Card, A

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">inaug day,<font color="#FF0000"> andy card</font> froze all clinton pending regs  strat</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Card</span> lobby USCoC, cars, GM</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#FF0000">CTW </font>sold as green, but NJ gov rec'd not good; NJ open for biz, but appoved 99-0</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(looked good comp to WU)  cf Ron Suskind Price of Loyalty.  wanted to repair rep</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">on GW, which she saw as real; triest mtg pre kyoyo talk; talked w. O'N, good on gw</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">at alcoa; cvd not get mtg w/ b2, but rice and and <b><span style=" color: #ED1C24;">card</span></b> ok on co2 reg. after</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">crossfire, 4 sen Hagel, pat roberts, [NO:<b>idso],</b> larry craig WU, helms sent ltr (may</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">have been prompted/written by DC; b2 met but held up ltr in reply. kyoto wd hurt us</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">economy</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><div data-box-type="fitt-adbox-incontentTeads" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: small;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/12/world/bush-will-continue-to-oppose-kyoto-pact-on-global-warming.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/12/world/bush-will-continue-to-oppose-kyoto-pact-on-global-warming.html</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Bush Will Continue to Oppose Kyoto Pact on Global Warming</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By David E. Sanger</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">June 12, 2001</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">See the article in its original context from </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">June 12, 2001</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Section A, Page 1</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>President Bush made clear today that he had no intention of reversing his opposition to a global warming accord supported by the European leaders he will meet with this week. And he strongly suggested that any new accord would have to bind developing nations, especially China and India, to the kind of commitments that would be made by the United States.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In an effort to mollify his European critics in the hours before he left for Spain tonight on his first trip to Europe as president, <b>Mr. Bush acknowledged the severity of the global warming problem and said the United States would ''lead the way by advancing the science on climate change</b>.'' He described several new research initiatives that could mark a potentially significant focusing of American climate study.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But while suggesting a new approach to the issue of global warming, Mr. Bush remained firm in rejecting the 1997 Kyoto accord, noting that it set no standards for major emitters of greenhouse gases, like China and India, while creating mandates for the United States that could prove economically crippling. <b>His aides further argued that the accord -- aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases below 1990 levels -- was written to make it easier for Europe than for the United States to meet the goals.</b></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Mr. Bush's outright rejection of the treaty two months ago led to an uproar in Europe. While unapologetic about their decision to back away from the accord, White House officials concede that they did a poor job of explaining their objections or their approach to the problem of reducing heat-trapping gases.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">So today, Mr. Bush stepped into the Rose Garden with several of his cabinet members and <b>publicly embraced a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences that concluded that temperatures are rising because of human activities</b>. At the same time, he insisted that his rejection of the Kyoto protocol ''should not be read by our friends and allies as any abdication of responsibility.''</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>''We will act, learn and act again, adjusting our approaches as science advances and technology evolves,''</b> he said. [Excerpts, Page A12.]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">In essence, Mr. Bush was arguing that the market should be allowed to solve the problem, with the United States pushing along research ''consistent with the long-term goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.''</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While advocating an attack on the problem of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the president once again rejected the mandates in the Kyoto treaty that the United States and other developed nations cut their emission levels of those gases to well below 1990 levels, a move he said would be economically disastrous for the United States and the world. <b>He offered no concrete alternatives to the Kyoto cutbacks, however, beyond research and the gradual application of new technology.</b></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b />And he reiterated his longstanding pledge that he would not agree to any accord that exempts the developing world. ''The world's second largest emitter of greenhouse gases is China,'' Mr. Bush said, with Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin L. Powell at his side. ''Yet China was entirely exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto protocol. <b>India and Germany are among the top emitters. Yet India was also exempt from Kyoto.''</b></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. Bush omitted any direct criticism of Europe, even though his aides have been saying, publicly and privately, that the members of the European Union have deliberately manipulated the debate -- and<b> unfairly caricatured Mr. Bush as an enemy of good environmental practice -- to cover up their political problems coming into compliance with the Kyoto mandates.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Andrew Card, Mr. Bush's chief of staff, told reporters over lunch here today that the target of cutting greenhouse emissions to below 1990 levels was picked with '</span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">'Machiavellian intent'' </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">because it enabled them to count in East Germany just before its economy was collapsing. </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">One result is that Europe must now cut its emissions far less than the United States does, he argued.</span></div><div style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">
</span></div><div style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Mr. Card argued that Mr. Bush had taken a courageous position that other nations would eventually come to appreciate. ''The emperor of Kyoto was running around the stage for a long time naked,'' he said, ''and it took President Bush to say, 'He doesn't have any clothes on.' ''</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. Bush's statement today only seemed to fuel his disagreements with Europe, even as it was intended to tamp them down. ''Everyone will be polite this week, I'm sure,'' said a senior European diplomat here, '<b>'but the standard everyone will be holding him to is how this stacks up against Kyoto. Where is the target? What is the U.S. timetable?''</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Moreover, he has probably re-ignited the dispute with the developing world. China, for instance, has managed to reduce its emissions significantly in the last few years, and it argues that the United States has done comparatively little. Chinese officials have already said they view efforts to force stricter controls as part of a move to contain Chinese economic power.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Just as China and India have rejected limiting their economic potential by imposing strict environmental standards, Mr. Bush made clear today that he would not agree to any environmental limits that would slow the economy of either the United States or the world.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>
</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>''We account for almost 20 percent of the man-made greenhouse emissions,'' he said. ''We also account for about one-quarter of the world's economic output. We recognize the responsibility to reduce our emissions.''</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But he added that ''we also recognize the other part of the story,'' saying the targets in the Kyoto treaty would ''have a negative economic impact, with layoffs of workers and price increases for consumers.''</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mr. Bush's statement was dismissed by a range of environmental groups as an effort to evade the issue by promising new scientific initiatives, but leaving unclear how much he was willing to spend, or how long the studies should take.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>
</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>While Mr. Bush called for a ''national climate change technology initiative'' today, former members of the Clinton administration said it bore great resemblance to a $4.5 billion, five-year program they proposed four years ago. Congress never fully financed it, and Mr. Bush's recent budget did not support it.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">''It's very weak tea,'' said David B. Sandalow, the former assistant secretary of state for oceans, environment and science and one of the negotiators of the Kyoto protocol in the last administration. Mr. Sandalow, now a senior fellow at the<b> World Resources Institute, said, ''If you were trying to develop a strategy to make sure China and India would not cooperate, you couldn't develop a better one than what Mr. Bush announced today.''</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What was striking about today's statement, though, was Mr. Bush's extensive discussion of the issue, and his commitment to do something about it -- even as he swathed the specifics in a cloud of ambiguities.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He characterized global warming as a serious long-range problem but one whose dimensions were still too little understood.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He tacitly acknowledged that the United States' rejection of the Kyoto accord had estranged the United States from many nations with which it has good relations generally.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Accordingly, Mr. Bush said he would push for new efforts to study global warming and more coordination among research institutions. He called for more money to pay for research into ways to control greenhouse gases.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>If some of the president's statements today about technology and America's own advances sounded familiar, it may be because it had echoes of his father's speech nine years ago this week at a major environmental conference in Rio de Janeiro that set the stage for the Kyoto negotiations.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">''Let's face it, there has been some criticism of the United States,'' the first President Bush said at the time. ''But I must tell you, we come to Rio proud of what we have accomplished and committed to extending the record on American leadership on the environment. In the United States, we have the world's tightest air quality standards on cars and factories, the most advanced laws for protecting lands and waters, and the most open processes for public participation.''</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He added, ''Now for a simple truth: America's record on environmental protection is second to none.''</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>In the years since, the United States has continued to support research and new technology and to push for limits on automobile exhaust and factory emissions.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>
</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>By repeating his fidelity today to negotiating with other nations under the 1992 climate treaty signed by his father, Mr. Bush is essentially trying to reset the clock, arguing that Kyoto should be scrapped in favor of a new, market-based accord that did not impose such an onerous economic cost.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But it is far from clear that he can win any converts to that position. Eileen Claussen, president of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, a nonpartisan group that works with many large corporations seeking to scale back their emissions, said today that she was ''confused'' about Mr. Bush's political goal.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>''He is meeting with Europeans who are doing some very ambitious things to reduce emissions,'' she said. ''Yet what we don't have from him is something that talks about how you go about reducing emissions</b>.''</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Some of that, Bush administration officials said, is contained in his energy report, issued last month.<b> Mr. Bush, for instance, called for the increased use of nuclear power, because it emits no greenhouse gases. </b>In a sign of how far apart he and the Europeans are, Germany today reached an agreement with its utilities to phase out the use of nuclear power, in part because of the growing problem of disposing of nuclear waste.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although this will be Mr. Bush's first trip to Europe since taking office, White House aides said today that the president, who critics have said has had little exposure to foreign countries, has made several previous trips to the region.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A White House spokesman, Gordon Johndroe, said Mr. Bush had been to the Britain at least three times, most recently in 1990, when he also visited Spain, Portugal and Morocco. He also said Mr. Bush had visited France, though no date was provided.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: small;">
</div></div></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F</font></a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...The film deals with the history of the electric car, its modern development, and commercialization. The film focuses primarily on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">General Motors EV1</a>, which was made available for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease" title="Lease" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">lease</a> mainly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Southern California</a>, after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) passed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">zero-emissions vehicle</a> (ZEV) mandate in 1990 which required the seven major automobile suppliers in the United States to offer electric vehicles in order to continue sales of their gasoline powered vehicles in California. Nearly 5000 electric cars were designed and manufactured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Chrysler</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Ford Motor Company</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">General Motors</a> (GM), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda" title="Honda" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Honda</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Nissan</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Toyota</a>; and then later destroyed or donated to museums and educational institutions. Also discussed are the implications of the events depicted for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil dependency" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">oil dependency</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Middle East</a> politics, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">global warming</a>.</font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The film details the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">California Air Resources Board</a>'s reversal of the mandate after relentless pressure and suits from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile manufacturer" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">automobile manufacturers</a>, continual pressure from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">oil industry</a>, orchestrated hype over a future <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">hydrogen car</a>, and finally the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W.Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">George W. Bush administration</a>.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A portion of the film details GM's efforts to demonstrate to California that there was no consumer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand" title="Demand" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">demand</a> for their product, and then to take back every EV1 and destroy them. A few were disabled and given to museums and universities, but almost all were found to have been crushed. GM never responded to the EV drivers' offer to pay the residual lease value; $1.9 million was offered for the remaining 78 cars in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,California" title="Burbank, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Burbank, California</a> before they were crushed. Several activists, including actresses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Paul" title="Alexandra Paul" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Alexandra Paul</a> and Colette Divine, were arrested in the protest that attempted to block the GM car carriers taking the remaining EV1s off to be crushed.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film explores some of the motives that may have pushed the auto and oil industries to kill off the electric car. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Rippel" title="Wally Rippel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Wally Rippel</a> offers, for example, that the oil companies were afraid of losing their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">monopoly</a> on transportation fuel over the coming decades; while the auto companies feared short-term costs for EV development and long-term revenue loss because EVs require little maintenance and no tuneups. Others explained the killing differently. GM spokesman Dave Barthmuss argued it was lack of consumer interest due to the maximum range of 80–100 miles per charge, and the relatively high price.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film also showed the failed attempts by electric car enthusiasts trying to combat auto industry moves, and save the surviving vehicles. Towards the end of the film, a deactivated EV1 car #99 is found in the garage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_Automotive_Museum" title="Petersen Automotive Museum" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Petersen Automotive Museum</a>, with former EV sales representative, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Sexton" title="Chelsea Sexton" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Chelsea Sexton</a>, invited for a visit.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film also explores the future of automobile technologies including a deeply critical look at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">hydrogen vehicles</a>, an upbeat discussion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">plug-in hybrids</a>, and examples of other developing EV technologies such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster(2008)" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Tesla Roadster (2008)</a>, released on the market two years after the film.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_suspects">The suspects</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-weight: normal; user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Forever_Cemetery" title="Hollywood Forever Cemetery" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Hollywood Forever Cemetery</a> as a protest to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">General Motors</a>' decision to terminate all EV1 leases and crush the electric cars.</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The later portion of the film is organized around the following hypothesized culprits in the downfall of the electric car:</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="American_consumers">American consumers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">While few American consumers never heard of the electric cars in California, those who did were not necessarily critical mass for this new technology. Thanks to lower gas prices and infatuation with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" title="Sport utility vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">sport utility vehicles</a> (SUVs), few people sought out this new technology.</span> While some were fans (as chronicled in the film), many more needed time to consider the advantages and disadvantages of these new cars; whether freedom from oil or with the perceived limitations of a city car with a 100-mile range. Although allegations are made about consumers by industry representatives in the film, perhaps explaining the film's "guilty" verdict, the actual consumers interviewed in the film were either unaware that an electric car was ever available to try, or dismayed that they could no longer obtain one.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Batteries">Batteries</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In a bit of an unexpected turn, the film's sole "not-guilty" suspect is batteries, one of the chief culprits if one were to ask the oil or auto industries. At the time GM's EV1 came to market, it came with a lead acid battery with a range of 60 miles. The film suggests that since the average driving distance of Americans in a day is 30 miles or less, for 90% of Americans, electric cars would work as a daily commute car or second car.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The second generation EV1 (and those released by Honda, Toyota, and others) from 1998 to the end of the program, featured nickel-metal-hydride or even lithium-ion (Nissan) batteries with a range of 100 or more miles.</span> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The film documents that the company which had supplied batteries for EV1, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Conversion_Devices" title="Energy Conversion Devices" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Ovonics</a>, had been suppressed from announcing improved batteries, with double the range, lest CARB be convinced that batteries were improving. Later, General Motors sold the supplier's majority control share to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Chevron Corporation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobasys" title="Cobasys" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Cobasys</a>.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As part of the not-guilty verdict, the famed engineer Alan Cocconi explains that with laptop computer lithium ion batteries, the EV1 could have been upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge. He makes this point in front of his T-Zero prototype, the car that inspired the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Roadster(2008)" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Tesla Roadster (2008)</a>.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Oil_companies">Oil companies</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The oil industry, through its major lobby group the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Petroleum_Association" title="Western States Petroleum Association" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Western States Petroleum Association</a>,</span></font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> is brought to task for financing campaigns to kill utility efforts to build public car charging stations. Through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">astroturfing</a> groups like "Californians Against Utility Abuse" they posed as consumers instead of the industry interests they actually represented.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Mobil</a> and other oil companies are also shown to be advertising directly against electric cars in national publications, even when electric cars seem to have little to do with their core business</b>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">At the end of the film, Chevron <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_encumbrance_of_large_automotive_NiMH_batteries" title="Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">bought patents</a> and controlling interest in Ovonics, the advanced battery company featured in the film, ostensibly to prevent modern NiMH batteries from being used in non-hybrid electric cars.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The documentary also refers to manipulation of oil prices by overseas suppliers in the 1980s as an example of the industry working to kill competition and keep customers from moving toward alternatives to oil.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Car_companies">Car companies</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Car companies" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;" /><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV1" class="mw-redirect" title="EV1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">EV1s</a> in a junk yard are shown in the film</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">With GM as its primary example, the film documents that car makers engaged in both positive and negative marketing of the electric car as its intentions toward the car and California legislation changed. In earlier days, GM ran <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_commercials" title="Super Bowl commercials" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Super Bowl commercials</a> produced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Industrial Light & Magic</a> (ILM) for the EV1. In later days it ran "award winning" doomsday-style advertising featuring the EV1 and ran customer surveys which emphasized drawbacks to electronic vehicle technology which were not actually present in the EV1.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> (As a side note, CARB officials were quoted claiming that they removed their zero emission vehicle quotas in part because they gave weight to such surveys purportedly showing no demand existing for the EV1s.) Other charges raised on GM included sabotaging their own product program, failing to produce cars to meet existing demand, and refusing to sell cars directly (it only leased them).</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The film also describes the history of automaker efforts to destroy competing technologies, such as their destruction through front companies of public transit systems in the United States in the early 20th century. In addition to EV1, the film also depicted how <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV" title="Toyota RAV4 EV" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Toyota RAV4 EV</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus" title="Honda EV Plus" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Honda EV Plus</a> were being cancelled by their respective car companies. The crushing of Honda EV Plus only gained attention after appearing quite by accident on an episode of PBS's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_Gold" title="California's Gold" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">California's Gold</a></i> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huell_Howser" title="Huell Howser" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Huell Howser</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In an interview with retired GM board member Tom Everhart, the film points out that GM killed the EV1 to focus on more immediately profitable enterprises such as its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummer" title="Hummer" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Hummer</a> and truck brands, instead of preparing for future challenges. Ralph Nader, in a brief appearance, points out that auto makers usually only respond to government regulation when it comes to important advances whether seat belts, airbags, catalytic converters, mileage requirements or, by implication, hybrid/electric cars. The film suggests Toyota supported the production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Toyota Prius</a> hybrid in part as a response to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Bill Clinton</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_a_New_Generation_of_Vehicles" title="Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles</a> and other U.S. Government pressure that was later dropped.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Though GM cited cost as a deterrent to continuing with the EV1, the film interviewed critics contending that the cost of batteries and electric vehicles would have been reduced significantly if mass production began, due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">economies of scale</a>. There is also discussion about electric cars threatening dealer profits since they have so few service requirements—no tuneups, no oil changes, and less frequent brake jobs because of regenerative braking.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S.government">U.S. government</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">While not overtly political, the film documents that the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">federal government of the United States</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> under the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W.Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Presidency of George W. Bush</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> joined the auto-industry suit against California in 2002. This pushed California to abandon its ZEV mandate regulation. The film notes tha</span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">t</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"> Bush's chief of staff <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Andrew Card</a> had recently been head of the American Automobile Manufacturers Alliance in California</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">and then j<b>oined the White House with </b></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Dick Cheney</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Condoleezza Rice</a></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>, and other federal officials who were former executives or board members of oil and auto companies</b>. By failing to increase mileage standards in a meaningful way since the 1970s and now interfering in California, the federal government had again served short-term industry interests at the expense of long-range leadership on issues of oil dependency and cleaner cars.</span></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="California_Air_Resources_Board">California Air Resources Board</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">In 2003, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB), headed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Democrat</a> Alan Lloyd, finally caved to industry pressure and drastically scaled back the ZEV mandate. CARB had previously defended the regulation for more than 12 years.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While championing CARB's efforts on behalf of California's with its 1990 mandate (and other regulations over the years), the film suggests Lloyd may have had a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">conflict of interest</a>, as the director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Fuel_Cell_Partnership" title="California Fuel Cell Partnership" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">California Fuel Cell Partnership</a>. The ZEV change allowed a marginal amount of hydrogen fuel cell cars to be produced in the future, versus the immediate continued growth of its electric car requirement. Footage shot in the meetings showed Lloyd shutting down battery electric car proponents while giving the car makers all the time they wanted to make their points.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hydrogen_fuel_cell">Hydrogen fuel cell</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hydrogen fuel cell" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">hydrogen fuel cell</a> was presented by the film as an alternative that distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by auto makers, oil companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and profits for the status quo. The film corroborates the claim that hydrogen vehicles are a mere distraction by stating that "A fuel cell car powered by hydrogen made with electricity uses three to four times more energy than a car powered by batteries" and by interviewing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J.Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Romm" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Joseph J. Romm</a>, the author of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hype_about_Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hype about Hydrogen" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">The Hype about Hydrogen</a></i>, who lists five problems he sees with hydrogen vehicles: High cost, limits on driving range due to current materials, high costs of hydrogen fuel, the need for entirely new fueling compounds, and competition from other technologies in the marketplace, such as hybrids.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The price of hydrogen has since come down to $4–6/kg (without carbon sequestering) due to reduction in the price of natural gas as a feedstock for steam reforming owing to the proliferation of hydraulic fracturing of shales.<sup id="cite_ref-designnews.com_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F#cite_note-designnews.com-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> A kilo of hydrogen has the same energy yield as a gallon of gasoline although production currently creates 12.5 kg CO2, 39% more than the 8.91 kg CO2 from a gasoline gallon.<sup id="cite_ref-designnews.com_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F#cite_note-designnews.com-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Response_from_General_Motors">Response from General Motors</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">General Motors</a> (GM) responded in a 2006 blog post titled "Who Ignored the Facts About the Electric Car?"<sup id="cite_ref-pdfcopy_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F#cite_note-pdfcopy-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup> written by Dave Barthmuss of GM's communications department. In his June 15, 2006 post—published 13 days before the film was released in the U.S.—Barthmuss claims not to have seen the film, but believes "there may be some information that the movie did not tell its viewers." He repeats GM's claims that, "despite the substantial investment of money and the enthusiastic fervor of a relatively small number of EV1 drivers — including the filmmaker — the EV1 proved far from a viable commercial success."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He submits it is "good news for electric car enthusiasts" that electric vehicle technology since the EV1 was still being used. It was used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperation" title="Global Hybrid Cooperation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">two-mode hybrid</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">plug-in hybrid</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">fuel cell vehicle</a> programs.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Barthmuss also cites "GM's leadership" in flex-fuel vehicles development, hydrogen fuel cell technology, and their new "active fuel management" system which improve fuel economy, as reasons they feel they are "doing more than any other automaker to address the issues of oil dependence, fuel economy and emissions from vehicles."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Responding to the film's harsh criticisms for discontinuing the EV1, Barthmuss outlines GM's reasons for doing so, implying that GM did so due to inadequate support from parts suppliers, as well as poor consumer demand despite "significant sums (spent) on marketing and incentives to develop a mass market for it." Barthmuss claimed he personally regretted the way the decision not to sell the EV1s was handled, but stated it was because GM would no longer be able to repair it or "guarantee it could be operated safely over the long term," with lack of available parts making "future repair and safety of the vehicles difficult to nearly impossible." He also claimed that "no other major automotive manufacturer is producing a pure electric vehicle for use on public roads and highways."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In March 2009, however, outgoing CEO of GM <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wagoner" title="Rick Wagoner" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Rick Wagoner</a> said the biggest mistake he ever made as chief executive was killing the EV1 car and failing to direct more resources to electrics and hybrids after such an early lead in this technology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup> GM has since championed its electric-car expertise as a key factor in development of its 2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Chevrolet Volt</a>, Chevy Spark EV, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt" title="Chevrolet Bolt" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; background: none;">Chevrolet Bolt</a>.</font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Reception...</font></span></h2><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hist commons:</font></p><div class="iT" style="width: 524px; display: table; color: rgb(49, 49, 49);"><h2 style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; width: 400px; float: left;"><a href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a0308001cheneyhagelco2#a0308001cheneyhagelco2" title="View in context" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">March 8, 2001: Vice President Cheney, Senator Hagel Undercut EPA’s Whitman on Carbon Caps</font></a></h2><div class="eLB" style="width: 115px; float: right; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.historycommons.org/eventedit.jsp?oid=1626004942-58018" title="Edit event" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;"><img src="http://www.historycommons.org/pics/icons/edit.png" alt="Edit event" height="16" style="border: none;" /></a>  </font></div></div><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 524.563px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An angry and embarrassed Christine Todd Whitman, the director of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), storms into a breakfast meeting with Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill, waving a<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> letter signed by four Republican senators—Chuck Hagel (R-NE), Larry Craig (R-ID), Jesse Helms (R-NC), and Pat Roberts (R-KS).</span> The letter says that President Bush will soon withdraw the US from the Kyoto Accords (see <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=the_bush_administration_s_environmental_record_1801" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">March 27, 2001</a>), even though Whitman has been telling the press Bush is committed to a “multipollutant” strategy of reducing CO2 and other emissions. Worse, Bush is going to renege on his promise to reduce C02 emissions (see <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=BushPromiseMandatoryEmissionCuts" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">September 29, 2000</a>). O’Neill, who is until now unaware of the backchannel discussions about the administration’s environmental policy, is suspicious of the tone and language of the letter, which was faxed from Hagel’s office two days before. It sounds, he later writes, as if it came “right out of Dick Cheney’s mouth” (see <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a030101cheneybarbour" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">March 1, 2001</a>). O’Neill will later learn that Hagel and Cheney had been working for days to reverse Bush’s course on carbon dioxide caps, and in the process undermine Whitman (see <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=the_bush_administration_s_environmental_record_136" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">March 8, 2001</a> and <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=the_bush_administration_s_environmental_record_152" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">March 13, 2001</a>). <cite style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1-4000-6576-3/centerforcoop-20" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none;">DUBOSE AND BERNSTEIN, 2006, PP. 19-20</a>]</cite></font></p><div class="t" style="padding-left: 15px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 510.016px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="">Entity Tags:</b> <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=george_w.bush" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=christine_todd_whitman" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Christine Todd Whitman</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=chuck_hagel" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Chuck Hagel</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=environmental_protection_agency" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=larry_craig_1" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Larry Craig</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=paul_o_neill" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Paul O’Neill</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=richard(dick)_cheney" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Richard (“Dick”) Cheney</a>, <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=jesse_helms" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Jesse Helms</a>,<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=pat_roberts" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Pat Roberts</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 510.016px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="">Timeline Tags:</b> <a href="http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=the_bush_administration_s_environmental_record" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">US Environmental Record</a></font></p></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">--</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Andrew Card, Chief of Staff</b>

A former chief lobbyist for <a href="http://www.crocodyl.org/wiki/general_motors">General Motors</a> and CEO of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association, <b>Card led the industry’s $25 million campaign against tighter fuel emission standards, as well as its fight against the Kyoto Protocol</b>. When Card got his new job with the administration, <a href="http://www.crocodyl.org/wiki/general_motors">General Motors</a> threw him a lavish ascension party on the roof of the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C. Two months after taking office, the Bush administration withdrew from Kyoto. Nearly four years later, fuel emission standards remain unchanged.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style=" color: #ED1C24;">The </span></b><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Chamber_of_Commerce" title="reference on U.S. Chamber of Commerce" target="self"><b><span style=" color: #ED1C24;">U.S. Chamber of Commerce</span></b></a><b><span style=" color: #ED1C24;"> has enlisted </span></b><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Andrew_Card" title="reference on Andrew Card" target="self"><b><span style=" color: #ED1C24;">Andrew Card</span></b></a><b><span style=" color: #ED1C24;">, former White House Chief of Staff under President Bush,</span></b> and Democratic former Indiana Senator <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Evan_Bayh" title="reference on Evan Bayh" target="self">Evan Bayh</a> for a national "road show" to rally businesses to oppose government regulations. Communications for the road show are being handled by Chamber employee <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thomas_Collamore" title="reference on Thomas Collamore" target="self">Thomas Collamore</a>, who formerly was vice president of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Philip_Morris_Corporate_Affairs" title="reference on Philip Morris Corporate Affairs" target="self">Philip Morris Corporate Affairs</a> -- the department that was responsible for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tobacco_industry_projects_and_operations" title="reference on thwarting" target="self">thwarting</a> local, state and national policies to reduce tobacco use. The Chamber plans to formally announce the Bayh and Card road show on June 22, 2011, and then will start flying the two around the country to gather support for rolling back regulations designed to protect the environment, consumers and workers. A <a href="http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/201957-donahue-memo.html" title="reference on June 2 memo" target="blank">June 2 memo</a> to the Chamber's Board of Directors says the two will give speeches, and attend events and media appearances at local venues across the country. The Chamber's effort is aimed at fighting the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="reference on Environmental Protection Agency's" target="self">Environmental Protection Agency's</a> efforts to reduce greenhouse gases, minimizing the power of the recently-created <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="reference on Consumer Financial Protection Bureau" target="self">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a>, blocking <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="reference on OSHA" target="self">OSHA</a> workplace safety and health programs, hampering employees' ability to join unions and other pro-business reforms. The Chamber has <a href="http://www.iwatchnews.org/2010/12/01/2282/chamber-seeks-cash-insurers-financial-firms-new-effort/page/0/1" title="reference on spent months" target="_blank">spent months</a> soliciting millions of dollars in funding from Wall Street financial firms, insurance and energy companies for this anti-regulatory effort.</font></p>

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