Congo lamumba

=see duplicsee rep of congo<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">nolnx<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">‘Dirty trickster’ revealed: Here are 5 of the sleaziest things Roger Stone did before joining the Trump Campaign<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Image via Fox News.<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Written by Alex Henderson February 20, 2020<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">long before he became known for some of the shadiest machinations in the ongoing Trump-Russia scandal, the 66-year-old Stone, who returned to the GOP in 2015 after being registered as a Libertarian for three years, had a dark history in right-wing politics dating back to the Nixon era.<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone is a self-described “dirty trickster,” and he takes great pride in it. Here are five of Stone’s sleaziest pre-Trump campaign activities.<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone was fired by Sen. Bob Dole in the ‘70s for being a Nixonian ‘dirty trickster’<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone, born in 1952, was in his late teens when he became an aide for President Richard Nixon’s 1972 reelection campaign. Although Stone has insisted that he never did anything illegal during the Watergate scandal, he has described his work during that period as “trafficking in the black arts.” After Nixon stepped down as president in August 1974 because of Watergate, Stone went to work for Sen. Bob Dole. However, he wasn’t in Dole’s employ very long; the Kansas senator fired him after he was identified by syndicated columnist Jack Anderson as being a “dirty trickster” for Nixon. One of Stone’s tricks was hiring a Republican operative to infiltrate the 1972 presidential campaign of Democrat George McGovern, who suffered a landslide defeat when Nixon was reelected.<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone is a self-described ‘Nixonite’<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">During Watergate, many prominent Republicans — including Sen. Barry Goldwater — distanced themselves from President Nixon. But Stone is one GOP operative who is openly proud of his work with Nixon and has bragged about being a “Nixonite.” In 2008, the New Yorker quoted Stone as saying, “The reason I’m a Nixonite is because of his indestructibility and resilience. He never quit. His whole career was all built around his personal resentment of elitism. It was the poor-me syndrome.”<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone and Paul Manafort represented Ferdinand Marcos and other corrupt dictators<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone and Paul Manafort — Trump’s former 2016 campaign chairman and another major target of Mueller’s Russia investigation — go way back: when a 24-year-old Stone became president of the Young Republicans in 1977, Manafort was the one managing his campaign. And they went on to work together on Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign. In 1980, Stone and Manafort, along with their associate Charlie Black, formed the right-wing Washington, DC lobbying group Black, Manafort & Stone, which not only represented Republicans in the U.S. but also corrupt dictators ranging from Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines to Mobuto Sese Seko in the Congo. As bad as the Russian and Ukrainian oligarchs Manafort worked with in the 2000s and 2010s were, some of the dictators, tyrants and thugs that Stone and Manafort represented in the 1980s were even worse.<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone was a lobbyist for Angola’s brutal Jonah Savimbi<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In addition to working with dictators like Marcos and Seko, the firm Black, Manafort & Stone represented Jonah Savimbi — whose National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA in Portuguese) tried to overthrow Angola’s Marxist government in the 1980s. According to Human Rights Watch, UNITA was ruthless and “used terror as a policy to obtain supplies and coerce and intimidate civilians. Indiscriminate killings, mutilation of limbs or ears and beatings were used by rebels to punish suspected government sympathizers or as a warning against betraying UNITA.”<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stone advised Al Sharpton in 2004 — hoping to divide Democrats<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In his 2004 Democratic presidential primary campaign, the Rev. Al Sharpton had an unlikely advisor: Roger Stone, who helped the civil rights activist craft a message against Howard Dean (another Democrat who ran in that primary). When Sharpton stressed that Dean, as governor of Vermont, hadn’t had any blacks or Latinos in his cabinet, that messaging came from Stone — who, in a 2004 interview with the New York Times, said of Sharpton, “There has not been a candidate with this much charisma since Ronald Reagan.”<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But Stone had an ulterior motive: he wanted to divide Democrats. Sharpton eventually dropped out of the race and endorsed Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry, who won the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination but lost to incumbent Republican President George W. Bush in the general election.<div style="widows: 1;">
</div><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 class="widgetheadline h1" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="widgetheadline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/congo-basin-rainforest-deforestation-2618692110.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; line-height: 31px;">Congo Basin Rainforest Could Be Gone by 2100</a></h1><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body js-update-url css-listicle-body-2618692110" data-elid="2618692110" data-authors="Mongabay" data-headline="Congo Basin Rainforest Could Be Gone by 2100" style="margin: 10px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="body-description"><div class="widgetbrief">By Morgan Erickson-DavisAfrica's Congo Basin is home to the second largest <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/rainforests" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">rainforest</a> on the planet. But according to a new study, this may soon not be the case. It finds that at current rates of <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/deforestation" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">deforestation</a>, all primary forest will be gone by the end of the century.The study was conducted by researchers at the University of Maryland (UMD) in the U.S. who analyzed satellite data collected between 2000 and 2014. Their results were published Wednesday in <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaat2993" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Science Advances</a>. It reveals that the Congo Basin lost around 165,000 square kilometers (approximately 64,000 square miles) of forest during their study period.</div><div class="js-appear-on-expand" style="transition: all 350ms ease 0s; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; opacity: 0;"><div class="widgetshow-more with-primary-color js-keep-reading js-page-view-and-reload-embeds" style="cursor: pointer; border-radius: 15px; float: left; padding: 7px; font-weight: 600; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);"></div></div></div><p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1;">...But why? Is it due to industrial pressure like in South America and Southeast Asia where the majority of deforestation has been done for soy, <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/palm-oil" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">palm oil</a> and other commodity crops? Or commercial logging, which is razing forests on the <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/chinese-demand-wiping-out-forests-in-the-solomon-islands-new-report/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Solomon Islands</a> and <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2018/08/high-risk-that-chinas-timber-from-png-is-illegal-new-report/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Papua New Guinea</a>?Not so much, according to this newest study. It reveals that the dominant force behind rising Congo deforestation, driving more than 80 percent of the region's total forest loss, is actually small-scale clearing for subsistence <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/agriculture" style="text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word;">agriculture</a>. The researchers write that most of it is done by hand with simple axes.According to the authors, the preponderance of small-scale deforestation of Congo rainforest is due largely to poverty stemming from political instability and conflict in the region. The Congo Basin rainforest is shared by six countries: Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of the Congo (RoC) and Gabon. Of these, the DRC holds the largest share of Congo forest—60 percent—and is home to more people than the other five combined. The DRC, along with CAR, has a human development index in the bottom 10 percent, meaning that lifespans, education levels and per capita GDP there are among the lowest in the world....<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1;">
<p style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 29.124px; widows: 1;"></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba</a>Patrice Émery Lumumba (born Élias Okit'Asombo;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Fabian-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Willame-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Kanyarwunga-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a> 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese independence leader and the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Republic of the Congo</a> after he helped win its independence from<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Belgium</a> in June 1960.Within twelve weeks, Lumumba's government was deposed in a coup during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Congo Crisis</a>. The main reason why he was ousted from power was his opposition to Belgian-backed secession of the mineral-rich Katanga province.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Zeilig-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a>He was subsequently imprisoned by state authorities under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Desir%C3%A9_Mobutu" title="Joseph-Desiré Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Joseph-Desiré Mobutu</a> and executed by firing squad under the command of the secessionist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Katangan</a> authorities. The United Nations, which he had asked to come to the Congo, did not intervene to save him. Belgium, the United States (via the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">CIA</a>), and the United Kingdom (via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6" title="MI6" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">MI6</a>) have all been implicated in Lumumba's death.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-ac-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-dw-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 7px; font-size: 12px; display: table; zoom: 1; line-height: 19.1875px;"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Early_life_and_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1 Early life and career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Leader_of_MNC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2 Leader of MNC</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Actions_as_Prime_Minister" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3 Actions as Prime Minister</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Deposition_and_death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4 Deposition and death</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#UN_response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4.1 UN response</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4.2 Final days</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Death_by_firing_squad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4.3 Death by firing squad</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Announcement_of_death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4.4 Announcement of death</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Foreign_involvement_in_his_death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5 Foreign involvement in his death</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Belgian_Involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.1 Belgian Involvement</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Belgian_apology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.1.1 Belgian apology</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#United_States_involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.2 United States involvement</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Church_Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.2.1 Church Committee</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#U.S._government_documents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.2.2 U.S. government documents</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#British_involvement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.3 British involvement</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">6 Legacy</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Political" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">6.1 Political</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#2006_Congolese_elections" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">6.2 2006 Congolese elections</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Family_and_politics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">6.3 Family and politics</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Tributes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7 Tributes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Quotations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">8 Quotations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9 Bibliography</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Writings_by_Lumumba" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9.1 Writings by Lumumba</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Writings_about_Lumumba" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9.2 Writings about Lumumba</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Films" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9.3 Films</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Archive_video_and_audio" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9.4 Archive video and audio</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Other" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9.5 Other</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10 References</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Sources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10.1 Sources</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">11 External links</a></li></ul></div>belg gave congo indep, patrice lumumba nationalistic, did not favor belg mining co's, did not want to partic in coldwater; ike authorized assassination (200 days), congo never recovered; civil wars<a href="http://www.kpfa.org/archive/date/2013/12/03">http://www.kpfa.org/archive/date/2013/12/03</a>  replay 1/2/14? Pacifica's Mitch Jeserich hosts “Letters & Politics

==

Big Lies, faith based charity 

$500K to robertson, used to fund diamonds in congo?! 188

==

Congo (Zaire) — The CIA assassinates the democratically elected Patrice Lumumba. However, public support for Lumumba�s politics runs so high that the CIA cannot clearly install his opponents in power. Four years of political turmoil follow.

Robertson?

Bush1?

Barrick?

Congo (Zaire) — A CIA-backed military coup installs Mobutu Sese Seko as dictator. The hated and repressive Mobutu exploits his desperately poor country for billions.

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<h2>Overview</h2>

In 1975 and 1976, the Church Committee published fourteen reports on the formation of U.S. <a title="Intelligence (information gathering)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_%28information_gathering%29">intelligence</a> agencies, their operations, and the alleged abuses of law and of power that they had committed, together with recommendations for reform, some of which were put in place.

Among the matters investigated were attempts to <a title="Assassination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination">assassinate</a> foreign leaders, including <a title="Patrice Lumumba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> of the <a title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Congo</a>, <a title="Rafael Trujillo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> of the <a title="Dominican Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, the <a title="Ngo Dinh Diem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem">Diem</a> brothers of <a title="Vietnam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, Gen. <a title="René Schneider" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schneider">René Schneider</a> of <a title="Chile" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile">Chile</a> and President <a title="John F. Kennedy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s plan to use the <a title="Mafia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" class="mw-redirect">Mafia</a> to kill <a title="Fidel Castro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro">Fidel Castro</a> of <a title="Cuba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba">Cuba</a>.

Under recommendations and pressure by this committee, President <a title="Gerald Ford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford">Gerald Ford</a> issued <a title="Executive order (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29">Executive Order</a> <a title="Executive Order 11905" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_11905">11905</a> (ultimately replaced in 1981 by President <a title="Ronald Reagan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Reagan</a>'s <a title="Executive Order 12333" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12333">Executive Order 12333</a>) to ban U.S. sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders.

Together, the Church Committee's reports have been said to constitute the most extensive review of <a title="Intelligence (information gathering)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence%28information_gathering%29">intelligence</a> activities ever made available to the public. Much of the contents were classified, but more than 50,000 pages have since been declassified under the <a title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_John_F.Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992">President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992</a>.

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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba</a>

<h2>Deposition and arrest</h2>

In September, the President dismissed Lumumba from government. Lumumba immediately protested the legality of the President's actions. In retaliation, Lumumba declared Kasa-Vubu deposed and won a vote of confidence in the Senate, while the newly appointed prime minister failed to gain parliament's confidence. The country was torn by two political groups claiming legal power over the country. On 14 September, a <a title="Coup d’état" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect">coup d’état</a> organised by Colonel <a title="Mobutu Sese Seko" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko">Joseph Mobutu</a> and endorsed by the <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> incapacitated both Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-devlin-7">[8]</a> Lumumba was placed under house arrest at the prime minister's residence, although <a title="UN" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect">UN</a> troops were positioned around the house to protect him. Nevertheless, Lumumba decided to rouse his supporters in Haut-Congo. Smuggled out of his residence at night, he escaped to Stanleyville, where he attempted to set up his own government and army.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-10">[11]</a> Pursued by troops loyal to Mobutu he was finally captured in <a title="Port Francqui" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Francqui" class="mw-redirect">Port Francqui</a> on 1 December 1960 and flown to <a title="Kinshasa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa">Leopoldville</a> (now Kinshasa) in handcuffs. He desperately appealed to local UN troops to save him, but he was no longer their responsibility. Mobutu said Lumumba would be tried for inciting the army to rebellion and other crimes. <a title="United Nations Secretary General" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect">United Nations Secretary General</a> <a title="Dag Hammarskjöld" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> made an appeal to Kasa-Vubu asking that Lumumba be treated according to <a title="Due process" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process">due process of law</a>. The <a title="USSR" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect">USSR</a> denounced Hammarskjöld and the <a title="Western countries" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect">Western powers</a> as responsible for Lumumba's arrest and demanded his release.

...

It was revealed that U.S. President <a title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> had said "something [to CIA chief <a title="Allen Dulles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles" class="mw-redirect">Allen Dulles</a>] to the effect that Lumumba should be eliminated".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-grauniad-18">[19]</a> This was revealed by a declassified interview with then-US National Security Council minutekeeper Robert Johnson released in August 2000 from Senate intelligence committee's inquiry on covert action. The committee later found that while the CIA had conspired to kill Lumumba, it was not directly involved in the actual murder.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-grauniad-18">[19]</a> In 1975, the <a title="Church Committee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee">Church Committee</a> went on record with the finding that Allen Dulles had ordered Lumumba's assassination as "an urgent and prime objective" (Dulles' own words).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-19">[20]</a> Furthermore, declassified CIA cables quoted or mentioned in the Church report and in Kalb (1972) mention two specific CIA plots to murder Lumumba: the poison plot and a shooting plot. Although some sources claim that CIA plots ended when Lumumba was captured, that is not stated or shown in the CIA records. Rather, those records show two still-partly-censored CIA cables from Elizabethville on days significant in the murder: January 17, the day Lumumba died, and January 18, the day of the first exhumation. The former, after a long censored section, talks about where they need to go from there. The latter expresses thanks for Lumumba being sent to them and then says that, had Elizabethville base known he was coming, they would have "baked a snake".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-20">[21]</a> Significantly, a CIA officer told another CIA officer later that he had had Lumumba's body in the trunk of his car to try to find a way to dispose of it.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-21">[22]</a> This cable goes on to state that the writer's sources (not yet declassified) said that after being taken from the airport Lumumba was imprisoned by "all white guards".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-22">[23]</a>

<h2>[<a title="Edit section: Plots by U.S. and Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>] Plots by U.S. and Belgium</h2>

The report of 2001 by the Belgian Commission mentions that there had been previous U.S. and Belgian plots to kill Lumumba. Among them was a <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>-sponsored attempt to poison him, which may have come on orders from U.S. President <a title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-Guardian-23">[24]</a> CIA chemist <a title="Sidney Gottlieb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a> was a key person in this by devising a poison resembling toothpaste.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-24">[25]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-25">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-25">26]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-AWKILL-26">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-AWKILL-26">27]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-gottliebcp-27">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-gottliebcp-27">28]</a> However, the plan is said to have been scrapped because the local CIA Station Chief, <a title="Larry Devlin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Devlin">Larry Devlin</a>, refused permission.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-25">[26]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-AWKILL-26">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-AWKILL-26">27]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-garsincp-28">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-garsincp-28">29]</a> However, as Kalb points out in her book, Congo Cables, the record shows that many communications by Devlin at the time urged elimination of Lumumba (p. 53, 101, 129-133, 149-152, 158-159, 184-185, 195). Also, the CIA station chief helped to direct the search to capture Lumumba for his transfer to his enemies in Katanga, was involved in arranging his transfer to Katanga (p. 158, Hoyt, Michael P. 2009, "Captive in the Congo: A Consul's Return to the Heart of Darkness"), and the CIA base chief in Elizabethville was in direct touch with the killers the night Lumumba was killed. Furthermore, a CIA agent had the body in the trunk of his car in order to try to get rid of it (p. 105, Stockwell, John 1978 In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story. Stockwell, who knew Devlin well, felt Devlin knew more than anyone else about the murder (71-72, 136-137).

In February 2002, the Belgian government apologised to the Congolese people, and admitted to a "moral responsibility" and "an irrefutable portion of responsibility in the events that led to the death of Lumumba." In July, documents released by the United States government revealed that while the CIA had been kept informed of Belgium's plans, it had no direct role in Lumumba's eventual death.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-USN-25">[26]</a>

This same disclosure showed that U.S. perception at the time was that Lumumba was a <a title="Communist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect">communist</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-29">[30]</a> Eisenhower's reported call, at a meeting of his national security advisers, for Lumumba's elimination must have been brought on by this perception. Both Belgium and the US were clearly influenced in their unfavourable stance towards Lumumba by the <a title="Cold War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War">Cold War</a>. He seemed to gravitate around the Soviet Union, although this was not because he was a communist but the only place he could find support in his country's effort to rid itself of colonial rule.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-30">[31]</a> The US was the first country from which Lumumba requested help.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-31">[32]</a> Lumumba, for his part, not only denied being a Communist, but said he found colonialism and Communism to be equally deplorable, and professed his personal preference for neutrality between the <a title="Eastern bloc" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect">East</a> and <a title="Western world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world">West</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#cite_note-32">[33]</a>

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<h1 align="center">The Congo 1960-1964</h1>

<h2 align="center">The assassination of Patrice Lumumba</h2>

<h4 align="center">excerpted from the book</h4>

<h1 align="center">Killing Hope</h1>

<h3 align="center">by William Blum</h3>

<h4>Within days of its independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, the land long known as the Belgian Congo, and later as Zaire, was engulfed in strife and chaos as multiple individuals, tribes, and political groups struggled for dominance or independence. For the next several years the world press chronicled the train of Congolese governments, the endless confusion of personalities and conspiracies, exotic place names like Stanleyville and Leopoldville, shocking stories of European hostages and white mercenaries, the brutality and the violence from all quarters with its racist overtones.</h4>

<h4>Into this disorder the Western powers were "naturally" drawn, principally Belgium to protect Its vast mineral investments, and the United States, mindful of the fabulous wealth as well, and obsessed, as usual, with fighting "communism".</h4>

<h4>Successive American administrations of Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson, looking through cold-war binoculars perceived an East-West battleground. The CIA station in the Congo cabled Washington in August that "Embassy and station believe Congo experiencing classic communist effort [to] takeover government." CIA Director Allen Dulles warned of a "communist takeover of the Congo with disastrous consequences ... for the interests of the free world". At the same time, Dulles authorized a crash-program fund of up to $100,000 to replace the existing government of Patrice Lumumba with a "pro-western group''.</h4>

<h4>Years later, Under Secretary of State C. Douglas Dillon told a Senate investigating committee (the Church committee) that the National Security Council and President Eisenhower had believed in 1960 that Lumumba was a "very difficult if not impossible person to deal with, and was dangerous to the peace and safety of the world." This statement moved author Jonathan Kwitny to observe:</h4>

<h4>"How far beyond the dreams of a barefoot jungle postal clerk in 1956, that in a few short years he would be dangerous to the peace and safety of the world! The perception seems insane, particularly coming from the National Security Council, which really does have the power to end all human life within hours.</h4>

<h4>Patrice Lumumba became the Congo's first prime minister after his party received a plurality of the votes in national elections. He called for the nation's economic as well as political liberation and did not shy away from contact with socialist countries. At the Independence Day ceremonies he probably managed to alienate all the attending foreign dignitaries with his speech, which read in part:</h4>

<h4>"Our lot was eighty years of colonial rule ... We have known tiring labor exacted in exchange for salary which did not allow us to satisfy our hunger ... We have known ironies, insults, blows which we had to endure morning, noon, and night because we were "Negroes" ... We have known that the law was never the same depending on whether it concerned a white or a Negro ... We have known the atrocious sufferings of those banished for political opinions or religious beliefs ... We have known that there were magnificent houses for the whites in the cities and tumble-down straw huts for the Negroes."</h4>

<h4>In 1960, it must be borne in mind, this was indeed radical and inflammatory language in such a setting.</h4>

<h4>On 11 July, the province of Katanga-home to the bulk of the Congo's copper, cobalt, uranium, gold, and other mineral wealth-announced that it was seceding. Belgium, the principal owner of this fabulous wealth, never had any intention of giving up real control of the country, and it now supported the move for Katanga's independence, perceiving the advantage of having its investments housed in their own little country, not accountable to nor paying taxes to the central government in Leopoldville. Katanga, moreover, was led by Moise Tshombe, a man eminently accommodating to, and respectful of, whites and their investments.</h4>

<h4>The Eisenhower administration supported the Belgian military intervention on behalf of Katanga; indeed, the American embassy had previously requested such intervention. Influencing this policy, in addition to Washington's ideological aversion to Lumumba, was the fact that a number of prominent administration officials had financial ties to the Katanga wealth.</h4>

<h4>The Belgian intervention, which was a very violent one, was denounced harshly by the Soviet Union, as well as many countries from the Afro-Asian bloc, leading the UN Security Council on the 14th to authorize the withdrawal of Belgian troops and their replacement by a United Nations military force. This was fine with the United States, for the UN under Dag Hammarskjold was very closely allied to Washington. The UN officials who led the Congo operation were Americans, in secret collaboration with the State Department, and in exclusion of the Soviet bloc; the latter's citizens who worked at the UN Secretariat were kept from seeing the Congo cables. Hammarskjold himself was quite hostile toward Lumumba.</h4>

<h4>The UN force entered Katanga province and replaced the Belgian troops, but made no effort to end the secession. Unable to put down this uprising on his own, as well as one in another province, Lumumba had appealed to the United Nations as well as the United States to supply him with transport for his troops. When they both refused, he turned to the Soviet Union for aid, and received it, though military success still eluded him.</h4>

<h4>The Congo was in turmoil in many places. In the midst of it, on 5 September, president Joseph Kasavubu suddenly dismissed Lumumba as prime minister-a step of very debatable legality, taken with much American encouragement and assistance, as Kasavubu "sat at the feet of the CIA men". The action was taken, said the Church committee later, "despite the strong support for Lumumba in the Congolese Parliament.

During the early 1960s, according to a highly-placed CIA executive, the Agency "regularly bought and sold Congolese politicians''. US diplomatic sources subsequently confirmed that Kasavubu was amongst the recipients.</h4>

<h4>Hammarskjold publicly endorsed the dismissal before the Security Council, and when Lumumba tried to broadcast his case to the Congolese people, UN forces closed the radio station. Instead, he appeared before the legislature, and by dint of his formidable powers of speech, both houses of Parliament voted to reaffirm him as prime minister. But he could taste the fruits of his victory for only a few days, for on the 14th, army strongman Joseph Mobutu took power in a military coup.</h4>

<h4>Even during this period, with Lumumba not really in power, "CIA and high Administration officials continued to view him as a threat" ... his "talents and dynamism appear [to be the] overriding factor in reestablishing his position each time it seems half lost" ... "Lumumba was a spellbinding orator with the ability to stir masses of people to action" ... "if he ... started to talk to a battalion of the Congolese Army he probably would have had them in the palm of his hand in five minutes".</h4>

<h4>In late September, the CIA sent one of its scientists, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, to the Congo carrying "lethal biological material" (a virus) specifically intended for use in Lumumba's assassination. The virus, which was supposed to produce a fatal disease indigenous to the Congo area of Africa, was transported via diplomatic pouch.</h4>

<h4>In 1975, the Church committee went on record with the conclusion that Allen Dulles had ordered Lumumba's assassination as "an urgent and prime objective" (Dulles's words). After hearing the testimony of several officials who believed that the order to kill the African leader had emanated originally from President Eisenhower, the committee decided that there was a "reasonable inference" that this was indeed the case.</h4>

<h4>As matters evolved in the Congo, the virus was never used, for the ClA's Congo station was unable to come up with "a secure enough agent with the right access" to Lumumba before the potency of the biological material was no longer reliable.</h4>

<h4>The Church committee observed, however, that the CIA station in Leopoldville continued to maintain close contact with Congolese who expressed a desire to assassinate Lumumba. CIA officers encouraged and offered to aid these Congolese in their efforts against Lumumba, although there is no evidence that aid was ever provided for the specific purpose of assassination.</h4>

<h4>Fearing for his life, Lumumba was on the run. For a while he was protected from Mobutu by the United Nations, which, under considerable international pressure, had been forced to put some distance between itself and Washington. But on 1 December, Lumumba was taken into custody by Mobutu's troops. A 28 November CIA cable indicates that the Agency was involved in tracking down the charismatic Congo leader. The cable spoke of the CIA station working with the Congolese government to get the roads blocked and troops alerted to close a possible escape route of Lumumba's.</h4>

<h4>The United States had also been involved in the takeover of government by Mobutu-

whom author and CIA-confidant Andrew Tully described as having been "discovered by the CIA." Mobutu detained Lumumba until 17 January 1961 when he transferred his prisoner into the hands of Moise Tshombe of Katanga province, Lumumba's bitter enemy. Lumumba was assassinated the same day.</h4>

<h4>The government was now headed by none other than Moise Tshombe, a man called "Africa's most unpopular African" for his widely-recognized role in the murder of the popular Lumumba and for his use of white mercenaries, many of them South Africans and Rhodesians, during his secession attempt in Katanga. Tshombe defended the latter action by explaining that his troops would not fight without white officers.</h4>

<h4>Tshombe once again called upon his white mercenary army, numbering 400 to 500 men, and the CIA called upon its own mercenaries as well, a band which included Americans, Cuban-exile veterans of the Bay of Pigs, Rhodesians, and South Africans, the latter having been recruited with the help of the South African government. "Bringing in our own animals" was the way one CIA operative described the operation.</h4>

<h4>The concluding tune for the musical chairs was played in November, when Joseph Mobutu overthrew Tshombe and Kasavubu. Mobutu, later to adopt the name Mobutu Sese Seko, has ruled with a heavy dictatorial hand ever since.</h4>

<h4>In the final analysis, it mattered precious little to the interests of the US government whether the forces it had helped defeat were really "communist" or not, by whatever definition. The working premise was that there was now fixed in power, over a more-or-less unified Congo, a man who would be more co-operative with the CIA in its African adventures and with Western capital, and less accessible to the socialist bloc, than the likes of Lumumba, ... et al. would have been. The CIA has chalked this one up as a victory.</h4>

<h4>What the people of the Congo (now Zaire) won is not clear. Under Mobutu, terror and repression became facts of daily life, civil liberties and other human rights were markedly absent. The country remains one of the poorest to be found anywhere despite its vast natural riches. Mobutu, however, is reputed to be one of the richest heads of state in the world.</h4>

<h4>William Atwood, US Ambassador to Kenya in 1964-65, who played a part in the hostage negotiations, also saw the US role in the Congo in a positive light. Bemoaning African suspicions toward American motives there, he wrote: "It was hard to convince people that we had provided the Congo with $420 million in aid since independence just to prevent chaos; they couldn't believe any country could be that altruistic."</h4>

<h4>Atwood's comment is easier to understand when one realizes that the word 'chaos" has long been used by American officials to refer to a situation over which the United States has insufficient control to assure that someone distinctly pro-Western will remain in, or come to, power.</h4>