United Fruit Co/ Banana

=uber1:
<a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1018">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1018</a><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/upfront-july-25-2018/">https://kpfa.org/episode/upfront-july-25-2018/</a>
<a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/when-banana-ruled/">https://kpfa.org/episode/when-banana-ruled/</a> (audio)<a href="http://www.icarusfilms.com/if-banana" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none;">When Banana Ruled </a>tells the story of the men who made bananas the most ubiquitous fruit in the world, through a multinational empire that dominated production and sales, overthrew governments, and created a business model still largely used by today’s tech giants. This film was released in 2018 by Icarus Films.<a href="https://www.salon.com/2008/04/19/bananas/">https://www.salon.com/2008/04/19/bananas/</a>
On a a trip to Honduras, journalist Dan Koeppel caught the banana bug. Researching an <a href="http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2005-06/can-fruit-be-saved" style="font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(238, 44, 29); text-decoration-line: none;">article</a>for Popular Science about attempts to breed a disease-resistant banana, the American journalist wandered the grounds of the old Chiquita compound, amid the fading colonial mansions and golf course, where he stumbled upon the cheery yellow fruit's unsavory past.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 20px 0px; line-height: 1.9em; color: rgb(33, 37, 41); font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I went out for drinks at the old country club, and this old-timer turns to me and goes, 'In this room, governments were overthrown.' It was like something out of a movie," Koeppel says.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 20px 0px; line-height: 1.9em; color: rgb(33, 37, 41); font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Flipping through an old Chiquita guest book, Koeppel saw the scrawled names of United States senators, scientists, CIA agents and Honduran presidents. "Everybody was in there," he says. Browsing through the research facility's library, the journalist paged through a chipper recipe book featuring the Chiquita banana girl, who was shown topless, as she always was, giving instructions on how to prepare such delicacies as "banana coconut rolls." "I found these strange Chiquita cookbooks a hundred yards away from where massacres were planned," he says.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 20px 0px; line-height: 1.9em; color: rgb(33, 37, 41); font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For generations, the banana has been embraced and celebrated in pop culture: "Yes, we have no bananas. We have no bananas today!" But it took muscle and outright carnage to turn this fragile tropical treat into the most popular fruit in the United States. The banana is "the yin and yang of American culture and blood," Koeppel says. The fruit became his obsession and the subject of his book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?ie=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBanana-Fate-Fruit-Changed-World%2Fdp%2F1594630380%3Fie%3DUTF8%26s%3Dbooks%26qid%3D1208554866%26sr%3D1-1&tag=saloncom08-20&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(238, 44, 29); text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent;">"Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World."</a><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 20px 0px; line-height: 1.9em; color: rgb(33, 37, 41); font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Surprisingly, Koeppel isn't the only journalist of late to light out to the tropics and come back with tales of the banana's bloody role in history. For Peter Chapman, a Financial Times reporter, who spent years covering Latin America, the great banana company, United Fruit, which later became Chiquita, prefigured the rise of the modern multinational corporation. "It's interesting, isn't it, that something we would imagine as innocuous as bananas has produced as many exercises in regime change as has ever been enacted in the name of oil," says Chapman, whose book is called <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?ie=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBananas-United-Fruit-Company-Shaped%2Fdp%2F1841958816%3Fie%3DUTF8%26s%3Dbooks%26qid%3D1208555120%26sr%3D1-1&tag=saloncom08-20&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(238, 44, 29); text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent;">"Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World."</a><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 20px 0px; line-height: 1.9em; color: rgb(33, 37, 41); font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">...
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lindner,Jr.">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lindner,Jr.</a>

The United Fruit Company was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> that traded in tropical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> (primarily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>) grown on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> and sold in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The company was formed in 1899 from the merger of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_C.Keith" title="Minor C. Keith">Minor C. Keith</a>'s banana-trading concerns with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W.Preston" title="Andrew W. Preston">Andrew W. Preston</a>'s <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Fruit_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Boston Fruit Company (page does not exist)">Boston Fruit Company</a>. It flourished in the early and mid-20th century and came to control vast territories and transportation networks in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a> coast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">West Indies</a>. Though it competed with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Fruit_Company" title="Standard Fruit Company">Standard Fruit Company</a> for dominance in the international banana trade, it maintained a virtual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> in certain regions, some of which came to be called Banana Republics.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Frederick_Douglass_Opie_2009-0">[1]</a>

The company had a deep and long-lasting impact on the economic and political development of several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries. Critics often accused it of exploitative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> and described it as the archetypal example of the influence of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a> on the internal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> of the so-called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republics</a>" (a term coined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a>). After a period of financial decline, United Fruit was merged with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_M.Black" title="Eli M. Black">Eli M. Black</a>'s AMK in 1970 to become the United Brands Company. In 1984, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lindner,_Jr." title="Carl Lindner, Jr.">Carl Lindner, Jr.</a> transformed United Brands into the present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita Brands International</a>.

In 1901, the government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> hired the United Fruit Company to manage the country's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">postal service</a> and in 1913 the United Fruit Company created the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Radio_and_Telegraph_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company (page does not exist)">Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company</a>. By 1930, the Company had absorbed more than 20 rival firms, acquiring a capital of $215,000,000 and becoming the largest employer in Central America. In 1930, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Zemurray" title="Sam Zemurray">Sam Zemurray</a> (nicknamed "Sam the Banana Man") sold his Cuyamel Fruit Co. to United Fruit and retired from the fruit business. In 1933, concerned that the company was mismanaged and that its market value had plunged, he staged a hostile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover" title="Takeover">takeover</a>. Zemurray moved the company's headquarters to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, where he was based. United Fruit went on to prosper under Zemurray's management; Zemurray resigned as president of the company in 1951....

In 1954, the democratically elected Guatemalan government of Colonel <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán">Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán</a> was toppled by U.S.- backed forces lead by Colonel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-4">[5]</a> who invaded from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. Assigned by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> administration, this military opposition was armed, trained and organized by the U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Shoultz.2C_Lars_page_340-5">[6]</a> (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_PBSUCCESS" title="Operation PBSUCCESS">Operation PBSUCCESS</a>). The directors of United Fruit Company (UFCO) had lobbied to convince the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S.Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> and Eisenhower administrations that Colonel Arbenz intended to align Guatemala with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>. Besides the disputed issue of Arbenz's allegiance to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, UFCO was being threatened by the Arbenz government’s agrarian reform legislation and new Labor Code.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Shoultz.2C_Lars_page_337-6">[7]</a> UFCO was the largest Guatemalan landowner and employer, and the Arbenz government’s land reform included the expropriation of 40% of UFCO land.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-7">[8]</a> U.S. officials had little proof to back their claims of a growing communist threat in Guatemala<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-8">[9]</a>, however the relationship between the Eisenhower administration and UFCO demonstrated the influence of corporate interest on U.S. foreign policy.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Shoultz.2C_Lars_page_340-5">[6]</a>

The American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> was an avowed opponent of Communism whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a> of Sullivan and Cromwell<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Shoultz.2C_Lars_page_338-9">[10]</a> had represented United Fruit. His brother <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> was the director of the CIA, and was a board member of United Fruit. United Fruit Company is the only company known to have a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_cryptonym#Companies" title="CIA cryptonym">CIA cryptonym</a>. The brother of the Assistant Secretary of State for InterAmerican Affairs <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moors_Cabot" title="John Moors Cabot">John Moors Cabot</a> had once been president of United Fruit. Ed Whitman who was United Fruit’s principal lobbyist was married to President Eisenhower's personal secretary, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_C._Whitman" title="Ann C. Whitman">Ann C. Whitman</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Shoultz.2C_Lars_page_338-9">[10]</a> Many individuals who directly influenced U.S. policy towards Guatemala in the 1950s also had direct ties to UFCO.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Shoultz.2C_Lars_page_337-6">[7]</a> The overthrow of Arbenz, however, failed to benefit the Company. Its stock market value declined along with its profit margin. The Eisenhower administration proceeded with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> action against the company, which forced it to divest in 1958. In 1972, the company sold off the last of their Guatemalan holdings after over a decade of decline.

Company holdings in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, which included sugar mills in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">Oriente</a> region of the island, were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expropriation" title="Expropriation">expropriated</a> by the 1959 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_revolution" title="Cuban revolution">revolutionary government</a> led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. By April 1960 Castro was accusing the company of aiding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a> and supporters of former leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> in initiating a seaborn invasion of Cuba directed from the United States.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Thomas-10">[11]</a> Castro warned the U.S. that "Cuba is not another Guatemala" in one of many combative diplomatic exchanges before the failed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a> of 1961. Despite significant economic pressure on Cuba, the company was unable to recoup cost and compensation from the Cuban government.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-Thomas-10">[11]</a>

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<h2>Banana massacre</h2>

See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_massacre" title="Banana massacre">Banana massacre</a>

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One of the most notorious strikes by United Fruit workers broke out on 12 November 1928 on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>. On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">6 December</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Army" title="Colombian Army">Colombian Army</a> troops under the command of General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort%C3%A9s_Vargas" title="Cortés Vargas">Cortés Vargas</a> opened fire on a crowd of strikers gathered in the central square of the town of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9naga" title="Ciénaga">Ciénaga</a>. Estimates of the number of casualties vary from 47 to 2000. The military justified this action by claiming that the strike was subversive and its organizers were Communist revolutionaries. Congressman <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a> claimed that the army had acted under instructions from the United Fruit Company. The ensuing scandal contributed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Abad%C3%ADa_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Miguel Abadía Méndez">Miguel Abadía Méndez</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a> being voted out of office in 1930, putting an end to 44 years of Conservative rule in Colombia.

The first novel of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cepeda_Samudio" title="Álvaro Cepeda Samudio">Álvaro Cepeda Samudio</a>, La Casa Grande, focuses on this event, and the author himself grew up in close proximity to the incident. The climax of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="García Márquez">García Márquez</a>'s novel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">One Hundred Years of Solitude</a> is based on the events in Ciénaga, though the author himself has acknowledged that the death toll of 3,000 that he gives there is greatly inflated.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-11">[12]</a>

General Cortés Vargas, who issued the order to shoot, argued later that he had issued the order because he had information that U.S. boats were poised to land troops on Colombian coasts to defend American personnel and the interests of the United Fruit Company. Vargas issued the order so the US would not invade Colombia. This position was strongly criticized in the Senate, especially by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a>, who argued that those same bullets should have been used to stop the foreign invader.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

The telegram from Bogotá Embassy to the U.S. Secretary of State, dated December 5, 1928, stated: “I have been following Santa Marta fruit strike through United Fruit Company representative here; also through Minister of Foreign Affairs who on Saturday told me government would send additional troops and would arrest all strike leaders and transport them to prison at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>; that government would give adequate protection to American interests involved.”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-12">[13]</a>

The telegram from Bogotá Embassy to Secretary of State, date December 7, 1928, stated: “Situation outside Santa Marta City unquestionably very serious: outside zone is in revolt; military who have orders "not to spare ammunition" have already killed and wounded about fifty strikers. Government now talks of general offensive against strikers as soon as all troopships now on the way arrive early next week.”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-13">[14]</a>

The Dispatch from US Bogotá Embassy to the US Secretary of State, dated December 29, 1928, stated: “I have the honor to report that the legal advisor of the United Fruit Company here in Bogotá stated yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military authorities during the recent disturbance reached between five and six hundred; while the number of soldiers killed was one.”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-14">[15]</a>

The Dispatch from US Bogotá Embassy to the US Secretary of State, dated January 16, 1929, stated: “I have the honor to report that the Bogotá representative of the United Fruit Company told me yesterday that the total number of strikers killed by the Colombian military exceeded one thousand.”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company#cite_note-15">[16]</a>

The Banana massacre is said to be one of the main events that preceded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazo" title="Bogotazo">Bogotazo</a>, the subsequent era of violence known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a>, and the guerrillas who developed during the bipartisan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_%28Colombia%29" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a> period, creating the ongoing armed conflict in Colombia.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

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In the case of Colombia, this meant paying an officially designated terrorist gang -- the vicious killers of the rightwing United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) -- to keep Chiquita's operations running smoothly in the war-torn nation. A whole sordid history could be written about the extensive intertwining of American government and corporate interests with AUC and the other rightwing Colombian militias, but for our purposes here it is enough to note that Chiquita not only paid AUC for protection from leftwing militias, it also took an active and direct role in "in smuggling thousands of arms for paramilitaries into the Northern Uraba region, using docks operated by the company to unload thousands of Central American assault rifles and ammunition," as the Post reports. In turn, the paramilitaries used these weapons "to fund operations against peasants, union workers and rivals."

"I regarded this as a murder investigation," says Roscoe Howard Jr., the former U.S. Attorney who spearheaded a prosecution of Chiquita for its death-squad collaboration, the Wall Street Journal reports. "Even though Chiquita didn't murder anyone, that's what the money was used for -- to buy weapons."

Earlier this year, Chiquita the corporate entity paid a piddling $25 million to wash the blood from its gleaming office walls. But now the company's human entities are facing personal criminal charges for facilitating the murder, kidnapping, rape and robbery of innocent human beings. To counter this, they are offering a modified version of the Nuremberg Defense; it's not exactly that they were "just following orders" from Der Leader, but they say they did receive implicit permission from the Bush Regime to carry on funding the Colombian death squads after corporate officials notified the Justice Department in 2003 of their involvement with AUC. As the Post notes:

"... last week, lawyers for the former Chiquita executives sent letters to the Justice Department, asserting that their clients did not intentionally break the law but believed they were waiting for an answer from the highest levels of the Bush administration."

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The man they sought out at the Justice Department the Assistant Attorney General, one Michael Chertoff, now the gut-checking head of Homeland Security. As the Post reports:

"Chiquita, [company officials told Chertoff], would have to pull out of the country if it could not continue to pay the violent right-wing group to secure its Colombian banana plantations. Chertoff...affirmed that the payments were illegal but said to wait for more feedback, according to five sources familiar with the meeting...Sources close to Chiquita say that Chertoff never did get back to the company or its lawyers. Neither did Larry D. Thompson, the deputy attorney general, whom Chiquita officials sought out after Chertoff left his job for a federal judgeship in June 2003. And Chiquita kept making payments for nearly another year."

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But as we all know, terrorism is in the eye of the beholder. And there were many in the Bush Regime who did not regard AUC as real terrorists; after all, they weren't Muslims, and they were only killing a bunch of piss-poor Latinos -- along with political opponents of Washington's much-favored Uribe administration in Bogata. What's not to like. As the Post reports:

"But legal sources on both sides say there was a genuine debate within the Justice Department about the seriousness of the crime of paying AUC. For some high-level administration officials, Chiquita's payments were not aiding an obvious terrorism threat such as al-Qaeda; instead, the cash was going to a violent South American group helping a major U.S. company maintain a stabilizing presence in Colombia."

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As long as a "violent group" supports American policy or corporate interests, they can let rip. We see this dynamic in operation all over the world at the moment. It is part of a long-standing -- and open -- policy of the Bush Administration to arm and fund violent militias to do its dirty work. As I wrote here in Counterpunch back in 2004:

"Last month, in little-noticed testimony before Congress, the Bush Regime unveiled its plans to raise a host of warlord armies in the most volatile areas in the world, Agence France-Presse reports. Bush wants $500 million in seed money to arm and train non-governmental "local militias" – i.e., bands of lawless freebooters – to serve as Washington's proxy killers in the so-called "arc of crisis" that just happens to stretch across the oil-bearing lands and strategic pipeline routes of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and South America.

"Flanked by a gaggle of military brass, Pentagon deputy honcho Paul Wolfowitz told a rapt panel of Congressional rubber-stamps that Bush wants big bucks to run "counter-insurgency" and "counter-terrorist" operations in "ungoverned areas" of the world – and in the hinterlands of nations providing "sanctuary" for terrorists. Making copious citations from Bush's 2002 "National Security Strategy" of unprovoked aggressive war against "potential" enemies, Howlin' Wolf proposed expanding the definition of "terrorist sanctuary" to any nation that allows clerics and other rabble-rousers to offer even verbal encouragement to America's designated enemies du jour.

"Any rogue state that countenances such freedom of speech within its borders will become a prime target for "the path of action," said Wolf, quoting Bush's most ringing Hitlerian phrase from the 2002 manifesto. To relieve the overstretched U.S. military, the "action" will be carried out largely by Bush's new hired guns: religious and ethnic militias, tribal forces, mercenaries, cultists, insurrectionists, druglords, pirates – basically anyone willing to slit throats and terrorize populations at the order of the Oval One."

</blockquote>

Of course, it is very good indeed that, against all odds, there remain some honest prosecutors in the federal justice system willing to do what should have been done a century ago: hold corporate chieftains responsible for the crimes they beget in their slavering pursuit of profit. But it also clear that the Chiquita executives were given the same kind of nod-and-wink for murky dealings that their illustrious predecessors have always received from Washington. That they may now be hoist on their own petar is their own tough luck; but they are certainly not the only ones who should be in the dock.

Chris Floyd is an American journalist based in the UK and a frequent contributor to CounterPunch. He is the writer of the political blog, <a href="http://www.chris-floyd.com">Empire Burlesque </a>, and author of the book, Empire Burlesque: High Crimes and Low Comedy in the Bush Imperium.

Sources:

Cry Havoc: <a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/floyd09072004.html">Bush's Own Personal Janjaweed</a>, Counterpunch, Sept. 7, 2004

Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world watched</a>, from "Killing Hope," by William Blum

Fear Up Harsh: The Iraq Civil War in Context</a>, Empire Burlesque, March 28, 2006

<a href="http://www.tinyrevolution.com/mt/archives/001628.html">A Tiny Revolution</a>, Jonathan Schwarz, July 21, 2007

In Terrorism-Law Case, Chiquita Points to U.S</a>., Washington Post, Aug. 2, 2007

<a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118601669056785578.html?mod=googlenews_wsj">Chiquita Under the Gun</a>, Wall Street Journal, Aug. 2, 2007

<a href="http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=11379">The New Turn</a>, Antiwar.com, Aug. 2, 2007

===

<a href="http://www.corporate-ethics.org/pdf/case_studies/BRI-1008_Chiquita_and_Department_of_Justice.pdf">http://www.corporate-ethics.org/pdf/case_studies/BRI-1008_Chiquita_and_Department_of_Justice.pdf</a>

business roundtable analysis

==

Although Rockefeller is best remembered for his oil money and his <a href="http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2010/03/09/freer-more-individualistic-more-democratic-more-open-and-dynamic/" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: underline; background: transparent;">political family</a>– his grandson was <a href="http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2010/03/10/senator-jay-rockefeller-iv-part-ii/" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: underline; background: transparent;">Vice President</a>, he had interests in other monopolies too, copper, tobacco and perhaps least recalled – bananas.

He was the money in The United Fruit Company which appeared on the surface to be a fairly anodyne, if not stultifying boring firm engaged in trying to persuade the children of 50’s America in the health giving properties of milk and bananas.  Not exactly world shaking stuff.

Unless you had the misfortune to live in Central America.

The United Fruit Company had plantations in Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Santo Dominica and most infamously Guatemala.  A number of these states have had problematic relations with the USA ever since.  At the height of its powers The United Fruit Company owned a staggering 42% of the entire country of Guatemala and paid not one cent in tax on any of it.

The company also owned the railways, the telephone system, the ports and a large fleet of <a href="http://www.henryrobb.wordpress.com/2010/05/25/the-cubahama-%e2%80%93-kuala-%e2%80%93-ship-262/" sl-processed="1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: underline; background: transparent;">ships</a> build by some of the finest shipyards in the world.

Not unsurprisingly the people of Guatemala took against this foreign domination, and when offered the opportunity in an election in 1951 to voice an opinion - voted in their droves for Jacobo Arbenz.  Arbenz had suggested the not overly revolutionary idea of buying out some of the lands that the Company was not actually using so that landless people might grow food to eat.  It wasn’t even appropriation.  Arbenz said he would pay them the agreed value The United Fruit Company stated on their own returns.  Cute!  I mean an American company would never ever undervalue its own assets for tax purposes now would it?

The company took umbrage at the utter impertinence of this jumped up peon and aided a coup of disaffected Guatemalan army officers who invaded from Honduras with covert assistance from the CIA in an operation known as PBSUCCESS.  They had persuaded Truman and Eisenhower that Arbenz was going to take the country over to the dark side and ally the country to the USSR.

So, who were these business men?  Well at the time of the Guatemalan coup we find the following closely connected with the board of United Fruit.

John Foster Dulles and the firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, had been legal council for the UFC for decades and John Foster Dulles was also a major shareholder in UFC.  And at the time John Foster Dulles was also the Secretary of State under President Dwight D Eisenhower.  Dulles’s grandfather had also been Secretary’s of State in the time of President Ben Harrison.

Allen W Dulles the brother of John Foster Dulles was also a major shareholder of the company and whiled away his empty hours being the Director of the CIA.

General Robert Carter, head of the National Security Council was a former Chairman of the Board of United Fruit.

Thomas G Corcorran, everyone’s “Mr Fixit” – an appalling man whose biography would be a true adventure story- and who was often accused of corrupt behaviour back home, worked for the CIA was a paid consultant for United Fruit.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge jun. was the son of the Henry Cabot Lodge who had so hated the League of Nations.  His family went as far back as President Adams.

Ann Whitman the wife of Edmund Whitman, United Fruit Company’s publicity director was President Eisenhower’s personal secretary.

John Moor Cabot of the same ancient group of Bostonian families that the Dulles’s and the Cabot-Lodges came from, was Assistant Secretary of State for Inter American Affairs and was also a major shareholder in United Fruit.  And his brother Thomas Dudley Cabot was a Director of International Security in the State Department who had been -hold on now- a President of United Fruit.

John McCoy the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development was a former member of the Board.

Walter Bedell Smith the Director of the CIA until 1953, and Robert Hill an Undersecretary of State, were both given seats on the board when they retired.

A luminary group of men in any context – but all this for a firm selling bananas?

Well no of course not.

The oligarchy had long seen that the route to Political power is having a steady stream of money and made certain that they stood with feet in both camps or had trusted and able members in the money side.  Foreign arenas where trust controls were weak appealed.  And if the locals objected, then any old tarrydiddle could be invented as an excuse for the oligarchy to wield the might of the United States into supporting these foreign adventures.  By 1953 the oligarchy had managed to control entire countries.  In Guatemala the American Financial and Commercial interests had tried to swallow a country whole.

Could never happen now could it?

<a href="http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2010/05/27/united-fruit-company/">http://theoligarchkings.</a><a href="http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2010/05/27/united-fruit-company/">wordpress.</a><a href="http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2010/05/27/united-fruit-company/">com/2010/05/27/united-fruit-company/</a>

===

Thomas Gardiner Corcoran (1900–1981) was one of several<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> advisors in President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_trust" title="Brain trust" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">brain trust</a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">New Deal</a>, and later, a close friend and advisor to President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B.Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Life and career<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Corcoran was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a>, and educated at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Brown University</a> (where he was class<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">valedictorian</a>)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harvard Law School</a>. He clerked for Justice <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" title="United States Supreme Court" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States Supreme Court</a> in 1926-27. In 1932, after practicing corporate law in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">New York</a>, Corcoran joined the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a>. When Roosevelt began to take notice of his efforts, Corcoran was given a wider range of responsibilities than his official position as assistant general counsel allowed. He organized administrative agencies for various New Deal programs and assisted in drafting such legislation as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" title="Fair Labor Standards Act" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> of 1938. A protégé of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Felix Frankfurter</a>, Corcoran was considered the leader of the "New Dealers," a group of young lawyers that became prominent within the Roosevelt administration in the wake of the renewed economic recession of 1937.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>

Much of his work during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">New Deal</a> was in conjunction with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Victor_Cohen" title="Benjamin Victor Cohen" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Benjamin V. Cohen</a>. Together Corcoran and Cohen were known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Dust_Twins" title="Gold Dust Twins" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gold Dust Twins</a>" and were on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19380912,00.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">cover</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Time</a> Magazine's September 12, 1938 edition.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> Nicknamed "Tommy the Cork" by Roosevelt, Corcoran was the outgoing yang to Cohen's shy and retiring yin. Eventually Corcoran, who as an Irish Catholic did not favor pro-British policies, had a falling out with Roosevelt.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a>

After leaving the White House, Corcoran retained enormous influence in the administration, in part because of high appointees who owed their positions to him. Corcoran went into private practice as a lawyer along with former FCC chief counsel William J. Dempsey, whom Corcoran had installed in that job in 1938. Dempsey and Corcoran managed the take-over of New York radio station <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMCA" title="WMCA" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">WMCA</a> for Corcoran's friend, Undersecretary of Commerce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Noble" title="Edward J. Noble" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Edward J. Noble</a>. This resulted in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC" title="FCC" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">FCC</a> and Congressional investigation.

Corcoran's work after leaving government service led him to be dubbed the first of the modern lobbyists.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> From 1945 through 1947, President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harry S. Truman</a> apparently ordered Corcoran's phones tapped.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> The transcripts of the wiretaps were deposited in the Truman Presidential library and released to researchers upon Corcoran's death in 1981. The evidence is that Truman's aide ordered the tap, but it was then rescinded by the president.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none;">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} E.T. O'Donnell's "1001 Things Everyone Should Know About Irish American History"</li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/september/october_1998/the_power_broker.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">Brown Alumni Magazine - The Power Broker</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} Alan Brinkley The End of Reform. Vintage Books. 1996. p. 51</li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19380912,00.html" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">Time magazine, September 12, 1938</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Robert Caro</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson:_The_Path_to_Power" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power</a>. Alfred A. Knopf 1982, p. 670.</li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} David Mckean, "Peddling Influence: Thomas "Tommy the Cork" Corcoran and the Birth of Modern Lobbying"</li>

<li id="cite_note-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} Allan J. Lichtman, "Tommy the Cork: the secret world of Washington's first modern lobbyist", Washington Monthly, February 1987</li>

<li id="cite_note-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gardiner_Corcoran#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/psf.htm#scf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">Harry S. Truman Papers: President's Secretary's Files</a></li>

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===

<h4>Although the political fixer known as "Tommy the Cork" fell out of favor with FDR by 1941, he was a mentor to an important friend of the Lasker Syndicate, Lyndon Baines Johnson.</h4>

</center>

<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Corcoran obituary, Associated Press, Dec. 7, 1981. He served as a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes after graduating from Harvard Law School in 1926; was a corporate lawyer for five years [in the Wall Street firm Cotton Franklin]; served with Roosevelt's Reconstruction Finance Corp. in 1932; assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury in 1933; and special assistant to the US Attorney General from 1932 to 1935.

<a href="http://ngb.chebucto.org/Newspaper-Obits/globe.shtml#c" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Corcoran obituary, AP / chebucto.org</a>

Brown Alumni Magazine bio of Corcoran '22, which also celebrates Wateragte figures Charles W. Colson '53 and E. Howard Hunt '53, and American Nazi George Lincoln Rockwell '42.

<a href="http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Brown_Alumni_Magazine/01/11-00/features/government.html" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Corcoran bio / Brown Alumni Magazine</a>

Corcoran was sent to Washington in the early years of the Roosevelt administration by then-Harvard law professor Felix Frankfurter, who ran a virtual a job-referral service for President Roosevelt's rapidly-growing New Deal bureaucracy. Frankfurter had been Roosevelt's legal advisor when FDR was governor of New York. Corcoran began as a lawyer in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation under Jesse Jones, who loaned him to Roosevelt, for whom he became a multi-purpose hatchet man, errand boy and fixer. Justice William O. Douglas said that "Corcoran, more than anybody else, was responsible for Frankfurter being appointed to the Court. They were very, very close in 1939. But in 1941 they were not." Douglas believes that Frankfurter and FDR's advisor Harry Hopkins ushered him out of government. (Transcription of Conversations between Justice William O. Douglas and Professor Walter F. Murphy, Dec. 17, 1962. William O. Douglas Papers, Princeton University.)

===

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars</a>

The Banana Wars were a series of occupations, police actions, and interventions involving the United States in Central America and the Caribbean between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Spanish–American War</a> (1898) and the inception of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" title="Good Neighbor Policy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Good Neighbor Policy</a> (1934).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> These military interventions were most often carried out by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States Marine Corps</a>. The Marines were involved so often that they developed a manual, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Wars_Manual" title="Small Wars Manual" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars</a>, in 1921. On occasion, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Navy</a>provided <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfire_support" title="Gunfire support" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">gunfire support</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Army</a> troops were also used.

With the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Treaty of Paris</a>, Spain ceded control of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cuba</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philippines</a> to the United States. Thereafter, the United States conducted military interventions in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Panama</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Honduras</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" title="United States occupation of Veracruz" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mexico</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Haiti</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Dominican Republic</a>. The series of conflicts only ended with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">withdrawal of troops from Haiti</a> in 1934 under President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.

<h2 style="font-weight: bold; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#Origins" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Origins</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#Interventions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2 Interventions</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#American_fruit_companies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 American fruit companies</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#Criticism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4 Criticism</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#Notable_veterans" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5 Notable veterans</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#Footnotes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6 Footnotes</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7 References</a></li>

</ul>

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<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Origins<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<div class="hatnote" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Monroe Doctrine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations" title="Latin America – United States relations" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Latin America – United States relations</a></div>

United States Marines with the captured flag of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Augusto César Sandino</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Nicaragua</a> in 1932</div>

</div>

Most prominently, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Fruit Company</a> had significant financial stakes in production of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">bananas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">tobacco</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane" title="Sugar cane" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">sugar cane</a>, and various other products throughout the Caribbean, Central America and Northern South America. The U.S. was also advancing its political interests, maintaining a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">sphere of influence</a> and controlling the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Panama Canal</a> which it had recently built, critically important to global trade and naval power.

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Interventions<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interventions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_Rogers" title="William Allen Rogers" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Allen Rogers</a> cartoon depicting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" title="Big Stick ideology" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Big Stick ideology</a></div>

</div>

American warships <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" title="United States occupation of Veracruz" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">off Veracruz in 1914</a></div>

</div>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cuba and Puerto Rico</a>, U.S. intervention in Cuba and invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Panama#U.S._intervention_in_Panama" title="History of Panama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Panama</a>, U.S. interventions in the isthmus go back to the 1846 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallarino%E2%80%93Bidlack_Treaty" title="Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty</a> and intensified after the so-called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon_War" title="Watermelon War" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Watermelon War</a> of 1856. In 1903, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Panama</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">seceded from the Republic of Colombia</a>, backed by the U.S. government,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> amidst the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Thousand Days' War</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Panama Canal</a> was under construction by then, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Panama Canal Zone</a>, under United States sovereignty, was then created (it was handed down to Panama as of 2000).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Nicaragua</a>, which, after intermittent landings and naval bombardments in the previous decades, was occupied by the U.S. almost continuously from 1912-1933.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cuba</a>, occupied by the U.S. from 1898-1902 under military governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Leonard Wood</a>, and again from 1906 to 1909, 1912 and 1917 to 1922; governed by the terms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Platt Amendment</a> through 1934.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Haiti</a>, occupied by the U.S. from 1915-1934, which led to the creation of a new Haitian constitution in 1917 that instituted changes that included an end to the prior ban on land ownership by non-Haitians. Including the First and Second <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caco_Wars" title="Caco Wars" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Caco Wars</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dominican Republic, action in 1903, 1904 (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Affair" title="Santo Domingo Affair" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Santo Domingo Affair</a>), and 1914; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%9324)" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">occupied by the U.S. from 1916 to 1924</a>.</li>

</li><li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Honduras</a>, where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Fruit Company</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Fruit_Company" title="Standard Fruit Company" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Standard Fruit Company</a> dominated the country's key banana export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a> Writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">O. Henry</a> coined the term "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Banana republic</a>" in 1904 to describe Honduras.</li>

</li><li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mexico</a>, The U.S. military involvements with Mexico in this period are related to the same general commercial and political causes, but stand as a special case. The Americans conducted the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_War_(1910%E2%80%9319)" title="Border War (1910–19)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Border War</a> with Mexico from 1910-1919 for additional reasons: to control the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter rebel raids into U.S. territory. The 1914 U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" title="United States occupation of Veracruz" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">occupation of Veracruz</a>, however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an issue of border integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munitions" title="Munitions" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">munitions</a> to the government of Mexican leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Victoriano Huerta</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-kkjop-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a>whom US President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-kkjop-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a> In the years prior to World War I, the U.S. was also alert to the regional balance of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as shown by the 1914 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ypiranga" title="SS Ypiranga" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">SS Ypiranga</a> arms-shipping incident, German saboteur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Witzke" title="Lothar Witzke" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lothar Witzke</a>'s base in Mexico City, the 1917 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" title="Zimmermann Telegram" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Zimmermann Telegram</a> and German advisors present during the 1918 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales" title="Battle of Ambos Nogales" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Battle of Ambos Nogales</a>. Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the US military occupy Mexico;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and between the years 1916 and 1917, when US General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pershing" title="John Pershing" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John Pershing</a> and his army came to Mexico to lead a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">nationwide search for Pancho Villa</a>.</li>

</li></ul>

<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the point of coercion.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Theodore Roosevelt</a> declared the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Roosevelt Corollary</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Monroe Doctrine</a> in 1904, asserting the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909-1913, President<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Howard Taft</a> and his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Secretary of State</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Philander C. Knox</a> asserted a more "peaceful and economic" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Diplomacy" title="Dollar Diplomacy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Dollar Diplomacy</a> foreign policy, although that too was backed by force, as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Nicaragua</a>.

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">American fruit companies<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American fruit companies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

The first company that concluded an agreement with the Honduras government was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Company).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> The Cuyamel Fruit Company then followed the lead. Furthermore, the United Fruit Company also agreed to a contract with the government, which contract was attained through its subsidies (Tela Rail Road Company and Truxillo Rail Road Company).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>

There were different avenues that led to the signature of a contract between the Honduras government and the American companies. The most popular avenue would be to obtain a grab on a piece of land in exchange of the completion of railroads in Honduras.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> It is, thus, the reason why it is a railroad company that conducted the agreement between the United Fruit Company and Honduras.

However, according to Mark Moberg, most banana producers in Central America (including Honduras) “were scourged by Panama disease, a soil-borne fungus (…) that decimated production over large regions”.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a> Therefore, when a plantation would be decimated, the companies would leave the plantation as is, and destroyed the railroads (and other utilities) that they had been using along with the plantation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a> Therefore, one might argue that the exchange of services between the government and the companies was not always respected.

The ultimate goal in the acquisition of a contract was to control the process from production to distribution of the bananas. Therefore, the companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns and governments.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> According to Rivera and Carranza, the indirect participation of American companies in the country’s armed conflicts worsened the situation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> They argued that the presence of more dangerous and modern weapons gave place to more dangerous warfare amongst the different factions.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a>

In British Honduras (modern-day Belize), the situation was slightly different. According to Mark Moberg, despite the fact that the United Fruit Company was the sole-exporter of bananas in British Honduras, and that the company was also manipulating the government, the country escaped itself from the term "banana republics" that had been coined to other Central American countries at the time.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_note-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Criticism<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

I spent 33 years and four months in active military service and during that period I spent most of my time as a high class muscle man for<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Business" title="Big Business" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Big Business</a>, for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wall Street</a> and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism. I helped make Mexico and especially<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tampico safe</a> for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Haiti</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Cuba</a> a decent place for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_City_Bank" title="National City Bank" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">National City Bank</a> boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street. I helped <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">purify Nicaragua</a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">International Banking House</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bros.%26_Co." title="Brown Bros. & Co." style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Brown Brothers</a> in 1902-1912. I brought light to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic(1916%E2%80%9324)" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Dominican Republic for the American sugar interests in 1916</a>. I helped <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Bonilla" title="Manuel Bonilla" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">make Honduras right</a> for the American fruit companies in 1903. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Marines" title="China Marines" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">China in 1927</a> I helped see to it that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil#Standard_Oil_In_China" title="Standard Oil" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Standard Oil</a> went on its way unmolested. Looking back on it, I might have given <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Al Capone</a> a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents.

</blockquote>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Notable veterans<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable veterans" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">U.S. Army:

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Eichelberger" title="Robert L. Eichelberger" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Robert L. Eichelberger</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir_S._Fairchild" title="Muir S. Fairchild" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Muir S. Fairchild</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">James M. Gavin</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Huston_George" title="Harold Huston George" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harold Huston George</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Harmon" title="Millard Harmon" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Millard Harmon</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Blaine_Hershey" title="Lewis Blaine Hershey" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lewis Blaine Hershey</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Krueger" title="Walter Krueger" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Walter Krueger</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Douglas MacArthur</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Miley" title="William M. Miley" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William M. Miley</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Matthew Ridgway</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson" title="William Hood Simpson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Hood Simpson</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_C._Smith" title="Ralph C. Smith" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ralph C. Smith</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Walker" title="Walton Walker" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Walton Walker</a></li>

</li></ul>

</li>

</ul>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">U.S. Marine Corps:

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_F._Carlson" title="Evans F. Carlson" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Evans F. Carlson</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Austell_Cunningham" title="Alfred Austell Cunningham" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Alfred Austell Cunningham</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Daly" title="Daniel Daly" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Daniel Daly</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_del_Valle" title="Pedro del Valle" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pedro del Valle</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Devereux" title="James Devereux" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">James Devereux</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Merritt A. Edson</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hancock_Ellis" title="Earl Hancock Ellis" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Earl Hancock Ellis</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Feland" title="Logan Feland" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Logan Feland</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Geiger" title="Roy Geiger" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Roy Geiger</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Glowin" title="Joseph A. Glowin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Joseph A. Glowin</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Goettge" title="Frank Goettge" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frank Goettge</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_H._Hanneken" title="Herman H. Hanneken" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Herman H. Hanneken</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harbord" title="James Harbord" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">James Harbord</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Lejeune" title="John A. Lejeune" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John A. Lejeune</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Litzenberg" title="Homer Litzenberg" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Homer Litzenberg</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_B._Liversedge" title="Harry B. Liversedge" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harry B. Liversedge</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_P._Mulcahy" title="Francis P. Mulcahy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Francis P. Mulcahy</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Pendleton" title="Joseph Henry Pendleton" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Joseph Henry Pendleton</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesty_Puller" title="Chesty Puller" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Chesty Puller</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Quick" title="John H. Quick" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John H. Quick</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_D._Rauber" title="Francis D. Rauber" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Francis D. Rauber</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Rupertus" title="William H. Rupertus" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William H. Rupertus</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_F._Schilt" title="Christian F. Schilt" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Christian F. Schilt</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_P._Smith" title="Oliver P. Smith" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Oliver P. Smith</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._Truesdale" title="Donald L. Truesdale" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Donald L. Truesdale</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Upshur" title="William P. Upshur" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William P. Upshur</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vandegrift" title="Alexander Vandegrift" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Alexander Vandegrift</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E.Watson(USMC)" title="Thomas E. Watson (USMC)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Thomas E. Watson (USMC)</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_C._Williams" title="Ernest C. Williams" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ernest C. Williams</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_Winans" title="Roswell Winans" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Roswell Winans</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_E._Woods" title="Louis E. Woods" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Louis E. Woods</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">U.S. Navy:

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_C._Beasley" title="Harry C. Beasley" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Harry C. Beasley</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kelly_Harrison" title="William Kelly Harrison" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Kelly Harrison</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_C._Kidd" title="Isaac C. Kidd" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Isaac C. Kidd</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Friday_Fletcher" title="Frank Friday Fletcher" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Frank Friday Fletcher</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Lowry" title="George M. Lowry" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George M. Lowry</a> {MOH}</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Mitscher" title="Marc Mitscher" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Marc Mitscher</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Zuiderveld" title="William Zuiderveld" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Zuiderveld</a> {MOH}</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Footnotes<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934, p. 3.</li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} In a state speech in December 1903, President Roosevelt put the number of "revolutions, rebellions, insurrections, riots, and other outbreaks" in Panama at 53, within the space of 57 years. in "Theodore Roosevelt's third state of the union address":<a class="external free" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Third_State_of_the_Union_Address</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} GILES A. HUBERT, WAR AND THE TRADE ORIENTATION OF HAITI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1053341.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 18px; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" no-repeat="no-repeat">http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1053341.pdf</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} Marc Becker (1995-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.truman.edu/_{marc/resources/interventions.html}" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">"History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America"</a>. .truman.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-15.</li>

<li id="cite_note-kkjop-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-kkjop_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-kkjop_5-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars1900s/p/veracruz.htm" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">"Battle of Veracruz - Mexican Revolution Battle of Veracruz"</a>. Militaryhistory.about.com. Retrieved 2014-03-15.</li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/37266/so-far-from-god-the-mexican-revolution-1913-1920" style="text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" base64="base64" pd94bwwgdmvyc2lvbj0ims4wiiblbmnvzgluzz0ivvrgltgipz48c3znihhtbg5zpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8ymdawl3n2zyigd2lkdgg9ijewiibozwlnahq9ijewij48zyb0cmfuc2zvcm09inryyw5zbgf0zsgtodi2ljqyosatnjk4ljc5mskipjxyzwn0ihdpzhropsi1ljk4miigagvpz2h0psi1ljk4miiged0iodi2ljkyosiget0inzayljmwosigzmlsbd0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tlpsijmdzjii8="PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8" pgc="PGc" phbhdgggzd0ittgzms4xotqgnjk4ljc5mwg1ljiznhy1ljm5mwwtms41nzegms41ndutms4zms0xljmxltiunzi1idiunzi1ltiunjg5ltiunjg5idiuoda4ltiuoda4lteumzexlteumzexeiigzmlsbd0iiza2ziivpjxwyxroigq9ik04mzuundi0idy5os43otvsljaymia0ljg4ns0xljgxny0xljgxny0yljg4msayljg4ms0xljiyoc0xljiyocayljg4ms0yljg4ms0xljg1ms0xljg1mxoiigzpbgw9iinmzmyilz48l2c="PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c" pc9npjwvc3znpg="=" xmlns:data="data">"Gaming Unplugged Since 2000"</a>. BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 2014-03-15.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">c</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">d</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">e</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">f</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp.49-91_7-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">g</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Sucelinda_Zelaya_Carranza_2005_pp._49-91_7-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">h</a> Miguel Cáceres Rivera and Sucelinda Zelaya Carranza, “Honduras. Seguridad Productiva y Crecimiento Econoómico: La Función Económica Del Cariato,” Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 31 (2005), pp. 49-91.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381_8-0" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381_8-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Wars#cite_ref-Mark_Moberg_1920.2C_pp.357-381_8-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">c</a> Mark Moberg, “Crown Colony as Banana Republic: The United Fruit Company in British Honduras, 1900-1920,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2 (May, 1996), pp. 357-381.</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">References<span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style=" border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 166.84375px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banana_Wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banana Wars" style="text-decoration: none; padding: 0px !important; background: none !important;">Banana Wars</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Langley, Lester D. (1983), The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900-1934, Lexington:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University Press of Kentucky</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1496-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1496-9" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">0-8131-1496-9</a></li>

</ul>

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