Love Canal

sci corruption:<div>
</div><div><table border="1" width="98%" align="center" bgcolor="#eeeedd" cellpadding="5" style=""><tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"><th>Love Canal at Niagra Falls</th></tr><tr><td>1977 Nov: This was an unfinished canal had become an industrial waste site which leaked chemicals whenever it rained. It had been given to the New York Education Department, which had then sold various parts of it as housing estates. 

    After 30 years of indiscriminate dumping and regular reports of seepages and odours, a local reporter began an investigation of possible links between the contamination and resident illnesses. In 1976 toxicology consultants (Calspan Corp. — an ex-Defence-related general lab group associated with Cornell University) reported serious contamination by dioxins, and this fired up local Congressman LaFalce, who turned up at the site with the Environmenal Protection Agency in tow. 

    The EPA tested air in basements, and the New York State Health and Environmental personnel sampled sump pumps and storm sewers. Love Canal citizens organised themselves into three large resident's organisations, and began to lobby for remedial action or relocation. [833 families were eventually relocated] 

    In March 1978 the New York health authorities ordered human testing of blood, and a committee of physicians recommended drastic measures. The Governor declaring a State health emergency, closed the school, etc. Over the next years the EPA and New York health authorities expanded their area of concern to 36 residential blocks, and the Congress became involved in Joint Hearings when chromasomal damage was reported. 

    This landmark case led, in the last days of the Carter Administration (1980), to passage of the Superfund (CERCLA) laws. These laws required polluting industries to jointly pay to clean up their own mess and they also set aside government funds for sites where it was impossible to identify the culprits. However it took five years of lax Reagan-Repubican administration before the ATSDR (the agency charged with enforcing these rules) to be funded.

[Love Canal land was later remediated as a new suburb with a new name] <a href="http://www.onlineethics.org/cms/6527.aspx" target="blank"><img src="http://www.sciencecorruption.com/library/Seearticle.jpg" align="right" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr width="20%" style="" /><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">
1978 Dr Richard J Kociba a scientist working for Dow Chemicals found overwhelming evidence that 2,3,7,8-TCDD herbicides (which all contained dioxins) were dangerous, and published his report in Applied Pharmacology. Before Love Canal had come to public notice, he had begun a series of three different life-time (2 year) animal studies feeding dioxins to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. 

    Kociba found high rates of liver cancer in the female mice (but not the males) and he had microscope slides to prove it. This triggered the scientific scare about dioxins (and later, their cousins, the furans) in herbicides — not just in Agent Orange. Public concerns became exaggerated when the media over-reacted; and this was supplemented by the clumsy and frantic attempts by the chemical companies to throw doubt on their own research.

[Dow Chemicals rejected the Kociba findings. They then hired the 'greenwashing' PR firm, E Bruce Harrison, to run a campaign discounting and confusing the findings. They later challenged Kociba's diagnosis of the cancers by mounting their own 'independent' committee of highly-paid consultants who reviewed the Kociba slides and found fewer 'confirmed' cancers — which is why scientists don't like releasing their basic data; it just fuels the fires of organised attack.]. 

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1978 The first lawsuits are filed against Dow Chemicals and Monsanto over their sloppy production of Agent Orange resulting in Vietnam Veteran's dioxin exposures. 

</div> <hr width="20%" style="" />1978 Mar: Eckardt C Beck, the local (Love Canal) Regional administrator for the EPA reported:<blockquote class="Q" style="">I visited the canal area at that time. Corroding waste-disposal drums could be seen breaking up through the grounds of backyards. Trees and gardens were turning black and dying. One entire swimming pool had been had been popped up from its foundation, afloat now on a small sea of chemicals. Puddles of noxious substances were pointed out to me by the residents. Some of these puddles were in their yards, some were in their basements, others yet were on the school grounds. Everywhere the air had a faint, choking smell. Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces. 

    And then there were the birth defects. The New York State Health Department is continuing an investigation into a disturbingly high rate of miscarriages, along with five birth-defect cases detected thus far in the area.</blockquote> <hr width="20%" style="" />1978 Aug 1: the New York Times front-page article stated:<blockquote class="Q" style="">NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y.—Twenty five years after the Hooker Chemical Company stopped using the Love Canal here as an industrial dump, 82 different compounds, 11 of them suspected carcinogens, have been percolating upward through the soil, their drum containers rotting and leaching their contents into the backyards and basements of 100 homes and a public school built on the banks of the canal.</blockquote><a href="http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history/topics/lovecanal/01.html" target="blank" style=""><img src="http://www.sciencecorruption.com/library/Seearticle.jpg" align="right" /></a> [Steve Milloy, Michael Gough and other corporate dioxin deniers have since tried to make out that the problems here were minor, and that they were wildly exaggerated by the media.]  <hr width="20%" style="" />1978 Aug 2: The New York Times story triggered action. The next day Dr Robert Whalen, the New York state Commissioner of Health, visited Love Canal and said:<blockquote class="Q" style="">"The Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill constitutes a public nuisance and an extremely serious threat and danger to the health, safety, and welfare of those using it or exposed to the conditions emanating from it, consisting, among other things, of chemical wastes lying exposed on the surface in numerous places and pervasive, pernicious, and obnoxious chemical vapors and fumes affecting both the ambient air and the homes of certain residents living near such sites."</blockquote>He issued an order to country health officials to close the school and reduce accessibility to one division of the site ["keep people off"], and to begin health studies. On August 7 he expanded the prohibited area and Governor Carey decided to buy the homes of those who wished to relocate. President Carter also approved emergency financial aid.      Dr Whalen also convened a Blue-Ribbon Panel, declared a health emergency and ordered the relocation of women and children living in the most contaminated parts of the estate. President Carter then declared a 'State of Emergency' and provided financial aid. By the end of this year workers on the site were undergoing daily monitoring, and over the next three years lawsuits were filed by New York State Attorney against Hooker Corporation and Occidental Petroleum (settled by consent agreement in 1988 and 1989) and the whole area cleared.      [Multiple Sources]  <hr width="20%" style="" /><hr color="red" style="" /><center style="">Carlo is now a staff epidemiologist with SUNY's School of Medicine in Buffalo.</center><hr color="red" style="" /> <hr width="20%" style="" />1978 Aug 4: — Sep 79: Carlo has given up his job as Teaching Assistant at Roswell Park, SUNY and is now an Epidemiologist at the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine's. Research Program in Occupational and Environmental Health. 

    [His C/V says that he was also] Clinical Instructor, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine.
[Source: George Carlo's C/V dated the end of 1988.] <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wsm14b00" target="tobdoc"><img src="http://www.sciencecorruption.com/library/ind.jpg" align="right" /></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wsm14b00/pdf" target="tobdoc"><img src="http://www.sciencecorruption.com/library/pdfer.jpg" align="right" /></a>
However one of Carlo's puff pieces says:<blockquote class="Q" style="">Dr Carlo was among the first scientists on the scene at the infamous Love Canal chemical crisis in Niagara Falls, New York in 1978 that led to the Superfund law addressing hazards from abandoned hazardous waste sites.</blockquote> <hr width="20%" style="" /><table border="1" width="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#eeeedd" cellpadding="5" style=""><tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"><th>Carlo's denial of Love Canal involvement...</th></tr><tr><td>
    Defending himself against charges that he was a consultant to the land developers at Love Canal (and there is no evidence of this) Carlo later wrote:<blockquote class="Q" style="">"I was one of the first consultants to be approached by Lois Gibbs and the other mothers who were concerned about the risk of miscarriages. We helped them put together the study that was later submitted to the State Health Department about health risks. I helped Congressman John LaFalce with the first writings of the Superfund Act that was intended to prevent financial harm to families living on or near abandoned hazardous waste sites and this a direct consequence of the Love Canal work. 

    My work was used by Congress because it supported the theory that the chemicals such as Mirex or Kepone were related to cancer. "</blockquote>[Google turns up no evidence supporting the claim that Carlo's research information was given to Congress, or of any relationship with Congressman LaFalce. However, it could well be true that the University was approached for help by Lois Gibbs, and therefore that he helped the activists.</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr width="20%" style="" /><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">
1978 Dec 14: An EPA press release explains the reasons why they were taking action over toxic chemical waste sites following Love Canal.<blockquote class="Q" style="">EPA would require that hazardous wastes be safely handled and disposed of to protect the public and the environment from possible contamination including safeguards to protect drinking and other underground water supplies, surface water and the air. These wastes include acids, caustics, explosives, and toxic chemicals. 

    "Hazardous wastes will be controlled from point of generation to their ultimate disposal, and dangerous practices that are now resulting in serious threats to health and the environment will not be allowed," ([EPA Adminisrator Douglas] Costle said. 

    "This hazardous waste program is comprehensive" Costle said. "It will control over 35 million tons of waste. Some 270,000 waste-generating facilities, 10,000 transporters, and 30,000 treatment, storage, and disposal sites will be involved." 

    [The] EPA proposed a list of 158 specific wastes it considers hazardous and which would fall under Federal regulation.</blockquote><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yvw97b00" target="tobdoc"><img src="http://www.sciencecorruption.com/library/ind.jpg" align="right" /></a><a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yvw97b00/pdf" target="tobdoc"><img src="http://www.sciencecorruption.com/library/pdfer.jpg" align="right" /></a>
This was the origins of the two main Superfund laws<ul><li style="padding-top: 0.1cm;">CERLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act)</li><li style="padding-top: 0.1cm;">SARA (Superfund Amendment and Reauthorisation Act) of 1986.</li></ul>However it took many years of corporate vs. agency battles before anything of significance was passed, and more years before they were activated, and so many of the US science-for-sale entrepreneurs got their start by working on Superfund problems for the chemical companies and producers of hazardous waste.</div> </div><div></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal</a></div><div>
</div><div>Love Canal is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">neighborhood</a> within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Niagara Falls, New York</a>. The neighborhood is infamously known as the host of a 70-acre landfill that served as the epicenter of a massive environmental pollution disaster that affected the health of hundreds of residents, culminating in an extensive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Superfund</a> cleanup operation.Originally intended as a model <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">planned</a> community, Love Canal served as a residential area before being purchased by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_Chemical_Company" title="Hooker Chemical Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hooker Chemical Company</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Chemical_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Occidental Chemical Corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Occidental Chemical Corporation</a>). After its sale to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_City_School_District" title="Niagara Falls City School District" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">local school district</a>, Love Canal attracted national attention for the public health problem originated from the massive dumping of toxic waste on the grounds. This event displaced numerous families, leaving them with long-standing health issues and symptoms of high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">white blood cell</a> counts and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">leukemia</a>. Consequently, the federal government passed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Superfund</a> law. The resulting cleanup operation under the Superfund law demolished the neighborhood, wrapping up in 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health" title="New York State Department of Health" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">New York State Health Department</a> Commissioner at the time, David Axelrod, called the Love Canal incident a "national symbol of a failure to exercise a sense of concern for future generations".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> The Love Canal incident was especially significant as a situation where the inhabitants "overflowed into the wastes instead of the other way around".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Geography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Geography</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Early_history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Early history</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Love_Canal_disaster" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Love Canal disaster</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Pre-disaster_state_of_town" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1Pre-disaster state of town</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Hooker_Chemical_Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2Hooker Chemical Company</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Sale_of_the_site" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3Sale of the site</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Construction_of_the_93rd_Street_School_and_the_99th_Street_School" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.4Construction of the 93rd Street School and the 99th Street School</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Usage_by_the_schools" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.5Usage by the schools</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Leadup_and_Discovery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.6Leadup and Discovery</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Contaminants" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.6.1Contaminants</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Consequences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.7Consequences</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Activism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.7.1Activism</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Lois_Gibbs_and_the_Love_Canal_Homeowners.27_Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.7.2Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal Homeowners' Association</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Federal_Response" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.7.3Federal Response</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Health_effects" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.7.4Health effects</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Aftermath" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.8Aftermath</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Evacuation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.8.1Evacuation</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Litigation_and_Compensation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.8.2Litigation and Compensation</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Remediation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.8.3Remediation</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.8.4Analysis</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Conclusion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.9Conclusion</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Controversies_related_to_moved_Love_Canal_waste_and_reports_of_illness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.10Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#Popular_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Popular culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Geography[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Love Canal is a neighborhood located in the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Niagara Falls</a> in the northwestern region of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(state)" title="New York (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York state</a>. The neighborhood covers 36 square blocks in the far southeastern corner of the city, stretching from the 93rd street making up the western border to the 100th street in the east border and the 103rd street in the northeast. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Creek (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bergholtz Creek</a> defines the north border with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Niagara River</a> marking the southern border one-quarter mile (400 m) away. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_Expressway" title="LaSalle Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LaSalle Expressway</a>splits an uninhabited portion of the south from the north.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> The canal covers 16 acres of land in the central eastern portion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early history</h2>In 1890, William T. Love, an ambitious entrepreneur from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railroad_Company" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Western Railroad Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Western Railroad Corporation</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dispenser.homenet.org/_{dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Love_Canal&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dn}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none !important; background-position: initial !important; background-size: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; padding: 0px !important;">disambiguation needed</a>], envisioned a perfect urban area called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_City,New_York" title="Model City, New York" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Model City</a>". He prepared plans to construct a community of parks and residences on the banks of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Lake Ontario</a>, believing it would serve the area's burgeoning industries with much needed hydroelectricity.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> He gave his name to the ensuing project, envisioning a perfect urban area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a>After 1892, Love's plan incorporated a shipping lane that would bypass the Niagara Falls. Love quickly lined up backing from financial banks and giants in New York City, Chicago and England. In October 1893, the first factory opened for business. In May 1894, work on the canal had begun. Steel companies and other manufacturers lined up for the chance of opening plants along the Love Canal.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-:0-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> He began digging the canal and built a few streets and houses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Berton-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> However, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Panic of 1893</a> caused investors to drop sponsorship of the project.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200821-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> In addition, Congress passed a law barring the removal of water from the Niagara River, to preserve Niagara Falls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Levine.2C_p.9-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> Only one mile (1.6 km) of the canal was dug, about 50 feet (15 m) wide and 10 to 40 feet (3 m to 12 m) deep, stretching northward from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Niagara River</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200821-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200820-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>Unfortunately, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Panic of 1907</a> proved economically disastrous as Love had to abandon the project. The deathblow came with the development of the transmission of electrical power economically over great distances by means of an alternating current. No longer was it necessary for industry to locate near the source of electrical power.Love's financial backers deserted him, and the last piece of the properties owned by his corporation was subjected to mortgage foreclosure and sold at public auction in 1910.With the project abandoned, the canal gradually filled with water.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Berton-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> The local children swam there in the summer and skated during the winter. In the 1920s, the canal became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump site" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">dump site</a> for the City of Niagara Falls, with the city regularly unloading its municipal refuse into the landfill.Industry and tourism grew steadily throughout the first half of the 20th century due to a high demand for industrial products and the increased mobility of people to travel. Paper, rubber, plastics, petrochemicals, carbon insulators, and abrasives composed the city's major industries. This prosperity would end by the late 1960s as aging industrial plants moved to less expensive locations.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Love Canal disaster</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Pre-disaster state of town[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-disaster state of town" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>At the time of the dump's closure in 1952, Niagara Falls was entering an economic boom, and the population began expanding dramatically, growing by 33% in twenty years (1940-1960) from 78,020 to 102,394.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Hooker Chemical Company[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hooker Chemical Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>By the turn of the 1940s, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_Chemical_Company" title="Hooker Chemical Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hooker Chemical Company</a> was searching for a place to dispose its large quantity of chemical waste. The Niagara Power and Development Company granted permission to Hooker in 1942 to dump wastes into the canal. The canal was drained and lined with thick clay. Into this site, Hooker began placing 55-US-gallon (210 l) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum(container)" title="Drum (container)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">metal or fiber barrels</a>. In 1947, Hooker bought the canal and the 70-foot-wide (21 m) banks on either side of the canal.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a> It subsequently converted it into a 16-acre landfill.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>In 1948, the City of Niagara Falls ended self-sufficient disposal of refuse and Hooker Chemical became the sole user and owner of the site.In early 1952, when it became apparent that the site would likely be developed for construction, Hooker ceased use of Love Canal as a dumpsite.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a> During its 10-year lifespan, the 16-acre landfill served as the dumping site of 21,800 tons of chemicals, mostly composed of products such as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosive_substance" title="Corrosive substance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">caustics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">alkalines</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">fatty acid</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated hydrocarbon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">chlorinated hydrocarbons</a> resulting from the manufacturing of dyes, perfumes, and solvents for rubber and synthetic resins".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200822-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[17]</a> These chemicals were buried at a depth of twenty to twenty-five feet (6 to 6.5 m).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Levine.2C_p.9-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a> Upon its closure, the canal was covered with a clay seal to prevent leakage. Over time, vegetation settled and began to grow atop the dump site.By the 1950s, the city of Niagara Falls was experiencing a population boom. With a growing population, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_City_School_District" title="Niagara Falls City School District" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Niagara Falls City School District</a> needed land to build new schools and attempted to purchase the property from Hooker Chemical. The population reached over 98,000 by the 1950 census.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Sale of the site[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sale of the site" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In March 1952, the superintendent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_City_School_District" title="Niagara Falls City School District" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Niagara Falls School Board</a> approached Hooker with regard to purchasing the Love Canal property for the purpose of constructing a new school. Following this initial approach, in an internal company memo dated March 27, 1952, Bjarne Klaussen, Hooker's vice president, wrote to the works manager that "it may be advisable to discontinue using the Love Canal property for a dumping ground."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Glaberson-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> In April 1952, after discussing the sale of the land with Ansley Wilcox II, Hooker's in-house legal counsel, Klaussen then wrote to the company president, R.L. Murray, suggesting that the sale could alleviate them from future liabilities for the buried chemicals:<table class="cquote" role="presentation" style="margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; padding: 10px;">“</td><td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The more we thought about it, the more interested Wilcox and I became in the proposition, and finally came to the conclusion that the Love Canal property is rapidly becoming a liability because of housing projects in the near vicinity of our property. A school, however, could be built in the center unfilled section (with chemicals underground). We became convinced that it would be a wise move to turn this property over to the schools provided we could not be held responsible for future claims or damages resulting from underground storage of chemicals.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Glaberson-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></td><td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table>As "a means of avoiding liability by relinquishing control of the site", Hooker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed" title="Deed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">deeded</a> the site to the school board in 1953 for $1 with a liability limitation clause.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996161-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a> In the "sales" agreement signed on April 28, 1953, Hooker Chemical included a seventeen-line <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">caveat</a> that they anticipated would release them from all legal obligations should lawsuits arise in the future.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200822-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Zuesse-LoveCanal-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a><table class="cquote" role="presentation" style="margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; padding: 10px;">“</td><td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Prior to the delivery of this instrument of conveyance, the grantee herein has been advised by the grantor that the premises above described have been filled, in whole or in part, to the present grade level thereof with waste products resulting from the manufacturing of chemicals by the grantor at its plant in the City of Niagara Falls, New York, and the grantee assumes all risk and liability incident to the use thereof. It is therefore understood and agreed that, as a part of the consideration for this conveyance and as a condition thereof, no claim, suit, action or demand of any nature whatsoever shall ever be made by the grantee, its successors or assigns, against the grantor, its successors or assigns, for injury to a person or persons, including death resulting therefrom, or loss of or damage to property caused by, in connection with or by reason of the presence of said industrial wastes. It is further agreed as a condition hereof that each subsequent conveyance of the aforesaid lands shall be made subject to the foregoing provisions and conditions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Zuesse-LoveCanal-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[21]</a></td><td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr></tbody></table>Analyzing the transfer of ownership, Craig E. Colton and Peter N. Skinner observed in 1991: "It is ironic that Hooker assigned the board with a continuing duty to protect property buyers from chemicals when the company itself accepted no such 'moral obligation'."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996159-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a> Moreover, the transfer effectively ended what provision of security and maintenance for the hazardous waste had existed before and placed all responsibility in clearly unqualified hands. It was this attempt to evade their responsibility, Colten and Skinner contend, that would "ultimately come back to haunt not only Hooker but all other chemical producers in the United States through the strict liability provisions of Superfund legislation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996157.2C_159.2C_161-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a>Not long after having taken control of the land, the Niagara Falls School Board proceeded to develop the land, including construction activity that substantially breached containment structures in a number of ways, allowing previously trapped chemicals to seep out.The resulting breaches combined with particularly heavy rainstorms released and spread the chemical waste, leading to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public health</a> emergency and an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">urban planning</a> scandal. In what became a test case for liability clauses, Hooker Chemical was found to be "negligent" in their disposal of waste, though not reckless in the sale of the land. The dumpsite was discovered and investigated by the local newspaper, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Gazette" title="Niagara Gazette" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Niagara Falls Gazette</a>, from 1976 through the evacuation in 1978.<div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf/page1-220px-Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf.jpg" width="220" height="362" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf/page1-330px-Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf/page1-440px-Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="2100" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Hooker Electrochemical Quit Claim Deed to Board of Education</a></div></div></div><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">...</h3>Despite the disclaimer, the School Board began construction of the "99th Street School" in its originally intended location. In January 1954, the school's architect wrote to the education committee informing them that during excavation, workers discovered two dump sites filled with 55-US-gallon (210 l; 46 imp gal) drums containing chemical wastes. The architect also noted it would be "poor policy" to build in that area since it was not known what wastes were present in the ground, and the concrete <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">foundation</a> might be damaged.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a> The school board then moved the school site eighty to eighty-five feet further north.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996153-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a> The kindergarten playground also had to be relocated because it was directly on top of a chemical dump.Upon completion in 1955, 400 children attended the school, and it opened along with several other schools that had been built to accommodate students. That same year, a twenty-five foot area crumbled exposing toxic chemical drums, which then filled with water during rainstorms. This created large puddles that children enjoyed playing in.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996153-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a> In 1955, a second school, the 93rd Street School, was opened six blocks away.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Usage by the schools</h3>In 1957, the City of Niagara Falls constructed sewers for a mixture of low-income and single family residences to be built on lands adjacent to the landfill site. The school district had sold the remaining land, resulting in homes constructed by private developers, as well as the Niagara Falls Housing Authority. In total, 800 private houses and 240 low-income apartments were constructed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Love_Canal::Start_of_a_Movement-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a> While building the gravel sewer beds, construction crews broke through the clay seal, breaching the canal walls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Zuesse-LoveCanal-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> Specifically, the local government removed part of the protective clay cap to use as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fill dirt</a> for the nearby 93rd Street School, and punched holes in the solid clay walls to build water lines and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_Expressway" title="LaSalle Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LaSalle Expressway</a>. This allowed the toxic wastes to escape when rainwater, no longer kept out by the partially removed clay cap, washed them through the gaps in the walls.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Stroup-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a> Hence, the buried chemicals could migrate and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">seep</a> from the canal.The land where the homes were being built was not part of the agreement between the school board and Hooker; thus, none of these residents knew the canal's history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Levine.2C_p.13-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> There was no monitoring or evaluating of the chemical wastes stored under the ground. Additionally, the clay cover of the canal which was supposed to be impermeable began to crack.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Levine.2C_p.13-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> The subsequent construction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_Expressway" title="LaSalle Expressway" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LaSalle Expressway</a> restricted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">groundwater</a> from flowing to the Niagara River. After the exceptionally wet winter and spring of 1962, the elevated expressway turned the breached canal into an overflowing pool. People reported having puddles of oil or colored liquid in yards or basements.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200825-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> There were 410 children in the school in 1978.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-:0-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Leadup and Discovery</h3>Residents were suspicious of black fluid that flowed out of the Love Canal.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> For years, residents had complained about odors and substances on their yards or the public playgrounds. Finally the city acted and hired a consultant, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calspan" title="Calspan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Calspan Corporation</a>, to do a massive study.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Love_Canal::Start_of_a_Movement-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a> In 1977, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Blizzard" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Blizzard" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">harsh winter storm</a> dumped 33-45 inches of snow, significantly raising the water table.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a> The excess water got into the ground water and raised the elevation of the dioxins, which began erupting in residents' backyards.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a> In the spring of 1977, the State Departments of Health and Environmental Conservation launched an intensive air, soil, and groundwater sampling and analysis program following qualitative identification of a number of organic compounds in the basements of 11 homes adjacent to the Love Canal. It was also revealed that the standards at the time did not require the installation of a liner to prevent leaching; this became very common among companies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a><h4 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Contaminants[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contaminants" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>Numerous contaminants dumped in the landfill included chlorinated hydrocarbon residues, processed sludge, fly ash, and other materials, including residential municipal garbage.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a>Data showed unacceptable levels of toxic vapors associated with more than 80 compounds were emanating from the basements of numerous homes in the first ring directly adjacent to the Love Canal. Ten of the most prevalent and most toxic compounds - including benzene, a known human carcinogen - were selected for evaluation purposes and as indicators of the presence of other chemical constituents.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a>Laboratory analyses of soil and sediment samples from the Love Canal indicate the presence of more than 200 distinct organic chemical compounds; approximately 100 of these have been identified to date.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a>Numerous other chemicals seeped through the ground.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a> Some of the chemicals and toxic materials found included benzene, chloroform, toluene, dioxin, and various kinds of PCB....<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">In 1976, two reporters for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Gazette" title="Niagara Gazette" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Niagara Falls Gazette</a>, David Pollak and David Russell, tested several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">sump pumps</a> near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them. The Gazettepublished reports, once in October 1976 and once in November 1976, of chemical analyses of residues near the old Love Canal dumpsite indicated presence of 15 organic chemicals, including three toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a> The matter went quiet for more than a year and was resurrected by reporter Michael Brown, who then investigated potential health effects by carrying forth an informal door-to-door survey in early 1978, finding birth defects and many anomalies such as enlarged feet, heads, hands, and legs. He advised the local residents to create a protest group, which was led by resident Karen Schroeder, whose daughter had many (about a dozen) birth defects. The New York State Health Department followed suit and found an abnormal incidence of miscarriages.By 1978, Love Canal had become a national media event with articles referring to the neighborhood as "a public health time bomb", and "one of the most appalling environmental tragedies in American history".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa1-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a> Brown, working for the local newspaper, the Niagara Gazette, is credited with not only breaking open the case, but establishing toxic chemical wastes as a nationwide issue as well. Brown's book, Laying Waste, examined the Love Canal disaster and many other toxic waste catastrophes nationwide.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a>The dumpsite was declared an unprecedented state emergency on August 2, 1978. Brown, who wrote more than a hundred articles on the dump, tested the groundwater and later found the dump was three times larger than originally thought, with possible ramifications beyond the original evacuation zone. He was also to discover that highly toxic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">dioxins</a> were there.<h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal Homeowners' Association[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal Homeowners' Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>On August 2, 1978, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Gibbs" title="Lois Gibbs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Lois Gibbs</a>, a local mother who called an election to head the Love Canal Homeowners' Association, began to rally homeowners. Her son, Michael Gibbs, began attending school in September 1977. He developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">epilepsy</a> in December, suffered from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">asthma</a> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">urinary tract infection</a>, and had a low <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">white blood cell</a> count,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-gibbsheroproj-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[43]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200826-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[44]</a> all associated with his exposure to the leaking chemical waste. Gibbs had learned from Brown that her neighborhood sat atop the buried chemical waste.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-goldman-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a>In the following years, Gibbs led an effort to investigate community concerns about the health of its residents. She and other residents made repeated complaints of strange odors and "substances" that surfaced in their yards. In Gibbs' neighborhood, there was a high rate of unexplained illnesses, miscarriages, and intellectual disability.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200821-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> Basements were often covered with a thick, black substance, and vegetation was dying. In many yards, the only vegetation that grew were shrubby grasses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a> Although city officials were asked to investigate the area, they did not act to solve the problem. Niagara Falls mayor Michael O'Laughlin infamously stated that there was "nothing wrong" in Love Canal.With further investigation, Gibbs discovered the chemical danger of the adjacent canal. This began her organization's two-year effort to demonstrate that the waste buried by Hooker Chemical was responsible for the health problems of local residents. Throughout the ordeal, homeowners' concerns were ignored not only by Hooker Chemical (now a subsidiary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Occidental Petroleum</a>), but also by members of government. These parties argued that the area's endemic health problems were unrelated to the toxic chemicals buried in the Canal. Since the residents could not prove the chemicals on their property had come from Hooker's disposal site, they could not prove <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">liability</a>. Throughout the legal battle, residents were unable to sell their properties and move away.<h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Federal Response</h4>On August 7, 1978, United States President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jimmy Carter</a> announced a federal health emergency, called for the allocation of federal funds, and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200828-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[47]</a> This was the first time in American history that emergency funds were used for a situation other than a natural disaster.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa.gov-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[48]</a> Carter had trenches built that would transport the wastes to sewers and had home <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">sump pumps</a> sealed off.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200828-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Congress</a> passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), better known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Superfund</a> Act. Love Canal became the first entry on the list.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Depalma-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[49]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">CERCLA</a> created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. CERCLA also created a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">National Priorities List</a>, a shortened list of the sites that has priority in cleanup. Love Canal was the first Superfund site on that list. Eventually, the site was cleaned up and deleted off the list in 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[50]</a> Because the Superfund Act contained a "retroactive liability" provision, Occidental was held liable for cleanup of the waste even though it had followed all applicable U.S. laws when disposing of it.<h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Health effects</h4>At first, scientific studies did not conclusively prove the chemicals were responsible for the residents' illnesses yet scientists were divided on the issue, even though eleven known or suspected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogens" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">carcinogens</a> had been identified, one of the most prevalent being <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">benzene</a>. Also present was dioxin (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">polychlorinated dibenzodioxins</a>) in the water, a very hazardous substance. Dioxin pollution is usually measured in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_trillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per trillion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">parts per trillion</a>; at Love Canal, water samples showed dioxin levels of 53 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per billion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">parts per billion</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200828-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Geologists</a> were recruited to determine whether underground <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swale(geographical_feature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swale (geographical feature)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">swales</a> were responsible for carrying the chemicals to the surrounding residential areas. Once there, chemicals could <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">leach</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement" title="Basement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">basements</a> and evaporate into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">household air</a>.In 1979, the EPA announced the result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">blood tests</a> which showed high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">white blood cell</a> counts, a precursor to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">leukemia</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa1-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[41]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">chromosome</a> damage in Love Canal residents. 33% of the residents had undergone chromosomal damage. In a typical population, chromosomal damage affects 1% of people.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200828-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a> Other studies were unable to find harm.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[51]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[52]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[53]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[54]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[55]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">United States National Research Council</a> (NRC) surveyed Love Canal health studies in 1991. The NRC noted the major exposure of concern was the groundwater rather than drinking water; the groundwater "seeped into basements" and then led to exposure through air and soil<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-NRC1991-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a>:196 noted several studies reported higher levels of low-birth weight babies and birth defects among the exposed residents<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-NRC1991-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a>:190–91 with some evidence the effect subsided after the exposure was eliminated.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-NRC1991-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a>:165 The National Research Council also noted a study which found exposed children were found to have an "excess of seizures, learning problems, hyperactivity, eye irritation, skin rashes, abdominal pain, and incontinence" and stunted growth.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-NRC1991-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a>:196 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole" title="Vole" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Voles</a> in the area were found to have significantly increased mortality compared to controls (mean life expectancy in exposed animals "23.6 and 29.2 days, respectively, compared to 48.8 days" for control animals).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-NRC1991-56" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[56]</a>:215 New York State also has an ongoing health study of Love Canal residents.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[57]</a> In that year, the Albert Elia Building Co., Inc., now Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc., was selected as the principal contractor to safely re-bury the toxic waste at the Love Canal Site.According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) in 1979, residents exhibited a "disturbingly high rate of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">miscarriages</a> ... Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics, ranging from industrial workers stricken by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">nervous disorders</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">cancers</a> to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers." In one case, two out of four children in a single Love Canal family had <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorder" title="Congenital disorder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">birth defects</a>; one girl was born <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">deaf</a> with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">cleft palate</a>, an extra row of teeth, and slight <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_retardation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental retardation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">retardation</a>, and a boy was born with an eye defect.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa1-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Aftermath[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>When Eckhardt C. Beck (EPA Administrator for Region 2, 1977 – 1979) visited Love Canal in the late 1970s, he discerned the presence of toxic substances in the community:<blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">I visited the canal area at that time. Corroding waste-disposal drums could be seen breaking up through the grounds of backyards. Trees and gardens were turning black and dying. One entire swimming pool had been popped up from its foundation, afloat now on a small sea of chemicals. Puddles of noxious substances were pointed out to me by the residents. Some of these puddles were in their yards, some were in their basements, others yet were on the school grounds. Everywhere the air had a faint, choking smell. Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa1-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a></blockquote>Robert Whalen, then-New York's Health Commissioner, also visited Love Canal and believed that the Canal constituted an emergency, stating: "Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill constitutes a public nuisance and an extremely serious threat and danger to the health, safety and welfare of those using it, living near it or exposed to the conditions emanating from it, consisting among other things, of chemical wastes lying exposed on the surface in numerous places pervasive, pernicious and obnoxious chemical vapors and fumes affecting both the ambient air and the homes of certain residents living near such sites."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200827-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[58]</a> Whalen also instructed people to avoid going into their basements as well as to avoid fruits and vegetables grown in their gardens. People became very worried because many had consumed produce from their gardens for several years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[59]</a> Whalen urged that all pregnant women and children under the age of two be removed from Love Canal as soon as possible.The 99th Street School, on the other hand, was located within the former boundary of the Hooker Chemical landfill site. The school was closed and demolished, but both the school board and the chemical company refused to accept liability. The 93rd Street School was closed some two years later because of concerns about seeping toxic waste.<h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Evacuation</h4>The lack of public interest in Love Canal made matters worse for the homeowners' association, which was opposed by two organizations that sought to disprove negligence. Initially, members of the association had been frustrated by the lack of a public entity that could advise and defend them. Gibbs met with public resistance from a number of residents within the community. Eventually, the federal government relocated more than 800 families and reimbursed them for the loss of their homes. The state government and federal government used $15 million to purchase 400 homes closest to Love Canal and demolished several rings of houses.<h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Litigation and Compensation[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Litigation and Compensation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>In 1995, Occidental Petroleum, now owner of Hooker Chemical, settled to pay restitution amounting to $129 million. Out of that federal lawsuit came money for a small health fund and $3.5 million for the state health study.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-justice.gov-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[60]</a> The Department of Justice published a report that noted the sites have been successfully remediated is ready again for use. The Love Canal Area Revitalization Authority sold a few abandoned homes to private citizens. Virtually all remedial activities of the site, other than the operation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">leachate</a> collection system, were completed by 1989.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-justice.gov-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[60]</a>In 1994, Federal District Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomas_Curtin" title="John Thomas Curtin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John Curtin</a> ruled that Hooker/Occidental had been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">negligent</a>, but not reckless, in its handling of the waste and sale of the land to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_School_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Falls School Board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Niagara Falls School Board</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[61]</a> Curtin's decision also contains a detailed history of events leading up to the Love Canal disaster. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Occidental Petroleum</a> was sued by the EPA and in 1995 agreed to pay $129 million in restitution.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[62]</a> Residents' lawsuits were also settled in the years following the Love Canal disaster.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200829-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg/220px-Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg/330px-Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg/440px-Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abandoned_Streets_in_Love_Canal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none;" /></div>Abandoned streets on the west side of Love Canal</div></div></div><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Remediation[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Remediation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>
AnalysisHouses in the residential areas on the east and west sides of the canal were demolished. All that remains on the west side are abandoned residential streets. Some older east side residents, whose houses stand alone in the demolished neighborhood, chose to stay. It was estimated that fewer than 90 of the original 900 families opted to remain.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200828-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a> They were willing to remain as long as they were guaranteed that their homes were in a relatively safe area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Levine.2C_p.215-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a> On June 4, 1980, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">state government</a> founded the Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency (LCARA) to restore the area. The area north of Love Canal became known as Black Creek Village. LCARA wanted to resell 300 homes that had been bought by New York when the residents were relocated.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Levine.2C_p.215-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a> The homes are farther away from where the chemicals were dumped. The most toxic area (16 acres (65,000 m2)) was reburied with a thick plastic liner, clay and dirt. A 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high barbed wire fence was installed around the area.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a> It has been calculated that 248 separate chemicals, including 60 kilograms (130 lb) of dioxin, have been unearthed from the canal.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a>In 1998, Dr. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Whelan" title="Elizabeth Whelan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Elizabeth Whelan</a>, founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_on_Science_and_Health" title="American Council on Science and Health" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">American Council on Science and Health</a>, wrote an editorial about the Canal in which she stated that the media started calling the Canal a "public health time bomb", an editorial that created minor hysteria. She declared that people were not falling ill because of exposure to chemical waste, but from stress caused by the media.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108-65" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">[</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108-65" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">65]</a> Besides double the rate of birth defects to children born while living on Love Canal, a follow-up study two decades after the incident "showed increased risks of low birth weight, congenital malformations and other adverse reproductive events".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Love_Canal_Follow-up_Health_Study-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[66]</a> However, the same report found a slight decrease in the incidence of cancer rates, and cautions, "It is important not to over emphasize any single finding but instead to search for interpretable, coherent patterns of findings, since these are more likely to indicate valid and meaningful associations."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Love_Canal_Follow-up_Health_Study-66" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a>Love Canal, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Beach,Missouri" title="Times Beach, Missouri" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Times Beach, Missouri</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Drums" title="Valley of the Drums" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Valley of the Drums, Kentucky</a>, are important in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States environmental history</a> as three sites that significantly contributed to the passing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CERCLA</a>. Love Canal "become the symbol for what happens when hazardous industrial products are not confined to the workplace but 'hit people where they live' in inestimable amounts".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a>Love Canal was not an isolated case. Eckardt C. Beck suggested that there are probably hundreds of similar dumpsites.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa.gov-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[48]</a>President Carter declared that discovering these dumpsites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of the modern era".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa.gov-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a>Had the residents of Love Canal been aware that they were residing on toxic chemicals, most would not have moved there in the first place. Beck noted that one main problem remains that ownership of such chemical companies can change over the years, making liability difficult to assign (a problem that would be addressed by CERCLA, or the Superfund Act).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa.gov-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a>Beck contended that increased commitment was necessary to develop controls that would "defuse future Love Canals".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-epa.gov-48" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[48]</a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market_environmentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free market environmentalist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">free market environmentalist</a> movement has often cited the Love Canal incident as a consequence of government decision-makers not taking responsibility for their decisions. Stroup writes, "The school district owning the land had a laudable but narrow goal: it wanted to provide education cheaply for district children. Government decision makers are seldom held accountable for broader social goals in the way that private owners are by liability rules and potential profits."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Stroup-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Conclusion[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conclusion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>In 2004, federal officials announced that the superfund cleanup has ended, although the actual cleanup ended years earlier.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[68]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[69]</a> The entire process took 21 years and $400 million.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-Depalma-49" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[49]</a> About 260 homes north of the canal have been renovated and sold to new owners, and about 150 acres east of the canal have been sold to commercial developers for light industrial uses. In total, 950 families had been evacuated. The site was removed from the Superfund list.<h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controversies related to moved Love Canal waste and reports of illness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The Niagara Sanitation landfill covers 18.7 acres in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatfield,New_York" title="Wheatfield, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wheatfield, New York</a>. The state Department of Transportation moved approximately 1,600 cubic yards of material from the Love Canal landfill to Niagara Sanitation. Residents of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tonawanda" class="mw-redirect" title="North Tonawanda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">North Tonawanda</a> and Wheatfield suffering severe health problems say the waste was subsequently disturbed during the construction of the LaSalle Expressway in Niagara Falls. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) contends there is no proof the landfill leaks. A lawsuit asserts that Hooker’s creation of a brine pipeline along the edge of the landfill used to move brine from Wyoming County to its Niagara Falls plant location, may have created a conduit for the landfilled waste to leak out.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Popular culture</h2>The legacy of the disaster spawned a fictionalized made-for-TV film entitled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois_Gibbs_and_the_Love_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal</a> (1982). An award-winning documentary by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Corcoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Corcoran (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lynn Corcoran</a> entitled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Our_Own_Backyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Our Own Backyard (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">In Our Own Backyard</a> was released in the U.S. in 1983.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Marvels" title="Modern Marvels" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Modern Marvels</a> retold the disaster in 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[72]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Joyce Carol Oates</a> brought the story of Love Canal into her 2004 novel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falls(Oates_novel)" title="The Falls (Oates novel)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Falls</a>, but changed the time period of the Love Canal disaster to the 1960s. The latest history of Love Canal was published by Oxford University Press in 2016, titled Love Canal: A Toxic History From Colonial Times To The Present, by Richard S. Newman.The film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tootsie" title="Tootsie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tootsie</a> has a character attempting to produce a play called "Return To Love Canal". In response to the pitch, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sydney Pollack</a> tells <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dustin Hoffman</a> that "Nobody wants to produce a play about a couple that moved back to Love Canal. Nobody wants to pay twenty dollars to see people living next to chemical waste. They can see that in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Jersey</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a>"Love Canal" was also a segment in the premiere episode of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Michael Moore</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Nation" title="TV Nation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">TV Nation</a>, which featured realtors attempting to lure prospective residents to the area.In the 1998 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">First-person shooter</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_II:The_Chosen" title="Blood II: The Chosen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blood II: The Chosen</a>, the sixth level of the second episode, which takes place in part of the water system of a housing project built by the villains over a pit of radioactive waste, is called "Love Canal" in reference to the disaster.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A");"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_Street_Chemical_Landfill" class="mw-redirect" title="102nd Street Chemical Landfill" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">102nd Street Chemical Landfill</a>, a landfill located immediately to the south of Love Canal.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Alley" title="Cancer Alley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cancer Alley</a> (in Louisiana)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfills_in_the_United_States" title="Landfills in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Landfills in the United States</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,Washington,D.C." title="Spring Valley, Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Spring Valley, Washington, D.C.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Beach,Missouri" title="Times Beach, Missouri" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Times Beach, Missouri</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Drums" title="Valley of the Drums" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Valley of the Drums</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia,Pennsylvania" title="Centralia, Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Centralia, Pennsylvania</a> and its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia_mine_fire" title="Centralia mine fire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mine fire</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ginsberg" title="William Ginsberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Ginsberg</a>, member of New York State task force investigating Love Canal in 1979, and author of state report.</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Verhovek, Sam How (August 5, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6D9143CF936A3575BC0A96E948260" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"After 10 Years, the Trauma of Love Canal Continues"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Sam+How&rft.aulast=Verhovek&rft.btitle=After+10+Years%2C+the+Trauma+of+Love+Canal+Continues&rft.date=1988-08-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940DE6D9143CF936A3575BC0A96E948260&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Colten, Craig E.; Skinner, Peter N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFhfAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste before EPA</a>. Texas: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 153. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292711839" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292711839" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0292711839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.au=Skinner%2C+Peter+N.&rft.aufirst=Craig+E.&rft.aulast=Colten&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Love+Canal%3A+Managing+Industrial+Waste+before+EPA&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0292711839&rft.pages=153&rft.place=Texas&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFhfAgAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Love+Canal,+Niagara+Falls,+NY+14304/@43.0823332,-78.9596629,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89d368ea99493cdd:0x337e99fa18f076ce!8m2!3d43.0819258!4d-78.950037" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Google Maps"</a>. Google Maps. Retrieved 2017-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Google+Maps&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FLove%2BCanal%2C%2BNiagara%2BFalls%2C%2BNY%2B14304%2F%4043.0823332%2C-78.9596629%2C15z%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m5%213m4%211s0x89d368ea99493cdd%3A0x337e99fa18f076ce%218m2%213d43.0819258%214d-78.950037&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/lcreport.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal: A special Report to the Governor & Legislature"</a>. www.health.ny.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal%3A+A+special+Report+to+the+Governor+%26+Legislature&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.ny.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fenvironmental%2Finvestigations%2Flove_canal%2Flcreport.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Parry, David W., Dept. of Architecture, SUNY at Buffalo. "William T. Love and the Development of Model City." Unpublished manuscript, 1975.</li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Dickson, David (1982). "United States: Lessons of Love Canal Prompt Clean up". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMBIO" title="AMBIO" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">AMBIO</a>. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 11 (1): 46–50. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4312752" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">4312752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=United+States%3A+Lessons+of+Love+Canal+Prompt+Clean+up&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=AMBIO&rft.pages=46-50&rft.volume=11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4312752&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-:0-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-:0_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-:0_7-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/lctimbmb.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal - Public Health Time Bomb"</a>. www.health.ny.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal+-+Public+Health+Time+Bomb&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.ny.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fenvironmental%2Finvestigations%2Flove_canal%2Flctimbmb.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Berton-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Berton_8-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Berton_8-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Berton, Pierre</a>. Niagara: a history of the falls. McClelland & Stewart Inc. 1994. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771012179" title="Special:BookSources/0771012179" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0771012179</a></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200821-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200821_9-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200821_9-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200821_9-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 21.</li><li id="cite_note-Levine.2C_p.9-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Levine.2C_p.9_10-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Levine.2C_p.9_10-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Levine, p. 9</li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200820-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200820_11-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 20.</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=us+census,+niagara+falls&spell=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ5P7ArMjUAhXH5oMKHbwtBNAQvwUIJSgA&biw=1366&bih=638" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"us census, niagara falls - Google Search"</a>. www.google.com. Retrieved 2017-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=us+census%2C+niagara+falls+-+Google+Search&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dus%2Bcensus%2C%2Bniagara%2Bfalls%26spell%3D1%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjQ5P7ArMjUAhXH5oMKHbwtBNAQvwUIJSgA%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D638&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Levine, p. 10</li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/23/us/actions-at-the-love-canal-site.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Actions At The Love Canal Site"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>. February 23, 1983. Retrieved February 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Actions+At+The+Love+Canal+Site&rft.date=1983-02-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F02%2F23%2Fus%2Factions-at-the-love-canal-site.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158_15-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158_15-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158_15-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996158_15-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFColten.26_Skinner1996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colten & Skinner 1996</a>, p. 158.</li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200822-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200822_16-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200822_16-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 22.</li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myamericanodyssey.com/dumped-on-the-messy-truth-about-love-canal-ny/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Dumped On: The Messy Truth About Love Canal, NY"</a>. My American Odyssey. Retrieved 2017-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Dumped+On%3A+The+Messy+Truth+About+Love+Canal%2C+NY&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=My+American+Odyssey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyamericanodyssey.com%2Fdumped-on-the-messy-truth-about-love-canal-ny%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-35.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">"Number of Inhabitants of New York"</a> (PDF). Bureau of Census. Retrieved March 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Number+of+Inhabitants+of+New+York&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1950%2Fpopulation-volume-1%2Fvol-01-35.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Glaberson-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Glaberson_19-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Glaberson_19-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Glaberson, William (October 22, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/22/nyregion/love-canal-suit-focuses-on-records-from-1940-s.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal: Suit Focuses On Records From 1940's"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved February 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal%3A+Suit+Focuses+On+Records+From+1940%27s&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Glaberson&rft.date=1990-10-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Flove-canal-suit-focuses-on-records-from-1940-s.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996161-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996161_20-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFColten.26_Skinner1996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colten & Skinner 1996</a>, p. 161.</li><li id="cite_note-Zuesse-LoveCanal-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Zuesse-LoveCanal_21-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Zuesse-LoveCanal_21-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Zuesse-LoveCanal_21-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Zuesse, Eric (February 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/29319.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal: The Truth Seeps Out"</a>. Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2015-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Zuesse&rft.btitle=Love+Canal%3A+The+Truth+Seeps+Out&rft.date=1981-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reason+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F29319.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Brown, Michael H. (December 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1979/12/love-canal-and-the-poisoning-of-america/376297/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal and the Poisoning of America"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal+and+the+Poisoning+of+America&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.date=1979-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1979%2F12%2Flove-canal-and-the-poisoning-of-america%2F376297%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996159-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996159_23-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFColten.26_Skinner1996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colten & Skinner 1996</a>, p. 159.</li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996157.2C_159.2C_161-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996157.2C_159.2C_161_24-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFColten.26_Skinner1996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colten & Skinner 1996</a>, p. 157, 159, 161.</li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Levine, p.12</li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996153-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996153_26-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColten.26_Skinner1996153_26-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFColten.26_Skinner1996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colten & Skinner 1996</a>, p. 153.</li><li id="cite_note-Love_Canal::Start_of_a_Movement-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Love_Canal::Start_of_a_Movement_27-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Love_Canal::Start_of_a_Movement_27-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/lovecanal/canal/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal :: Start of a Movement"</a>. www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal+%3A%3A+Start+of+a+Movement&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bu.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Flovecanal%2Fcanal%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Stroup-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Stroup_28-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Stroup_28-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFStroup.2C_Richard" class="citation" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stroup, Richard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesgeorgia.org/files/free_market_environmentalism.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">Free-Market Environmentalism</a>(PDF), The Library of Economics and Liberty</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.au=Stroup%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Free-Market+Environmentalism&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesgeorgia.org%2Ffiles%2Ffree_market_environmentalism.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Levine.2C_p.13-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Levine.2C_p.13_29-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Levine.2C_p.13_29-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Levine, p. 13</li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200825-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200825_30-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 25.</li><li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Hironaka, Ann (2014-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=YH1xBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&dq=love+canal+reception" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Greening the Globe</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107031548" title="Special:BookSources/9781107031548" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9781107031548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.aulast=Hironaka&rft.btitle=Greening+the+Globe&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781107031548&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYH1xBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94%26lpg%3DPA94%26dq%3Dlove%2Bcanal%2Breception&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Alexander Nazaryan On 10/17/13 at 2:17 PM (2013-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2013/10/18/love-hurts-243690.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Hurts"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Hurts&rft.au=Alexander+Nazaryan+On+10%2F17%2F13+at+2%3A17+PM&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2013%2F10%2F18%2Flove-hurts-243690.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Warner, Gene (2017-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buffalonews.com/2017/01/22/blizzard-77-still-measuring-rod-massive-snowstorms/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"The Blizzard of '77: Buffalo's storm for the ages"</a>. The Buffalo News. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=The+Blizzard+of+%2777%3A+Buffalo%27s+storm+for+the+ages&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2F2017%2F01%2F22%2Fblizzard-77-still-measuring-rod-massive-snowstorms%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">James, Susan Donaldson (2008-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=5553393&page=1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal Kids at 30: 'Ticking Time Bombs'"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 2017-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal+Kids+at+30%3A+%27Ticking+Time+Bombs%27&rft.aufirst=Susan+Donaldson&rft.aulast=James&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FHealth%2Fstory%3Fid%3D5553393%26page%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Colten, C., and Skinner, P. (1996). The road to Love Canal: Managing industrial waste before EPA, Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, Tex. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292711824" title="Special:BookSources/0292711824" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0292711824</a></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }“New York State Task Force on Toxic Substances Files of Chairman and Assemblyman Maurice Hinchey.” Rep. L0134, New York State Archives</li><li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Thomas, Lewis, M.D. "Report of the Governor's Panel to Review Scientific Studies and the Development of Public Policy on Problems Resulting from Hazardous Wastes." Albany, N.Y.: Oct. 1980.</li><li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/lcreport.htm#toxicological" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal: A special Report to the Governor & Legislature"</a>. www.health.ny.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal%3A+A+special+Report+to+the+Governor+%26+Legislature&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.ny.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fenvironmental%2Finvestigations%2Flove_canal%2Flcreport.htm%23toxicological&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. "Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in New York State: First Annual Report; A Joint Report of the New York State Departments of Environmental Conservation and Health," Vol. I-III. Albany, N.Y.: 1980.</li><li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.buffalo.edu/specialcollections/lovecanal/about/chronology.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal Chronologies - Love Canal Collections - University Archives - University at Buffalo Libraries"</a>. library.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal+Chronologies+-+Love+Canal+Collections+-+University+Archives+-+University+at+Buffalo+Libraries&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.buffalo.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.buffalo.edu%2Fspecialcollections%2Flovecanal%2Fabout%2Fchronology.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-epa1-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa1_41-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa1_41-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa1_41-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa1_41-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">EPA,OA,OEAEE,OWC, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/love-canal-tragedy.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"The Love Canal Tragedy"</a>. archive.epa.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=The+Love+Canal+Tragedy&rft.aufirst=US&rft.aulast=EPA%2COA%2COEAEE%2COWC&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.epa.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Fepa%2Faboutepa%2Flove-canal-tragedy.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Brown, Michael, Laying Waste: The Poisoning of America by Toxic Chemicals. New York: Washington Square Press, 1981, ii.</li><li id="cite_note-gibbsheroproj-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-gibbsheroproj_43-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heroism.org/class/1970/gibbs.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Heroism Project - 1970s - Lois Gibbs"</a>. www.heroism.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Heroism+Project+-+1970s+-+Lois+Gibbs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heroism.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heroism.org%2Fclass%2F1970%2Fgibbs.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200826-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200826_44-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 26.</li><li id="cite_note-goldman-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-goldman_45-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/103" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Goldman Environmental Prize - Lois Gibbs"</a>. goldmanprize.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Goldman+Environmental+Prize+-+Lois+Gibbs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goldmanprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldmanprize.org%2Fnode%2F103&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Levine, p.14</li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200828-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200828_47-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200828_47-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200828_47-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200828_47-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200828_47-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">e</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 28.</li><li id="cite_note-epa.gov-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa.gov_48-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa.gov_48-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa.gov_48-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa.gov_48-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-epa.gov_48-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">e</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Beck, Eckardt C. (January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history/topics/lovecanal/01.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"The Love Canal Tragedy"</a>. EPA Journal. Retrieved February 5,2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=The+Love+Canal+Tragedy&rft.aufirst=Eckardt+C.&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.date=1979-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EPA+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fhistory%2Ftopics%2Flovecanal%2F01.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-Depalma-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Depalma_49-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Depalma_49-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Depalma, Anthony (2004-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/nyregion/love-canal-declared-clean-ending-toxic-horror.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal Declared Clean, Ending Toxic Horror"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2017-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal+Declared+Clean%2C+Ending+Toxic+Horror&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Depalma&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Flove-canal-declared-clean-ending-toxic-horror.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-50" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0201290" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"EPA Superfund Program: LOVE CANAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NY"</a>. CERCLA. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=EPA+Superfund+Program%3A+LOVE+CANAL%2C+NIAGARA+FALLS%2C+NY&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERCLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcumulis.epa.gov%2Fsupercpad%2Fcursites%2Fcsitinfo.cfm%3Fid%3D0201290&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-51" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Cancer incidence in the Love Canal area. Science, v. 212, June 19, 1981: 1404–1407. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233229" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">7233229</a> "Data from the New York Cancer Registry show no evidence for higher cancer rates associated with residence near the Love Canal toxic waste burial site in comparison with the entire state outside of New York City."</li><li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-52" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Ember, Lois R. Uncertain science pushes Love Canal solutions to political, legal arenas. Chemical & Engineering News, v. 58, August 11, 1980: 22–29. Relates the chronology of Hooker Chemical Company and the discovery of toxic chemicals at Love Canal and describes the medical research on the former residents to determine the health effects. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v058n032.p022" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">10.1021/cen-v058n032.p022</a></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Maugh, Thomas H., 11. Health effects of exposure to toxic wastes. Science, v. 215, January 29, 1982: 490–493; February 5: 643–647. This two-part series first addresses the question "Just how hazardous are dumps?" and then, in "Biological markers for chemical exposure", suggests alterations in chromosomes indicate exposure but long term studies will be necessary to determine the severity of effects of health.</li><li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-54" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }The Risks of living near Love Canal. Science, v . 212, August 27, 1982: 808–809, 811. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7100924" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">10.1126/science.7100924</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7100924" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">7100924</a>"Controversy and confusion follow a report that the Love Canal area is no more hazardous than areas elsewhere in Niagara Falls."</li><li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-55" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/1983/upl-meta-pcc-1156152365knordstr_nt104619_unt/83-160L_1983Aug12.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">[1]</a> Congressional Research Service, Report No. 83-160 L, LIABILITY FOR INJURY RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE: Preliminary Bibliography on the 1983-1984, Intercollegiate Debate Resolution, August 12, 1983</li><li id="cite_note-NRC1991-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-NRC1991_56-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-NRC1991_56-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-NRC1991_56-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-NRC1991_56-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-NRC1991_56-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">e</a> National Research Council, Committee on Environmental Epidemiology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=1802" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Environmental Epidemiology, vol. 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes</a> (Washington: National Academy Press, 1991)</li><li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.ny.us/environmental/investigations/love_canal/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Love Canal"</a>. www.health.state.ny.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=Love+Canal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.state.ny.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.ny.us%2Fenvironmental%2Finvestigations%2Flove_canal%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200827-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200827_58-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 27.</li><li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Levine, p.29</li><li id="cite_note-justice.gov-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-justice.gov_60-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-justice.gov_60-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/Pre_96/December95/638.txt.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"#638 Occidental to pay $129 million in Love Canal settlement"</a>. www.justice.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.atitle=%23638++Occidental+to+pay+%24129+million+in+Love+Canal+settlement&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fopa%2Fpr%2FPre_96%2FDecember95%2F638.txt.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }U.S. v. Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corp., 850 Federal Supplement, 993 (W.D.N.Y., 1994)</li><li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/December95/638.txt.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Occidental to pay $129 Million in Love Canal Settlement"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice. December 21, 1995. Retrieved 2007-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.btitle=Occidental+to+pay+%24129+Million+in+Love+Canal+Settlement&rft.date=1995-12-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2FPre_96%2FDecember95%2F638.txt.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200829-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum200829_63-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#CITEREFBlum2008" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Blum 2008</a>, p. 29.</li><li id="cite_note-Levine.2C_p.215-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Levine.2C_p.215_64-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Levine.2C_p.215_64-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> Levine, p. 215</li><li id="cite_note-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108_65-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108_65-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Jordan.2C_Michael_2003.2C_p.108_65-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">c</a> Jordan, Michael, Hush Hush: The Dark Secrets of Scientific Research. Buffalo: Firefly Books, 2003, p.108.</li><li id="cite_note-Love_Canal_Follow-up_Health_Study-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Love_Canal_Follow-up_Health_Study_66-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-Love_Canal_Follow-up_Health_Study_66-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/docs/report_public_comment_final.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/docs/report_public_comment_final.pdf</a></li><li id="cite_note-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }Levine, p.218</li><li id="cite_note-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">JD, Penelope Ploughman PhD (2013-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=TPwhvm4DfdwC&pg=PT182&lpg=PT182&dq=2004+love+canal#v=onepage&q=2004%20love%20canal&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Love Canal</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439641996" title="Special:BookSources/9781439641996" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9781439641996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Penelope+Ploughman+PhD&rft.aulast=JD&rft.btitle=Love+Canal&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781439641996&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTPwhvm4DfdwC%26pg%3DPT182%26lpg%3DPT182%26dq%3D2004%2Blove%2Bcanal%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D2004%2520love%2520canal%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Newman, Richard S. (2016-04-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=2GURDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT297&lpg=PT297&dq=2004+love+canal#v=onepage&q=2004%20love%20canal&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Love Canal: A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190262846" title="Special:BookSources/9780190262846" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9780190262846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.btitle=Love+Canal%3A+A+Toxic+History+from+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780190262846&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2GURDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT297%26lpg%3DPT297%26dq%3D2004%2Blove%2Bcanal%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D2004%2520love%2520canal%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buffalonews.com/2017/04/03/draft-landfill-lawsuit/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Residents feel 'trapped' by Wheatfield landfill, once home to Love Canal waste</a> by Thomas J. Prohaska, Buffalo Evening News, Published Mon, Apr 3, 2017</li><li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/lc.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/lc.html</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a>}<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.epa.gov/region1/education/pdfs/GREENModule1VideoLinks.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.epa.gov/region1/education/pdfs/GREENModule1VideoLinks.pdf</a></li><li id="cite_note-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; break-inside: avoid-column;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal#cite_ref-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up^{</a> }<cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Sidney Pollack (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0084805/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">"Tootsie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.au=Sidney+Pollack&rft.btitle=Tootsie&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0084805%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div><dl style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bibliography</dt></dl><div class="refbegin" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A");"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2008" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Blum, Elizabeth D. (2008). Love Canal Revisited : Race, Class, and Gender in Environmental Activism. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1560-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1560-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-7006-1560-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+D.&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.btitle=Love+Canal+Revisited+%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Gender+in+Environmental+Activism&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1560-5&rft.place=Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFColtenSkinner1996" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Colten, Craig E.; Skinner, Peter N. (1996). The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292711824" title="Special:BookSources/0292711824" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0292711824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.au=Skinner%2C+Peter+N.&rft.aufirst=Craig+E.&rft.aulast=Colten&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Love+Canal%3A+Managing+Industrial+Waste+Before+EPA&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0292711824&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1982" class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Levine, Adeline Gordon (1982). Love Canal: Science, Politics and People. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-05411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-05411-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-669-05411-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALove+Canal&rft.aufirst=Adeline+Gordon&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.btitle=Love+Canal%3A+Science%2C+Politics+and+People&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-669-05411-8&rft.place=Lexington%2C+MA&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Canal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A");"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.buffalo.edu/lovecanal/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Love Canal Collections in the University Archives</a>, University at Buffalo Libraries</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/net/findingaids/view?docId=ead/bechs/bechs_c94_2.xml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Adeline Levine Love Canal Papers</a> at The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_History_Museum" title="Buffalo History Museum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Buffalo History Museum</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcmf.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">Love Canal Medical Fund, Inc.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyheritage.org/collections/love-canal-images" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">New York Heritage: Love Canal Images</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/docs/report_public_comment_final.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">2008 Follow Up Study</a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 767px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="width: 759px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background: rgb(221, 221, 255); width: 99.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Authority control</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 633px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="margin: 0px; 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padding-right: 13px;">sh85078529</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Love_Canal" title="Category:Love Canal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Love Canal</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals_in_New_York(state)" title="Category:Canals in New York (state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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