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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">uber</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1355">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-1355</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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<div><span style=" font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">World Food Prize Hall of Laureates</span><br style=" box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);" />

<span style=" font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">100 Locust Street</span><br style=" box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);" />

<span style=" font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Des Moines, IA 50309</span></div>

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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">world food prize rev billy arrest</font></div>

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<p style=" text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.375em; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box;">THE WORLD FOOD PRIZE</strong> sincerely thanks the following donors for supporting the World Food Prize Foundation:</font>

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<div style=" text-align: left;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Governor and The State Legislature of Iowa</span><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);"> • Iowa Economic Development Authority </span></font></span></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;">John Deere Foundation • John Ruan Foundation Trust • Claudia and Paul Schickler</span></font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">The Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition • </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The Rockefeller Foundation</span></span></font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">DuPont Pioneer • Howard G. Buffett Foundation </span><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">• Kemin Industries • </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Land O'Lakes • Monsanto </span></span></font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); box-sizing: border-box;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;">Janis and John Ruan III • Ruan Transportation Management Systems</span></span></font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">AGCO Corporation •</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Archer Daniels Midland Company •</span><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);"> Bankers Trust • <b>Bayer CropScience</b></span></font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Margo and Don Blumenthal • Bravo Greater Des Moines • Bridgestone Firestone • Gregory and Suzie Glazer Burt</font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Cargil</span><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">l • CHS Foundation •<b> CropLife International</b> • Dairy Management, Inc. • Diamond V • Dow AgroSciences</span></font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Elanco • First Citizens Charitable Foundation •<b> FMC Corporation • General Mills </b>• Hormel • Hy-Vee, Inc</font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Iowa Corn Promotion Board and <b>Iowa Corn Growers Association </b></font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Iowa Farm Bureau Federation and Farm Bureau Financial Services • Iowa Pork Foundation</font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Iowa Soybean Association • Iowa State University • Kellogg Company • Meredith Corporation</font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MidAmerican Energy • Novozymes • OCP Research LLC • Osmundson Manufacturing Company • PepsiCo</font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Principal Financial Group Foundation • Reynolds & Reynolds, Inc. • Sasakawa Africa Association </font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Sehgal Family Foundation • Soyfoods Council • Sukup Manufacturing • </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Syngenta Corporation • Syngenta Foundation</span></font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> Ted Crosbie Memorial • The Mosaic Company • United Soybean Board • USDA Agricultural Research Service</font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wallace Genetic Foundation • Walmart • West Central and REG • Wild Rose Entertainment</font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William C. Knapp Charitable Foundation • World Initiative for Soy in Human Health • W.K. Kellogg Foundation </font></div>

<div style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902); text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">W.T. and Edna M. Dahl Trust </font></div>

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<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">  DLL • Eurofins • Harrisvaccines • Sharon and Landis Martin • Mauerberger Foundation Fund of South Africa </font></font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Mercedes-Benz of Des Moines • Merchant Investments, Inc. • Musco Sports Lighting • Arthur Neis </font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Prairie Meadows Casino and Racetrack • RTI International • Linda and Tom Schaefer • Helen and Maurice Sinclair  </font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Stine Seed Company •  The Waldinger Corporation • Urban Charitable Foundation</font></div>

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<div style=" text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">BCC Advisers • Beaverdale Books • Boesen The Florist • Harry and Pamela Bass Bookey • Anne and Neil Broderick</font></font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Jake Christensen and Susan Fitzsimmons • Patty and Jim Cownie • Barbara and Ronald Eckoff • Essex Meadows</font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Dorie and David Fisher • Roswell and Elizabeth Garst Foundation • Karen and Bill Hess • Mary Ann and John Hicks</font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Elizabeth and David Hoak • Devlin Hogans • Trudy and David Hurd •  International Traders of Iowa</font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Iowa Savings Bank • Iowa State Education Association  • Iowa State Bank • Lori and Sam Kalainov</font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Margaret and Tom Mehl • May May Ng • Le Chi Nguyen • Jane and Steve Noah • Denise and Larry Oliphant</font></div>

<div style=" text-align: left;"><font style=" background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);">Le Son and Kenneth Quinn • Raven Industries • William Sellner • Emily and Fred Weitz • John Williams </font></div>

<p style=" text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.375em; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.74902);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If you are interested in becoming a donor, please contact Mashal Husain at <a href="mailto:mhusain@worldfoodprize.org" style=" box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; transition: all 300ms ease; color: rgb(0, 95, 72); text-decoration: none;">mhusain@worldfoodprize.org.</a></font>

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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">patel </font></div>

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<div><a href="http://rajpatel.org/2014/08/29/every-factoid-is-a-mystery-how-to-think-more-clearly-about-the-green-revolution-and-other-agricultural-claims/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://rajpatel.org/2014/08/29/every-factoid-is-a-mystery-how-to-think-more-clearly-about-the-green-revolution-and-other-agricultural-claims/</font></a></div>

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<div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn5R5tyv8Bs&list=PL7OFJd0uhJY3TYa0tT0PRU5albuNCfrHa&index=4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn5R5tyv8Bs&list=PL7OFJd0uhJY3TYa0tT0PRU5albuNCfrHa&index=4</font></a></div>

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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mexico cardenas term limited, land reform standaed oil rockefeller ant-icommie, wheat to feed cities</font></div>

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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);">Two of “the CGIAR founding fathers”, </span><b style=" line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);">Norman Borlaug</b><span style=" line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);"> and </span><b style=" line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);">Robert McNamara</b><span style=" line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);">, tell the intriguing story of “how it all started”.</span></font></div>

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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research</span><br style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />

</font><img src="/8d7b14ef-b8e1-5f60-a9b6-c680e141852d.png"/><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> USA</span><br style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />

<span style=" line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Global network of agricultural research centres promoting a corporate, pro-GM agenda. </span><a href="http://www.gmwatch.org/myth-makers-s#Syngenta_Foundation" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Syngenta Foundation</a><span style=" line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> on board of directors.</span><br style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />

<span style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Profiles:</span><span style=" line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a href="http://www.spinprofiles.org/index.php/Consultative_Group_on_International_Agricultural_Research" target="_blank" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GMWatch SpinProfile</a><br style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />

<span style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Linked to: </span><a href="http://www.gmwatch.org/myth-makers-i#International_Rice_Research_Institute" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">International Rice Research Institute</a><span style=" line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="http://www.gmwatch.org/myth-makers-s#Syngenta_Foundation" style=" margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-height: 21.28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Syngenta Foundation</a></font></div>

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<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The <strong class="selflink">Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education</strong> (FBAE) is based in Bangalore, India. </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A good indication of its influence and effectiveness as a lobby group is the way in which the Government of India, in countering Public Interest Litigation (PIL) before the Supreme Court of India, has drawn on submissions from the FBAE in arguing both against a GM moratorium, in general, and in defending GM mustard field trials conducted by the University of Delhi, in particular.</span></font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The FBAE describes itself as "non-profit, grass-root, Society formed to support sustainable development through biotechnology, by promoting biotechnology awareness and education."<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">FBAE's self-description as "grass-root"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[2]</a></sup> is, however, at odds with its close links with major biotechnology business interests.</font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">According to information on its website, the formation of the Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education (FBAE) was founded in Bangalore, India on January 18, 2001.</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a></sup><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The press conference was addressed by Dr </span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Shanthu_Shantharam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanthu Shantharam (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Shanthu Shantharam</a><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">International Food Policy Research Institute</a> (IFPRI</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">), Washington, and Dr C. </span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Kameswara_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kameswara Rao (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Kameswara </a><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Kameswara_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kameswara Rao (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rao</a><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Executive Secretary of the FBAE.</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a></sup></font></p>

<h2 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; display: inline; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Kameswara_Rao.27s_background" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Kameswara Rao's background</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Shanthu_Shantharam.27s_background" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Shanthu Shantharam's background</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Affiliations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Affiliations</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Funding" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Funding</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Contact" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Contact</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Resources" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Resources</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#Notes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

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<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Kameswara_Rao.27s_background"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kameswara Rao's background</font></span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Dr Kameswara Rao is the former head of the Botany Department at Bangalore University and a "Consultant, Biotechnology & Medicinal Plants".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a></sup> On a Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship and a <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Royal Society</a> and <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Nuffield_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuffield Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Nuffield Foundation</a>bursary, Rao worked on the computer applications in plant systematics at the Natural History Museum, London and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Shanthu_Shantharam.27s_background"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Shanthu Shantharam's background</font></span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr Shantharam served as a </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Branch Chief of the USDA office of Biotechnology Regulatory Services in Washington DC for over 14 years, and worked as a visiting biotechnology advisor to the <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/World_Bank" title="World Bank" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">World Bank</a> in the mid 1990s. He was a visiting research fellow at the <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">International Food Policy Research Institute</a> (IFPRI) in Washington DC from 2001 to 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[8]</a></sup> He took up employment with <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Syngenta" title="Syngenta" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Syngenta</a></span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> - the world's largest agricultural biotechnology corporation - in March 2001, within just weeks of the launch of the FBAE. And by June of that year he was representing Syngenta at the Biotechnology Industry Organisation's annual convention in the USA (Biotechnology on Parade: BIO 2001 San Diego, CA June 24–27, 2001).</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a></sup></font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">At the Inaugural Workshop of the FBAE, held on January 18 2001 in Bangalore, India,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[10]</a></sup> Dr Shantharam became a member of the FBAE Steering Committee established 'to guide the Foundation through the further course of action'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a></sup> In FBAE's 2001 press release announcing the inauguration of FBAE he is listed as: 'Dr S Shantharam, Basel, Switzerland'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[12]</a></sup> Basel is where <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Syngenta" title="Syngenta" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Syngenta</a> International has its headquarters, but until as late as 2006 the FBAE website did not appear to have anywhere identified Dr Shantharam as an employee of Syngenta.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">As well as being one of the two people who announced the formation of the FBAE at the press conference, Dr Shantharam also gave the 'presidential address' at the FBAE’s inaugural workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-13" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a></sup> The FBAE has also undertaken contractual work for <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Syngenta" title="Syngenta" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Syngenta</a>, according to its first annual report.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_note-14" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While employed by Syngenta (March 2001-June 2003), Dr Shantharam was head of Stakeholder Relations and Technology Communications. He also served as their Biotechnology Regulatory Compliance Manager, and led </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Syngenta’s communications efforts for its Golden Rice and Rice Genome projects.</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr Shantharam has also, since July 1 2003, been a senior advisor to the Sehgal Family Foundation . The Founder and Chairman of the Foundation is Dr. Suri Sehgal, the Founder and Chairman of Proagro Seed Company Ltd., India - the company that first sought to commercialise GM mustard in India.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The President of the FBAE is identified as:</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr Sharan Angadi Occupation: Dy. General Manager, 47 yrs, Nunhems Seeds India Pvt. Ltd.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr Angadi was on FBAE's initial Steering Committee and was also FBAE's first Vice President (see 'Office Bearers' in FBAE's first annual report)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nunhems Seeds is a wholly owned subsidiary of</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Bayer CropScience,</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the agricultural-biotechnology subsidiary of the German based pharmaceutical and chemical giant Bayer AG.</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr. Angadi was previously deputy general manager - research for Nunhems Proagro Seeds. The Proagro group, which comprises Proagro Seed Company and Hybrid Rice International and Nunhems Seeds, are all part of the activities of Bayer CropScience in India.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ProAgro sought to commercialise GM mustard in India. This GM mustard incorporated the controversial barnase and barstar genes as part of a 'proprietary know-how of its German parent, Bayer CropScience'. (Why is Proagro's product controversial?) The same construct is also part of the the University of Delhi GM mustard.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Both Dr Angadi and Dr Shantharam were on the FBAE's initial Steering Committee, as was Dr Villoo Patell, the CEO of the well-known Indian biotechnology firm Avesthagen.</font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Affiliations"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Affiliations</font></span></h2>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Funding</font></span></h2>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contact</font></span></h2>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Address:</font></dd>

</dl>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Phone:</font></dd>

</dl>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Email:</font></dd>

</dl>

<dd style=" line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Website:</font></dd>

</dl>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resources"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Resources</font></span></h2>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notes</font></span></h2>

<li id="cite_note-0" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080208184852/http://www.fbae.org/Goals_Objectives/goals_and_objectives.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Goals And Objectives</a>, FBAE website, version placed in web archive 8 Feb 2008, accessed in web archive 26 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080208184852/http://www.fbae.org/Goals_Objectives/goals_and_objectives.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Goals And Objectives</a>, FBAE website, version placed in web archive 8 Feb 2008, accessed in web archive 26 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fbae.org/2009/FBAE/website/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Home page</a>, FBAE website, accessed 26 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030109142436/http://www.fbae.org/News/inauguration.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">INAUGURATION OF THE FBAE AND THE INAUGURAL WORKSHOP</a>, press release, FBAE, undated, version placed in web archive 9 Jan 2003, accessed in web archive 3 Dec 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060901163929/http://www.manipal.edu/kmcmnglore/announcements/college_day.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">College Day</a>, Kasturba Medical College, Bangalore website, accessed 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">See screengrab of Author Profile page Kameswara Rao's website, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.medicinalplants-kr.org/AUTHOR_PROFILE.HTM" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">http://www.medicinalplants-kr.org/AUTHOR_PROFILE.HTM</a>: <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/File:Rao.pdf" title="File:Rao.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">File:Rao.pdf</a></span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agrifoodconsulting.com/staff%20profiles.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Staff Profiles</a>, Agrifood Consulting International website, accessed 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bch.cbd.int/database/attachedfile.aspx?id=1593" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Resource Persons</a>, Modern Biotechnology Management Courses 2008, AIT Extension, accessed 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/154/3/482" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Meeting Report: Biotechnology on Parade: BIO 2001 San Diego, CA June 24–27, 2001</a>, The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 154, Number 3, August 6, 2001 482-484</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030424060250/fbae.org/News/inauguration.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">INAUGURATION OF THE FBAE AND THE INAUGURAL WORKSHOP</a>, Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education website, version placed in web archive Jan 22, 2003, accessed in web archive 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030109142436/http://www.fbae.org/News/inauguration.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">INAUGURATION OF THE FBAE AND THE INAUGURAL WORKSHOP</a>, FBAE website, version placed in web archive 9 Jan 2003, accessed in web archive 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030109142436/http://www.fbae.org/News/inauguration.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">INAUGURATION OF THE FBAE AND THE INAUGURAL WORKSHOP</a>, FBAE press release, undated, version placed in web archive 9 Jan 2003, accessed in web archive 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.fbae.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">archive version of FBAE website</a>, version placed in web archive 1 Jan 2006, accessed in web archive 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-13" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030109142436/http://www.fbae.org/News/inauguration.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">INAUGURATION OF THE FBAE AND THE INAUGURAL WORKSHOP</a>, FBAE press release, undated, version placed in web archive 9 Jan 2003, accessed in web archive 27 Nov 2009</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-14" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Foundation_for_Biotechnology_Awareness_and_Education#cite_ref-14" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060707220757/http://www.fbae.org/News/first_annual_report.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">First Annual Report</a>, FBAE website, version placed in web archive 7 Jul 2006, accessed in web archive 3 Dec 2009</span></font></li>

</ol>

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</li><li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:GM" title="Category:GM" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GM</font></a></li>

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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://powerbase.info/index.php/Consultative_Group_on_International_Agricultural_Research</font></div>

</font></div>

<div>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Created in 1971, the <b>Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research</b> (CGIAR) constitutes a network of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgiar.org/centers/index.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">15 Future Harvest Centers</a>, employing more than 8,500 scientists and scientific staff, who work on tropical agricultural development in more than 100 countries.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The network was originally built up around four international agricultural research centres, two of which had contributed notably to the Green Revolution: CIMMYT - Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (Mexico, maize and wheat) and IRRI - <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Rice Research Institute</a> (the Philippines).</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The lead in creating CGIAR was taken by the <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/World_Bank" title="World Bank" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">World Bank</a>. The CGIAR's Chairman is a Vice President of the Bank.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The CGIAR is financed by members' contributions. Members of the CGIAR include industrial and developing countries, foundations, and international and regional organizations. In 2002, contributions to the CGIAR amounted to $357 million. Industrial countries account for more than two-thirds of CGIAR financing and this is reflected in its governance structure which is fundamentally controlled by four rich industrialised countries.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The CGIAR has been accused by its critics of having changed its mandate from being that of a publicly funded research body to that of a 'strategic alliance of 63 countries, international and regional organizations and private foundations supporting international agricultural research Centers that work with national agricultural research systems, the private sector and civil society'. Trade and policy analyst Devinder Sharma describes this as 'a cleverly worded explanation for the deviation from the original mandate to essentially serve as an outsourcing research base for the private companies.'</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Such criticism reached a peak in 2002 when, without any prior consultation, the CGIAR's Chairman appointed the <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Syngenta_Foundation" title="Syngenta Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Syngenta Foundation</a> to CGIAR's board. The Syngenta Foundation does not just bear the name of the world's largest biotechnology company. It is wholly owned by Syngenta and Syngenta directors occupy 3 of the 5 seats on its board. Heinz Imhof, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Syngenta, is the Foundation's President.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Responding to what was in effect the inclusion of of a biotechniology corporation in CGIAR's board, CGIAR's NGO Committee (NGO-C) decided to freeze its relationship with the CGIAR pending a review of the CGIAR's research agenda. The<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=367" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">NGO-C observed</a>, 'the CGIAR is deviating from [its] mandate and is adopting a corporate agenda for agricultural research and development. CGIAR's consideration of Syngenta Foundation's membership is a clear indication of the trend towards the corporatisation of public agricultural research.' The NGO Committee's freeze means the NGO-C will not replace vacant seats on the Committee, will not accept money from the CGIAR and will not agree to sit on the CGIAR's Executive Council or any other committees, or participate in</font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="CGIAR_programmes"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CGIAR programmes</font></span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to Devinder Sharma, the detachment of the NGO-C merely made apparent the underlying reality that the CGIAR's real 'strategic alliance' was exclusively with the private sector, despite its mandate to work with civil society and 'to produce public goods for the benefit of poor agricultural producers in developing countries and to safeguard the geneticresources taken from farmers' fields and held in public trust by the CGIAR gene banks.'</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Another source of controversy has been the research project on genetically engineered Golden Rice at the CGIAR's <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">International Rice Research Institute</a> .</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The controversy surrounding the project only increased when the administrative control of the project was handed over to</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> former Monsanto executive, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Gerard_Barry" title="Gerard Barry" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gerard Barry</a> .</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Devinder Sharma commented, 'Strange that the CGIAR, which claims to have more than 8,500 scientists and scientific staff on roll, had to seek the help of the biotech giant, Monsanto, for managing the 'golden rice' research project!' ( </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=3329" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;">CGIAR turns to outsourcing</a><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">)</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The CGIAR's critics see its embrace of Syngenta and Golden Rice as symptomatic of a historical trend within the organisation to favour industrial agriculture and a top-down, one-size-fits-all approach to agricultural research - an approach that ignores the knowledge and experience of farmers, farming communities, and indigenous people. The agriculture promoted by the CGIAR, such critics argue, has promoted dependence on costly intensive agriculture inputs such as pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This has been a great boon for the agrochemical industry and unsurprisingly they have been generous in their support of CGIAR centers. For instance, the annual reports of the</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> IRRI - <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">International Rice Research Institute</a> from 1963-1982 show grants from a whole array of US and European chemical corporations including Monsanto, Shell Chemical, Union Carbide Asia, Bayer Philippines, Eli Lily, OccidentalChemical, Ciba Geigy (later part of Novartis Seeds which is now part of Syngenta), Chevron Chemical, Upjohn, Hoechst, and Cyanamid Far East. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panap.net/docs/analysis/gerice.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==); background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;">Laying the Molecular Foundations of GM Rice Across Asia</a> )</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But while the dependency on expensive intensive inputs may have proved lucrative for the agrochemical industry, it has meant increasing numbers of small farmers going into debt and leaving the land. Unemployment, hunger, and malnutrition can be the consequence, quite apart from pesticide poisonings. There has also been a cost in terms of knowledge, culture and social systems.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From this perspective genetic engineering is seen as further intensifying the kind of problems small farmers face: 'GMOs are associated with genetic privatization through patenting and IPR [intellectual property rights]; genetic contamination; market rejection; threats to farmers' rights through increasing monopolization in agriculture; negative health effects; environmental damage, and a deepening of the structural inequalities between rich and poor'. ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=367" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Syngenta now on governing body of CGIAR</a> )</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As a result, the CGIAR's Annual General Meeting in 2002, held in The Philippines, home to the CGIAR's nearby <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Rice Research Institute</a> (IRRI) , was marked by farmers' protests and street demonstrations against CGIAR's research orientation and lack of accountability to the third world farmers they are meant to serve. The hundreds of protesting farmers were met with police barricades and water cannon. ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=361" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Farmer anger</a> )</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But the ultimate irony may be that the CGIAR has actually been driven into the arms of corporations like Syngenta by the over emphasis on hi-tech approaches like genetic engineering. CGIAR has been faced with drastic cuts in research programmes, staff lay offs, declining research output, and vanishing financial commitments, and is even contemplating a series of mergers to stay afloat. While this crisis has been exacerbated by the global economic downturn and the fashion for 'down-sizing', a key underlying factor has been the continuing excitement of researchers and industry over the commercial possibilities of genetic engineering, and the plant variety protection which goes with it. This has drawn money away from public agricultural research. An article on this problem in the science journal Nature concluded that the food supply for future generations in the developing world could hinge on whether this trend can be reversed. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geinfo.org.nz/022003/01.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Crop Improvement: A Dying Breed, Nature 421</a>)</font></p>

<h3 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contact</font></span></h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CGIAR website <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cgiar.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">http://www.cgiar.org</a></font></li>

</ul>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notes</font></span></h2>

</div>

<div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Categories</a>: </font>

</li><li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:Foodspin" title="Category:Foodspin" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Foodspin</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:Food_Industry_lobby_groups" title="Category:Food Industry lobby groups" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Food Industry lobby groups</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:Corporate_Science_(GM)" title="Category:Corporate Science (GM)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Corporate Science (GM)</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>International Rice Research Institute</b> (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations in cooperation with the government of the Philippines. Its research activities began in 1962 and in the mid-1960s the IRRI's launch of a high-yielding dwarf rice variety (IR8) was a significant contribution to the Green Revolution in Asia, where nearly 91 per cent of world's rice is produced and where it is the principal food of three of the world's four most populous nations: China, India and Indonesia.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">IRRI is the world's leading international rice research and training centre. It describes itself as an 'autonomous, nonprofit institution' that is 'focused on improving the well-being of present and future generations of rice farmers and consumers, particularly those with low incomes'. The Institute's research headquarters are part of the main campus of the University of the Philippines Los Baos, about 60 kilometers south of the Philippine capital, Manila. IRRI also has offices in 11 other countries.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">IRRI is also part of the <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Consultative_Group_on_International_Agricultural_Research" title="Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research</a> (CGIAR), an association of public and private donor agencies that funds 16 international research centers, which was created 11 years after the IRRI to help promote and protect such agricultural research centres.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, both IRRI and CGIAR have come under criticism for supporting a corporate agenda. IRRI under CGIAR is supposed to contribute to sustainable improvements in the productivity of agriculture and in particular, as we have noted, to help low income people. But IRRI programmes have been judged by many to be both environmentally and socially destructive.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is because IRRI programmes have increased productivity though breeding seeds that rely on the heavy use of chemical inputs. For these inputs to be taken up by the plant requires conditions of heavy and frequent water use via irrigation.</font></p>

<h2 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; display: inline; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute#Monocultures" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Monocultures</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute#Golden_Rice" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Golden Rice</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute#People" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">People</span></font></a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute#Contact" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Contact</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/International_Rice_Research_Institute#Notes" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Monocultures"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Monocultures</font></span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is also the issue of monocultures. As biotechnology analyst, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panap.net/docs/analysis/gerice.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Dr Richard Hindmarsh</a> of the University of Queensland notes, to date, IRRI has produced more than 300 High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of rice, but prior to the diffusion of these varieties over 100,000 different rice varieties thrived in farmers' fields.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The IRRI's rice variety IR8 launched the Green Revolution but it was variety IR36 - released in 1976 - which became the world's most widely planted variety of rice with 11 million hectares planted in Asia during the 1980s. The trend of displacement has continued. By the mid-1980s, just two HYVs occupied 98 per cent of the entire rice growing area of the Philippines.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr Hindmarsh points out that such widescale adoption of monocultures has had severe effects on crop genetic diversity with many local cultivars and landraces becoming extinct - some without any seed collection or documentation. Genetic uniformity also increases the vulnerability of monoculture crops to disease, pest invasions, and biological stress. Such crops are also vulnerable to weed proliferation due to intensive fertiliser use.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In other words, adoption of IRRI's HYVs has created excellent opportunities for costly intensive agriculture inputs. Perhaps unsurprisingly, IRRI's annual reports from 1963-1982 show grants from a whole array of US and European chemical corporations including <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Monsanto" title="Monsanto" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Monsanto</a>, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Shell" title="Shell" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Shell</a> Chemical, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Carbide (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Union Carbide</a> Asia, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Bayer" title="Bayer" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Bayer</a> Philippines, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eli Lilly</a>, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Occidental_Chemical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occidental Chemical (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Occidental Chemical</a>, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Ciba_Geigy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciba Geigy (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Ciba Geigy</a> (later part of Novartis Seeds which is now part of <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Syngenta" title="Syngenta" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Syngenta</a>), <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Chevron_Chemical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chevron Chemical (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Chevron Chemical</a>, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Upjohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upjohn (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Upjohn</a>, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Hoechst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoechst (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Hoechst</a>, and<a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Cyanamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanamid (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Cyanamid</a> Far East. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panap.net/docs/analysis/gerice.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Laying the Molecular Foundations of GM Rice Across Asia</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But while the IRRI's impact on Asian agriculture has proved lucrative for the agrochemical industry, dependency on expensive intensive inputs has meant increasing numbers of small farmers going into debt and leaving the land. Unemployment, hunger, and malnutrition can be the consequence, quite apart from pesticide poisonings and other health hazards arising from the chemicals farmers and landless labourers have been made dependent on. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that some 25 million workers suffer from pesticide poisoning annually.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The ultimate irony is that, while farmer dependency on expensive external inputs has increased hugely, yields from Green Revolution cultivation are in wide decline or are stagnating. And even when looked at from a national economic level, it is not clear that the price has been worth paying. In the Philippines, for instance, despite years of assiduously following IRRI programmes, the country has been importing increasing amounts of rice every year. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/resist_agtncs/pr8.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Dismantle CGIAR/IRRI</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Interestingly, in the rush to introduce the crop varieties of the Green Revolution, indigenous varieties which were capable of giving a higher yield were deliberately excluded. In 1983 the most eminent Indian rice scientist, Dr R.H. Richaria, prepared an action plan to increase rice production in India at the request of the Prime Minister's Office but it was never acted upon. The indigenous high-yielding varieties were closely related to varieties farmers were already familiar with and about which they possessed knowledge of 'their environmental and nutritional requirements, their properties and peculiarities... they know them more accurately then we do'. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001016/agro.htm#2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Neglect of indigenous rice varieties</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the time that Richaria's plan was first commissioned and then neglected the IRRI was headed by the plant geneticist and Godfather of the Indian Green Revolution, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=M.S._Swaminathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.S. Swaminathan (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">M.S. Swaminathan</a>. It has been alleged that Swaminathan's rise to prominence went hand in hand with the suppression of the work of Indian scientists like Richaria who were making a case within the agricultural mainstream for less input-intensive farming.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/p1temp.asp?pid=46&page=1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Dr Richharia</a> - whose guiding principle was, 'Your work is only valuable if it helps the poor farmers' - had warned from an early stage that the Green Revolution's widescale, hasty and indiscriminate introduction of exotic varieties would disturb the agro-ecological balance which had been built up over centuries by the natural process of breeding and selection by farmers, which allowed ecological balance in different environments. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001016/agro.htm#2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Neglect of indigenous rice varieties</a>) The Green Revolution's intensive use of inputs such as genetically uniform seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, and water and energy, certainly resulted in major environmental degradation, including salinity, soil erosion, desertification, chemical pollution of land and waterways, die-back, loss of crop diversity, and the turning of renewable resources, such as soil and water, into non-renewable resources.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is perhaps unsurprising, therefore, that when the CGIAR held its Annual General Meeting in 2002 near the IRRI in the Philippines, it was met with farmers' demonstrations and street protests calling for both institutions to be dismantled. The protesters issued a statement saying IRRI and CGIAR were failed research institutions. 'We believe that a genuine, farmer-centered research institution should develop technologies that shall liberate farmers from dependence on any agro-chemical TNC, promote sustainable agriculture, conserve the environment, and protect the health of farmers.' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/resist_agtncs/pr8.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Dismantle CGIAR/IRRI</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">IRRI has also been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=455" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">accused</a> of 'complete disregard for its workers' because of an immunity granted to it by former President Marcos, which they have used, it is claimed, to fire workers at will and to deny accountability for illnesses caused by the use of chemicals. It is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=455" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">alleged</a> that since 1975 over 200 people from the IRRI community have died due to such toxic chemicals.</font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Golden_Rice" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Golden Rice</font></span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The year before the street demonstrations, IRRI had launched its controversial Golden Rice project. The genetically modified rice, which contains small amounts of pre-cursor vitamin A, arrived at the IRRI in January, 2001. IRRI's Director-General, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Ronald_Cantrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Cantrell (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Ronald Cantrell</a> was quoted as saying, 'The arrival of these initial samples at IRRI is a very significant step and allows us to finally start on the required testing processes using local rice varieties. IRRI expects to play a major role in the ongoing "Golden Rice" research effort and its eventual introduction to the world's millions of poor rice farmers and consumers.' The arrival of Golden Rice triggered protests from peasant farmers. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/gm-food/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Protests take the shine off Golden Rice</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Still more controversially, in 2003, </span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Gerard_Barry" title="Gerard Barry" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gerard Barry</a><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a leading </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Monsanto" class="extiw" title="sourcewatch:Monsanto" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Monsanto</a><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> executive who had played a key role in achieving industry support for the Golden Rice project, was appointed Coordinator of the IRRI's Golden Rice Network. Barry's task was 'to facilitate the development and deployment' in Asian countries of the GM rice originally developed in Switzerland by </span><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Ingo_Potrykus" title="Ingo Potrykus" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Ingo Potrykus</a><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. What added to the controversy was the fact that </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Barry's appointment came just a year after the surprise appointment of <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Syngenta_Foundation" title="Syngenta Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Syngenta Foundation</a> to CGIAR's board.</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Within IRRI, however, there appear to be few qualms over the growing corporate alignment of public science. The IRRI's most famous plant breeder, <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Gurdev_Khush" title="Gurdev Khush" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gurdev Khush</a>, who worked there for 35 years and is still a consultant, is among those who have expressed strong support for 'collaborative arrangements' with private-sector corporations. He argues, 'IRRI has tremendous assets that the private sector does not possess, such as genetic resources, knowledge, and links with the national agricultural research and extension systems of rice-growing countries. The private sector, on the other hand, has resources to invest in cutting-edge science and the generation of technologies. So, the roles of IRRI and the private sector should be synergistic.' On his retirement from full-time employment at IRRI Khush is said to have received invitations to serve on the boards of several private companies. He is currently part of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ventriabio.com/aboutus/ournetwork.asp" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">'scientific network'</a> for 'product and technology innovation' and development of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/archive2.asp?arcid=3169" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">controversial</a> California-based bio-pharmaceutical firm <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Ventria_Bioscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventria Bioscience (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Ventria Bioscience</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutrition.tufts.edu/conferences/agri_biotech/presentations/khush_bio.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Gurdev Khush, Biography</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Barry's role at IRRI stirred further controversy in 2004 with rumours that Swappan Datta, the rice crop leader of the CGIAR's Challenge Program on Biofortification and the leading plant biotechnologist at IRRI, was being asked to step down to make way for Barry to take entire control of the Golden Rice project.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many see the Golden Rice project as symbolic of IRRI's future research direction. IRRI biotechnologist Swappan Datta <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monsantoindia.com/news/showlib0990.html?uid=6415" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">said</a> 'that scientists are at a very important crossroad as they work with Golden Rice'. In fact, as Hindmarsh notes, it was simply a staging post on a more than decade long journey:</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1990 - Beginning of production of transgenic rice at IRRI</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1990 - First rice biotechnology training course at IRRI</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1993 - Initiation of the Asian Rice Biotechnology Network (ARBN)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1993 - Completion of transgenic greenhouse for evaluation of GM plants</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1996 - Tenth rice biotechnology training course (seventh under ARBN)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1996 - Genetic engineering of popular Asian cultivars under ARBN</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panap.net/docs/analysis/gerice.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Laying the Molecular Foundations of GM Rice Across Asia</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">IRRI is using these resources not just to develop its genetically modified rice varieties but to release them across Asia. Planned areas for releases already include not just the Philippines but West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and other parts of India, northeast Thailand, and the coastal areas of Bangladesh. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panap.net/docs/analysis/gerice.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Laying the Molecular Foundations of GM Rice Across Asia</a>)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ironically, it is the very problems that have been generated by earlier IRRI agricultural programmes which have been used to promote GM research, ie environmental degradation, the heavy reliance on pesticides, the growing concern about the over-exploitation of non-renewable resources. The agrochemical giants are reinventing themselves with biotechnology 'solutions' that prolong the dependence on their products. As <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panap.net/docs/analysis/gerice.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) 100% 50% no-repeat;">Dr Hindmarsh notes</a>:</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">'In the midst of a soil and water crisis, the solution to salinisation is salt-tolerant crops, while desertification is addressed with research ondrought resistant crops. Instead of critically arresting the erosion of the natural resource base by supporting the adoption of 'ecologically intelligent' technologies, biotechnology R&D is directed simply towards maintaining and extending the status quo by appearing to 'reinvent' the flawed agrochemical agricultural model... the crops of the so-called new green revolution are designed to work within the environmental problems and constraints caused by the mismanagement and over-exploitation of external inputs and natural resources that underpins monoculture cropping and industrial agriculture.'</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">A similar irony applies to Golden Rice and similar GM products. IRRI is one of the centres of research for the CGIAR's US$90 million Challenge Program on Biofortification (also known as HarvestPlus) which aims to 'improve' grain to be richer in such micronutrients as iron, zinc, vitamin A, selenium, and iodine, etc. But, as Hindmarsh amongst others notes, the micronutrient deficiencies are attributable to the introduction of the Green Revolution varieties of rice, wheat, and maize, which lacked those micronutirents and other compounds and essential to health.</span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> In addition, the increasing production of staples displaced the raising of local fruits, vegetables, and legumes that were the chief sources of micronutirents. The result was increasing malnutrition. Dr Hindmarsh concludes, 'The deep and tragic irony is that biotech proponents are now introducing the flawed technology fix of Golden Rice to address this earlier round of flawed technology'. And, once again, this flawed techno-fix is being presented as a miracle solution.</span></font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="People"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">People</font></span></h2>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Director general: <a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php?title=Robert_Zeigler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zeigler (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Robert Zeigler</a> (since 2005)</font></p>

<p style=" margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.irri.org/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 100% 50% no-repeat;">http://www.irri.org</a></font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notes</font></span></h2>

</div>

</li><li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:Foodspin" title="Category:Foodspin" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Foodspin</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:Food_Industry_lobby_groups" title="Category:Food Industry lobby groups" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Food Industry lobby groups</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:Corporate_Science_(GM)" title="Category:Corporate Science (GM)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Corporate Science (GM)</a></li>

<li style=" margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://powerbase.info/index.php/Category:GM_Lobby_Groups" title="Category:GM Lobby Groups" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">GM Lobby Groups</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

</font></div>

<div><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug</font></a></div>

</font></b> 

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Norman E. Borlaug</b> (1914-2009)</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A central figure in the "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Green_revolution" title="Green revolution" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">green revolution</a>", Norman Ernest Borlaug (1914-2009) "was born on a farm near Cresco, Iowa, to Henry and Clara Borlaug. For the past twenty-seven years he has collaborated with Mexican scientists on problems of wheat improvement; for the last ten or so of those years he has also collaborated with scientists from other parts of the world, especially from India and Pakistan, in adapting the new wheats to new lands and in gaining acceptance for their production. An eclectic, pragmatic, goal-oriented scientist, he accepts and discards methods or results in a constant search for more fruitful and effective ones, while at the same time avoiding the pursuit of what he calls "academic butterflies". A vigorous man who can perform prodigies of manual labor in the fields, he brings to his work the body and competitive spirit of the trained athlete, which indeed he was in his high school and college days...</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"In 1944 he accepted an appointment as geneticist and plant pathologist assigned the task of organizing and directing the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cooperative_Wheat_Research_and_Production_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program</a> in Mexico. This program, a joint undertaking by the Mexican government and the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, involved scientific research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology, agronomy, soil science, and cereal technology. Within twenty years he was spectacularly successful in finding a high-yielding short-strawed, disease-resistant wheat...</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"When the Rockefeller and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ford Foundations</a> in cooperation with the Mexican government established the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center" title="International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center</a> (CIMMYT), an autonomous international research training institute having an international board of trustees and staff, Dr. Borlaug was made director of its International Wheat Improvement Program. In this capacity he has been able to realize more fully a third objective, that of training young scientists in research and production methods. From his earliest days in Mexico he has, to be sure, carried on an intern program, but with the establishment of the Center, he has been able to reach out internationally. In the last seven years some 1940 young scientists from sixteen or so countries (the figures constantly move upward) have studied and worked at the Center.</font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"Dr. Borlaug is presently participating in extensive experimentation with triticale, a man-made species of grain derived from a cross between wheat rye that shows promise of being superior to either wheat or rye in productivity and nutritional quality." <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup></font></p>

<h2 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; display: inline; background-image: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Education" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Early_Career" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early Career</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Borlaug_and_the_Green_Revolution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Borlaug and the Green Revolution</span></font></a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Wheat_Breeding_in_Mexico" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wheat Breeding in Mexico</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug#Honors_and_Affiliations.5B8.5D" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Honors and Affiliations <sup style=" line-height: 1em;">[8]</sup></span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Criticism" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Official_Biography" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Official Biography</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Resources_and_articles" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Resources and articles</span></font></a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#Related_Sourcewatch_articles" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Related Sourcewatch articles</span></font></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Borlaug graduated from <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=University_of_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Minnesota (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">University of Minnesota</a> with a BS in 1937, an MS in 1940, and a PhD in 1942, all in Plant Pathology. His primary mentor, who persuaded him to change majors from forestry to plant pathology, was <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Elvin_C.Stakman" title="Elvin C. Stakman" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Elvin C. Stakman</a>, who later recruited him to work for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Rockefeller Foundation</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mexican_Agricultural_Program" title="Mexican Agricultural Program" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Mexican Agricultural Program</a>. At the University of Minnesota, Borlaug also came into contact with wheat breeding pioneer <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Kendall_Hayes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendall Hayes (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kendall Hayes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug#cite_note-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></font></p>

<p style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Prior to his historic work in Mexico, Borlaug "worked on such topics as mildew resistance in the rayon fabrics used by the military" for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/DuPont" title="DuPont" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">DuPont</a>. His work there was dictated by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Selective Service System</a>, as the U.S. was fighting <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/World_War_II" title="World War II" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">World War II</a> when he completed school.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup></font></p>

<h3 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Wheat_Breeding_in_Mexico"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wheat Breeding in Mexico</font></span></h3>

<p style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Borlaug was recruited to the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mexican_Agricultural_Program" title="Mexican Agricultural Program" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Mexican Agricultural Program</a> by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Elvin_Stakman" title="Elvin Stakman" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Elvin Stakman</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/J.George_Harrar" title="J. George Harrar" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">J. George Harrar</a> (another former student of Stakman's) beginning in 1942. He arrived in Mexico in October 1944 to work on wheat breeding. Of first importance was breeding wheat that was genetically resistant to several strains of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wheat_rust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheat rust (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">wheat rust</a>, a fungal disease that was a major problem in Mexico at the time, particularly in the newly irrigated regions in the Northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug#cite_note-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a></sup></font>

<font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Within his first several years of work, Borlaug succeeded in creating rust-resistant varieties of wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug#cite_note-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a></sup> However, in 1953, he received samples of semidwarf wheat varieties, originally from Japan. These varieties allowed him to create hybrids that were not only resistant to rust but could also utilize large amounts of commercial nitrogen fertilizer, resulting in high yields.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug#cite_note-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a></sup> Borlaug released semidwarf wheat varieties to Mexican farmers beginning in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For more information, see the article on <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Wheat_Breeding_in_the_Green_Revolution" title="Wheat Breeding in the Green Revolution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Wheat Breeding in the Green Revolution</a></font></p>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Honors_and_Affiliations.5B8.5D"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Honors and Affiliations <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E.Borlaug#cite_note-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[8]</a></sup></font></span></h2>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trustee,<b><font color="#ff0000"> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Council_on_Science_and_Health" title="American Council on Science and Health" style=" text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">American Council on Science and Health</a></font></b></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Council, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Action International</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[9]</a></sup></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Advisory Council, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/World_Food_Prize" title="World Food Prize" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">World Food Prize</a> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[10]</a></sup></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">International Advisory Committee, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Institute" title="Population Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Institute</a></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Winner of the <b>1970 <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Nobel Peace Prize</a></b></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Advisory Board, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Media_Center" title="Population Media Center" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Media Center</a> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[11]</a></sup></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">External Advisory Board, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Earth_Institute" title="Earth Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Earth Institute</a> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[12]</a></sup></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Advisory Council (2008), <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Technoserve" title="Technoserve" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Technoserve</a> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style=" line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_note-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[13]</a></sup></font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Crisis_Committee" title="Population Crisis Committee" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Crisis Committee</a>, (USA), 1971-</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Asesor Especial, Fundación para Estudios de La Población, A. C. (México), 1971</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Member, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Council_for_Agricultural_Science_and_Technology" title="Council for Agricultural Science and Technology" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Council for Agricultural Science and Technology</a> (CAST) (USA), 1973-</font></span></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Member, Advisory Council of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Renewable_Natural_Resources_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewable Natural Resources Foundation (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Renewable Natural Resources Foundation</a> (USA), 1973</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Member, Citizen's Commission on Science, Law and Food Supply (USA), 1973-74</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Member, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Commission_on_Critical_Choices_for_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission on Critical Choices for Americans (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Commission on Critical Choices for Americans</a> (USA), 1973-74</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Board of Trustees, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">International Food Policy Research Institute</a> (I.F.P.R.I.) (USA), 1976-82</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Member, Presidential Commission on World Hunger (USA), 1978-79</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Board of Directors, American Council on Science and Health (USA), 1978-</font></b></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Advisor, The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Institute" title="Population Institute" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Institute</a> (USA), 1978</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Board of Trustees, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Winrock_International" title="Winrock International" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Winrock International</a> (U.S.A.), 1982-1990</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Communications_International" title="Population Communications International" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Communications International</a> (USA), 1985-94</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Founder and Chairman of the Selection Committee, The <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/World_Food_Prize" title="World Food Prize" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">World Food Prize</a> 1986-</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">President, Council of The Foundation for the Development of Polish Agriculture, 1988-1993</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Board of Trustees , Pan-American School of Agriculture "Zamorano" (Honduras), 1992-1997</font></li>

<li style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">International Advisory Counsel, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Communications_International" title="Population Communications International" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Population Communications International</a>, 1995-</font></li>

</ul>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Barker, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.variant.org.uk/pdfs/issue35/philanthropy.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Bill Gates, Philanthropy, and Social Engineering?</a>, <i>Variant</i>, Issue 35, July 2009.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Louis_Proyect" title="Louis Proyect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Louis Proyect</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://louisproyect.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/food-imperialism-norman-borlaug-and-the-green-revolution/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Food imperialism: Norman Borlaug and the Green Revolution</a>", <i>The Unrepentant Marxist</i>, September 20, 2009.</font></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alexis Lathem, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://towardfreedom.com/home/content/view/1710/1/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Assessing the Legacy of Norman Borlaug: Did the Green Revolution Prevent Famines?</a>", <i>Toward Freedom</i>, October 8, 2009.</font></li>

</ul>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Leon_Hesser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Hesser (page does not exist)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Leon Hesser</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=22JBi4RC-HwC&dq=%22The+Man+Who+Fed+the+World%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=YGFNTJrAFYqOjAfvlazYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and His Battle to End World Hunger</a></i> (Durban House Publishing Company, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.manwhofedtheworld.com/home.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agra-alliance.org/content/news/detail/1172" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">talk supporting him</a></font></li>

</ul>

<h3 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Sourcewatch_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related Sourcewatch articles</font></span></h3>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jefferson_Awards" title="Jefferson Awards" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jefferson Awards</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Green Revolution</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mexican_Agricultural_Program" title="Mexican Agricultural Program" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mexican Agricultural Program</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Wheat_Breeding_in_the_Green_Revolution" title="Wheat Breeding in the Green Revolution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wheat Breeding in the Green Revolution</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Timeline_of_the_Green_Revolution" title="Timeline of the Green Revolution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Timeline of the Green Revolution</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/People_in_the_Green_Revolution" title="People in the Green Revolution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">People in the Green Revolution</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/The_Green_Revolution_in_India" title="The Green Revolution in India" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Green Revolution in India</font></a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rockefeller Foundation</font></a></li>

</ul>

<h3 style=" margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></span></h3>

<li id="cite_note-0" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-0" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-bio.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Norman E. Borlaug</a>, Nobel Peace Prize, accessed December 9, 2007.</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 224</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 224</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 224-8</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 228-229</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 230</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 230=231</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfoodprize.org/borlaug/borlaug-CV.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Norman E. Borlaug CV</a>, World Food Prize, accessed May 1, 2008.</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populationaction.org/About_PAI/Board_of_Directors.shtml" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Directors</a>, Population Action International, accessed May 1, 2008.</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfoodprize.org/about/council.htm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Council of Advisors</a>, World Food Prize, accessed December 9, 2007.</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populationmedia.org/who/program-advisory-board/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Advisory Board</a>, Population Media Center, accessed September 16, 2008.</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/1006" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Advisory Board</a>, Earth Institute, accessed August 5, 2009.</span></font></li>

<li id="cite_note-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Norman_E._Borlaug#cite_ref-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technoserve.org/assets/documents/final2007annualreport-1.pdf" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAE5JREFUeF5lykEKgDAMBdF/+17Es/QkiosiCBURXIzJooZohmweX6gwmkCeI+Oqc2C1FnvnF2ejlQYU0tLK2NjY6f/l8V12Ti7uhFFgDj19b58EwXuqkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">2007 Annual Report</a>, Technoserve, accessed February 20, 2010.</span></font></li>

</ol>

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