Mobuto

Congo's Mobutu Seso Seko

picked by cia, 32 yrs in power, till 90's, 3.7 m death in civil war

ike ordered Lumumbo killed  congo; mobuto captured and handed to cia; shot by belgian; mobutu ruled 30 years, brutal, our man in africa ( ashes)
angola: In attempting merely to do business in Angola, Chevron-Gulf became embroiled in a proxy war that involved at least five nations and found themselves funding an enemy of their own country’s government. Their involvement was not a sideshow, or a minor concern; rather, it was the central reason that the MPLA was able to maintain its war effort despite opposition from South Africa, UNITA, and the United States. The company emerged from the war, along with the MPLA, as one of the most embedded institutions in the country. Meanwhile the CIA’s alliance with UNITA, based solely on circumstance, led to massive US involvement in the conflict and turned <div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div>
</div><div>a minor civil war into a proxy war with US players backing both sides of the war. The MPLA currently rules Angola. The assassination of Jonas Savimbi in 2002 ended UNITA’s guerilla war. Chevron-Gulf is still the largest private corporation operating Angolan oil fields and still provides the majority of Angolan wealth.28  </div></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div>=no lnx‘Dirty trickster’ revealed: Here are 5 of the sleaziest things Roger Stone did before joining the Trump CampaignImage via Fox News.Written by Alex Henderson February 20, 2020long before he became known for some of the shadiest machinations in the ongoing Trump-Russia scandal, the 66-year-old Stone, who returned to the GOP in 2015 after being registered as a Libertarian for three years, had a dark history in right-wing politics dating back to the Nixon era.Stone is a self-described “dirty trickster,” and he takes great pride in it. Here are five of Stone’s sleaziest pre-Trump campaign activities.Stone was fired by Sen. Bob Dole in the ‘70s for being a Nixonian ‘dirty trickster’Stone, born in 1952, was in his late teens when he became an aide for President Richard Nixon’s 1972 reelection campaign. Although Stone has insisted that he never did anything illegal during the Watergate scandal, he has described his work during that period as “trafficking in the black arts.” After Nixon stepped down as president in August 1974 because of Watergate, Stone went to work for Sen. Bob Dole. However, he wasn’t in Dole’s employ very long; the Kansas senator fired him after he was identified by syndicated columnist Jack Anderson as being a “dirty trickster” for Nixon. One of Stone’s tricks was hiring a Republican operative to infiltrate the 1972 presidential campaign of Democrat George McGovern, who suffered a landslide defeat when Nixon was reelected.
Stone is a self-described ‘Nixonite’During Watergate, many prominent Republicans — including Sen. Barry Goldwater — distanced themselves from President Nixon. But Stone is one GOP operative who is openly proud of his work with Nixon and has bragged about being a “Nixonite.” In 2008, the New Yorker quoted Stone as saying, “The reason I’m a Nixonite is because of his indestructibility and resilience. He never quit. His whole career was all built around his personal resentment of elitism. It was the poor-me syndrome.”
Stone and Paul Manafort represented Ferdinand Marcos and other corrupt dictatorsStone and Paul Manafort — Trump’s former 2016 campaign chairman and another major target of Mueller’s Russia investigation — go way back: when a 24-year-old Stone became president of the Young Republicans in 1977, Manafort was the one managing his campaign. And they went on to work together on Ronald Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign. In 1980, Stone and Manafort, along with their associate Charlie Black, formed the right-wing Washington, DC lobbying group Black, Manafort & Stone, which not only represented Republicans in the U.S. but also corrupt dictators ranging from Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines to Mobuto Sese Seko in the Congo. As bad as the Russian and Ukrainian oligarchs Manafort worked with in the 2000s and 2010s were, some of the dictators, tyrants and thugs that Stone and Manafort represented in the 1980s were even worse.
Stone was a lobbyist for Angola’s brutal Jonah SavimbiIn addition to working with dictators like Marcos and Seko, the firm Black, Manafort & Stone represented Jonah Savimbi — whose National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA in Portuguese) tried to overthrow Angola’s Marxist government in the 1980s. According to Human Rights Watch, UNITA was ruthless and “used terror as a policy to obtain supplies and coerce and intimidate civilians. Indiscriminate killings, mutilation of limbs or ears and beatings were used by rebels to punish suspected government sympathizers or as a warning against betraying UNITA.”
Stone advised Al Sharpton in 2004 — hoping to divide DemocratsIn his 2004 Democratic presidential primary campaign, the Rev. Al Sharpton had an unlikely advisor: Roger Stone, who helped the civil rights activist craft a message against Howard Dean (another Democrat who ran in that primary). When Sharpton stressed that Dean, as governor of Vermont, hadn’t had any blacks or Latinos in his cabinet, that messaging came from Stone — who, in a 2004 interview with the New York Times, said of Sharpton, “There has not been a candidate with this much charisma since Ronald Reagan.”
But Stone had an ulterior motive: he wanted to divide Democrats. Sharpton eventually dropped out of the race and endorsed Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry, who won the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination but lost to incumbent Republican President George W. Bush in the general election.<div>
</div>2x <h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Overthrow</h2>Mobutu was overthrown in the <a title="First Congo War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">First Congo War</a> by <a title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>, who was supported by the governments of Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda.<a title="Tutsi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Tutsis</a> had long opposed Mobutu, due to his open support for <a title="Rwanda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Rwandan</a> <a title="Hutu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Hutu</a> extremists responsible for the <a title="Rwandan genocide" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Rwandan genocide</a> in 1994. When his government issued an order in November 1996 forcing Tutsis to leave Zaire on penalty of death, they erupted in rebellion. From eastern Zaire, with the support of President <a title="Yoweri Museveni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Yoweri Museveni</a> of <a title="Uganda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Uganda</a> and Rwandan Minister of Defense<a title="Paul Kagame" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Paul Kagame</a>, they launched an offensive to overthrow Mobutu, joining forces with locals opposed to him as they marched west toward Kinshasa.raw story:There was nothing mystical about the U.S. policies Abramoff was then covertly advancing.Savimbi was invited by President Ronald Reagan to the White House in 1986, where Reagan <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/264094.stm" style="color: black;">spoke</a> of UNITA winning "a victory that electrifies the world." The African strongman was also supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation, which sent analysts to to visit with Savimbi in his clandestine Angolan camps. They also offered the rebel leader political and military <a href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r101:E26OC9-320:" style="color: black;">guidance</a> in his war against the Marxist Angolan government.Savimbi's U.S.-based supporters ultimately convinced the CIA to covertly channel weapons to Savimbi's war, which kindled the conflict.This early period in Abramoff's career has been largely ignored in most of the American media. It was the period in which he began building relations with tribal people, a practice he would parlay into serving as a very well-compensated lobbyist for American Indian tribes in the lucrative gambling industry.His fascination with Africa would lead to a lobbying contract for the Congo's Mobutu Seso Seko, a Savimbi supporter and then the richest and most corrupt dictator on the continent. Mobutu's critics charged he ran a "kleptocracy" -- government by thieves -- based on the violent suppression of human rights while Abramoff represented him.Abramoff would later be accused of becoming a kleptocrat in his own right.<a href="http://rawstory.com/news/2005/Before_he_became_lobbyist_Abramoff_abetted_0215.html">http://rawstory.com/news/2005/Before_he_became_lobbyist_Abramoff_abetted_0215.html</a>
===This early period in Abramoff’s career has been largely ignored in most of the American media. It was the period in which he began building relations with tribal peoples that would later turn him into a very well-compensated lobbyist for American Indian tribes in the lucrative gambling industry.His fascination with Africa would lead to a lobbying contract for the Congo’s Mobutu Seso Seko, a Savimbi supporter and then the richest and most corrupt dictator on the continent. Mobutu, critics, charged, ran a “kleptocracy” based on the violent suppression of human rights.--

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko</a>

Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997), commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko (pronounced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/məˈbuːtuː ˈsɛseɪ ˈsɛkoʊ/</a> in English), born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" class="mw-redirect">President</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> for much of his reign) from 1965 to 1997. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal wealth, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence, while also maintaining an anti-communist stance.

...

<h2>Congo Crisis</h2>

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History of DR Congo</a>

</td></tr><tr><td style=" background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 5px;">

<ul>

<li><a title="Early Congolese history" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Congolese_history">Early history</a>

Migration & states</li>

<li><a title="Colonisation of the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_the_Congo">Colonization</a>

Stanley (1867–1885)</li>

<li><a title="Congo Free State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State">Congo Free State</a>

Leopold II (1885–1908)</li>

<li><a title="Belgian Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo">Belgian Congo</a>

(1908–1960)</li>

<li><a title="Congo Crisis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>

First Republic (1960–1965)</li>

<li><a title="Zaire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire">Zaire</a>

Mobutu regime (1965–1996)</li>

<li><a title="Shaba I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba_I">Shaba I</a>

(1977)</li>

<li><a title="Shaba II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba_II">Shaba II</a>

(1978)</li>

<li><a title="First Congo War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War">First Congo War</a>

Kabila's rise (1996–1998)</li>

<li><a title="Second Congo War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War">Second Congo War</a>

Africa's Great War (1998–2003)</li>

</ul>

</td></tr><tr><td style=" text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);">

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a title="Congo Crisis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div>

Following the granting of independence on 30 June 1960, a coalition government was formed, led by Prime Minister <a title="Patrice Lumumba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba">Lumumba</a> and President <a title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>. The new nation quickly lurched into the <a title="Congo Crisis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> as the army mutinied against the remaining Belgian officers. Lumumba appointed Mobutu as Chief of Staff of the <a title="Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC)" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armee_Nationale_Congolaise_%28ANC%29">Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC)</a>, the Congolese Army, and in that capacity, Mobutu toured the country convincing soldiers to return to their barracks. Encouraged by a Belgian government intent on maintaining its access to rich Congolese mines, secessionist violence erupted in the south. Concerned that the <a title="United Nations Operation in the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo">United Nations force</a> sent to help restore order was not helping to crush the secessionists, Lumumba turned to the <a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</a> for assistance, receiving massive military aid and about a thousand Soviet technical advisers in six weeks. The U.S. government saw the Soviet activity as a maneuver to spread communist influence in Central Africa. Kasavubu, riled by the Soviet arrival, dismissed Lumumba. An outraged Lumumba declared Kasavubu deposed. Both Lumumba and Kasavubu then ordered Mobutu to arrest the other. As Army Chief of Staff, Mobutu came under great pressure from multiple sources. The embassies of Western nations, which helped pay the soldiers' salaries, as well as Kasavubu and Mobutu's subordinates favored getting rid of the Soviet presence. On 14 September 1960 Mobutu <a title="Coup d'état" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat">took control</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-7">[8]</a> in a CIA-sponsored coup. The new regime placed Lumumba under house arrest for the second time and kept Kasavubu as president.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-8">[9]</a>

All Soviet advisers were ordered to leave. Next, Mobutu accused Lumumba of pro-communist sympathies, thereby hoping to gain the support of the United States. Lumumba tried to flee to <a title="Stanleyville" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanleyville">Stanleyville</a>, but he was captured and sent to <a title="Katanga Province" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province">Katanga</a> where he was assassinated.

In 1964, <a title="Pierre Mulele" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a> led partisans in another rebellion. They quickly occupied two thirds of The Congo, but the Congolese army, led by Mobutu, was able to reconquer the entire territory in 1965.

<h2>[<a title="Edit section: Second coup and consolidation of power" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobutu_Sese_Seko&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>] Second coup and consolidation of power</h2>

...publically hanged rivals, tortured

<h3>Relations with the United States</h3>

Mobutu Sese Seko and <a title="Richard Nixon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in <a title="Washington D.C." class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, 1973.</div>

</div>

For the most part, Zaire enjoyed warm relations with the United States. The United States was the third largest donor of aid to Zaire (after Belgium and France), and Mobutu befriended several U.S. presidents, including <a title="Richard Nixon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon">Nixon</a>, <a title="Ronald Reagan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Reagan</a>, and <a title="George H.W. Bush" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush">George H.W. Bush</a>. Relations did cool significantly in 1974-1975 over Mobutu's increasingly radical rhetoric (which included his scathing denunciations of American foreign policy),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-27">[28]</a> and plummeted to an all-time low in the summer of 1975, when Mobutu accused the <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">CIA</a> of plotting his overthrow and arrested eleven senior Zairian generals and several civilians, and condemned (in absentia) a former head of the Central Bank.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-28">[29]</a> However, many people viewed these charges with skepticism; in fact, one of Mobutu's staunchest critics, Nzongola-Ntalaja, speculated that Mobutu invented the plot as an excuse to purge the military of talented officers who might otherwise pose a threat to his rule.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-29">[30]</a> In spite of these hindrances, the chilly relationship quickly thawed when both countries found each other supporting the same side during the <a title="Angolan Civil War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War">Angolan Civil War</a>.SAVIMBI

Because of Mobutu's poor human rights record, the <a title="Jimmy Carter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Carter Administration</a> worked to put some distance between itself and the <a title="Kinshasa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> government;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-30">[31]</a> even so, Zaire was the recipient of nearly half the foreign aid Carter allocated <a title="Sub-Saharan Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#cite_note-31">[32]</a>

...

<h2>Overthrow</h2>

Mobutu was overthrown in the <a title="First Congo War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War">First Congo War</a> by <a title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>, who was supported by the governments of Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda.

<a title="Tutsi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi">Tutsis</a> had long opposed Mobutu, due to his open support for <a title="Rwanda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda">Rwandan</a> <a title="Hutu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu">Hutu</a> extremists responsible for the <a title="Rwandan genocide" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> in 1994. When his government issued an order in November 1996 forcing Tutsis to leave Zaire on penalty of death, they erupted in rebellion. From eastern Zaire, with the support of President <a title="Yoweri Museveni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> of <a title="Uganda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda">Uganda</a> and Rwandan Minister of Defense <a title="Paul Kagame" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>, they launched an offensive to overthrow Mobutu, joining forces with locals opposed to him as they marched west toward Kinshasa.

Ailing with cancer, Mobutu was unable to coordinate the resistance, which crumbled in front of the march, the army being more used to suppressing civilians than defending a large country. On May 16, 1997, following failed peace talks, the Tutsi rebels and other anti-Mobutu groups as the Alliance des Forces Democratiques pour la Liberation du Congo-Zaire (AFDL) captured <a title="Kinshasa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>. Zaire was renamed the <a title="Democratic Republic of Congo" class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>.

---

Up until 1992, Savimbi, whose UNITA guerrilla forces long battled the Soviet-allied Angolan government, received up to $60 million a year in U.S. aid. Much of it took the form of guns, ammunition and other military supplies shipped by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) via Zaire (whose longtime military dictator. Mobutu, was a $1 million-per-year Black, Manafort client until December 1990).

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1554/is_n1_v19/ai_13571831/