes.”<b>&nbsp;Dr. Singer occasionally spoke at Professor Dessler’s classes on climate change policy.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In an interview, Professor Dessler stood by his fond description, but added that while Dr. Singer’s early career was respectable, his climate work was deeply flawed.</font></font></font></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“None of the scientific claims he made,” he said, “stood the test of time.”</font></font></font></font></p></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer and happer try to roll Am Physics Society (Chronicle of &nbsp;Higher Ed, w/ Cohen Exxon? mann bk</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.thelimbaughletter.com/thelimbaughletter/february_2019/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1459904#articleId1459904"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.thelimbaughletter.com/thelimbaughletter/february_2019/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1459904#articleId1459904</font></a></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Archive [December 1997]</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no pix lnx</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Fasten your seatbelts — you are about to get some real science from one of the foremost experts on global climate change. In fact, Dr. Singer devised the basic instrument for measuring stratospheric ozone. He was somewhat reluctant to discuss the political aspects of the global warming debate — though I tried. Still, as a scientist, he backed me up … and confirmed things I’ve been saying for years.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Dr. Singer.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Good evening.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: How are you, sir?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Fine. I’m sitting here in Bonn, Germany, looking out at the Rhine River.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Are you in Europe, sir, in order to escape the devastating climatological effects of El Niño?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: [Laughs] No, no. I’m here because I was invited to <b>make a presentation to the Austrian Parliament in Vienna</b>. We did that a few days ago and it was quite exciting.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Did they listen to you?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: They listened. The politicians didn’t agree, but the public did.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Rush:</span> I read your November 10th article, “The Sky Isn’t Falling, and the Ocean Isn’t Rising” in The Wall Street Journal in which you really do destroy the claim that the ocean is rising due to global warming.</b> You explain that sea levels have been rising at the rate of seven inches per century for hundreds of years due to changes in the shape of the ocean basins. Is there any way that this can be blamed on America? And is there a government regulation that can fix it?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: No, and I don’t think we can stop the tides. I don’t think we can stop the earth from going around the sun. There are all sorts of things we can’t stop. Nature has its own way of doing things.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rush: <b>The proponents of the fear-mongering global warming theory are trying to scare Americans into believing that our advanced technological lifestyles are responsible for this</b>. Only if we change, only if we roll back our lifestyle and live in a more primitive fashion are we going to be able to fix the problem. Yet even the proponents of this admit that their data are not conclusive. They say they need five to 20 more years to figure it all out. What’s going on?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: I think it’s even worse here in Europe, because in Europe the public seems to believe a lot of this. In America — thanks to efforts like yours — the public, I think, is quite skeptical. Mr. Clinton is having a very difficult time convincing people that a calamity is about to happen. And I don’t think he’s succeeding.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rush: What scientific evidence could you cite to back up your conclusions on the environment? Because one of the things we’re treated to every day is this mantra that “scientists agree.” For example, this document from the United Nations, this climate control paper, had 2,000 pages and 2,500 signatures. The head of our EPA is constantly saying: “2,500 scientists agree.” And yet, we have learned that the seven-page summary of that 2,000 page document doesn’t at all reflect what’s in the 2,000 pages. The 2,000 pages basically say, we don’t know” and “we can’t prove” and so forth. But the seven-page summary fed to the media declares that global warming is certain. Why this mad dash by some to believe something that isn’t happening?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: These are the points I’ve been making here — and they are not my points really, they are points of a large number of us scientists who all agree on this — people like Pat Michaels of the University of Virginia, my colleague down there, and lots of people from Harvard and MIT and many other institutions. First of all, the data, the <b>actual measurements taken with weather satellites, show conclusively that the climate is not warming.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">It’s been cooling. It’s been getting colder for the last 20 years.</span><b> The surface data we have before then showed that the climate has been changing both up and down, in no particular pattern. It seems to be controlled mainly by the sun</b>. This is what the majority of us are beginning to believe.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Isn’t that a bit radical, Dr. Singer — that the sun may actually have something to do with temperature on earth?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: [Laughs] Well, you might think so. People think the sun is constant. <b>But Dr. Sallie Baliunus at Harvard and others have shown conclusively that the sun is variable</b>. And since the sun varies, the climate will vary as well.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Now I know you base your theories and your conclusions on science, but clearly politics has entered this. Why do you think the President and the Vice President are so insistent on convincing Americans that global warming is happening when it isn’t? And that we are responsible for it when we’re not?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The actual measurements taken with satellites show conclusively that the climate is not warming. It’s been getting colder for the last 20 years.” — Dr. Fred Singer]</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Well, I like to think that they’re misinformed about the science. I like to think that they’ve been listening to the wrong people. What I would really ask them to do, what we have asked them to do, is to <b>have a scientific debate</b>, to permit a scientific debate in which we can hash out all of our differences. We’ll bring our data. Let them bring their data. Then we’ll see how it comes out.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: And have they accepted that?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: Not so far. We find it very difficult to get other scientists, those who support the position of the United Nations and the Administration to debate. They won’t debate. Instead they just call us names.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: At a scientific conference in October, the Vice President compared any doubts over global warming to the tobacco companies denying links between smoking and cancer.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: This is typical of the names we’re being called. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt calls people who disagree with him “un-American.” He thinks we shouldn’t disagree with him.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: This hasn’t deterred you.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: It’s preposterous.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: But this is clearly political pressure. What about your colleagues on the same side as you — <b>are they able to withstand the political pressure? Obviously, they’re not going to get government grants for their research. </b>Are they able to withstand the pressure and still maintain the purity of their beliefs?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: It’s a tough situation. You’ll find that the younger scientists who depend very much on grants and contracts from the government for research are very careful about what they say. They may agree with us in private. In fact, they tell us that they agree with us, but they won’t sign their names to it. More mature scientists, scientists who have tenure or scientists who are retired, have no hesitation about speaking out.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush:<b> So <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">junk science </span>and propaganda is threatening good science?</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: That, I think, is it in a nutshell.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rush: A professor of physics at Purdue, now deceased, a gentleman named L.L. Van Zandt, wrote a letter in 1992 in National Review about CO2. He said that human activity releases 6 billion tons of CO2 a year. Nonhuman activity, such as oceans, trees and volcanos, etc., releases 200 billion tons of CO2 a year. How can we possibly as humanity be causing catastrophe when our contribution is so infinitesimal?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: Our contribution is indeed small. But it does make a difference — because CO2 has been rising in the atmosphere.<b> I’m willing to accept the fact that humans are making a contribution to CO2 in the atmosphere. But that’s not quite the point. The point is, does it have any effect on the climate? That we don’t see yet.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Wouldn’t we by now?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Singer: We should have. But we don’t. If CO2 really has an effect the way their theory says it does, then we should be seeing a very substantial warming. Instead, as I mentioned, the weather satellites, the best global data we have, show a cooling over the last 20 years.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: So this sounds to me as if it’s inarguable. It’s not even debatable. Yet they won’t debate you. So you have some scientists who persist in perpetuating a false premise. It has to be political. What is their ultimate aim?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: I suppose different people have different motives. I like to believe that scientists are basically honest. They may be misinformed. They may be believing in their own theories.<b> They may believe in mathematical models instead of measurements</b>. A lot of people are like that. They will reject measurements because they don’t fit in with the theoretical results that they’re working on.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Maybe so, but that is strange if the data are as conclusive as you seem to think they are. I’m by no means a scientist, but the satellite data is plenty for me, plus everything else that you and your colleagues have researched and presented. If it’s enough for me as a non-scientist to understand it, what is there possibly for these scientists to gain by looking at this data and ignoring it to pursue this agenda?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: They look at other data that show different results. We explain that these other data really cannot match the satellite data, because the satellite data are the only global data that we have — the only instruments that cover the whole globe twice a day, 30,000 measurements a day; measurements with instruments that are accurate, that are not affected by urban effects or by all kinds of disturbances that occur on the ground. We do have the best data, I’m convinced of that. My scientific career is really based on satellites and remote sensing. I was in charge of the weather satellite service for the U.S. government.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: You sound reluctant to discuss the motives of those who disagree with you. You’re content to suggest that you and they are in the midst of a scientific disagreement. But I tell you, I do question their motives.<b> It seems to me if you’re going to ignore facts in pursuit of an agenda, you have to have a reason for it, or a payoff. </b>You’ve got to have something to gain by doing it. And I’m curious to know what you think that might be.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: I think the<b> agenda </b>many people have — and I won’t single out scientists now, but many people, politicians and the public — is they want to reduce the use of energy. They want to eliminate energy from our daily lives. Well, that’s a hopeless task. But they’ve tried to do that now for a long time. You may remember something called the <b>Club of Rome.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Oh, yes.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: They said, “We’re going to run out of oil in ten years, so we’ve got to stop using energy.” They said that in 1970. Of course, we haven’t run out of oil. We’ve got more oil now than we had in 1970, because we found so much. A few years later, there was the oil crisis. Again they said, “We’ve got to stop using oil” — this time because “the Arabs control the oil and they’re going to be rich and we’re going to be poor.” Well, Japan doesn’t have any oil and they became very rich; and we’re not doing too badly either, compared to other countries, and we import more oil than anybody else.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Right<b>. If it weren’t for NAFTA, who knows how well we might be doing.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Singer: Now their latest excuse is global warming. To many people, global warming is just an excuse to restrict the use of energy. And they want to do that because they would like to stop economic growth.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Ah! And for what reason would they like to stop economic growth?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: A number of reasons. There are some people who want to do this so they can collect taxes on energy. Energy taxes. <b>BTU taxes.</b> Other people want to stop economic development because they think it’s bad for nature. They think man is an enemy of nature. There are people who are <b>extreme in this matter and believe that human beings really don’t belong on this world.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Human beings are not natural.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Singer: Right. And there’s another group of people who see it as an opportunity for a kind of world government. </span>They think if we can control energy use throughout the world, then we’ve got to have an authority, a world authority, that assigns energy <b>quotas,</b> that keeps track of how much energy’s being used everywhere. We have inspectors who will come and tell us whether we’re up to our quota or exceeding our quota. They will sanction us or fine us or do other things to us. They think that’s a great idea.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rush: Would you put the Vice President in any of these categories?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: I hate to do that. I don’t know where he stands on these issues personally. All I know is that he is misinformed. And I would love to be able to tell him what the real facts are.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Well, you probably could any day of the week. The real question is whether he would listen to you. That’s the problem.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: That’s right. He’s referred to us as the kind of people who believe global warming is the <b>empirical equivalent of the Easter Bunny. </b>Those are his words.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rush: But when he compares you to tobacco companies denying a link between smoking and cancer, <b>he’s now saying you’re killing people</b>. He’s saying people like you and me and others who share your interpretation of your data are really no different than people who want to go out and willingly kill people.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Singer: Yeah, well, we’re used to that. But the funny thing is, if the climate did warm — and it does warm from time to time and it cools from time to time — whenever climate warms, it’s good for people. Agriculture benefits. We have longer growing seasons. We have fewer frosts. More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere makes plants grow faster.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Rush: Yes. Replenishes the rain forest.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Singer: We get more precipitation. Farmers get more rain. And what we’ve just discovered is that the sea level will not rise as fast — it may even go down if it warms.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: As your piece in The Wall Street Journal explains.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Right. And this is based on the analysis of data. Real data.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: The proponents of this fear-mongering recite this statistic: “The United States has five percent of the world’s population but we consume 20 percent of the world’s resources.” This is supposedly bad — even <b>though the use of these resources ends up basically feeding the world. </b>We share our technological advancement with the world; the world’s a better place because of our freedom and our use of these resources. What do they mean when they say that’s too much usage, that we’ve got to make it more equitable and fair? Aren’t they really saying that we’ve got to make the U.S. civilization and lifestyle more primitive or less advanced?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“To many people, global warming is an excuse to restrict the use of energy — because they would like to stop economic growth.” — Dr. Fred Singer]</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Yes. We use a lot of energy because we produce goods. And we produce goods for the rest of the world. We export food. We export all sorts of things to the rest of the world, which provide jobs and advance our welfare. I think what we should do is to bring the rest of the world up to our level rather than go down to their level.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Rush: Right. So one might say that the problem with the world is an unequal distribution of capitalism, not too much usurpation of resources.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: Capital is quite willing to go to other countries where the economic climate is favorable — where the authorities are oriented toward capitalism, not socialism.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Precisely. Well, we’ve got the <b>big climate control conference coming up in December in Kyoto, Japan.</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Yes, and I’ll be there.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: What do you expect to happen there, Dr. Singer?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: Not much.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: That would be good, wouldn’t it?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: [Laughs] Yes. Look, I don’t see countries getting together on a single goal. The Europeans have really gone overboard. When we spoke to the Parliament in Austria last week, we told them they’re committing economic suicide. We can’t stop them if they want to do that, but we certainly don’t want to join them. And I think they’re looking to us to join them. In fact they would like for us to lead the parade. They want us to commit economic suicide first.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Probably so that they won’t have to, is the bottom line. Well, I know you’re shying away from any political interpretation here, but I’m going to try to ask you this question anyway. <b>The Vice President has his entire political future wrapped up in this issue.</b> As I look at winners and losers in the global warming debate, I see the biggest loser as Vice President Gore. If somehow this theory is debunked, and if the Kyoto conference doesn’t go the way he wants it to, his entire foundation for the future of his political career has been undermined. And that’s why I worry that something other than nothing will occur in Kyoto.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: If something does happen in Kyoto, if we do go the way of restricting energy use in the United States by rationing or by taxes, then working people will really suffer. The labor unions are very strongly against Kyoto, and as you know, Al Gore’s support depends to a large extent on labor unions. So he’s in a very tough position. It will be interesting to see what he does.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: I’m glad you have the optimism about Kyoto that you do. Since there’s so much false data that is being treated as true and being acted upon as though it’s true, people are a little bit pessimistic. Let me ask you — if cooling may be going on, how would it manifest itself? How would cooling affect our climate, globe and economy?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: If it should cool — and you know the climate does change all the time — that would be not very good for us. Particularly it would be bad for developing countries, because they don’t have the resources we have to defend ourselves against a worsening climate. Generally, a cooler climate is considered bad. It requires more heat. It requires more energy. It is also bad for agriculture. If we look back into history, we see that all the tough periods in human history occurred when the climate was cold.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Rush: Now if indeed the scientists who disagree with you were right, that we are experiencing a tremendous warming caused by human activity and output of CO2, is there anything that we could do to stop it?</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Singer: I don’t think we can and I don’t think we should.</b> I think the best thing to do is to adjust to any climate change, as we have adjusted to climate changes in the past. After all, we adjust to climate change throughout the year, from winter to summer. We adjust to climate change when we move to the south. In past history, people have moved from the frozen north in Scandinavia all the way into Italy and Spain. They’ve done pretty well. Adjustment is the key; and adjustment is easy if we have a good economy. So we need to protect our economy, we need to make sure that people have enough resources, help poor people get resources so they can adjust, if climate should change either way, either cold or hot.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Rush: When gigantic ozone holes have supposedly been discovered at the South Pole, human activity and primarily human activity in the United States has been blamed. My question to you is this: If it became the policy of the United States government, for whatever reason, to destroy 100 percent of the ozone layer in the stratosphere, could we do it?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Singer: No. No, the ozone layer in the stratosphere is constantly being replenished by the sun. You can make it thinner for a short time with a lot of effort, but you cannot destroy it.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Does it stand to reason then that if we tried to destroy it and couldn’t — could we then destroy it when we’re not trying to?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Singer: The ozone varies up and down all the time, from day to day. Tremendous variations. It’s hard to say whether, in fact, there is a general tendency in global ozone. Certainly there is a thinning, which we call the hole, in the Antarctic. But that’s a temporary phenomenon. It occurs every October and then the ozone comes back again. So ozone always recovers because the sun, solar radiation, always makes more. [See The Way Things Ought to Be excerpt above.]</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rush: Thank you, Dr. Singer, for your time. I’ve enjoyed talking to you very much.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer: I enjoyed talking to you.</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr. Singer, professor emeritus of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia and president of The Science & Environmental Policy Project in Fairfax, VA, is author of Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate (<b>Independent Institute, 1997)</b></font></font></font></font></div></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2x?</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the_father_of_global_warming_skepticism_an_interview_with_s_fred_singer"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the_father_of_global_warming_skepticism_an_interview_with_s_fred_singer</font></a></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">interview 11/01 ashley thorne</font></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/biosfs.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;">S. Fred Singer</a>&nbsp;is a man you should know about. He is a genius in the literal sense and a key figure in one of the biggest policy debates of our day. A pioneer in rocket science, weather satellites, and air traffic control; an expert in oil economics and the Earth’s atmosphere; and the author of numerous scholarly books, Dr. Singer is a distinguished and respected scientist. He is professor emeritus of environmental science at the&nbsp;University&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virginia, and he was the founding Dean of the School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences at the University of Miami (1964-1967) and the Director of the Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Maryland (1953-1962).</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition, he is the founder and president of the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sepp.org/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;">Science & Environmental Policy Project</a>&nbsp;(SEPP), an organization that, among other things, seeks to promote scientific integrity in research on global warming. The National Association of Scholars, as we have stated before, takes no position on global warming. Our interest in it is to promote a full debate of this controversial subject so that both sides are heard. We recently learned of SEPP and wanted to know more about the organization and its leadership. Dr. Singer graciously agreed to an interview; below are his answers to our questions.&nbsp;<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />At his request, we are also publishing his review of Rachel White Scheuering’s book,&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation</i>, which includes a profile of Dr. Singer that he says is “dominated by false information.” The Wikipedia page for Dr. Singer relies heavily on Scheuering’s book.&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If you happen to be in Southern California this Wednesday, January 5, you can hear directly from Dr. Singer when he speaks at the American Freedom Alliance Literary Cafe (see&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nas.org/documents/AFA_Singer.pdf" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;">flyer</a>).&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>: You have held distinguished positions in many government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. But Rachel White Scheuering calls you a free-market environmentalist in&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. She writes, “Free-market environmentalists like Singer adhere to the philosophy that market principles and incentives are enough to spur the conservation of resources and the protection of environmental quality.” Do you believe the government has any role to play in environmental policy-making?&nbsp;</font></span></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: First of all, Scheuering is not a reliable source.&nbsp;She claims to have interviewed me but in fact never did.&nbsp;I attach a review I did of her book and urge you to print it.&nbsp;It corrects many misstatements about my career. &nbsp;</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">With respect to your question, I do see a role for government in setting ambient quality standards for air and water and then leaving it up to the states to implement these in the best possible way.&nbsp;One can use nuisance suits (torts) to settle disputes between two parties, but when there are a multiplicity of sources this becomes infeasible.&nbsp;That is why we have emission standards for automobiles, for example. &nbsp;</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">Five years before Sputnik was launched, you had designed the MOUSE, the Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth. According to Wikipedia, you were “one of the first scientists to urge the launching of earth satellites for scientific observation.” And “the&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Baltimore News Post&nbsp;</i>reported in 1957 that had [your] arguments about the need for satellites been heeded, the U.S. could have beaten Russia by launching the first earth satellite.” You are familiar with skepticism to your ideas. Many times you’ve made predictions that went unheeded but turned out to be right. Why do you think you’ve faced so much incredulity?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: The U.S. satellite program got caught up in interagency and interservice disputes.&nbsp;The U.S. Army could have launched a satellite as early as 1955 if Project Orbiter had been allowed to proceed.&nbsp;However, President Eisenhower insisted that a U.S. satellite cannot use a military rocket system for civilian satellites.&nbsp;In addition, the U.S. Navy had a preferred system, called Vanguard, based on the development of the Viking rocket.&nbsp;Their first attempt to launch a grapefruit-sized satellite failed.&nbsp;The Army was then able to launch Explorer 1 in 1958, using boosters developed by Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, AL.&nbsp;Interestingly, the U.S. Air Force tried to steal their thunder in a project called Far Side, for which I supplied the basic design and also a cosmic-ray instrumentation package.&nbsp;Far Side was not a satellite but a four-stage rocket launched from a balloon (to overcome air resistance).&nbsp;It was designed to reach an altitude of 4000 miles in vertical flight.&nbsp;However, the launch attempts, which were rushed through just days after Sputnik, failed and therefore the radiation belts were not discovered until a year later by Explorer 1.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">You founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) in 1990 to “clarify the diverse problems facing the planet and, where necessary, arrive at effective, cost-conscious solutions.” Today, confronting the politicization of climate science is SEPP’s signature issue; was it the reason you established SEPP in the first place? How did you know there was a need for such an organization? What were the scientific controversies at the time?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: Initially, SEPP dealt with a variety of environmental issues, including radon, asbestos, acid rain, and ozone depletion.&nbsp;Even though my background was mainly in atmospheric physics, SEPP involvement in the climate issue came about only slowly during the 1990s.&nbsp;For example, I had organized a symposium on “Global Effects of Environmental Pollultion” as early as 1968 and published a book by that title.&nbsp;In 1988, while still chief scientist of the Department of Transportation, I became concerned about the hype concerning global warming and published a lengthy op-ed in the&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Wall Street Journal</i>.&nbsp;In 1995, after attending the IPCC meetings in Madrid and then in Rome, I drafted the Leipzig Declaration.&nbsp;In 1997, I published&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hot-Talk-Cold-Science-Unfinished/dp/094599981X" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Hot Talk, Cold Science</i></a>, and its second edition in 1999.&nbsp;I am currently completing the third edition.&nbsp;Since then I have been quite active in both scientific publications and popular ones.&nbsp;In 2007, I published (with Dennis Avery) the book&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Unstoppable-Global-Warming-Updated-Expanded/dp/0742551245/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1292953276&sr=1-2" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1500 Years</i></a>; quite unexpectedly it turned out to be a&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">New York Times</i>&nbsp;bestseller.&nbsp;In 2008, I published a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sepp.org/publications/NIPCC_final.pdf" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;">summary report</a>&nbsp;of the NIPCC (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change*), and the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nipccreport.org/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; cursor: pointer;">full report</a>&nbsp;(with Craig Idso) in 2009.&nbsp;Most recently, in December 2010, I submitted three scientific papers for publication.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">I’d like to clarify a few of your basic scientific views. First, do you dispute the basic idea that a planet’s atmospheric temperature is directly related to the composition of gases in the atmosphere?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: Of course not.&nbsp;We all accept the fact that the greenhouse effects of atmospheric CO2 and water vapor (primarily) produce tolerable temperatures for the planet Earth.&nbsp;The global warming controversy, however, refers to effects of incremental additions of CO2.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);">&nbsp;</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><span style="background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);">Do you dispute the claims that increases of CO</span><span style="background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">2&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);">in Earth’s atmosphere are raising global temperatures?</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Do you </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">dispute</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> the idea that emissions of CO<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">2</span>&nbsp;from human activities are a significant cause of global warming?</span></span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: The basic answer to both questions is </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">yes.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(254, 254, 254);">It is based on the evidence that the observations do not show the characteristic “fingerprints” that one would expect from a global warming produced by greenhouse gases.&nbsp;This conclusion derives directly from IPCC data.&nbsp;We have published it in 2004 and in 2007 in peer-reviewed journals</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">; it forms the centerpiece of the 2008 NIPCC summary report (published by the Heartland Institute).</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">If global warming is occurring, is it bad for life on Earth?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: My reading of the work of leading economists is that a modest warming would increase GNP and raise the standard of living of much of the world’s population.&nbsp;Conversely, expending huge sums to “combat climate change” would slow economic growth, diminish standards of living, and increase poverty—in addition to being completely ineffective and wasting resources.</font></span></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">Let’s talk about your organization’s relationship with the IPCC.</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">SEPP made headlines in 1996 when it discovered that significant deletions and alterations had been made to a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Specifically, a chapter dealing with the detection and attribution of causes of global warming had been tampered with after the unpublished draft was approved. SEPP spoke out about this corruption in the&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Wall Street Journal</i>, sparking an explosive debate. When you first got involved in the IPCC scandal, did global warming controversy differ in tone from that of today? In 1996, were scientists and political leaders more open to “climate change skepticism”?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: The&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Wall Street Journal</i>&nbsp;article was written and published by the late Dr. Frederick Seitz, then the chairman of SEPP.&nbsp;[Seitz was reckoned to be one of the most distinguished American physicists of the 20th century: a former president of the National Academy of Sciences, of the American Physical Society, of the Rockefeller University, and holder of the National Medal of Science.]</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I would say that both scientists and political leaders have become more accepting of “climate change skepticism” – possibly because of the revelations of the e-mails of Climategate.&nbsp;The public also has developed much skepticism about the causes of global warming and even its existence.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">In your opinion what factors have led to the closed-mindedness (toward “climate change skepticism”) we see today?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: Such closed-mindedness exists among scientists who have made a major career investment, among politicians who have made major prestige commitments, and of course among many industries and groups that stand to benefit financially from the lavish subsidies provided by governments.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">NAS</i>:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">Was SEPP’s response to the IPCC report alteration the first significant instance that the anthropogenic climate change theory met a challenge by scientists?</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; line-height: 32px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;" mort="mort" modern="modern" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Singer</i>: I would say that our intervention in 1996 threw doubt on the evidence backing the IPCC conclusion.&nbsp;However, my 1997 book,&nbsp;<i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Hot Talk, Cold Science&nbsp;</i>(published by the Independent Insitute), clearly showed the disparity between surface and atmospheric trends, which was contrary to the theory supporting global warming. ....</font></font></font></font></p></div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ref 2 desmog</font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2019/11/18/how-climategate-laid-foundations-fake-news-era" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.desmog.co.uk/2019/11/18/how-climategate-laid-foundations-fake-news-era</font></a></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">l<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/nigel-lawson" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">ord Lawson</a>&nbsp;</b>stepped to the curb hailing a taxi. We had both been at an event in a swish Fleet Street hotel discussing illegal phone hacking by journalists. I had followed him out onto the pavement and asked whether the<b>&nbsp;hacking of scientists' emails from the servers of the British university had been unethical — as well as criminal. “It was a whistleblower,”</b>&nbsp;he scowled. The black taxi took off, leaving me in a cloud of&nbsp;diesel.</font></font></font></font></div><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Another Lord, though of a different stripe,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Lord Monckton</a>, I have met many times. The one that comes to mind is when he was the star turn during a fringe event of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/04/27/pope-francis-should-answer-exxonmobil-rather-god-imply-climate-deniers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">climate deniers near the Vatican</a>&nbsp;in April 2015. I began by asking whether he, as a Catholic, believed the Pope could in fact be fallible when pronouncing climate change the challenge of our age. Before I knew where we were, the faux peer was accusing Barack Obama of being the centre of a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/11/27/madness-viscount-monckton-descends-paris-conference" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">global Communist-Fascist conspiracy</a>.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Dr&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">S Fred Singer</a>&nbsp;I interviewed at a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/7bap4x/las-vegas-climate-change-denial-brendan-montague-101" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Heartland Institute conference in Las Vegas</a>, the United States, back in 2014. He spoke quietly and softly, explaining his role in recruiting Lawson, the former British chancellor, to the climate denial cause. This mattered because Singer is the grandfather of the denial of climate science, and has been&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2014/12/10/fred-singer-granddaddy-fake-science-retires-sepp-president" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">associated with both tobacco</a>&nbsp;and oil&nbsp;companies.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>These three men were influential in turning&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/climategate-10-years" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Climategate</a>&nbsp;into an international scandal 10 years ago&nbsp;now.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Creating a&nbsp;storm</font></strong></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The illegal hacking of thousands of private emails between climate scientists, both at the University of East Anglia and elsewhere,&nbsp;and their publication in November 2009 was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;supposed to be the smoking gun which&nbsp;proved that hundreds of highly respected, indentured university scientists working around the world had conspired together to exaggerate the risks from climate&nbsp;breakdown.</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>The target of the hack attack had&nbsp;been&nbsp;Pennsylvania State University&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/03/04/who-michael-mann-and-why-do-climate-deniers-hate-him" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Professor Michael Mann</a>, the author of the first&nbsp;<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/what-hockey-stick-graphs-tell-us-about-recent-climate-change" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">‘Hockey Stick’ graph</a>&nbsp;</b>which showed a dramatic uptick in average global temperatures following hundreds of years of a fairly stable climate.&nbsp;<b><a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2014/09/03/integrity-science-and-politics-integrity-lawson-jones" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Professor Phil Jones</a>&nbsp;was collateral damage: accused of academic dishonesty, hauled in front of a powerful Parliamentary committee to answer these trumped up charges, his life’s work unfairly called into question. He&nbsp;<a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/climatechange/7180154/Climategate-Professor-Phil-Jones-considered-suicide-over-email-scandal.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">considered suicide</a>.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"><b>Climategate should have been a storm in a teacup. The emails revealed nothing new. A few choice phrases were taken out of context, twisted, and presented as damning evidence. It was Lord Lawson who turned it into a crisis for climate&nbsp;science.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>He launched the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/global-warming-policy-foundation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Global Warming Policy Foundation (<span class="caps">GWPF</span>)</a>&nbsp;in Parliament just in time to make best use of the faux scandal, toured the newspaper offices using his reputation as Thatcher’s one time chancellor to persuade editors to take the event seriously, and called&nbsp;on his&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Tory friends to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2014/09/29/david-go-green-cameron-s-top-donors-financing-climate-denial" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">open their cheque-books</a></span>&nbsp;to fund his opaque think&nbsp;tank.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The&nbsp;<span class="caps">GWPF</span>&nbsp;scored some initial successes. Lawson is said to have persuaded his former friend, Lionel Barber, until recently the editor of the&nbsp;<b>Financial Times</b>, to take the Climategate fiasco seriously. This in turn likely influenced the Guardian in its decision to run day after day of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/hacked-climate-science-emails" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">coverage of the hacked emails</a>, and its reporters’ fruitless attempt to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/jul/20/climategate-detective-disappointed-catch-hacker" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">find the hacker</a>.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Lawson was also influential in the decision of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12269493" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Science and Technology Committee</a>&nbsp;of the House of Commons to launch its investigation — trapping Professor Jones under the cameras and the hot lights to answer evidently preposterous allegations</b>. Lawson, even during a hearing which he had been influential in being opened, refused to say who was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1254763/Lord-Lawson-labelled-climate-alarmists.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">funding his new thinktank</a>.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Manufacturing&nbsp;denial</font></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Alongside Lawson,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/09/08/who-was-actually-behind-lord-lawson-s-idea-create-global-warming-policy-foundation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Singer</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2014/09/08/lawson-and-monckton-row-over-climate-science-campainging" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">Monckton were also there</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;from the very beginning and had significant roles to play in the development of the&nbsp;</span><span class="caps" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GWPF</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer was among&nbsp;<a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">the first climate deniers</a>&nbsp;in the world, indeed when he entered the fray most climate scientists were aware of the complexity and contingency in the research. It was firmly established that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused heating, and that the amount pumped out through the use of fossil fuels was inextricably rising. But issues like the sensitivity of the atmosphere to change and how quickly this would change was still hotly&nbsp;debated.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/02/04/how-tobacco-shills-inspired-climate-denial" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Singer worked with the Atlas Economic Research Foundation</a>&nbsp;(now&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/atlas-economic-research-foundation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Atlas Network</a>) in the United States. The foundation was primarily concerned with promoting free market,&nbsp;<b>neoliberal economics. Friedrich von Hayek was the intellectual inspiration. He argued that any regulation would distort the market, leading to&nbsp;hardship.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This ideology was very much in the ascendancy around the world: Lord Lawson has been its “chief architect” in the&nbsp;<span class="caps">UK</span>&nbsp;and as chancellor had torn apart the regime of financial regulations.&nbsp;</span>But as well as causing economic collapse in many of the economies where it was tested, neoliberalism now faced the challenge posed by climate science — which would inevitably lead to calls to stop (or regulate, or tax) fossil fuel&nbsp;use.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[pix clatham hse]</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Atlas Foundation turned to Singer for help.</b>&nbsp;The physicist had previously&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/no-apology-is-owed-dr-s-fred-singer-and-none-will-be-forthcoming" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">worked with the tobacco industry</a>&nbsp;deliberately creating smoke and mirrors around the increasing scientific consensus that smoking caused cancer. The foundation received money from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/atlas-economic-research-foundation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">oil industry</a>, including&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Koch Industries</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/exxonmobil-funding-climate-science-denial" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">ExxonMobil</a>, and was instrumental in&nbsp;<a href="https://tobaccotactics.org/index.php?title=Atlas_Network" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">founding the Institute of Economic Affairs</a>&nbsp;(<span class="caps">IEA</span>) in the&nbsp;<span class="caps">UK</span>.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;It was a trustee of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/06/11/do-you-know-when-lord-lawson-first-began-talking-about-climate-change" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><span class="caps">IEA</span>&nbsp;— David Henderson</a>&nbsp;— who&nbsp;first approached Lord Lawson at an event hosted by&nbsp;the London School of Economics&nbsp;and persuaded him to take up the cause of climate&nbsp;denial</span>.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Lord Monckton also had a part to play</b>. A viscount, Monckton was born into money, but despite his&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/aug/11/lords-climate-christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">rather eccentric denials</a>, actually missed out on becoming a member of the House of Lords when hereditary peers were abolished.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The viscount worked for a very short period for Thatcher’s policy unit. He later&nbsp;<a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1370668/Inventor-to-sell-home-after-1m-puzzle-is-solved.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">lost £1m in prize money</a>&nbsp;when he launched a puzzle betting no-one could crack it. They&nbsp;could.</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Monckton became something of a hero to the climate denier community when he published a two-page rant in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1533290/Climate-chaos-Dont-believe-it.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Sunday Telegraph</a>&nbsp;claiming that he alone had exposed the fatal flaw of the science of climate change. The rather eccentric ramblings had originally been drafted as a report for a private investor (<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2015/08/06/mystery-man-behind-monckton-s-conversion-climate-denial" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">with an historic interest in<b>fracking</b></a><b>).&nbsp;</b>He was also instrumental in&nbsp;<a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/12/01/lord-moncktons-summary-of-climategate-and-its-issues/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">formulating talking points</a>&nbsp;from the Climategate scandal for climate science deniers across the&nbsp;world.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[pix congress?!]</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Monckton — if you believe his side of the story — advised Lawson to establish the&nbsp;<span class="caps">GWPF</span>&nbsp;and take up his new climate denier cause —&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2014/09/08/lawson-and-monckton-row-over-climate-science-campainging" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">attacking science</a>&nbsp;rather than policy. He also claimed to have recommended Dr Benny Peiser — who wrote his dissertation on whether people are more athletically active in the summer — as the head of the charity. Peiser denied this version of events, desperate to distance Lawson and the think tank from the discredited and conspiracy-prone&nbsp;Monckton.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Political&nbsp;game</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Lawson once boasted that he was responsible for what he (modestly) called Lawson’s Law: he advised the Tory party not to fight elections based on what the electorate actually cared about, but instead to persuade the electorate to care about what the Tory party could win an election&nbsp;on</span>.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lawson did not advise fake news, but it encouraged a distortion of reality that has seriously undermined our politics. It opened the&nbsp;floodgates.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Along the way, the&nbsp;<span class="caps">GWPF</span>&nbsp;has gotten into bed with the wildest of right-wing neoliberal think tanks, becoming&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/55-tufton-street" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">intimately entwined</a>&nbsp;with those responsible for serious spin and corporate lobbying around&nbsp;Brexit.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lawson himself was instrumental in the Vote Leave campaign (before applying for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/31/brexiter-nigel-lawson-applies-french-residency-vote-leave" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">residency in France</a>). He was happy to appeal to reactionary populism to settle scores within the Tory&nbsp;party.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">One consequence of this is that&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/nigel-farage" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Nigel Farage</a>&nbsp;long ago adopted the tactics of his namesake. Farage has dabbled in climate denial. He has gone further in stirring up populism. He is the master of scapegoating. And he is forever throwing “dead cats” into the political arena, keeping us constantly focused on our relationship with the&nbsp;<span class="caps">EU</span>. And in doing so, his Brexit Party — a party&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2019/11/11/election-2019-here-are-all-brexit-party-s-climate-science-deniers" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">riddled with a Lawsonian brand of climate science denial</a>&nbsp;— came close to destroying Lawson’s Tory party while continuing to push the&nbsp;<span class="caps">UK</span>&nbsp;towards the hardest of&nbsp;Brexits.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Moving&nbsp;on</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Lawson, Monckton, and Singer have all quietly fallen off the radar. But their legacy, honed through the manufactured scandal of Climategate, lives&nbsp;on.</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lawson made himself chairman of the&nbsp;<span class="caps">GWPF</span>&nbsp;for life, but age has — with the same inevitability as climate breakdown — taken its toll and he has retired from climate politics to his<b>&nbsp;beautiful mansion in the south of France</b>. The&nbsp;<span class="caps">GWPF</span>&nbsp;lost the argument. It is now ineffective, losing support, and should soon be defunct.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmog.co.uk/2014/12/10/fred-singer-granddaddy-fake-science-retires-sepp-president" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Singer has long retired</a>&nbsp;from his think tank. Monckton is still attacking the Pope, but to no&nbsp;effect.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From climate denial and the fakest of fake news, to corporate lobbying and media spin — you reap&nbsp;what you&nbsp;sow.</font></font></font></font></p><p align="left" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span open="Open" sans="Sans" arial="Arial" helvetica="Helvetica" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" /></font></font></font></font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></font></font></font></div></div><div style=""><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">CLIFFSNOTES SHORTFORM EXCERPT:</font></font></div><div style=""><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What was Roger Revelle’s impact on the climate change debate? How did doubt-mongering threaten to discredit him?</font></font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In their book&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Merchants of Doubt</b></span>, Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway take on individuals or groups who seek to discredit science that they perceive to be a threat to their agenda. One of the targets of a doubt-mongering campaign was Al Gore’s mentor—Roger Revelle.</font></font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Read more to learn about Roger Revelle and the merchants of doubt.</font></font></p><font color="#000000"><span id="more-42359" open="Open" sans="Sans" font-size="font-size" px="px" margin="margin" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><h2 open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border="border" outline="outline" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 34px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roger Revelle Enters the Climate Change Debate</font></h2><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1965, Roger Revelle summarized the possible impacts of the warming caused by CO<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex;">2</span>.&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There were still a lot of unknowns, so he focused on the sea-level rise because it seemed the most certain.</span>&nbsp;He estimated that by 2000, there could be notable changes in climate because there would be 25% more atmospheric CO<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex;">2</span>. As the planet warmed, sea ice would increase in size due to thermal expansion (volume increases when material warms up), and this would push water farther inland.</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lyndon Johnson read the report but had bigger problems (such as the Vietnam War) and didn’t do anything about it. The next president, Nixon, did consider atmospheric changes, but he was focused on the greenhouse gas effects of water (from supersonic transports (SSTs)), not CO<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex;">2</span>.</font></p><h2 open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border="border" outline="outline" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 34px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Discrediting Roger Revelle</font></h2><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roger Revelle was an important voice in the climate change discussion. He was also Al Gore’s mentor, so&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">if the merchants of doubt (MODs) could make it look like Revelle had changed his opinion on global warming, it would not only sow doubt, it would hurt Gore’s 1992 presidential campaign,</span>&nbsp;which focused on the environment.</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fred Singer attended one of Revelle’s talks and approached him about writing an article together that would be called “What To Do about Greenhouse Warming: Look Before You Leap.” Revelle agreed but shortly after, he had a heart attack. An operation saved him, but there were further complications and his health deteriorated.&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">He and Singer continued working on the article&nbsp;</span>(though Revelle appeared to have lost enthusiasm),&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">and Revelle may not have been able to look closely or check changes due to his health.</span></font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">While still working with Revelle, Singer wrote his own article with almost the same title&nbsp;</span>(“What To Do about Greenhouse Warming”). This article reused the Marshall Institute’s work and focused on uncertainty.</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In February 1991, Singer and Revelle met to discuss their paper.&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">They argued about how sensitive the climate was to CO</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex;">2</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span>&nbsp;The current draft of the paper claimed that the warming would be “well below the normal year to year variation” and less than 1 degree Celsius. Revelle corrected the numbers in the margin. Singer ultimately cut the numbers, so the next draft read that a “modest average warming” and still contained the phrase about the warming being below the normal variation.&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The historical record doesn’t show whether Revelle ultimately agreed to this wording, but everyone who knew him expected he hadn’t.&nbsp;</span>Revelle was well aware of natural variability because he was a geologist (natural variability is determined from paleoclimate data).</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The article appeared in&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cosmos</em>&nbsp;(a non-scientific journal with low circulation) and&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">because Revelle was listed as the second author, it looked like he had agreed that the warming wasn’t significant or outside of normal.</span>&nbsp;One of Revelle’s colleagues stated that Revelle was embarrassed by the paper (Revelle died shortly after it came out).&nbsp;</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While few scientists read&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cosmos</em>, the article made its way into public consciousness. In 1992,&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Al Gore’s critic Gregg Easterbrook attacked him for failing to mention that Revelle had ultimately concluded that there was too much uncertainty to act.</span>&nbsp;The quote Easterbrook used to support this was from Singer’s&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">solo&nbsp;</em>1990 paper with a similar title to the co-authored one. Other critics repeated the attacks.</font></p><h2 open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" border="border" outline="outline" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 34px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Setting the Record Straight</font></h2><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Several people tried to set the record straight about Roger Revelle.</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Revelle’s daughter published an op-ed.</span>&nbsp;</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Two of Revelle’s colleagues wrote to&nbsp;</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cosmos</em></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span>&nbsp;They wrote that Singer had written the paper, not Revelle, and that Singer had probably only included his name as a thank-you for advising and reviewing.&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cosmos&nbsp;</em>wouldn’t publish their letter, so they sent it to&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oceanography&nbsp;</em>(a scientific journal mainly read by scientists).</font></p><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. Justin Lancaster, a colleague and close friend of Revelle:</font></span></p><ul open="Open" sans="Sans" font-size="font-size" px="px" margin="margin" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" list-style="list-style" square="square" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 26px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wrote to the journal that had published Easterbrook’s attack. The journal refused to publish Lancaster’s letter.&nbsp;</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 26px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tried to get Singer to remove Revelle’s name from the paper when it was republished. Ultimately, the republication had a footnote to another of Revelle’s papers that presented his thoughts on climate change.&nbsp;</font></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 26px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Complained about the&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cosmos&nbsp;</em>article at Revelle’s memorial symposium and continued to go public about Singer pressuring Revelle. Singer filed a libel lawsuit. Lancaster tried to fight it, but he didn’t have the money and had to settle.</font></li></ul><p open="Open" sans="Sans" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Revelle probably didn’t actually change his mind about global warming.</span>&nbsp;In November 1990, he wrote an unpublished introduction to a meeting (Oreskes and Conway found it in his papers), which states that he thought that climate was serious and we should act.</font></p><div class="code-block code-block-36" open="Open" sans="Sans" font-size="font-size" px="px" margin="margin" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" clear="clear" both="both" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><div class="code-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="eoc-relative" style="font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; text-align: center;"><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">...</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">singer BS 15 pp</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_283.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">
</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_283.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_283.pdf</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">===

</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">no cut paste, looks good</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://yalereview.org/article/weaponizing-reputation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://yalereview.org/article/weaponizing-reputation</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">

=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">DU</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">How Much Of A Lying Asshole Was The Now-Dead Denier Fred Singer? This Much Of A Lying Asshole</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">&nbsp;By this time, climate scientists were also in Singer’s sights. In early 1991, just a few years before inventing the whaling controversy, Singer had shown up at the office of oceanographer Roger Revelle, a pioneering and widely respected climate researcher with the University of California, San Diego. Singer wanted to discuss a draft paper that he’d written, and which Revelle had received months earlier and ignored. Singer argued in the paper that climate change wasn’t real, even though by 1991 this position was already contrary to the growing body of scientific evidence that it was, which included Revelle’s own climate research and findings.</font></div></div></div></div></span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the time, Revelle was a frail 82-year-old recovering from recent triple-bypass heart surgery, and just months from the grave. But that didn’t deter Singer, who over the course of many hours talked Revelle into making some minor modifications to Singer’s draft. Singer then published the paper with Revelle listed as a co-author, not in a peer-reviewed and reputable science journal, but in an obscure magazine called Cosmos, put out by an equally obscure Washington-based social organization called the Cosmos Club. But because the article had Revelle’s name on it, it helped to keep the public doubting climate science, instead of debating what the nation needed to do to stop climate change.</font></span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;"><b>Further, as Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway recount in their book Merchants of Doubt, the article served as a weapon the following year against one of Revelle's most famous protégés, then-Vice President and presidential candidate Al Gore. </b></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In a 1992 article in The New Republic, climate contrarian Gregg Easterbrook cited the Cosmos article, observing that Gore hadn't mentioned in his recent climate change book, Earth in the Balance, that “before his death last year, Revelle published a paper that concludes: ‘The scientific base for a greenhouse warming is too uncertain to justify drastic action at this time.'" Singer then managed to quash an effort by another scientist to clear Revelle’s name. A Harvard post-doc named Justin Lancaster challenged Singer’s unethical behavior and the dishonest article. Singer responded in typical Singer fashion: He forced Lancaster to shut up by filing a libel lawsuit against him, and coerced Lancaster into signing a retraction.</span></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;"><b>The full details of this especially enraging chapter in Singer’s career only came to light in 2006, when Lancaster broke his silence</b></span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">&nbsp;[same yr as easterbrook 180?]</span></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and published documents online that fully backed up his denunciations of Singer. Calling the retraction he’d been forced to sign “the worst decision I ever made in my life,” Lancaster stated that he’d been confident that he would have won the lawsuit, but backed down because of its effect on his wife. “She was terrorized by this lawsuit,” he wrote, “scared we could lose our house and all our assets.” More than any other, this series of actions in the early 1990s exemplified the Singer method: bullying and falsely discrediting the work of a dying scientist, and then protecting himself from the consequences by terrorizing the family of another scientist who called out his wicked behavior.</font></span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></div><font color="#000000"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">EDIT</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.drillednews.com/post/fred-singer-obituary-climate-denier" target="blank" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;" /><a href="https://www.drillednews.com/post/fred-singer-obituary-climate-denier" target="blank" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;">https://www.drillednews.com/post/fred-singer-obituary-climate-denier</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CAsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQICxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; 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font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Jul 19, 2021&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span>In 1992, Al Gore's critic&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gregg Easterbrook</span>&nbsp;attacked him for failing to mention that&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle</span>&nbsp;had ultimately concluded that there was too&nbsp;...</font></font></font></font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; 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</b></span></font></font></div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;" /></font><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; 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font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_283.pdf" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECAoQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/0817939326_283.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECAoQAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Revelle-Gore Story</font></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); 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top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><span jsname="czHhOd" class="D6lY4c" style="height: 22px; width: 22px; position: absolute; border-radius: 11px;"><span jsname="Bil8Ae" class="xTFaxe mBswFe z1asCe SaPW2b" style="display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 18px; top: 2px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></font></span></span></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span jsname="zOVa8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQh-4GegQIChAK" /></font></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" data-sokoban-feature="nke7rc" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. F.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>, C. Starr, and R.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle</span>, “What To Do About Greenhouse ...&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gregg Easterbrook</span>, a contributing editor to Newsweek, referred to.</font></font></font></font></div><div class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">15 pages</font></font></font></font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CA8QAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIDxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_o0z8ne" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" data-sokoban-feature="x5WNvb" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>
</b></font></font></div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" /></font><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="https://co2coalition.org/news/roger-revelle-the-backstory-of-the-father-of-atmospheric-co2-monitoring/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECAkQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://co2coalition.org/news/roger-revelle-the-backstory-of-the-father-of-atmospheric-co2-monitoring/&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECAkQAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Roger Revelle – the backstory of the father of Atmospheric ...</font></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf LCUpfd" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; display: inline-block;"><img class="XNo5Ab" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" data-atf="1" data-frt="0" style="text-align: left; 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top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><span jsname="czHhOd" class="D6lY4c" style="height: 22px; width: 22px; position: absolute; border-radius: 11px;"><span jsname="Bil8Ae" class="xTFaxe mBswFe z1asCe SaPW2b" style="display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 18px; top: 2px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></font></span></span></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span jsname="zOVa8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQh-4GegQICRAK" /></font></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" data-sokoban-feature="nke7rc" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Oct 31, 2020&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lancaster</span>&nbsp;harassed&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>&nbsp;in 1992, accusing him of putting&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle's</span>&nbsp;name on the article over his objections and demanding that&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>&nbsp;have it&nbsp;...</font></font></font></font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CBEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIERAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_mUFtU" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" data-sokoban-feature="x5WNvb" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>
</b></span></font></font></div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;" /></font><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/files/Lancaster_affidavit.pdf" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECAwQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/files/Lancaster_affidavit.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECAwQAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">S. FRED SINGER, Ph.D.</font></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf LCUpfd" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; display: inline-block;"><img class="XNo5Ab" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" data-atf="1" data-frt="0" style="text-align: left; border-width: 0px; display: block; height: 18px; width: 18px;" /></div></span><div><span class="VuuXrf" style="text-align: left; max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px;">DeSmog</span><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="text-align: left; font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; line-height: 18px; max-width: 278px;">https://www.desmog.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text">&nbsp;› Lancaster_affidavit</span></cite></div></div></div><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: absolute; top: 0px; height: auto; visibility: hidden;"><div class="TbwUpd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); 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font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Program of the Society for Risk Analysis. I earned my Ph.D. in Oceanography in 1990 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and my M.S. in Oceanography&nbsp;...</font></font></font></font></div><div class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">14 pages</font></font></font></font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CBAQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIEBAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_UIZknd" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" data-sokoban-feature="x5WNvb" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>
</b></font></font></div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" /></font><div style="text-align: left;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><a href="https://yalereview.org/article/weaponizing-reputation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECA0QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://yalereview.org/article/weaponizing-reputation&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECA0QAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Weaponizing Reputation</font></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf LCUpfd" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; display: inline-block;"><img class="XNo5Ab" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" data-atf="4" data-frt="0" style="text-align: left; border-width: 0px; display: block; height: 18px; width: 18px;" /></div></span><div><span class="VuuXrf" style="text-align: left; max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px; white-space: nowrap;">The Yale Review</span><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="text-align: left; font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 18px; max-width: 315px;">https://yalereview.org<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text">&nbsp;› article › weaponizing-reputation</span></cite></div></div></div><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: absolute; top: 0px; height: auto; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; height: 18px; width: 18px;"><span class="VuuXrf" style="max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px;"><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; line-height: 18px; max-width: 315px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text" /></font></cite></div></span></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="position: relative; display: inline; visibility: visible; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 18px; height: 18px;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-bsextraheight="0" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" data-movewtractions="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;CdlxqY cECq7c;;Cdlxqg" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQ2esEegQIDRAJ"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd rNSxBe lUn2nc" aria-label="About this result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><span jsname="czHhOd" class="D6lY4c" style="height: 22px; width: 22px; position: absolute; border-radius: 11px;"><span jsname="Bil8Ae" class="xTFaxe mBswFe z1asCe SaPW2b" style="display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 18px; top: 2px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></font></span></span></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span jsname="zOVa8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQh-4GegQIDRAK" /></font></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" data-sokoban-feature="nke7rc" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Oct 1, 2018&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span>(<span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>&nbsp;sued&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle's</span>&nbsp;research assistant, Justin&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Lancaster</span>, ... In July 1992, New Republic journalist&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gregg Easterbrook</span>&nbsp;cited the Cosmos&nbsp;...</font></font></font></font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="oUAcPd" id="fld_1" /></font></font></font></font><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCoQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIKhAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><font 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face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style=""><b>
</b></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wattsupwiththat.com/2020/10/31/roger-revelle/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECCAQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wattsupwiththat.com/2020/10/31/roger-revelle/&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECCAQAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Roger Revelle – the backstory of the father of Atmospheric ...</font></a></div></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf LCUpfd" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; display: inline-block;"><img class="XNo5Ab" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" data-atf="4" data-frt="0" style="text-align: left; border-width: 0px; display: block; height: 18px; width: 18px;" /></div></span><div><span class="VuuXrf" style="text-align: left; max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px; white-space: nowrap;">Watts Up With That?</span><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="text-align: left; font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 18px; max-width: 315px;">https://wattsupwiththat.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text">&nbsp;› 2020 › October › 31</span></cite></div></div></div><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: absolute; top: 0px; height: auto; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; 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font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Oct 31, 2020&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span>They first met in 1957 and were more than professional colleagues, they were personal friends (<span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>, 2003). Unfortunately,&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle</span>&nbsp;passed away&nbsp;...</font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="hlcw0c" style="margin-bottom: 44px;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIIxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_Mc7pod" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" data-sokoban-feature="x5WNvb" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b>
</b></div><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.democraticunderground.com/1127137304" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECBoQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.democraticunderground.com/1127137304&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECBoQAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">How Much Of A Lying Asshole Was The Now-Dead Denier Fred ...</font></a></div></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf LCUpfd" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; display: inline-block;"><img class="XNo5Ab" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" alt="" data-atf="4" data-frt="0" style="text-align: left; border-width: 0px; display: block; height: 18px; width: 18px;" /></div></span><div><span class="VuuXrf" style="text-align: left; max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px; white-space: nowrap;">Democratic Underground</span><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="text-align: left; font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 18px; max-width: 330px;">https://www.democraticunderground.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text">&nbsp;› ...</span></cite></div></div></div><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: absolute; top: 0px; height: auto; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; align-items: center;"><span class="H9lube" style="background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(236, 237, 239); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; height: 18px; width: 18px;"><span class="VuuXrf" style="max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px;"><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; line-height: 18px; max-width: 330px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text" /></font></cite></div></span></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="position: relative; display: inline; visibility: visible; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 18px; height: 18px;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-bsextraheight="0" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" data-movewtractions="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cdlxrc cECq7c;;Cdlxrg" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQ2esEegQIGhAJ"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd rNSxBe lUn2nc" aria-label="About this result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><span jsname="czHhOd" class="D6lY4c" style="height: 22px; width: 22px; position: absolute; border-radius: 11px;"><span jsname="Bil8Ae" class="xTFaxe mBswFe z1asCe SaPW2b" style="display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 18px; top: 2px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></font></span></span></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span jsname="zOVa8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQh-4GegQIGhAK" /></font></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" data-sokoban-feature="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>&nbsp;then published the paper with&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle</span>&nbsp;listed as a co-author, ... climate contrarian&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gregg Easterbrook</span>&nbsp;cited the Cosmos article, observing that Gore&nbsp;...</font></div><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><div class="eqAnXb" id="res" role="main" style=""><div id="search" style=""><div data-hveid="CAQQBA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQGnoECAQQBA" style=""><div class="v7W49e" eid="eDQCZNepNM6tqtsPvoyMoAI" data-async-context="query:gregg%20easterbrook%20lancaster%20revelle%20singer" id="rso" style="margin-top: 6px;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIIRAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_MWbEyd" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" data-sokoban-feature="x5WNvb" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.58; white-space: nowrap;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_4800/oreskes_2010.pdf" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECBkQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_4800/oreskes_2010.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFnoECBkQAQ" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Chapter 6: The Denial of Global Warming</font></a></div><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; 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max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px;">University of Colorado Boulder</span></font></font><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="text-align: left;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; line-height: 18px; max-width: 278px;">https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text">&nbsp;› envs_4800</span></cite></font></font></div></div></div><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: absolute; top: 0px; height: auto; visibility: hidden;"><div class="TbwUpd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; display: flex; text-size-adjust: none; align-items: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="H9lube fJOpI" style="background-color: rgb(226, 238, 255); border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(226, 238, 255); text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 26px; padding: 0px 4px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd" style="margin-bottom: 2px; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0px; height: 18px; width: 18px;"><span class="VuuXrf" style="max-width: 200px; display: block; line-height: 20px;"><div class="byrV5b" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="font-style: normal; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; line-height: 18px; max-width: 278px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text" /></font></cite></div></span></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="position: relative; display: inline; visibility: visible; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 18px; height: 18px;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-bsextraheight="0" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" data-movewtractions="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;CdlxrU cECq7c;;CdlxrY" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQ2esEegQIGRAJ"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd rNSxBe lUn2nc" aria-label="About this result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><span jsname="czHhOd" class="D6lY4c" style="height: 22px; width: 22px; position: absolute; border-radius: 11px;"><span jsname="Bil8Ae" class="xTFaxe mBswFe z1asCe SaPW2b" style="display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 18px; top: 2px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></font></span></span></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span jsname="zOVa8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQh-4GegQIGRAK" /></font></div></div></span></font></font></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" data-sokoban-feature="nke7rc" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1965, the President's Science Advisory Committee asked Roger&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle</span>, ... have fired by&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gregg Easterbrook</span>&nbsp;in the July issue of the New Republic, and.</font></font></font></div><div class="MUxGbd wuQ4Ob WZ8Tjf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">31 pages</font></font></font></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-sokoban-feature="bvRFlf" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="hlcw0c" style="margin-bottom: 44px;"><div class="MjjYud" style=""><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQFSgAegQIKRAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_geAvte" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" data-sokoban-feature="x5WNvb" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b>
</b></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" /><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; 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top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><span jsname="czHhOd" class="D6lY4c" style="height: 22px; width: 22px; position: absolute; border-radius: 11px;"><span jsname="Bil8Ae" class="xTFaxe mBswFe z1asCe SaPW2b" style="display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 18px; top: 2px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></font></span></span></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span jsname="zOVa8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjXxaSpqsD9AhXOlmoFHT4GAyQQh-4GegQIHhAK" /></font></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" data-sokoban-feature="nke7rc" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You see, when Dr.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Revelle</span>&nbsp;co-authored an article entitled “What to Do About ... Dr.&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Singer</span>&nbsp;recalls a phone call he received from Dr. Justin&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Lancaster</span>,</font></font></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></font></font></font></div><div><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://sonyclassics.com/merchantsofdoubt/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;"><strong>Merchants of Doubt</strong></a>, a new film from Food Inc. director&nbsp;<a href="http://robertkennerfilms.com/films/files/detail.php?id=8" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Robert Kenner</a>, hits the big screen nationwide this week and it is already making controversial headlines as the climate deniers go on the attack as predictably as&nbsp;possible.&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Merchants of Doubt zooms in on the anti-science campaign outlined in&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/_{hsdept/bios/oreskes.html}" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Naomi Oreskes'</a>&nbsp;book of the same name, and&nbsp;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.03em; line-height: 1.5em;">has some pretty shocking and frank interviews with some of the more colorful and influential operatives in the climate denier&nbsp;movement.</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.03em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Apparently the film sent such a wave of indigestion through the climate denial cabal that, back in October,&nbsp;<strong><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/S.Fred_Singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">S. Fred Singer</a></strong>&nbsp;and a small group of his chosen deniers and&nbsp;<span class="caps">PR</span>&nbsp;spindoctors discussed via email the opportunity to sue the film into&nbsp;oblivion.&nbsp;</font></span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.48px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671">http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671</a></span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060014671" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">E&nbsp;<span class="amp">&</span>&nbsp;E revealed yesterday an<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> email chain</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;written by the grandfather of climate denial,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Fred Singer</a>, in which he seeks legal advice from the likes of&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Marc Morano</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/anthony-watts" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Anthony Watts</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/james-delingpole" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">James Delingpole</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Christopher Monckton</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/tim-ball" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Tim Ball</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Patrick Michaels</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/judith-curry" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Judith Curry</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Willie Soon</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-bast" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Joseph Bast</a>,&nbsp;asking:</span></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img alt="" src="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/gents.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 133px; width: 500px;" /></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the recipients of the Singer email is James Enstrom (a researcher skewered in the media decades ago for his&nbsp;<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/28/local/me-tobacco28" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">skeptical views on the links</a>&nbsp;between tobacco smoke and cancer, while at the same time he&nbsp;<a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/action/document/page?tid=hjl67e00" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">collected checks from Phillip Morris</a>)&nbsp;who suggests that Singer go on the attack before considering any legal&nbsp;action:</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img alt="merchants of doubt" src="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/merchants%20of%20doubt.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 109px; width: 500px;" /></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film debuts across the country this week and no lawsuits have arrived on Dr. Oreskes' or Robert Kenner's doorsteps. Although a stern letter of warning from Singer to Kenner was sent last week and subsequently&nbsp;<a href="http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/climate-denier-fred-singer-complains-about-merchants-doubt" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">published here</a>&nbsp;on the blog maintained by the Center for Tobacco Control, Research and&nbsp;Education.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But nonetheless this email string is important in that it shows clearly that there is a small group of climate deniers that are colluding behind the scenes to stifle their critics in a coordinated way. The casual language and easy offers of assistance make it clear that this is a group that is familiar to each other and has coordinated together in the&nbsp;past.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;"><strong>Read and download a copy of the entire Fred Singer Merchants of Doubt email chain</strong>.&nbsp;</a></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 18.59px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/Fred%20Singer%20emails%20re%20Merchants%20of%20Doubt.pdf</font></a></span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the recipients of the Singer email,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Marc Morano</a>, offers up a poignant interview in Merchants of Doubt, making it clear that he revels in his leadership role amongst climate deniers and his view that it is not scientific fact that wins the day, but who wins the communications war in popular&nbsp;media.&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here's the official Merchants of Doubt trailer, which heavily features Morano, who I have to say (or would like to think) will someday look back with deep regret for his complete lack of respect for science and academic endeavor. Or at least he might be embarrassed by&nbsp;it:</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; line-height: 18.59px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></font></font></font></p></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></font></font></font></div><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">&nbsp;</font></span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://insideclimatenews.org/news/12032015/leaked-email-reveals-whos-who-list-climate-denialists-merchants-of-doubt-oreskes-fred-singer-marc-morano-steve-milloy</a></font></span></font></font></font></p><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 22.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">ICN reporters Lisa Song and Zahra Hirji contributed to this story.</font></span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the months before the debut of the<b>&nbsp;new documentary film "Merchants of Doubt,"</b>&nbsp;<b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">long-time climate denialist Fred Singer&nbsp;</b>contacted more than two dozen bloggers, public relations specialists and scientists asking for help in derailing the documentary’s release.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"Can I sue for damages?” Singer asked in an email last October. "Can we get an injunction against the documentary?"</b></font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer is one of the "merchants of doubt" identified in the documentary, as are a number of other recipients of his email. The documentary, released nationwide last week, exposes the small network of hired pundits and scientists helping to sow doubt about climate science and delay legislative action on global warming in the United States.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer's email became public earlier this week when it was leaked to journalists.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many of those copied on the email thread, such as Singer and communications specialist Steven Milloy, have financial ties to the tobacco, chemical, and oil and gas industries and have worked to defend them since the 1990s. Others seem relatively new to the denialist camp, such as climate scientist Judith Curry. All, however, have been vocal before Congress, on broadcast news or on the Internet in arguing that human activity is not the primarily driver of climate change.</font></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here is InsideClimate News' guide to those who were on the emails, in alphabetical order:</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ron Arnold</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Arnold is the executive vice president of the think tank the Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, which has received funding from various conservative foundations and oil and gas companies, including ExxonMobil. Arnold used to have a weekly column in the Washington Examiner and is a frequent guest on Fox News. There is "vanishing public concern over 'dangerous man-made climate change' and growing discontent with the politicized rear guard's increasingly desperate search for new scare words and its bigoted hate speech hurled at skeptics ('deniers,' evoking the Holocaust)," he&nbsp;<a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/heartland-institute-conference-shows-the-growing-power-of-climate-realism/article/2550882" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>&nbsp;in 2014.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Timothy Ball</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A retired geography professor from the University of Winnipeg, Ball says he doesn't believe humans are behind climate change. The "claim" of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that humans are almost solely responsible for global warming "is not proven except in their computer models and cannot be proven until we understand how much climate varies naturally,"&nbsp;<a href="http://drtimball.com/about/this-site/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">he wrote on his website</a>.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joseph "Joe" Bast</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bast is&nbsp;<a href="http://heartland.org/joseph-bast" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">president and CEO of the Heartland Institute</a>, a Chicago-based conservative think tank that supports climate change denial events and researchers. According to an&nbsp;<a href="http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=2543" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">essay he published in 2011</a>, Bast attended the University of Chicago but never graduated. He started Heartland during college and dropped out to work there full-time. Last month, public documents revealed that Harvard-Smithsonian researcher Willie Soon failed to disclose funding from fossil fuel sources for some of his contrarian research. Bast has since said the Heartland Institute offers its full support to Soon. Bast called the researcher a "brilliant and courageous scientist" and said Soon's critics are, "all ethically challenged and mental midgets," according to Heartland Institute blog post.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joe Bastardi</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bastardi has a bachelor's degree in meteorology and worked at Accuweather before joining WeatherBELL Analytics LLC, a meteorological consulting firm. Last September, Bastardi&nbsp;<a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2014/09/weather-channels-chief-meteorologist-joe-bastardi-climate-change-prostituting-weather-for-politics-2912566.html" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">told the website beforeitsnews.com</a>, "Nature, not man, rules the climate system." He said the people who participated in the People's Climate March were "more concerned with their political agenda than climate science," and that they shouldn't be "prostituting the weather and climate for [their] own needs."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Bastasch</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bastasch is a reporter for The Daily Caller, a conservative news site. He covers energy and environmental news and often provides a platform for skeptics. In May 2014, he&nbsp;<a href="http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/16/skeptical-scientists-debunk-white-house-global-warming-report/2/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>, "The Obama administration and environmentalists have tried to make it seem like there are virtually no dissenting voices among scientists that mankind is causing the Earth to warm rapidly and towards a catastrophic end. But not all scientists are in lock-step with the White House on climate science."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William Briggs</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Briggs is a statistician at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., and a consultant at New York Methodist Hospital. More than two decades ago, he spent a year as a meteorologist for the National Weather Service. He is listed as an<a href="http://heartland.org/william-briggs" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">expert</a>&nbsp;on the Heartland Institute's website, where he&nbsp;<a href="http://news.heartland.org/editorial/2013/10/16/dubious-climate-change-certainties" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>, "Climate change is of no real interest to anyone except climatologists." Earlier this year, he co-wrote an&nbsp;<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0699-2" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">article</a>&nbsp;in the peer-reviewed Chinese Science Bulletin with fellow climate denialists Christopher Monckton and Willie Soon arguing that the IPCC's models are inaccurate and the world won't warm dangerously this century.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Russell Cook</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cook is the editor of the website&nbsp;<a href="http://gelbspanfiles.com/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">GelbspanFiles.com</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://gelbspanfiles.com/?page_id=16" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">According to Cook</a>, he uses the site to "dig deeply into the accusation that scientists and others who express skepticism about the theory of man-made global warming are being paid by the fossil fuel industry to lie about the issue." Cook has<a href="http://heartland.org/russell-cook" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">several connections to the Heartland Institute</a>, a conservative think-tank: he serves as a contributing editor to Heartland's Environment & Climate News publication and the Somewhat Reasonable blog.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Judith Curry</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Curry is a professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Institute of Technology. During a January 2014 hearing before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=07472bb4-3eeb-42da-a49d-964165860275" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Curry said</a>&nbsp;the problem of climate change has been "vastly oversimplified." She said scientists should pay more attention to the role of natural variability in the climate system and the uncertainties in climate modeling. She also said the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is overly confident in attributing most of the warming to human activity.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joe D'Aleo</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">D'Aleo is a former Weather Channel meteorologist and executive director of<a href="http://icecap.us/index.php/go/about-us" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Icecap.us</a>, a project that seeks to connect "respected scientists and journalists that are not deniers," but who don't believe human activity is the main driver of global warming. Last May, D'Aleo was&nbsp;<a href="http://dailycaller.com/2014/05/16/skeptical-scientists-debunk-white-house-global-warming-report/#ixzz31uhcEsxp" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">one of 15 climate skeptics</a>&nbsp;who wrote a rebuttal to the White House's National Climate Assessment report. "As this rebuttal makes clear, the NCA provides no scientific basis whatsoever for regulating CO2 emissions," they wrote.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Delingpole</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Delingpole is a British climate writer and author of the 2012 book "Watermelons: How Environmentalists are Killing the Planet, Destroying the Economy and Stealing Your Children's Future." He identifies himself as "libertarian conservative" and on his&nbsp;<a href="http://jamesdelingpole.com/about/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">personal web page</a>&nbsp;lists "the 'global warming' myth" as one of his dislikes. Delingpole's work has been published in the Daily Mail, Daily Express, The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator, among others.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Paul Driessen</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Driessen is senior policy adviser at the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, a Washington, D.C.-based libertarian think tank focused on environmental issues that has received funding from fossil fuel interests such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. A frequent contributor to the conservative news site Townhall.com, Driessen says he doesn't believe in anthropogenic global warming. "Every measure of actual evidence contradicts alarmist claims and computer model predictions,"&nbsp;<a href="http://townhall.com/columnists/pauldriessen/2015/01/17/merchants-of-smear-n1944329" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">he wrote in January</a>. "No matter how fast or sophisticated those models are, feeding them false or unproven assumptions about CO2 and manipulated or 'homogenized' temperature data still yields garbage output, scenarios and predictions."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Enstrom</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Enstrom is an epidemiologist and president of the Scientific Integrity Institute. He argues that air pollution doesn't lead to serious health effects and has challenged the California Air Resources Board and the California legislature's attempts to regulate car emissions. He was fired after 35 years at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2011.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steve Goddard&nbsp;</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Goddard is the pseudonym of climate denialist Tony Heller, who has been active in the anti-global warming action campaign since 2008. Heller has degrees in geology and electrical engineering. He currently runs the blog Real Science, where he comments on climate research and political news. He has&nbsp;<a href="https://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/who-is-steven-goddard/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">called</a>&nbsp;it "a massive lie" that 97 percent of climate scientists agree the world is warming. He also maintains that U.S. and global temperature records have been tampered with, rendering global warming projections inaccurate.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pierre Gosselin</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Gosselin is the author of the climate skeptic blog&nbsp;<a href="http://notrickszone.com/#sthash.GGlGdrij.dpbs" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">NoTrickZone.com</a>. He said he thinks humans have a "modest" role in impacting the planet's climate, but ultimately he believes "<a href="http://notrickszone.com/about-pierre-gosselin/#sthash.EuRuYTQL.dpbs" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">the forces of nature overwhelm anything man puts out.</a>"&nbsp;Gosselin owns a small business involving communication work for various industries. He has an associate degree in civil engineering from Vermont Technical College and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, according to his website.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Greenie Watch</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Greenie Watch blog is run by Australian&nbsp;<a href="http://jonjayray.tripod.com/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">social scientist John Ray</a>. It questions the scientific evidence for global warming. "Climate is just the sum of weather. So if you cannot forecast the weather a month in advance, you will not be able to forecast the climate 50 years in advance," he&nbsp;<a href="http://antigreen.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">wrote</a>on his blog's home page. In response to the release of Fred Singer's emails about the film "Merchants of Doubt," Ray wrote, "We skeptics have got Warmists on the defense, a pathetic 'ad hominem' defense though it is."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William Happer</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Happer is a physicist at Princeton University and an outspoken critic of global warming. He has repeatedly called global warming trends "<a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323528404578452483656067190" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">exaggerated</a>." In a TV interview last year, he compared the scientific community's treatment of carbon dioxide to "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqxcY8YWh8M" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">the demonization of poor Jews under Hitler</a>." During President George H. W. Bush's term, Happer was director of the office of energy research at the Department of Energy.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim Lakely</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lakely runs the blog&nbsp;<a href="http://blog.heartland.org/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Somewhat Reasonable</a>&nbsp;out of the Chicago-based libertarian think-tank the Heartland Institute. Lakely is also the<a href="http://heartland.org/jim-lakely" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">communications director and co-director of the Center on the Digital Economy</a>&nbsp;at the institute. Previously, he worked as a journalist covering politics and technology. He has a bachelor's degree from the University of Pittsburgh, according to his&nbsp;<a href="http://heartland.org/jim-lakely" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Heartland profile</a>. In a December 2014 blog post, Lakely wrote, "The reason why the United Nations and the world's governments focus on fighting climate change is because that mission gives them license to control everything about the economy of every state in the world."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Patrick J. Michaels</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michaels is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank based in Washington, D.C. He was long considered the most credible scientist in the climate denial campaign. He was the president of the American Association of State Climatologists and an IPCC author, sharing the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with other contributing scientists. But Michaels—who at one point&nbsp;<a href="http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/08/16/113717/oil-fueled-pat-michaels/?mobile=nc" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">estimated</a>&nbsp;40 percent of his funding came from the fossil fuel industry—has been&nbsp;<a href="http://mediamatters.org/research/2013/07/10/patrick-michaels-catos-climate-expert-has-histo/194800" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">caught</a>&nbsp;repeatedly making inaccurate climate claims, including on Fox News and in the Washington Post and Forbes.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steven J. Milloy</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Milloy is the director of external policy and strategy for Murray Energy Corp., the largest privately held coal producer in the U.S. He also runs the website JunkScience, which aims to cast doubt on peer-reviewed climate research. He got his start as a denialist working for the tobacco and chemical industries in the 1990s. In 1998, he helped write the American Petroleum Institute's strategy to challenge climate science. Milloy is a former columnist for Fox News who now frequently appears as a guest to discuss energy and climate issues. His&nbsp;<a href="http://junkscience.com/about-steve-milloy/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">bio</a>&nbsp;boasts that he has written "over 600 articles/columns published in major newspapers/web sites, including The&nbsp;Wall Street Journal,&nbsp;Investor’s Business Daily, FoxNews.com,&nbsp;Financial Times,&nbsp;National Post&nbsp;(Canada), USA Today,&nbsp;Los Angeles Times,&nbsp;Washington Times,&nbsp;New York Post,&nbsp;New York Sun&nbsp;and other print and web outlets."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christopher Monckton</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Monckton serves as&nbsp;<a href="http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/personnel.html" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">chief policy adviser</a>&nbsp;to the conservative think tank Science & Public Policy Institute. He has written several articles denouncing the severity of global warming and is a regular speaker at anti-climate action conferences. In testimony before Congress in 2010, he said climate change was a "<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/climate-scientists-christopher-monckton" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">non-problem</a>." Earlier this year, he co-wrote an&nbsp;<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0699-2" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">article</a>&nbsp;in the peer-reviewed Chinese Science Bulletin with fellow climate denialists arguing that the IPCC's models are inaccurate and the world won't warm dangerously by the end of the century. Monckton also invented the "<a href="http://www.mathpuzzle.com/eternity.html" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Eternity</a>"&nbsp;puzzle, has a background in journalism, and in the early 1980s served an adviser to former U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marc Morano</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Morano runs the denialist blog ClimateDepot. He's also the communications director of the Center for a Constructive Tomorrow, a Washington, D.C.-based libertarian think tank focused on environmental issues that's received funding from fossil fuel interests such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. He got his start on the climate issue working as communications director for Republican Sen. Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma from 2006 to 2009, and before that for conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. He's a frequent speaker at the Heartland Institute's International Conference on Climate Change and often appears on Fox News and other conservative media outlets. In 2010, after months of stoking Climategate on his blog, he&nbsp;<a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-cyber-bullying/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">said</a>&nbsp;climate scientists "deserve to be publicly flogged."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joanne Nova</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nova is an Australian climate denialist and author of "The Skeptic's Handbook," a crash course in false science claiming global warming isn't happening and isn't human-caused. The book has been translated into 16 languages. Nova and her husband, fellow climate denialist David Evans—whose name was attached to Nova's email address in Fred Singer's messages—also run Science Speak, a "<a href="http://sciencespeak.com/about.html" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">scientific modeling and mathematical research company</a>" that challenges evidence the world is warming.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roger Pielke</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roger Pielke Sr., a controversial climate scientist,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2008/10/qa-roger-pielke-sr" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">said</a>&nbsp;he believes that "humans have altered the climate system." However, he also supports the idea that warming has recently stopped and has argued against some well-established points of climate science, such as observed sea level rise and glacier melting. Pielke holds the position of senior research scientist at the<a href="http://cires.colorado.edu/about/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Studies</a>. He also is a senior research associate the University of Colorado in Boulder. It's unclear whether the intended recipient of an email thread concerning "Merchants of Doubt" was Pielke himself, or his son Roger Pielke Jr. His son is a&nbsp;<a href="http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/about_us/meet_us/roger_pielke/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">policy researcher at the Center for Science and Technology</a>&nbsp;in Colorado and has criticized those who have linked climate change to increasingly extreme weather.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Thomas P. Sheahen</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sheahen is a physicist and director of the Institute for Theological Encounter with Science and Technology. According to the&nbsp;<a href="http://heartland.org/tom-sheahen" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Heartland Institute</a>, he is also the vice chairman of Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project's board of directors. "The science is NOT settled at all," he&nbsp;<a href="http://www.climatedepot.com/2015/01/15/morano-testifies-in-wva-on-climate-school-curriculum-we-must-not-tell-kids-there-is-no-debate-and-no-dissent-is-allowed/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">said</a>&nbsp;in testimony in West Virginia earlier this year challenging the teaching of man-made climate change as scientific fact. "It would be a great disservice to children to indoctrinate them with one currently fashionable theory."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S. Fred Singer</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Singer is one of the earliest and most vocal scientists in the climate denial campaign. He was an academic and government space researcher for nearly four decades before working on behalf of the tobacco industry to discredit scientific evidence that smoking was bad for human health.&nbsp; In the early 1990s, he started attacking global warming. He founded an anti climate-action think tank, the Science and Environmental Policy Project, using fossil fuel funds. The group has denied the existence of man-made climate change for 25 years. He also created the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), a publication of junk science that counters the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's work. He has&nbsp;<a href="http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2013/09/the_un_climate_panels_hot_spot_is_missing_in_action.html" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">called</a>&nbsp;the IPCC's latest assessment "a wonderful paper weight or door stop."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wei-Hock (Willie) Soon</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Soon, a solar physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, has posited that increased energy from the sun—not the burning of fossil fuels—is the biggest driver of modern climate change. His theory has been widely refuted by the scientific community, including the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the National Academy of Sciences. In February, public documents showed that Soon received hundreds of thousands of dollars from fossil fuel interests to publish "deliverables" in the form of articles about the solar-warming theory in scientific journals. He failed to disclose conflicts of interests to those journals and during congressional testimony. Soon also has ties to several conservative, climate-denying think tanks, including the Heartland Institute and the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow.</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roy Spencer</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Spencer is a scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville and a former senior scientist for climate studies at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. He says he believes natural fluctuations in the climate system&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drroyspencer.com/global-warming-natural-or-manmade/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">could be the primary driver</a>&nbsp;of global warming. During a Senate hearing in July 2013,<a href="http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=16e80c55-9ebf-42e4-852e-1f6e960b0902" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Spencer told the committee</a>&nbsp;humans "are having some influence" on climate change, "but it is impossible to know with any level of certainty how much influence."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">James Taylor</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://heartland.org/james-m-taylor-jd" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">Taylor</a>&nbsp;is vice president of external relations and a senior fellow of environment and energy policy at the conservative think tank the Heartland Institute. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Dartmouth College and a law degree from Syracuse University. In 2012, it was revealed that the Heartland Institute had plans to spend $200,000 over two years to circulate materials sowing doubt about climate change in classrooms. In an&nbsp;<a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20120314/heartland-institute-climate-change-skepticism-science-education-experts-david-wojick-ipcc-kyoto-protocol" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">interview with InsideClimate News</a>, Taylor said the material would act as "a nice counterweight" to material with "an overtly political and alarmist message in regards to climate change."</font></font></font></font></p><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anthony Watts</font></strong></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 0px;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Watts edits the blog Watts Up With That, which questions climate science and presents, "<a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/about-wuwt/faqs/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">the untold story of the climate debate from the climate skeptic side</a>." Watts studied electrical engineering and meteorology at Purdue University but never graduated. He then served as an on-air meteorologist for 25 years. He's a frequent speaker at anti-climate action events hosted by the Heartland Institute. "I believe that our [man-made] contribution [to climate change] may be far less than has been postulated," he&nbsp;<a href="http://www.newsreview.com/reno/watts-me-worry/content?oid=602867" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;">told</a>&nbsp;a California newspaper in 2007. "Our measurement network has been compromised—not intentionally, but accidentally and through carelessness."</font></font></font></font></p></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="home_blog_date" /></font></font></font></font></p><div class="tagged-with" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 22.5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><label style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; line-height: 1.2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PUBLISHED UNDER:</font></label></font></font></font><div class="field field-name-field-topics field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; padding-right: 0.5em;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/topics/denial" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DENIAL</font></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><h1 class="title" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></b></font></font></h1></div><div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/no-apology-is-owed-dr-s-fred-singer-and-none-will-be-forthcoming">
</a></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/no-apology-is-owed-dr-s-fred-singer-and-none-will-be-forthcoming">https://www.desmogblog.com/no-apology-is-owed-dr-s-fred-singer-and-none-will-be-forthcoming</a></font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span class="teaser">On Sunday, June 18, the DeSmogBlog received an email from Dr. S. Fred Singer, in which he says, “Yr (sic) June 16 blog contains the false statement that I sold my services to tobacco lobbyists.”</span>

Dr. Singer goes on to “demand a full retraction and apology&nbsp;</b>from the blog,” and he asks that we publish the following statement: “Dr. Singer and&nbsp;<span class="caps">SEPP</span>&nbsp;(Science&nbsp;<span class="amp">&</span>&nbsp;Environmental Policy Project) have no connection whatsoever with the tobacco industry, now or in the past. As a matter of policy,&nbsp;<span class="caps">SEPP</span>&nbsp;does not solicit funds or other kinds of support from any industry or from government, but relies on tax-deductible donations from foundations and individuals in many countries. Further, Dr. Singer serves on the Advisory Board of the American Council on Science and Health (<span class="caps">ACSH</span>), an organization that has a strong anti-smoking position.”

We have no comment on the&nbsp;<span class="caps">ACSH</span>, but Dr. Singer’s main point – that he has “no connection whatsoever with the tobacco industry, now or in the past” – strains credulity.&nbsp;

For example,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=jrfm0043" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">here is the link</a>&nbsp;to a memo in which an official from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/alexis-de-tocqueville-institution" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Alexis de Tocqueville Institution</a>&nbsp;solicits $20,000 from the Tobacco Institute for the preparation of a “research” paper challenging the health effects of second-hand smoke, and suggesting that Dr. Singer be retained to write the report.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=kshp0026" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Here is the link</a>&nbsp;to a letter thanking the Tobacco Institute for $20,000 intended “to support our research and education projects.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=nrfm0045" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Here is a research paper</a>, just as described in the earlier memo, with Dr. Singer’s name as the author. And here is another&nbsp;<a href="https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=pxnw0042" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Tobacco Institute memo</a>, reporting on Dr. Singer’s appearance with two Congressional Representatives releasing the paper to the media.

More to the point, for a blog about the dubious public relations tactics being used to skew the climate change debate, is Dr. Singer’s previous statements about his involvement with the oil industry.

For example, on Feb. 21, 2001, Dr. Singer wrote to the&nbsp;<em>Washington Post</em>, saying: “As for full disclosure: My résumé clearly states that I consulted for several oil companies on the subject of oil pricing, some 20 years ago, after publishing a monograph on the subject. “My connection to oil during the past decade is as a Wesson Fellow at the Hoover Institution; the Wesson money derives from salad oil.” At the time that Dr. Singer wrote this letter, ExxonMobil was listing him on their website as a recipient of&nbsp;<span class="caps">US</span>&nbsp;$10,000 in direct funding and as a participant in an event to which ExMo contributed $65,000. Our colleague Ross Gelbspan reported all this in&nbsp;<em>The Nation</em>&nbsp;in an article that can be found&nbsp;<a href="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=4473&Method=Full" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>.

This is a stark illustration of what we are up against in the climate change “debate.” On one hand you have the world's most accomplished and reputable scientists - more than 2,000 of whom have submitted research to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - carefully weighing every pronouncement for accuracy and subjecting all of their research to peer-review before announcing it publicly. These people agree, unreservedly, that climate change is happening and is caused by human activity.

On the other hand, you have a huge and expensive public relations campaign denying that scientific consensus. This campaign is largely financed with money from energy companies like ExxonMobil, which is then lightly laundered through “think tanks” like the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution or the Competitive Enterprise Institute or through industry front groups like Dr. Singer's own Science&nbsp;<span class="amp">&</span>&nbsp;Environmental Policy Project. The money is then passed along to “experts” like Dr. Singer, who seems happy enough to be paid for his services, even if he is reticent to admit it after the fact.

There should be no doubt in this conversation where the weight of credibility&nbsp;lies.</font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hoggan desmog 2006?</font></font></font></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></font></font></div></div><div><font color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></font></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">this is hackSinger715 ch:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-af9558dd-4b71-20ce-e079-75f6e9317543"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HackSinger715</span></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7/1/15</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hacksinger 9/17/14</span></p>

<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.4.2 “Hacks”</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Particularly on health and environmental issues, political arguments should be guided by science. Thus it has been essential for conservatives to find scientists who will dispute legitimate science (indeed this has been the essential strategy pioneered by tobacco and picked up by those against global warming action). A fairly small group of climate hacks show up endlessly: Fred Singer, Sallie Baliunas, Willie Soon, Michael Balling, and Pat Michaels, who not surprisingly often have tightly and massively interlocking memberships, “peer review,” and sponsors (see dynamic map).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fred Singer has been one of the first, the most relentless, connected and influential. As noted above and fully documented in </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Merchants of Doubt</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Singer and Fred Seitz began as anti-communists fighting for Star Wars missile defense, shifted over to environmental issues with the Supersonic Transport (SST), and came to see greens as the next threat to capitalism and hence democracy (this of course dovetails nicely with the Powell Memo, and Hacks have been an important actor and beneficiary of RWI). Singer founded the front Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP), is funded by fossil fuel industry, chemical companies and the “four sisters” foundations, has been published by Washington Times (anti-commie Moonie 4.2.3), and has worked with and for CTT’s, e.g., George Mason /Mercatus, Heritage, Hoover etc. (see also Petitions 4.2.4).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Typically in science marginal work funded by industry by people working outside their field and not peer reviewed would be ignored. Probably they would not have gotten much notice, but the Fairness Doctrine ensured that opposing views were heard, CTT’s promulgated their work and helped get them into Congressional testimony. A particular kind of hack is a TV weatherman, who have been unduly influential in global warming debate. To understand this, we must look at the role of the media.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Siegfried Fred Singer was born in Austria in 1924, his father a jeweller, they lived in the UK a while but arrived in the US at age 14. According to her chapter in </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Rachel White Scheuering, he did in fact work on an "electric brain" while Navy Ordnance along with mines, but later went to White Sands New Mexico to be a rocket scientist. MA Princeton, claims Oppenheimer was on this thesis committee (perhaps only oral exams?), and that he supported him in his security clearance woes, but later found out he was guilty. He later designed satellites to collect info, got on at the Department of Interior on water issues, which then got rolled into the new EPA under Nixon. There, according to White Scheuering, is where he got his knowledge of how policy works that allowed him to obstruct it later (118).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer taught environmental subjects at Univ of Virginia beginning in 1971, so presumably he knew the field well enough (ozone, acid rain, population) to know he was making false statements later. The OPEC embargo and especially Iran cutting off sales to US made energy an issue in the press, so FS jumped in, claiming the crisis was a media fabrication, and even if it were real, the magic of the market would solve by forcing conservation (119). Presumably he dropped even the putatively conservative idea of conservation long before Dick Cheney declared it Un-American (or something 2001).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oreskes and Conway point out that the ozone hole had been found 4 yrs before, but no one could believe data so thrown out (118).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The panel included DuPont, which decided to quit cfc's 123</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delay credited Singer with stopping ozone action?</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ronald Reagan's Sec of Interior Donald Hodel proposed shirts to protect us from the increased UV, resulting protest got him canned (for Watt?!)[if doors work for nukes, why not?]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By a circuitous route, Singer's ideas on ozone (not a problem, naturally caused by volcanoes, a hypothesis that had already been discounted by the science), got picked up by Rush Limbaugh. Singer recanted in 1993, but warned the oil companies that they could be the next target of regulations such as the Montreal Protocol p120 (presumably a sales pitch for his services; as I write in 2014 we have new data that the ozone is in fact healing).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">{“Fred Singer at the Heritage Foundation in the early 1980s argued that ozone depletion is a natural phenomenon being cynically exploited by a corrupt, self-interested and extremist scientific community to get more money for their research.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now as Chief Scientist for the U.S. Department of Transportation, he protested what he called the “ozone scare” in an article published on page 1 of the Wall Street Journal. He admitted that depletion was observed but dismissed it as localized and temporary and insisted that there was no proof that CFCs were responsible. He also recycled the old tobacco tactic of “refutation by distraction” noting that skin cancers had many causes, not just those caused by increased ultraviolet light. He also erected a straw man argument, that water vapour from the supersonic transport (SST) would destroy ozone, a hypothesis that had already been discredited. He offered a counter narrative that scientists had overreacted before, were overreacting now and therefore couldn’t be trusted. He also argued that depletion was caused by natural stratospheric cooling as part of natural variability. Scientists had already shown that such cooling was a direct consequence of increased greenhouse gas absorption in the troposphere.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer’s views went against the accumulated work of hundreds of experts and led to the conclusion that no regulation was needed. He alleged that they had “rushed to judgment” but how could he claim that if he was also inconsistently alleging that they were lobbying for more money to do more research?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His story had 3 major themes – that the science is incomplete and uncertain, that replacing CFCs would be difficult, dangerous and expensive and that the scientific community is corrupt and motivated by self-interest and political ideology. The first was true but the adaptive structure of the Montréal Protocol accounted for it. The second was baseless. The third was the pot calling the kettle black given his ties to the Reagan administration and the Heritage Foundation and the venues in which he published.” } (Burke, A, summary of Oreskes).</span></p>

<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ACID RAIN:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nierenberg got tapped to head commision on acid rain (of concern to Canada because of timber industry). acid rain 1979, some int'l action and bi-lateral Carter 73, undermined by RR.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Edison Institute inserted propaganda into Nierenberg's acid rain comm? (oreskes 89) some used FS talking points (including acid rain good for some crops?!)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The mandate of the commission was to summarize the science, but FS kept inserting qualifiers and references to economics; Nordhaus and economists were separate, and split w/ the sci? cf wiki sum</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gene Likens said comm was in fact taking economics into account. e.g., $ value of lake, but FS said if not quantifiable not real? (p 90).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer could not win over other scientists on commission, so he did end runs (for example sent a letter up the chain of command, on Heritage letterhead).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer was supposed to write last chapter on economics, but twisted to mean to do nothing costs nothing (value of nature is zero); rather than fight, they chucked in into the appendix (where it could be pointed to by other deniers)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fortune magazine ran version of singer written by Hudson Institute (Oreskes and Conway 94) Gene Likens countered in Science Magazine , but not in the popular press, a pattern we will see repeated (100).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wsj echo FS, R Reagan wants to ignore acid rain, so delays release of report, in the meantime rwi based stories on interim report?</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Canadians care about acid rain and wanted action but Bill Ruckelshaus said we do not know cause when commission said we did?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer claimed fix acid rain difficult, expensive, and would hurt the economy, opposite has happened 103 [half the projected cost, solved in half the time?/twice as fast] bush1 cap and trade?</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fortune mag echo FS bs, Likens tried to counter.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oreskes and Conway point out some important ironies: regulation drives innovation (105). Conversely, conservatives thwarting regulation will eventually inevitably bring on a crisis that will make much more onerous regulations essential.</span></p>



<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">----</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">["Science and Environmental Policy Project</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This corporate science mill began in 1990 as an offshoot of the Moonie-funded think-tank Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy. Its goal is to discredit global warming, ozone depletion, and acid rain. Its director, physicist Dr. S. Fred Singer, is a former chief scientist for the Department of Transportation who has received thousands of dollars in "consulting fees" from Exxon, Shell, Arco, Unocal, and Sunoco. Singer lambastes global warming science in regular editorials in the Wall Street Journal and Washington Times. Funded by: Monsanto, Texaco, Philip Morris, and the Bradley, Forbes, and Smith Richardson foundations.]"</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After Rio (1992) climate and energy again was covered heavily in the press, Moonie funded Values allied with SEPP? and also funded the Washington Times, where Singer had a regular column, often devoted to climate denial eg., "Climate Claims Wither under the Luminous Lights of Science". This may be genesis of the doubt the models meme in which Singer left out important data (such as the warming in the 80's, the warmest decade to date); he was challenged by the Ehrlichs, who stated that if the work had been done correctly, remarkably accurate (122).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1995 IPCC Second Assessment report Singer challenged in a letter (note not a peer reviewed article) to Sci mag, claiming the satellites says no warming (he also claimed that satellite data was superior to surface measurements), but that data only goes back to 1979, and there was a problem with orbit decay, when corrected it match surface warming trend (White Scheuering 123).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The astute reader will have noticed that every significant development in our understanding or action on climate is met with a counter-strategy, and this of course is true of the Kyoto conference and its resulting treaty. Rio gave us Heidelberg, Kyoto spawned Leipzig, which had about 100 signers, 20 plus TV weathermen along with some professors (often had no stated affiliation)moreover, a number said they had been duped by excerpt (124).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Secondhand smoke:</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"According to David Biello and John Pavlus writing in 'Scientific American, Singer is "best known for his denial of the dangers of secondhand smoke".[45] He was involved in 1994 as writer and reviewer of a report on the issue by the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, where he was a senior fellow.[46] The report criticized the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for their 1993 study about the cancer risks of passive smoking, calling it "junk science". Singer told CBC's The Fifth Estate in 2006 that he stood by the position that the EPA had "cooked the data" to show that secondhand smoke causes lung cancer. CBC said that tobacco money had paid for Singer's research and for his promotion of it, and that it was organized by APCO. Singer told CBC that it made no difference where the money came from. "They don't carry a note on a dollar bill saying 'This comes from the tobacco industry,'" he said. "In any case I was not aware of it, and I didn't ask APCO where they get their money. That's not my business."[43]</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">end ]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alan Burke summaries Oreskes: “The fact that Singer was recycling arguments from earlier debates about nuclear power and pesticides, and his defense of acid rain and CFCs suggests that none of this was about secondhand smoke but was rather about his hostility to regulation, the road to Socialism, the very thing the Cold War was fought to defeat. At the root was free market fundamentalism. “</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Secret memo,</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> smoking gun, written by CC?{In August 2007 Newsweek reported that in April 1998 a dozen people from what it called "the denial machine" met at the American Petroleum Institute's Washington headquarters. The meeting included Singer's group, the George C. Marshall Institute, and ExxonMobil.The<b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </b></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">API "Communications Action Plan" from 1998</b> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">stated: "Victory will be achieved when ... citizens 'understand' uncertainties in climate science ... [and] recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom.'"</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Newsweek (despite that API is a major advertiser) said that, according to an eight-page memo that was leaked, the meeting proposed a $5-million campaign to convince the public that the science of global warming was controversial and uncertain. The plan was leaked to the press and never implemented.[55] The week after the story, Newsweek published a contrary view from Robert Samuelson, one of its columnists, who said the story of an industry-funded denial machine was contrived and fundamentally misleading.[56]”} Not implemented? 16 min fuel is cool video distributed to science teachers, propagandizing the schools was part of the plan.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oregon: sepp teamed w/ arthur robinson dvd on homeland defense and survive nuke war 41 homeschool vs socialist educ.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">oregon: more plant and animal life (Pooley)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"In a February 2001 letter to the Washington Post, Singer denied receiving funding from the oil industry, except for consulting work some 20 years prior. SEPP, however, received multiple grants from ExxonMobil, including 1998 and 2000. In addition, Singer's current CV on the SEPP website states that he served as a consultant to several oil companies. The organizations Singer has recently been affiliated with - Frontiers of Freedom, ACSH, NCPA, etc. - have received generous grants from Exxon on an annual basis. Singer Letter to the Editor -Washington Post February 12, 2001 It is ironic that the attempt by two environmental activists to misrepresent my credentials [letters, Feb. 6] coincides with a sustained cold spell in the United States that set a 100-year record. As for full disclosure: My resume clearly states that consulted for several oil companies on the subject of oil pricing, some 20 years ago, after publishing a monograph on the subject. My connection to oil during the past decade is as a Wesson Fellow at the Hoover Institution; the Wesson money derives from salad oil."</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1994 Nightline revealed that Singer has accepted consulting fees from Exxon, Shell, Arco, Unocal, and Sun Oil.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">me/</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Video </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Documentary</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An Inconvenient Truth</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (2006) has been central to raising global warming as an issue, and has been shown in many schools (An individual in the UK sued to keep the documentary out of schools tried to spin the court loss as a victory). Because of its success, however, the documentary was heavily attacked (including websites devoted to pointing out errors, the most prominent being Newsbusters of the Media Research Center). In fact, a 12/24/10 Google search for "Gore Inconven..." produced two options, the second being “lies”). Moreover, true to the common mirror tactic, many bogus climate skeptic videos (featuring hacks) are readily available. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Great Global Warming Swindle</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Apocalypse my arse"</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) was denounced by an investigation, two reputable scientists protested misuse of their interviews, and one actually managed to get his interview removed from the DVD release (a rare victory for correction). Not sure it was ever broadcast widely in US, but at least half a dozen copies, top two have online fifty and eighty thousand views. It was produced by Channel 4 in UK, and sought out deniers; accordingly, it's a who's who of US flacks (and some from Canada):</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tim Ball – Head of the Natural Resources Stewardship Project (Misidentified in the film as Professor from the Department of Climatology, University of Winnipeg. Ball left his faculty position in the Department of Geography in 1996; the University of Winnipeg has never had a Department of Climatology.)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Christy – Professor, Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville and a Lead Author of Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report (Credited in the film as 'Lead Author, IPCC')</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paul Driessen – Author: Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nigel Lawson – Former UK Chancellor of the Exchequer</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Richard Lindzen – Professor, Department of Meteorology, M.I.T.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patrick Michaels – Research Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patrick Moore – Co-founder, Greenpeace</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frederick Singer – Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Misidentified in the film as Former Director, U.S. National Weather Service. From 1962–64 he was Director of the National Weather Satellite Service.)[citation needed]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roy Spencer – Research Scientist, University of Alabama in Huntsville</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8 March, 2007</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appeared in documentary "The Great Global Warming Swindle"</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gov't ruled yes it's false, but we're too smart and well read to fall for it, thus no harm no foul? :</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“...on 21 July 2008 the British media regulator </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ofcom</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> declared that the final part of the film dealing with the politics of climate change had broken rules on "due impartiality on matters of major political and industrial controversy and major matters relating to current public policy". Ofcom also backed complaints by Sir </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">David King</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, stating that his views were misrepresented, and </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carl Wunsch</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, on the points that he had been misled as to its intent, and that the impression had been given that he agreed with the programme's position on climate change. Ofcom further ruled that the IPCC had not been given an adequate chance to respond to adverse claims that its work was politicised and that it had made misleading claims about </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">malaria</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. However, the regulator said that because "the link between human activity and global warming... became settled before March 2007", in parts 1–4 the audience was not "materially misled so as to cause harm or offence".</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[65]</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> According to Ofcom the program caused no harm because "the discussion about the causes of global warming was to a very great extent settled by the date of broadcast", meaning that climate change was no longer a matter of political controversy.</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[66]</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> end” wiki</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patrick Moore: </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">familiar pattern for New Left to flip to New Right/neo-con; someone smart had a theory that both are the same, conspiracy theory with basic story about, but mirror images; when you can't go forward with one, easy to switch to the other , plus it pays so much better. Moore was apparently brave, creative and mediagenic, but autocratic leadership style, and organizations often fragment (esp on left) and ppl burn out. He went for green option to farm salmon (his mom's family were fishers, and his dad was logger; next morph worked with Hoggan on green audit of logging, but then just sold out completely.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Director of the </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">British Columbia Forest Alliance</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> front by B-M, at the same time it was front for Junta in Argentina: "people get killed everywhere."</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He began supporting pvc/dioxin, mining, nuclear (before AGW?), and perhaps most evil of all joined Driessen CORE in eco-imperialism BS [swindle fridge]</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">=</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer prepared an NIPCC report called "Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate," published in March 2008 by the Heartland Institute, a conservative think tank. ABC News said unnamed climate scientists from NASA, Stanford, and Princeton dismissed it as "fabricated nonsense."</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In a letter of complaint to ABC Singer complained their piece used "prejudicial language, distorted facts, libelous insinuations, and anonymous smears."</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2009 Climategate: Singer trashed House of Commons report exonerating scientists.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2011: lead author of "Climate Change Reconsidered" — an 880-page report by the right-wing Heartland Institute ~IPCC, recycled?</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So far we have seen Singer doing what most of the RWI, lies for money. However, he also does what the RWI does when they get outed (often for crossing some sort of line) and lose credibility or are losing for some other reason: go on the offensive. In this case he took advantage of the good nature and vulnerability of a revered scientist, and nearly destroyed the life of his student who tried to defend him.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Roger Revelle</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is sometimes referred to as the father of global warming, and Al Gore famously cites his seminal influence when he was at harvard (also a colleague of Keeling). Revelle, moreover, “ stood against the UC faculty being required to take an anti-communist oath during the Joseph McCarthy period. He served as Science Advisor to Interior Secretary Stewart Udall during the Kennedy Administration in the early 1960s, and was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science" wiki).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He participated in nuclear tests, figured out that oceans would absorb CO2 slower than had been predicted, and thus warming would be faster because of burning fossil fuels 1957 with Hans Suess [who lived in La Jolla, so he got mail for Dr Seuss; moreover his papers reside in the Geisel Library at UCSD, which Theodor Seuss Geisel referred to in his commencement address as UC La Jolla].(Keeling joined in 1956).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Revelle went to Harvard for a few years to push for a scientific approach to increase food supplies for a growing population, but returned to UC San Diego [Oreskes also at both].</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">singer scam (Oreskes 190-, used against Gore 194 by G Easterbrook in New Republic</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">revelle talk? suggest mitigation, for example nuclear power, energy conservation, boreal forests could expand, so must have thought a problem ( 191)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The opening sentence of a talk Revelle did at AAAS New Orleans was a bit vague, which gave Singer an opening; immediately after the talk discussed co-authoring a washington post article;</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Walter Munk, his colleague, says Revelle had a hard time saying no to people, and so may have lept before he looked in agreeing to work with Singer (Oreskes 192).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In any event, on the way home, Revelle suffered a massive heart attack, going from the airport straight into triple bypass surgery. He did not recover well, had additional complications and surgery; his work day was limited to 20-30 minutes even months later.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Three drafts came in March while Revelle was still in the hospital (unbeknownst to Revelle several other hacks were giving input on the draft, which was mostly a rehash of an earlier Singer article); later? Singer would call, and the draft would be put on top of the to-do pile, but he kept burying it again; asked why, he replied "some people don't think Fred Singer is a very good scientist" in his secretary's affidavit note 185 ( p192).</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finally Singer just showed up at the house unannounced on February 6th; even though Revelle had something else scheduled, Singer kept him working for nearly four hours.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Changes to the final </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">galley proof </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">owing to the discussion between Singer and Revelle on February 6, 1991 in Revelle's office comprise less than 1% of the text of the </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">published article</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Further, the changes are not wholly consistent or representative of Revelle’s known views, most significantly that the expected warming in the 21st century would be 1-3 degrees Celsius, as opposed to "well below normal year-to-year variation.”[as the article states]. This normal year-to-year variation, in a less-pressured moment, Roger would have realized from his own frequently-used lecture materials to be less than about 0.2 degrees Celsius.” (Lancaster) Justin Lancaster had taken Revelle's course so knew that Revelle knew paleoclimate bit bogus?</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In July Revelle died of heart attack.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cosmos Club article (for beltway insiders) embarrassed Revelle, he told his student and assistant Justin Revelle but not peer reviewed and so scientists did not read it, so maybe let drop.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But in 1992 election, Cosmos article (and following one in The Independent) used to attack Gore/ his book by Greg Easterbrook, claimed before his death Revelle said science too uncertain for action [me: (implying gore out of date or biased?] actually quoting not Revelle but Singer 1990 ppr p 194[those words do not appear in Cosmos art or New O speech?]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">George Will picked up Easterbrook attack almost verbatim [end online in google]</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even so, that might have been the end of the matter, but in In 2003, Singer published a book chapter,</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> titled </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that misrepresented both Lancaster and Revelle. (Lancaster was attempting to convince editor not to publish and got Singer off the program on a memorial lecture for Revelle (hurt his pride and his “brand”?)</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singer sued Lancaster for libel, forced him to fold (Oreskes 196). His wife begged him to cave (he had been representing himself, whereas Singer had pro bono high priced (fedsoc) lawyers from National legal . New engl rw legal foundation spawn of National Legal Center for the Public Interest.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[Joseph G Blute Nutter, mcClennen and fish one int'l place boston: class action litigation, product liability [wrote on PM] products liability, and insurance coverage matters. .. He has tried cases on behalf of Johnson & Johnson, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Ford Motor Company,., and Exxon Corporation, Georgia-Pacific Corp., . ]</span></p>

<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lancaster's settlement/apology had all kinds of caveats and provisos in it (including that in ten years he would be free to tell the truth); had terms/requests that Singer never honored, for example to send copies of Revelle's annotated MS). After the ten years passed, he has corrected the record, including affidavits from Revelle's secretary and several of his colleagues.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>=</b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Singer Profiled in Rolling Stone Magazine</b></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the January 2010 edition of Rolling Stone Magazine, journalist Tim Dickinson profiled the top 17 United States "polluters and deniers who are derailing efforts to curb global warming". Below is an excerpt from the article titled "Climate Killers" about Fred Singer.[27]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A former mouthpiece for the tobacco industry, the 85-year-old Singer is the granddaddy of fake "science" designed to debunk global warming. The retired physicist — who also tried to downplay the danger of the hole in the ozone layer — is still wheeled out as an authority by big polluters determined to kill climate legislation. For years, Singer steadfastly denied that the world is heating up: Citing satellite data that has since been discredited, he even made the unhinged claim that "the climate has been cooling just slightly." Last year, Singer served as a lead author of "Climate Change Reconsidered" — an 880-page report by the right-wing Heartland Institute that was laughably presented as a counterweight to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's scientific authority on global warming. Singer concludes that the unchecked growth of climate-cooking pollution is "unequivocally good news." Why? Because "rising CO2 levels increase plant growth and make plants more resistant to drought and pests." Small wonder that Heartland's climate work has long been funded by the likes of Exxon and reactionary energy barons like Charles Koch and Richard Mellon Scaife.[27]</span></p>


<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frontiers of Freedom, CFACT...acsh, cato, risk, GMI, heritage, hoover, Heartland, Monsanto, TASSC, WSJ, NCPA, lindzen, inhofe, ebell, milloy, delay , GMU</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>CFACT</b> not in darkside:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Desmog: [“The Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) was founded in 1985 to pursue a free-market approach to environmental issues. They describe their role as "relentlessly infusing the environmental debate with a balanced perspective on environmental stewardship."</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">According to Media Matters, CFACT's main focus is promoting what it describes as "destructive environmental policies," and it has "waged a decades-long war on environmental activism." [1]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CFACT is darkside/crypto on the offensive because it is trying to destroy PIRGs (Public Interest Research Groups, named specifically as a problem in the Powell Memo, as was its inspiration Ralph Nader (aside from Marxist Marcuse the only enemy to be called by name?). Nader of course was dangerous because he was successfully challenging the nonsense that seat belts and windshields that didn't breaking into bayonet would bankrupt the automobile industry. Such a threat was the car companies paid private investigators to follow him and prostitutes to try to blackmail him; when he won several hundred thousand dollars in damages for this behavior, he promptly used the money to fund the PIRGs, which of course leveraged it to get even more information about corporate malfeasance. So successful and valuable were these, that universities and colleges all over the country started their own, some even getting funding from the student body. Even worse, students were getting the inspiration and skills to move into politics and activism (e.g., U.S. Representative </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jan Schakowsky</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (D-IL), Sierra Club Executive Director </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carl Pope</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and Randy Hayes of the </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rainforest Action Network)</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The right's reaction was to crank up the incubator, often taking the form of funding rightwing newspapers, but also trying to choke off funding the PIRGs as political (as if the Federalist Society was not). [Cautionary ironic tale: CFACT have an award to <b>Helen P. Chenoweth-Hage, </b>who managed to get elected to Congress from Idaho in the 1994 Gingrich takeover by beating up on her opponent for raising the top tax rate from 34 to 36%, (which led to the first balanced budget in decades and the longest economic expansion in US history); LCV in single digits. She attacked Clinton for his affair, despite the fact she had had her own for six years, but she was a lobbyist, and God had forgiven her.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wiki: “</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During her tenure, she was referred to by her most outspoken critics as a "poster-child for the </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">militias</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">," and in February 1995 she voiced the suspicion that armed federal agents were landing </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">black helicopters on</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Idaho </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ranchers</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">' property to enforce the </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Endangered Species Act</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in line with a longstanding </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">conspiracy theory</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. "I have never seen them," Chenoweth said in an interview in </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The New York Times</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. "But enough people in my district have become concerned that I can't just ignore it. We do have some proof."</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[6]</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Los Angeles Times</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">editorialized that during the campaign she gained national attention by "holding 'endangered salmon bakes' during fundraisers, serving canned salmon to ridicule the listing of Idaho </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">salmon</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">as an </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">endangered species</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">." She was quoted as saying in response, "It's the white, Anglo-Saxon male that's endangered today."</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[7]</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “ </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She did honor her promise not to run for a third term, but after retiring she rented a car and drove 300 miles rather than undergo a secondary airport search. Sadly (ironic part:) she <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">died in an SUV when she was thrown out; those in seatbelts had only minor injuries]</span></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 2009, CFACT hired Marc Morano, a former spokesman for Sen. James Inhofe, to run ClimateDepot.com. According to Morano, the site was designed to offer research and environmental news that questions the theory of man-made global warming.”end ] Koch, Exxon, Scaife funders. Morano: Hansen will inspire eco-terrorism (equals torching SUV's). CFACT sponsors Climate Depot.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">–</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[“ In late 2005, evangelical leaders like Rick Warren joined a drive to back a major initiative to fight global warming, saying “millions of people could die in this century because of climate change, most of them our poorest global neighbors." To counter this historic shift in the evangelical community, a group called the “Interfaith Stewardship Alliance” (ISA) was launched to oppose action on carbon emissions and to deny the existence of climate change. One of the men guiding this group was Paul Driessen, a consultant for ExxonMobil, the mining industry, and for CFACT.”]</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Analysis: Rove learning how to shepherd the evangelicals was crucial to getting W elected in Texas and then as president. Moreover, we have seen Christianity as one of the four dove-tailing ideologies that keep the right in power. So the Christian stewardship movement is a threat in several respects. God promised not to destroy the word again after The Flood, so clearly AGW is not a threat (puny man does not have the power to alter His creation). The stewards, on the other hand, say the way to glorify God is to preserve his creation (an interesting bridge also built regarding mercury: it harms the unborn). Thus the Cornwall Alliance to kill stewardship matters. Green Dragon (serpent is satan).</span></p>
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</b><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Polar bear suit </b>2008 API, NAM CoC aei in reserve? Not singer or horner?</span></p>

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