michaels bak

=<div>new content 6/18, all blk text here...FORK ONE: BUSH 41
1968 Paul Ehrlich Population Bomb (says later should have factored consumption in more? but it's in the formula?)  Reagan "Doomsday Prophet" vs Morning in America.Donella Meadows et al. The Limits to Growth. 1972 computer model, busines as usual scenario dead on?  Hightlight a debate between Dennis Meadows and Herman Kahn, one of the models for Dr Strangelove (Megadeath from the BLAND Corporation).In 1975 Margaret Mead helped organize a conference on the atmosphere, analgous o the Traety of the Seas that had been hammered out at supra-national level for the benefit of all to protect the commons.  She pointed out that humans tend to be short-sighted and we forget pai quickly, once biologoval necessary/helpful but not so much in the modern world; also noted conflicting needs/groups, but we need rational/scientific long term plan (relationships, Macy System thinking).{{ she freaked out Sununu and Larouche
[global cooling, Sagan...] Sununu had suspected that the greenhouse effect belonged to this nefarious cabal since 1975, when the anthropologist Margaret Mead convened a symposium on the subject at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. “Unless the peoples of the world can begin to understand the immense and long-term consequences of what appear to be small immediate choices,” Mead wrote, “the whole planet may become endangered.” Her conclusions were stark, immediate and absent the caveats that hobbled the scientific literature. Or as Sununu saw it, she showed her hand: “Never before have the governing bodies of the world been faced with decisions so far-reaching,” Mead wrote. “It is inevitable that there will be a clash between those concerned with immediate problems and those who concern themselves with long-term consequences.” When Mead talked about “far-reaching” decisions and “long-term consequences,” Sununu heard the marching of jackboots. }}Hansen testified twice, 1988 [Wirth opened window to mess with AC during a heat wave] second time 1989 in front of Gore Committee, complained for being muzzled, Sununu told Richard Darman OMB to do itGore went to NYT. During the 1988 campaign (against Dukakis, Willie Horton, Boston Harbor?] Bush 41 Lake Erie Metro park "The agenda will be clear," Bush said. "We will talk about global warming. We will talk about saving our oceans and preventing the loss of tropical forests. And we will act."  And he said, you know, those who think we can't solve the greenhouse effect haven't heard about the White House effect. And when I'm in the White House, you know, we'll solve it. Rio Earth Summit established framework  --> IPCC (Montreal Protocol on CFC? CTT like CEI abnd Cato moved him on GHG but not CFC's).  Pat Michaels at Cato influenced Sununu.[[Still, the administration underscored uncertainties in the science, specifically over sources of greenhouse gases, sea-level rise, and connections between power plants and carbon emissions."Significant scientific uncertainty still attends global climate change," the White House said.]]     Ozone Man?Sununu was the first White House Chief of Staff for George H. W. Bush, serving from 1989 to 1991.  Assigned a handler to E.P.A. administrator, William K. Reilly at Netherlands conference.  {{In his report Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change, Nathaniel Rich wrote that in November 1989 Sununu prevented the signing of a 67-nation commitment to freeze carbon dioxide emissions, with a reduction of 20 percent by 2005, and singled him out as a force starting coordinated efforts to bewilder the public on the topic of global warming and changing it from an urgent, nonpartisan and unimpeachable issue to a political issue, and an increasingly intractable one}}Sununu PhD mechanical/fluid engr MIT 1966 had done some computer modeling; Mead did not refer to models?  Meadows?=<div style="">=</div><div style=""><div>
</div><div><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/24/2130859/-Google-s-Selling-Climate-Disinfo-Ads-Despite-Policy-Against-It-YouTube-Too-Still">https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/24/2130859/-Google-s-Selling-Climate-Disinfo-Ads-Despite-Policy-Against-It-YouTube-Too-Still</a></div><div>
</div><div>Google's Selling Climate Disinfo Ads, Despite Policy Against It. YouTube, Too. Still.</div><div>Daily Kos</div><div>Hate speech test case Mark Steyn interviewing pro-J6-insurrection Marc Morano and debunked-by-deniers Monckton about their recent invitation to be ...</div><div>
</div><div>...In October of 2021, Google announced that it was banning climate disinformation from its advertising system, including on YouTube. That (should have) meant videos denying the scientific reality that fossil fuels are causing climate change shouldn't have ads on them, and websites that publish such false claims would also be barred from using Google's ad services.</div><div>In October of 2022, it's still all too easy to find climate disinformation on YouTube that's selling ads. </div><div>
</div><div>FoxNews clips that get fact checked? Still monetized. UK's version of Fox, GBNews, having a PR exec turned professional denier on to say the "'UK Government has been taken over by sleeper agents"? Making ad money. Hate speech test case Mark Steyn interviewing pro-J6-insurrection Marc Morano and debunked-by-deniers Monckton about their recent invitation to be a laughing stock? Monetized! Amateur that depends on professionals Tom Nelson's podcast videos, Alex Epstein on Glenn Beck, John Stossel tapping deceased denier Pat Michaels to deny hurricane science, and our favorite, the canonically bad climate denial video, the Great Global Warming Swindle, that Avaaz called out in 2020, are all monetized.</div><div>
</div><div>And that's just on YouTube! There's also Google's sprawling advertising display business. Google gets paid to place ads on websites across the internet. Its policy against climate disinformation should mean that it doesn't place ads on websites that publish climate disinformation. And the company should care about that, because big name advertisers are very clear about not wanting their products to appear next to the casual bigotry, hatred and lies found on websites that carry climate disinformation.</div><div>
</div><div>But apparently a year is still not enough time for Google to actually enforce its demonetization policy, because a new report from Dewey Square Group found Google "is by far the most significant advertising supplier on websites that promote climate disinformation both in terms of the share of sites they enable and the ad traffic they monetize."</div><div>
</div><div>Using weekly visits as the metric, of the total 113 websites analyzed, Google ads accounted for 97.7% of the projected weekly visits. Assuming an average price, "Google would potentially have pulled in $7.6 million in display advertising revenue over the past year from such sites" the report states. </div><div>
</div><div>Of the top 50 climate disinfo websites by traffic, like Breitbart and The Dailies Wire and Caller, Dewey analysts found that Google was serving ads on 39 of them.</div><div>
</div><div>Not only is Google still monetizing climate disinfo, it's the biggest player in the game, and it's working with the biggest, most obvious publishers of harmful climate denial. </div><div>
</div><div>Despite its own rule saying it explicitly would not do that. Apparently it’s less of a policy, and more of a request...</div><div>---</div><div> October of 2022, it's <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/9/16/2123260/-YouTube-Still-Failing-Miserably-At-Demonetizing-Climate-Disinformation" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">still all too easy</a> to find climate disinformation on YouTube that's selling ads. FoxNews clips that <a href="https://climatefeedback.org/claimreview/link-between-co2-earth-temperature-well-established-despite-claims-fox-news-tom-harris/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">get fact checked</a>? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qdg4uQW8Dlg" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">Still monetized</a>. UK's version of Fox, GBNews, having <a href="https://www.desmog.com/2021/10/28/new-climate-denial-group-run-by-celebrity-pr-exec-behind-net-zero-referendum-poll/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">a PR exec</a> turned <a href="https://www.desmog.com/2021/11/11/anti-net-zero-activists-claim-she-was-evicted-from-cop26-rejected-by-organisers/" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">professional denier</a> on to say the "'UK Government has been taken over by sleeper agents"? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzVVWc3Qkks&lc=UgyrYNHvPvufCxL1YYx4AaABAg" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">Making ad money</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Steyn#Canadian_Islamic_Congress_human_rights_complaint" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Hate speech test case</a> Mark Steyn interviewing pro-J6-insurrection Marc Morano and debunked-by-deniers Monckton about their recent <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/17/2129453/-Invited-Just-To-Be-Debunked-Deniers-Manage-To-Embarrass-Conference-Before-It-Even-Begins" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">invitation to be a laughing stock</a>? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXPHzTWiQFc" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">Monetized</a>! Amateur that depends on professionals <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/3/22/2087371/-Climate-Denier-Knob-Tom-Nelson-Steps-Into-Limelight-To-Cheers-of-Literally-Dozens-of-Fans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">Tom Nelson</a>'s podcast <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkImqOxMqvU" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">videos</a>, Alex Epstein <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNZJQboomKE" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">on Glenn Beck</a>, John Stossel tapping deceased denier Pat Michaels to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uqGohw6arA" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">deny hurricane science</a>, and our favorite, the <a href="https://www.desmog.com/2015/08/11/revealed-inside-story-great-global-warming-swindle/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">canonically bad climate denial video</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYhCQv5tNsQ" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">the Great Global Warming Swindle</a>, that <a href="https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/youtube_climate_misinformation/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; letter-spacing: 0.125px;">Avaaz called out in 2020</a>, are all monetized.</div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div>ypu rascal</div><div>
</div><div>kos</div><div>
</div><div>it's never a good look to go dancing on a grave, so please forgive any subtextual glee you may pick up on here as we report the bad-for-his-family-good-for-everyone-else news that career climate disinformation peddler Dr. Patrick J. Michaels died last week.</div><div>
</div>It would be hard to understate how much time and energy Michaels devoted to disinformation over the past thirty years. While his one-time guess, live on CNN, that "40 percent" of his funding came from the fossil fuel industry remains a highlight of everything you need to know, he has some of the lengthiest <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Sourcewatch</a> and <a href="https://www.desmog.com/patrick-michaels/" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">DeSmog</a> entries we've ever seen, with even more <a href="https://www.climatefiles.com/tag/patrick-michaels/page/3/" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">primary documents over at ClimateFiles</a> that are <a href="https://climateinvestigations.org/patrick-michaels/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">put into a fun "30 years of climate denial"</a> slideshow at the Climate Investigations Center<div>
</div><div>from his work as a "member scientist" and "individual supporter" <a href="https://www.climatefiles.com/deniers/patrick-michaels-collection/1994-tassc-newsletter-the-catalyst/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px;">with a Big Tobacco front group</a> in the '90s to his own New Hope Environmental Services consulting company that <a href="https://www.prwatch.org/news/2009/05/8382/cato-institutes-generous-funding-patrick-michaels" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">produced climate disinformation for fossil fuel funders</a>, to his work as <a href="https://whowhatwhy.org/culture/journalism-media/the-koch-brothers-climatologist/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the Koch's climatologist</a> at the Cato Institute and then CEI and the CO2 Coalition, <a href="https://www.mediamatters.org/washington-post/patrick-michaels-catos-climate-expert-has-history-getting-it-wrong" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Michaels’ career was one of turning polluter paychecks into propaganda</a>.Michaels leaves behind a wife, Rachel Schwartz, who only appears online in connection to Pat in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">his Wiki bio that notes</a> they were married in 2010, and <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Climate_Coup/vO2ppGUrkEgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rachel+schwartz+pat+michaels&pg=PR8&printsec=frontcover" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">in his 2011 book</a> in which he refers to her as "my dear friend" in a sentence before spending a paragraph dedicating the book to Chip Knappenberger, his collaborator and "general savior for 20 years."Michaels closed his acknowledgment in <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Climate_Coup/vO2ppGUrkEgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rachel+schwartz+pat+michaels&pg=PR8&printsec=frontcover" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">his 2011 book</a> by saying that "when the history of the global warming mess is written [his collaborator, Chip Knappenberger] will come out big," reading now like a suggestion that Chip might carry on the torch. But <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/5/28/1860852/-CATO-Quietly-Folds-Center-For-Study-of-Science-After-Pat-Michaels-Finally-Tells-A-Truth-About-Heart" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">since Michaels quit and Cato shut down their climate disinfo research center</a> in 2019, it seems Chip couldn't or chose not to get a new job in the field, so Michaels is probably wrong about that, in addition to everything else wrong with the book Climate Coup: Global Warming's Invasion of Our Government and Our Lives.More recently, Pat Michaels appeared <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/video-big-oil-campaign-against-climate-change-action/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">in the 2022 Frontline documentary</a> on Big Oil's disinfo defending his funding, claiming that he "was using them," because “Can you imagine somebody giving you a little bit of money to say, ‘Write whatever you want every two weeks’? We had a blast doing that. We weren’t doing what we were told; we were doing what we wanted.Apparently he expected us to believe it was merely coincidence that what he wanted to say was exactly what the industry wanted to hear. (Alex Epstein uses the same excuse for his petro-propaganda, so worry not, the industry's messaging will live on!)Pat Michaels also appeared <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/climate-of-doubt/transcript/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">in the 2012 Frontline documentary</a> on Big Oil's production of a "Climate of Doubt," delivering the tired climate disinformation talking point that "the oft-reported mantra in Washington, quote, 'The science is settled,' is not true at all."A quote that summarizes his life's work, denying the reality that fossil fuels cause dangerous climate change.As of yesterday, Monday the 18th, the CO2 Coalition, where Michaels was a Senior Fellow, <a href="https://co2coalition.org/news/pat-michaels-rip/" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">made a point of</a> "noting that it is unclear still if Dr. Michaels died on the 15th, 14th, or 13th of July 2022" in their obituary, while <a href="https://cei.org/news_releases/remembering-pat-michaels-1950-2022/" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Cato just said he died "last week."</a> But a post from the CO2 Coalition <a href="https://co2coalition.org/2022/07/16/pat-michaels-rip/" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">published two days earlier</a>, on Saturday, read like he died on the 16th. As of Monday <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718184054/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">afternoon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Wikipedia listed his death</a> as July 16, 2022 in the intro text, but July 15, 2022 in the sidebar. As of Tuesday morning, Wiki had settled on the 16th, whereas the CO2Coalition <a href="https://co2coalition.org/2022/07/16/pat-michaels-rip/" target="blank" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">post</a> that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718224551/https://co2coalition.org/2022/07/16/pat-michaels-rip/" target="blank" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">had said</a> the 16th was edited sometime between Monday afternoon and Tuesday morning to say the 15th instead.In a fitting fashion to a man whose career was dedicated to casting doubt on reality, even the day of his death is apparently not settled science.</div><div>=</div><div>the good e&e:</div><div><div>Patrick Michaels, influential climate denier, dies at 72</div><div>By Scott Waldman | 07/19/2022 </div><div>
</div><div>[The late Patrick Michaels, a senior fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, speaking at the 2016 FreedomFest at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas.</div><div>
</div><div>One of the most influential climate deniers in American history has died.</div><div>
</div><div>Patrick J. Michaels, who died Saturday at 72, created the modern concept of “lukewarmism,” which holds that humans are warming the planet but rejects the notion it will have severe consequences. That idea has become dominant in today’s Republican Party, which rejects significant restrictions on fossil fuels and has ignored the warnings of climate scientists who have said that unabated warming will be devastating for humanity.</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels was not a denier but a true skeptic who never stopped questioning scientific research, said Ryan Maue, who was tapped by former President Donald Trump to be NOAA’s chief scientist.</div><div>
</div><div>“He occupied the space which said climate change is a problem, but it’s not going to be as severe as some of the more alarmist scientists are saying,” Maue said yesterday.</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels, who had a Ph.D. in climatology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, was among the handful of researchers with a legitimate climate science background who were unwilling to change their minds even as their numbers dwindled in the face of a growing body of research that clearly demonstrated humans are warming the planet at an unprecedented pace through the burning of fossil fuels. He often highlighted doubt in climate science and chose to ignore far greater areas of certainty and consensus, often being paid by the fossil fuel industry to promote such views.</div><div>
</div><div>A growing body of research shows the planet already is experiencing a series of catastrophic changes, driven by human-caused climate change. Scientists have found a human fingerprint in more extreme weather, including droughts, wildfires and flooding.</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels was a “good guy to have a beer with,” said James Hansen, a former NASA climate scientist who sounded the alarm about global warming in 1988. Hansen told E&E News yesterday that he found Michaels to be gregarious and affable, and for all their scientific divergence, they liked one another.</div><div>
</div><div>But when it came to the quality of Michaels’ scientific claims, Hansen was unequivocal.</div><div>
</div><div>“Pat was a cherry-picker, searching for bits of data in which the facts, for a limited period, seemed to contradict the community’s view on human-caused climate change,” he said. “Overall, he was selling bullshit, and perhaps he knew that, but he thought that climate scientists were exaggerating, so he continued even as facts piled up against him. If only he had been right.”</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels frequently portrayed academic researchers in climate-related fields as being corrupted by or beholden to funding that incentivized them to produce alarming research.</div><div>
</div><div>He made those claims even as he, or the institutions that employed him, were funded by the Koch brothers network, the Mercer Family Foundation, Exxon Mobil Corp., the coal industry and shadowy conservative foundations that oppose regulations, among others.</div><div>
</div><div>To this day, there are signs of Michaels’ influence.</div><div>
</div><div>Republicans and some conservative Democrats continue to reject or cast doubt on decades’ worth of studies that show the increasingly dire consequences of a warming world. Those who acknowledge the reality of climate science often justify inaction by exaggerating doubt in the research.</div><div>
</div><div>Meanwhile, the fossil fuel industry that often funded Michaels continues to wield massive influence over energy and climate policy, and climate change remains a deeply polarized issue among American voters.</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels, who served as Virginia’s state climatologist for almost 30 years, helped to publicly nurture those divisions since the George H.W. Bush administration.</div><div>
</div><div>He was a frequent guest on Fox News, brought on by hosts who wanted someone to criticize or question the latest climate science research. He worked for a number of think tanks and interest groups that have sought to defeat fossil fuel regulations. And he frequently appeared at conferences for denier groups, such as the Heartland Institute, where he would address audience members who largely refused to accept that unabated warming will reshape human habitation of the planet.</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels focused his criticism on the fundamentals of climate science, often ignoring evidence that would disprove his claims. In particular, he went after climate modeling of future conditions, which he claims ran hot, despite evidence from NASA that demonstrated the models were largely accurate.</div><div>
</div><div>Michaels was long employed by the Cato Institute, the libertarian think tank co-founded by Charles Koch, but he left abruptly in 2019 after it shut down its work attacking climate science. He went to work for the CO2 Coalition, which promotes the idea that a warmer planet will benefit humanity and that more fossil fuels should be burned. He also worked as a senior fellow for the Competitive Enterprise Institute, which fights climate regulations.</div><div>
</div><div>It was during the administration of President George H.W. Bush that Michaels may have played his most meaningful role in polarizing climate policy.</div><div>
</div><div>At the behest of Bush’s chief of staff, John Sununu, Michaels and other climate science critics played an instrumental role in shifting Republicans away from climate policy and toward skepticism and outright denial.</div><div>
</div><div>When Bush was elected in 1988, climate policy was a bipartisan issue. A few months earlier, Hansen had given groundbreaking testimony in front of a Senate committee in which he warned that the Earth was warming at a rapid pace and that humans were the reason.</div><div>
</div><div>During his campaign, Bush said addressing global warming would be a priority for his administration. At the beginning of his term in office, Bush pledged to hold an international summit on climate policy.</div><div>
</div><div>But Sununu encouraged Michaels and others to highlight doubt and uncertainty in climate briefings for White House officials. Sununu ran his own rudimentary climate models and promoted the views of Michaels, who was already receiving industry funding, over the work of NASA scientists. At the same time, Hansen’s dire warnings from NASA now were being toned down by political officials before they could be presented to the public.</div><div>
</div><div>Bush eventually held the summit, in 1990, on “global change,” meaning climate change. In addition to acknowledging the views of Hansen and other like-minded climate scientists, the White House also pushed out statements that echoed Michaels’ own emphasis of doubt.</div><div>
</div><div>“Significant scientific uncertainty still attends global climate change,” the Bush White House noted at the time.</div><div>
</div><div>The brief era of bipartisan climate policy was over — with Michaels’ help.</div></div><div>
</div><div>=</div><div>cato bs t k</div><div><div class="blog-pagecontent mb-5 pb-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 0.5px solid rgb(124, 117, 109); letter-spacing: 0.142222px; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem !important; padding-bottom: 1rem !important;"><div class="body-text fs-lg" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="position-relative js-read-depth-tracking-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative !important;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="body-text fs-lg" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem; margin-top: 0px; line-height: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Self‐praise is no praise, and the praise of friends, family, colleagues and allies, must always be viewed skeptically. But praise from opponents? Now that is praise.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem; margin-top: 0px; line-height: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Pat Michaels died on July 15, 2022, and since then obituaries have appeared in those two bastions of conventional climate change doctrine, <a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/patrick-michaels-influential-climate-denier-dies-at-72/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">E&E News</a> (Environmental and Energy News) and the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/19/patrick-michaels-climate-change-dead/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">Washington Post</a>. And both emphasized what a nice man he was. E&E News quoted the leading climate scientist James Hansen as describing Pat as a “good guy to have a beer with,” while the Post quoted Michael Mann, another leading climate scientist, as saying “I disagreed with Pat vehemently … but I always found him to be an amicable colleague.”<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem; margin-top: 0px; line-height: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Pat is generally recognized as the researcher who, more than any other, cast doubt on the alarmist story of global warming. In the words of E&E News:<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-left: var(--spacer5); border-left: 0.03125rem solid var(--blockquote-border,#7c756d); padding: 0.101127rem 1.25rem 0px 1.1875rem;">When [George H. W.] Bush was elected in 1988, climate policy was a bipartisan issue. … During his campaign, Bush said addressing climate change would be a priority [but] Michaels and other climate science critics played an instrumental role in shifting Republicans away from climate policy and toward skepticism and outright denial … The brief era of bipartisan climate policy was over—with Michaels’ help.</blockquote><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem; margin-top: 0px; line-height: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Quite an impact to attribute to one critical thinker!<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem; margin-top: 0px; line-height: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Patrick Michaels was born in 1950 to Joseph and Cecelia Michaels in Berwyn, Illinois. He was educated in biology and plant ecology at the University of Chicago, and he received his PhD in Ecological Climatology from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Pat then worked for 30 years as a professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, serving concurrently as Virginia’s state climatologist. During his academic career Pat was elected president of the American Association of State Climatologists, he wrote nine books, and he published a succession of papers in storied journals including Science, Nature and Geophysical Research Letters.A great insight into Pat’s way of thinking was provided in 2004 when he and his co‐workers (including his long‐time colleague <a href="https://www.cato.org/people/chip-knappenberger" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">Chip Knappenberger</a>) received the Climate Paper of the Year Award from the Association of American Geographers for a study they published in the International Journal of Biometeorology where they showed that, over the years, fewer people had died in successive heatwaves because populations had learned to adapt.Pat, in short, did not deny that the globe was warming. Indeed, he proselytized the term ’lukewarming”—a concept on which he expanded in his <a href="https://www.cato.org/books/lukewarming" style="font-weight: var(--link-weight); box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration);">2016 book of the same name</a>. But he argued that less damage would be perpetrated to the economy, and thus to human happiness, if we learned to adapt to the heat rather than trying to decarbonize. He also argued that conventional climate models exaggerated the heating we could anticipate. Further, he argued that global warming affected the higher latitudes more than the equatorial ones, so the effect would be in many ways benign. And finally, he argued that higher levels of CO2 would stimulate plant growth and would thus help both agriculture and the greening of the planet.These views were controversial, so in search of greater freedom of expression Pat eventually left the University of Virginia to join us at Cato, where—assisted by Joe Verruni—he created and directed the Center for the Study of Science. At the Center, Pat sought to extend his remit into all of science: a lifelong libertarian, Pat saw his field of climate science as part of a larger ecosystem in which government funding leads to perverse incentives and therefore to skewed research and outcomes; Pat could see what monopolistic funding was doing to climate science, and he feared it was doing the same to science at large. So the Center recruited a number of scholars to chronicle perverse incentives in fields such as nutrition, radiation, drugs, and more—eventually leading to the compilation of Pat’s last book (coedited with me), <a href="https://www.cato.org/books/scientocracy" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">Scientocracy</a>. As the so‐called ”reproducibility crisis” has shown, the “scientocracy” Pat described is perfectly capable of impeding scientific advances.Pat was, in short, his own thinker, and he was never afraid to flout conventional wisdom. But the problem for his opponents is that his arguments were always carefully founded. So, in its obituary E&E News complained that Pat cherrypicked his facts, but Pat was a good philosopher of science, and he knew that it takes only one black swan to disprove the statement that all swans are white: Pat knew that scientists are too inclined to verification and too disinclined to falsify. Pat, furthermore, was a good historian of science, and he knew that too many past beliefs had eventually been discredited: for example, a belief in eugenics was for decades before 1945 simply the conventional scientific consensus.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.61803rem; margin-top: 0px; line-height: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Patrick migrated latterly to our friends at the <a href="https://cei.org/news_releases/remembering-pat-michaels-1950-2022/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, and he was also associated with the CO2 Coalition, but he never stopped working. For him work was a mission: he felt the urgency of getting our responses to climate change right, and he was fulfilled in his task.Patrick leaves behind his wife Rachel, his former wife Erika, and their two children Erika and Rob, and it is good to record that he loved his family, and his wiener dog Anthony, inordinately: he was happy at home. But Pat also leaves behind a reputation as a scientist who always put data above wishful thinking: that is rarer than it should be.</div></div><div class="sentinel sentinel--top js-read-depth-sentinel" data-read-depth-progress="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; height: 0.0625rem; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;" /><div class="sentinel sentinel--25 js-read-depth-sentinel" data-read-depth-progress="0.25" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; height: 0.0625rem; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 682.95px;" /><div class="sentinel sentinel--50 js-read-depth-sentinel" data-read-depth-progress="0.50" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; height: 0.0625rem; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 1365.91px;" /><div class="sentinel sentinel--75 js-read-depth-sentinel" data-read-depth-progress="0.75" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; height: 0.0625rem; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 2048.86px;" /><div class="sentinel sentinel--75 js-conversion-read-depth-sentinel" data-read-depth-progress="0.75" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; height: 0.0625rem; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 2048.86px;" /><div class="sentinel sentinel--bottom js-read-depth-sentinel" data-read-depth-progress="1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: var(--article-font-weight); box-sizing: border-box; height: 0.0625rem; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 2731.82px;" /></div></div></div><div class="blog-pagetopics" style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.142222px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="block" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="blockheader" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h5 class="eyebrow-text meta meta--default text-uppercase p-mb-last-child-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: var(--spacer4); margin-top: 0px; --bs-link-color:var(--meta-link-color,#3043B4); --bs-link-hover-color:var(--meta-link-color,#3043B4); --link-weight:700; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; letter-spacing: 0.09em; text-transform: uppercase !important;">RELATED TAGS</h5></div><div class="block--inner" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.cato.org/regulatory-studies" hreflang="en" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">Regulation</a>, <a href="https://www.cato.org/research/energy-environment" hreflang="en" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">Energy and Environment</a>, <a href="https://www.cato.org/general" hreflang="en" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: var(--link-decoration); font-weight: var(--link-weight);">General</a></div></div></div></div><div>=</div><div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CA8QAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIDxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_edKdh" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/19/patrick-michaels-climate-change-dead/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECA4QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/19/patrick-michaels-climate-change-dead/&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECA4QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/19/patrick-michaels-climate-change-dead/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECA4QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/19/patrick-michaels-climate-change-dead/&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECA4QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick Michaels, climate change contrarian, dies at 72</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.washingtonpost.com › 2022/07/19 › patric...</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cqsyu4 cECq7c;;Cqsyu8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIDhAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 19, 2022 — Patrick J. Michaels died July 15 at his home in Washington. ... “I believe in climate change caused by human beings,” he told The Washington ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_2" jsdata="fxg5tf;;Cqsyuo" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQICRAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CAsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQICxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_s4evqb" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/climate/patrick-j-michaels-dead.html" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECAoQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/climate/patrick-j-michaels-dead.html&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECAoQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/climate/patrick-j-michaels-dead.html" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECAoQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/climate/patrick-j-michaels-dead.html&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECAoQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick J. Michaels, Vocal Outlier on Climate Change, Dies at 72</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.nytimes.com › 2022/07/22 › patrick-j-michae...</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cqsyuw cECq7c;;Cqsyu0" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIChAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 22, 2022 — No cause was given. Dr. Michaels was a visible and polarizing figure in the climate change debate — partly because of his stridency and partly ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_1" jsdata="fxg5tf;;Cqsyus" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQICBAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CDoQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIOhAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_X1RMGe" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCEQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCEQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCEQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCEQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick Michaels - Wikipedia</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Patrick_Michaels</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;CqsywI cECq7c;;CqsywM" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIIRAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Patrick Michaels ; Died, July 15, 2022(2022-07-15) (aged 72). Washington, D.C., U.S. ; Nationality, American ; Alma mater. University of Chicago (AB, SM) ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="2" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;"><div class="IThcWe" data-hveid="CDYQAA" style="display: table; table-layout: fixed; line-height: 1.58; width: 600px;"><div class="YgpRwf" style="display: table-row; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="wFMWsc JCsJK OSrXXb" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; padding-left: 0px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom;"><div class="rEYMH OSrXXb" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Died: July 15, 2022 (aged 72); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C.&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQs2YoAHoECDYQAg" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Washington, D....</a>‎</div></div><div class="wFMWsc OSrXXb" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; padding-left: 15px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom;"><div class="rEYMH OSrXXb" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Known for: Work on global warming</div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="3" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="HiHjCd" style="">‎<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Early_life" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels%23Early_life&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ0gIoAHoECDAQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Early life</a> · ‎<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Views_on_climate_change" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels%23Views_on_climate_change&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ0gIoAXoECDAQAg" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Views on climate change</a> · ‎<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Advocacy" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels%23Advocacy&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ0gIoAnoECDAQAw" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Advocacy</a> · ‎<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Selected_publications" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels%23Selected_publications&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ0gIoA3oECDAQBA" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Selected publications</a></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_5" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CqsyvQ" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIFRAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIKRAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_s2zWxb" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/patrick-michaels/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBwQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.desmog.com/patrick-michaels/&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBwQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/patrick-michaels/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBwQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.desmog.com/patrick-michaels/&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBwQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick Michaels (Deceased) - DeSmog</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.desmog.com › Database Entries</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cqsyvo cECq7c;;Cqsyvs" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIHBAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">According to an analysis by climate scientist Benjamin Santer (PDF), Michaels' testimony that human GHG emissions caused less than half of the warming since ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_6" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CqsyvM" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIExAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CDgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIOBAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_gpnWs" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/remembering-pat-michaelsscience-champion-climate-realist-a-good-man" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB8QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/remembering-pat-michaelsscience-champion-climate-realist-a-good-man&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB8QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/remembering-pat-michaelsscience-champion-climate-realist-a-good-man" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB8QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/remembering-pat-michaelsscience-champion-climate-realist-a-good-man&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB8QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Remembering Pat Michaels—Science Champion, Climate ...</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.heartland.org › news-opinion › news › rem...</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;CqsywU cECq7c;;Cqsywc" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIHxAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 21, 2022 — It is with a heavy heart that we report on the death of dear friend and colleague Pat Michaels on July 16, 2022 (born February 15, 1950).</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_7" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CqsyvY" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIFxAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CC4QAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQILhAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_FVT0K" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/patrick-michaels-influential-climate-denier-dies-at-72/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBsQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/patrick-michaels-influential-climate-denier-dies-at-72/&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBsQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/patrick-michaels-influential-climate-denier-dies-at-72/" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBsQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/patrick-michaels-influential-climate-denier-dies-at-72/&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECBsQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick Michaels, influential climate denier, dies at 72</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.eenews.net › Articles</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cqsyv4 cECq7c;;Cqsyv8" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIGxAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 19, 2022 — Patrick Michaels, influential climate denier, dies at 72.</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_3" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CqsyvI" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIFBAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCoQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIKhAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_S9vfp" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/patrick-michaels-obituary-what-was-patrick-michaels-cause-of-death-20590334" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB0QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/patrick-michaels-obituary-what-was-patrick-michaels-cause-of-death-20590334&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB0QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/patrick-michaels-obituary-what-was-patrick-michaels-cause-of-death-20590334" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB0QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/patrick-michaels-obituary-what-was-patrick-michaels-cause-of-death-20590334&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB0QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick Michaels Obituary, What was Patrick Michaels Cause ...</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://latestnews.fresherslive.com › Obituary</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cqsyvw cECq7c;;Cqsyv0" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIHRAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Sep 15, 2022 — Currently, our team is striving hard to know what Patrick Michaels's cause of death was. Unfortunately, now, we gained no further information ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_10" jsdata="fxg5tf;;Cqsyvg" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIGhAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CCsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIKxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_AFZMGd" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.ehn.org/patrick-j-michaels-vocal-outlier-on-climate-change-dies-at-72-the-new-york-times-2657718895.html" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB4QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ehn.org/patrick-j-michaels-vocal-outlier-on-climate-change-dies-at-72-the-new-york-times-2657718895.html&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB4QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.ehn.org/patrick-j-michaels-vocal-outlier-on-climate-change-dies-at-72-the-new-york-times-2657718895.html" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB4QAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ehn.org/patrick-j-michaels-vocal-outlier-on-climate-change-dies-at-72-the-new-york-times-2657718895.html&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECB4QAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Patrick J. Michaels, Vocal Outlier on Climate Change, Dies at 72</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.ehn.org › patrick-j-michaels-vocal-outlier-...</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;CqsywA cECq7c;;CqsywE" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIHhAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 24, 2022 — Patrick J. Michaels, Vocal Outlier on Climate Change, Dies at 72 ... He thought the conversation around global warming was alarmist, and his ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_9" jsdata="fxg5tf;;Cqsyvk" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIGRAA"><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CDkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQIORAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_DH0xS" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/memory-dr-patrick-michaels" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCIQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cato.org/blog/memory-dr-patrick-michaels&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCIQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/memory-dr-patrick-michaels" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCIQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cato.org/blog/memory-dr-patrick-michaels&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCIQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">In Memory of Dr. Patrick Michaels | Cato at Liberty Blog</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.cato.org › blog › memory-dr-patrick-mich...</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;CqsywQ cECq7c;;CqsywY" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIIhAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 22, 2022 — Pat Michaels died on July 15, 2022, and since then obituaries have appeared in those two bastions of conventional climate change doctrine, ...</div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="2" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="TXwUJf" style="">Missing: <s>cause</s> ‎| Must include: <a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=patrick+michaels+%22cause%22+of+death&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ5t4CegQIQxAB" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">cause</a></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div jscontroller="K6HGfd" id="eob_4" jsdata="fxg5tf;;CqsyvU" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2Z0BegQIFhAA"><div class="hlcw0c" style="margin-bottom: 44px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="MjjYud"><div jscontroller="SC7lYd" class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc" lang="en" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;xd28Mb:A6j43c" data-hveid="CDcQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFSgAegQINxAA" style="line-height: 1.58; width: 600px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; border: 0px; border-radius: 0px;"><div class="kvH3mc BToiNc UK95Uc" data-sokoban-container="ih6Jnb_JDQK4d" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; position: relative; contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden;"><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc jGGQ5e" data-header-feature="0" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/7/19/2111282/-Fossil-Fuel-Spokesperson-Pat-Michaels-Died-Last-Week-Deniers-Not-Quite-Sure-When" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCAQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/7/19/2111282/-Fossil-Fuel-Spokesperson-Pat-Michaels-Died-Last-Week-Deniers-Not-Quite-Sure-When&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCAQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/7/19/2111282/-Fossil-Fuel-Spokesperson-Pat-Michaels-Died-Last-Week-Deniers-Not-Quite-Sure-When" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCAQAQ" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/7/19/2111282/-Fossil-Fuel-Spokesperson-Pat-Michaels-Died-Last-Week-Deniers-Not-Quite-Sure-When&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQFnoECCAQAQ" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); outline: 0px;">Fossil Fuel Spokesperson Pat Michaels Died Last Week ...</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.dailykos.com › stories ›</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-flex; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="exgaYe" data-frm="true" data-isdesktop="true" jsdata="l7Bhpb;;Cqsywg cECq7c;;Cqsywk" data-ved="2ahUKEwjQ5KaEnYb7AhWQnWoFHcxUCtoQ2esEegQIIBAE"><div jsaction="KyPa0e:RvIhPd;wjOG7e:edHC5b;al5F3e:edHC5b;"><div role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 5px; outline: 0px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Z26q7c UK95Uc" data-content-feature="1" style="contain: layout paint; overflow: hidden; flex: 0 0 auto;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf MUxGbd yDYNvb lyLwlc lEBKkf" style="padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 2;">Jul 19, 2022 — Michaels died on the 15th, 14th, or 13th of July 2022" in their obituary, while Cato just said he died "last week." But a post from the CO2 ...</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>=frontline 4/22 pt 2?mofo cya:jerry taylor started by edit michaels books --> niskasen<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DON RHEEM, E. Bruce Harrison PR firm, 1993-97:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Everybody wanted to get the Global Climate Coalition account because it was a coalition of the biggest industries in America.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I was brought in to handle press relations for the Global Climate Coalition. A lot of reporters were assigned to write stories, and they were struggling with the complexity of the issue. So I would write backgrounders so that reporters could read them and get up to speed.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TERRY YOSIE:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] “It is important for GCC to continue to emphasize the scientific uncertainty surrounding climate change.”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] “Scientists, economists, academics and other noted experts carry greater credibility with the media and general public than industry representatives.”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] “Communication efforts should be directed toward expanding the platform for third-party spokespersons.”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The idea behind a third party is that you form a relationship with somebody who already has some stature or standing around a particular topic, in this case climate change, and you recruit that person, you pay that person to give a speech or write an op-ed. The Global Climate Coalition would do the background work of placing that op-ed or maybe editing it.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DON RHEEM:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I met some really brilliant climatologists and meteorologists. I met Pat Michaels. He'd struck me as someone who was very smart. He loved talking about this issue.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What was your relationship with the GCC? Global Climate Coalition?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PATRICK MICHAELS:Oh, God. Not much.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">You were on their scientific advisory board.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PATRICK MICHAELS:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yeah. What does that mean? I don't think we ever had a meeting.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I understand you did.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PATRICK MICHAELS:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We did? It wasn't much of a relationship at all. I mean, when you bring up GCC, it's like, "Oh, wait a minute, who were those guys?"<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How did the funding that you received from the fossil fuel industry impact what you were able to do work-wise and impact the views that you took?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PATRICK MICHAELS:Didn't change what I do, didn't change the way I think.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How much do you think you did receive from industry?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PATRICK MICHAELS:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I don’t know.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Do you feel like in a way you were sort of used by them, that you were—<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PATRICK MICHAELS:No, I was using them. You got that wrong. What—I mean—I'm somewhat verbal, and I like to write, and I have an overestimation of my ability, my sense of humor. But can you imagine somebody giving you a little bit of money to say "Write whatever you want every two weeks?" We had a blast doing that. We weren't doing what we were told; we were doing what we wanted.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Global Climate Coalition is seeding doubt everywhere, sort of fogging the air with these counterarguments that are contradictory and nonsensical. Running this propaganda across the country, putting millions of dollars into this media effort. And environmentalists really don't know what's hitting them.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">...<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">—in Madrid, where 2,500 scientists from around the world have finally agreed with one another and are convinced that burning oil and coal is causing the world's temperature to rise, which may bring with it environmental disaster.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHARLAYNE HUNTER-GAULT:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How do you think this is going to affect policy action on this?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE SPEAKER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It's certainly ammunition for those that would like more government regulation of industry to move away from fossil fuels to other forms of energy.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BENJAMIN SANTER:In retrospect those 12 words were the handwriting on the wall.What happened next was that the Global Climate Coalition really came onto my radar screen. In the spring of 1996, they published this report, "The IPCC: Institutionalized 'Scientific Cleansing.'" They were arguing that I had purged all discussion of uncertainty from the document, which was patently untrue. Twenty percent of Chapter 8 was specifically devoted to the discussion of uncertainties.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] "The changes quite clearly have the obvious political purpose of cleansing the underlying scientific report of important information and scientific analysis that would lead policymakers and the public to be very cautious, if not skeptical, about blaming human activities for climate change over the past century."<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I had grandparents who were "cleansed" because of their religion in the Second World War. People were being cleansed because of their religion in Bosnia. And the Global Climate Coalition, through this odious "scientific cleansing," was arguing that I was guilty of a crime.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] "These revisions raise very serious questions about whether the IPCC has compromised or even lost its scientific integrity."<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DON RHEEM:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Um, I certainly had a, probably a role in the creation of this. There's a level of detail here I just, I don't remember. But what I do—I do remember the gist of this, where things were said at one point in the process and then they disappeared at the next, and that struck me as troubling. And so I noted that to the folks in the Coalition.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BENJAMIN SANTER:This stuff caught on like wildfire. Patrick Michaels devoted substantial time to amplifying the Global Climate Coalition’s allegations. Others picked up that report and repeated bits of it verbatim. Things became worse when Prof. Frederick Seitz wrote an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal. I was accused of the worst abuse of the peer-reviewed system that Prof. Seitz had seen in his 60 years as a scientist. Folks were calling for my dismissal with dishonor from my position. A gentleman intimated that I was about to be indicted by the Hague International Court of Justice for quote, falsification of international scientific documents.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">That document set in motion a number of public attacks on the lead scientist, the lead author of that chapter.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DON RHEEM:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Oh.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He was particularly shaken by the accusation that he was guilty of scientific cleansing. He found that hard to take.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DON RHEEM:Yeah, that wouldn't have been terminology, by the way, that I would have used. How this was used and what others did with it was outside of my control and purview. And it troubles me to hear that this had such an impact on an individual. That's not something I would want to do to anybody.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BENJAMIN SANTER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This attack on individuals, on their integrity, decency, honesty, involved high personal cost, and the Global Climate Coalition knew what they were doing. Sow those seeds of doubt, and watch them grow and mature. And they did.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Clearly, one of the GCC’s main missions was to blunt the scientific urgency driven by scientific reports.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Simultaneously, there's an assessment done, written by a Mobil scientist within the GCC. So it says, "Can human activities affect the climate?" And the answer is, "The scientific basis for the greenhouse effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on the climate is well established and cannot be denied."<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What's really interesting about this document is the back six pages—and this is just a draft; this was never published as far as we know. [Reading] "Several arguments have been put forward attempting to challenge the conventional view of greenhouse gas-induced climate change."Patrick Michaels is named as one of the people putting forward these arguments and concludes, "They do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change." So don’t use don’t use their voice!...----pt 1=frontline 4/22<div>part 1:</div><div>...JAMES HANSEN:</div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I realized I was going out on a limb. Not all scientists agreed with me that we were ready to say those things. But they were based on sound physics and observations and models.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was as if the rocket had lifted off. I wrote on the hearing transcript, "historic."<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Some experts are saying now that the whole world is heating up because of a global greenhouse effect.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And in the long run that could mean devastating changes to all life on Earth.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By the next morning, the story was on the front page of The New York Times.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE REPORTER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">There are no easy solutions. We’re talking here about the use of gas and coal and oil.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MALE NEWSREADER:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Scientists urge heavy conservation, a switch to solar energy and a search for new power sources. Pragmatists would argue that we cannot change our energy habits overnight. Scientists say we had better get going.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">SEN. AL GORE, D-Tennessee, 1985-1993:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In those years there was still a spirit of bipartisanship. When really important challenges to the public interest appeared, you could work across the political aisle.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DAVID HARWOOD:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I felt like tremendous progress was being made. There was greater awareness. There was public policy emerging. There was international negotiations developing.TIMOTHY WIRTH:Momentum is on our side. And it kind of opened up the world, the feeling of "Wow, this is really going to change." But the minute targets and timetables began to appear, those were magic signals to the industry. "Uh-oh, this is serious." Little did we know how devastating the counterattack was going to be.TERRY YOSIE, SVP, E. Bruce Harrison PR firm, 1992-1997 :<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I've collected documents from every place where I've worked. My basement looks like a trash bin and a fire hazard. But nevertheless!<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I knew that having access to original documents, that were, in my view critical to certain decisions being made would be enormously valuable.[Archive] I’m Terry Yosie, vice president for health and environment at the American Petroleum Institute. I want to thank you—API at that time was tremendously influential. It was the chief lobbying organization for the petroleum industry and had representation from some of the major oil companies—Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Shell, BP. Companies like that.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By early 1989, the newspapers, the television networks were bombarding API with questions such as, "What do you think of Hansen's testimony?" "What is your view of climate change in general?" "What do you think needs to be done about climate change?" "Terry, what do you make of all of this?"The decision was made that a briefing needed to be prepared for industry CEOs.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] “Global Warming: The Knowns and Unknowns. By Terry F. Yosie, American Petroleum Institute."[Reading] “There is scientific consensus that the atmosphere is changing due to human activities. There are three schools of thought that characterize the scientific and public debate over global warming. The first is that a crisis exists and that immediate measures are needed to ameliorate it through strong government actions. The second school of thought is that the problem will go away by itself. The third school of thought, and one that reflects API's present thinking, was expressed by a scientist named Patrick Michaels in a recent article in The Washington Post. ‘Our policies,’ noted Michaels, ‘should be no more drastic than the scientific conclusions they are based upon.’"PROF. PATRICK MICHAELS, Univ. of Virginia, 1980-2007:I’m not—I hate this word—I'm not a denier. I'm a lukewarmer. Totally different. And people get that wrong. The lukewarm view on climate change, which means climate change is real, people have something to do with it, but it's probably not the end of the world. I'm probably a lukewarm libertarian, too.[Archive] There is a real problem with this so-called global warming apocalypse projection. The Earth may in fact be going in the other direction, and until we solve that, it seems to me that we ought not take any very expensive remuneration.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TERRY YOSIE:Pat Michaels was not a major voice in the scientific community on climate change. But I think he was primarily useful to the industry as an external voice of doubt creating more skepticism about policymakers taking action.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] “In that vein, API must become an active participant in the scientific and policy debate. We are well on our way to doing that. We must make policymakers fully aware of the uncertainty surrounding the global warming issue.”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It's amazing. I mean, it's a call to action. They're realizing it's going down, we need to be in the room talking about uncertainty and downplaying the urgency, effectively. That that is the call.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN, FRONTLINE producer/director:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Can I ask you to take a look at the document in front of you?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This thing?<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JANE McMULLEN:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yeah, which we found in the Exxon archives.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KERT DAVIES:This says it all right here. This paragraph starts, "Exxon’s long-term public presence and contributions to the scientific field give us unique credibility within the petroleum industry. We served on a task force of the American Petroleum Institute and contributed significantly to the development of the API position on climate change.”<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So essentially what we see as the API position is the Exxon position on climate change.[Reading] "Our advice and input influenced the positions of NAM—the National Association of Manufacturers—CMA—the Chemical Manufacturers Association—and the Global Change Coalition," which is probably the Global Climate Coalition.These trade associations are key. They are working with other shields and other umbrellas. Their focus is trying to emphasize uncertainty. And we can show that they pretty much did that in following years.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NARRATION:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In response to questions, API said critics were "cherry-picking information from decades ago to support a misleading predetermined narrative," and that as climate science has evolved, so has the industry.Exxon Mobil has denied that its policy at that time was to emphasize uncertainty.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1992...<div>
</div><div><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/#video-2">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/#video-2</a></div>----<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">origin paid sci BS?</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for Constitutional Studies</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for Educational Freedom</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for Representative Government</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Troubled Currencies Project Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for the Study of Science</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Downsizing the Federal Government</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Project on Criminal Justice</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Project on Social Security Choice</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for the Study of Science</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Federal government involvement in science, particularly physical science, grew during World War II through the Office of Scientific Research and Development, created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941. After the war the OSRD ended; but Vannevar Bush, who oversaw the Manhattan Project and the OSRD, strongly advocated the creation of a peacetime agency to fund and promote scientific R&D, as well as to heavily involve the federal government in research and educational funding for science activities in academia. </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The result was the establishment of the National Science Foundation, which was soon followed by the development of scientific programs in several cabinet departments. The ensuing government presence creates the potential for politicization by officials with policy goals. The Center for the Study of Science, established by the Cato Institute in 2012, is dedicated to exploring this process. The Cato Institute, which does not accept government funding, has the independence to shine light on this little-studied issue.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Affiliated Scholars:</div><div style="">Patrick J. Michaels, Director, Center for the Study of Science</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Paul C. "Chip" Knappenberger, Assistant Director, Center for the Study of Science</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Richard Lindzen, Distinguished Senior Fellow</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Edward Calabrese, Adjunct Scholar</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Terence Kealey, Adjunct Scholar</div>=new CPPAugust 3, 2015IER President Thomas Pyle issued the following <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160521194514/http://americanenergyalliance.org/2015/08/03/obamas-carbon-rule-still-a-bad-deal-for-americans/" target="blank" rel="noopener external noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">statement criticizing President Obama’s Clean Power Plan</a>: <a href="https://www.desmog.com/institute-energy-research/#s50" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: none;">[50]</a><blockquote class="wp-block-quote" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; position: relative; margin-top: 10px;">“The final version of President Obama’s ‘Clean Power Plan’ is somehow more harmful than the proposed rule. It forces states to make even steeper cuts, it guts natural gas in favor of costly renewables, and it still has no effect on climate change. While the EPA touts these adjustments to the rule as a sign of ‘flexibility’, it’s really an admission that Obama needs states to do his dirty work. But state leaders shouldn’t give in to the administration’s bribery schemes. Regardless of these cosmetic changes to the rule, the fundamental flaws remain.“It’s important to remember that President Obama’s carbon regulation, the crown jewel of his climate legacy, has no impact on climate change. EPA’s own models show that their carbon rule will limit global temperature rise by a mere 0.018 degrees Celsius by 2100. That’s a bad deal for the American people. State leaders should protect their citizens from Obama’s costly carbon rule by refusing to submit a plan.”[[The study, conducted by an international team led by researchers at University of Leeds, says that even if lockdown measures continue until the end of 2021—more than a year and a half in total—the planet may only cool by about 0.018 degrees Fahrenheit by 2030.]]
{{<a href="https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer">https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer</a></blockquote><blockquote class="wp-block-quote" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; position: relative; margin-top: 10px;">...</blockquote><h3 style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: " gotham="gotham" a="a" b="b" font-weight="font-weight" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" color="color" rgb="rgb">The Climate and Environmental Benefits: None</h3>The trade-off that Americans receive for higher electricity rates, unemployment, and lower levels of prosperity is not an appealing one. Even though electricity generation accounts for the single-largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States, the estimated reduction is minuscule compared to global greenhouse gas emissions. Using the “Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change,” developed with support from the EPA, climatologists Paul Knappenberger and Patrick Michaels estimate that the climate regulations will avert a meager –0.018 degree Celsius (C) of warming by the year 2100.<a name="ftnref14" href="https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer#ftn14" id="ftnref14" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">[14]</a>In fact, the U.S. could cut its CO2 emissions 100 percent and it would not make a difference in global warming....}}<div><a href="https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer#ftnref13" name="ftn13" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">[13]</a> Kevin D. Dayaratna, Nicolas Loris, and David W. Kreutzer, “The Obama Administration’s Climate Agenda Will Hit Manufacturing Hard: A State-by-State Analysis,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2990, February 17, 2015, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2015/02/the-obama-administrations-climate-agenda-will-hit-manufacturing-hard-a-state-by-state-analysis.<a href="https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer#ftnref14" name="ftn14" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">[14]</a> Paul C. Knappenberger and Patrick J. Michaels, “0.02°C Temperature Rise Averted: The Vital Number Missing from the EPA’s ‘By the Numbers’ Fact Sheet,” Cato at Liberty blog, June 11, 2014, http://www.cato.org/blog/002degc-temperature-rise-averted-vital-number-missing-epas-numbers-fact-sheet (accessed May 26, 2015).<a href="https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer#ftnref15" name="ftn15" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">[15]</a> Paul C. Knappenberger and Patrick J. Michaels, “Current Wisdom: We Calculate, You Decide: A Handy-Dandy Carbon Tax Temperature-Savings Calculator,” Cato at Liberty blog, July 23, 2013, http://www.cato.org/blog/current-wisdom-we-calculate-you-decide-handy-dandy-carbon-tax-temperature-savings-calculator (accessed May 26, 2015).<a href="https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/the-many-problems-the-epas-clean-power-plan-and-climate-regulations-primer#ftnref16" name="ftn16" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">[16]</a> Judith A. Curry, “Statement to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the United States Senate,” January 16, 2014, http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=07472bb4-3eeb-42da-a49d-964165860275 (accessed May 26, 2015).</div>=capt 917==<h1 class="headline featured_image_headline" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This is when the GOP turned away from climate policy</h1><section class="byline" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0.25em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.eenews.net/staff/Scott_Waldman" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">Scott Waldman</a> and Benjamin Hulac, E&E News reporters</section><section class="byline" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0.25em 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: 700;"><time style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: 400;">Published: Wednesday, December 5, 2018</time></section><a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060108785/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060108785/</a> the start of the George H.W. Bush presidency, the Republican Party fretted about the dangers of climate change. By the end, it was focused on doubt and inaction.Since then, the party has drifted further away from the conclusion of scientists and from policies to address global warming.Bush embraced climate science in the 1980s and campaigned on protecting Americans from its dangers."Those who think we are powerless to do anything about the greenhouse effect forget about the 'White House effect,'" Bush said in a 1988 campaign speech. "As president, I intend to do something about it."But as soon as Bush got into office, the administration started to work against meaningful policy on climate change, observers say, even as it crafted strong positions on air pollution to defeat the threat of acid rain.<div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">After his decision on the Clean Air Act amendments, Bush had to be "dragged kicking and screaming" to international climate talks and ceded a chance to make meaningful policy at a time when the world had not yet politicized climate science, said Michael Oppenheimer, a Princeton University geosciences professor who attended some of the early climate talks as an observer."I wish we had gotten more leadership out of him, the kind of leadership that he showed on acid rain," he said. "If he had exerted the same kind of leadership on climate change, we would be further along today."The Bush presidency was a "debate over denialism in microcosm," said Jerry Taylor, president of the Niskanen Center and a former climate skeptic who now works to convince conservatives about the dangers of climate change.Conservatives around the world, including former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, were worried about climate change and looking for policy solutions. Instead, skeptical forces grew stronger, pushed by Washington-based think tanks such as the Cato Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute. While Bush ignored those groups on acid rain, he acquiesced on climate change."The GOP during the Bush presidency pivoted from a position of being torn on how to respond to climate change," Taylor said. "This issue could have gone either way, but we know which way it went. The party could have been on climate change where the party is on acid rain, which is accepting it as a real thing and with some responsibility for a government response and total peace with the decision."Bush aides wanted to establish the administration as having strong environmental credentials, topping the leaders of England, Canada and France in advance of an economic summit held in July 1989. In a State Department memo that has been declassified, the agency recommended that the United States focus on policies that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including supporting nuclear power."The theme which runs through these proposals, and which I recommend the President stress, is that of wise, active stewardship over the resources of our planet," a State Department official wrote. "This is a responsibility we have to ourselves and as our legacy to future generations. Every man, woman and child can make a meaningful contribution to carrying out this responsibility. This approach links individual responsibility with national and international responsibility."Bush used his presidency to foster stewardship in minor ways.He continued work already underway at the Council on Environmental Quality and the White House science and technology office. And he created the Environment and Conservation Challenge Awards — a program to highlight environmental protection and generate "environmental awareness" — and a recycling network for federal agencies, which hadn't existed before.While Richard Schmalensee, an economic adviser to Bush, described climate change in a 1990 memo as a theory, the president had already warned of its dangers.Before reaching the White House, he stumped before a crowd on the banks of Lake Erie in southeast Michigan, where he said he would make climate change a centerpiece of his administration."In my first year in office, I will convene a global conference on the environment at the White House," Bush said at the Lake Erie Metropark in 1988, adding that he would invite the Chinese, the Soviets and officials from emerging economies."The agenda will be clear," Bush said. "We will talk about global warming. We will talk about saving our oceans and preventing the loss of tropical forests. And we will act."Months earlier, James Hansen, a NASA scientist, had testified before a Senate committee that the Earth was warming and that humans were the reason.In his remarks in Michigan, Bush appeared to reference that testimony."1988 is the year the Earth spoke back," Bush said. "Our land, water and soil support a remarkable range of human activities. But they can only take so much. We must remember to treat them not as a given, but as a gift."As then-President Obama argued on a 2015 trip to the Everglades, Bush came from a period when addressing environmental threats — climate change included — was bipartisan in America."George H.W. Bush was the first president, globally, to acknowledge the impacts of climate change and that we needed to do something about it," Obama <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/04/22/remarks-president-impacts-climate-change" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">said</a>. "This is not something that historically should be a partisan issue."In the spring of 1990, Bush did hold a White House summit on the science and economics of "global change" — climate change — a fact he highlighted in a letter the next year to Congress.The White House wrote in the letter that scientists at the time warned that temperatures could rise "10 to 50 times faster than anything in recorded history" if humans continued to burn fossil fuels.Still, the administration underscored uncertainties in the science, specifically over sources of greenhouse gases, sea-level rise, and connections between power plants and carbon emissions."Significant scientific uncertainty still attends global climate change," the White House said.Despite Bush's endorsement of Hansen's work on the campaign trail, his administration would later interfere in the public presentation of that research. In 1989, Hansen complained that the Bush administration's Office of Management and Budget toned down the severity of his conclusions before they were delivered to a Senate committee headed by then-Sen. Al Gore (D-Tenn.). That move would foretell later efforts by the administration of President George W. Bush to water down conclusions by climate scientists before they were publicized.Hansen blames the elder Bush's chief of staff, John Sununu, for misleading the president on climate science.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 1em 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sununu was more interested in those who rejected the emerging climate science, including a number of researchers who have continued to battle against consensus science today. Some of them, including Pat Michaels of the Cato Institute, continue to have influence in the Trump administration and have encouraged the rollback of climate protections. Sununu ran his own rudimentary climate models and said that scientists were wrong.Still, Hansen said Bush pushed forward with the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, which was a meaningful step forward at the time, and one that President Clinton and the younger Bush neglected to push ahead on."The Framework Convention on Climate Change, the product of Rio in 1992, was exactly the right response to all that was revealed in the 1980s," Hansen said in an interview yesterday. "The elder Bush deserves much credit for that. He was being pushed in a very bad direction by the elder Sununu, a real jackass from my perspective as a scientist."Bush showed hints of taking climate action again near the end of his presidency. But he punted.Bush was immersed in a tough campaign, which he would ultimately lose, when he bucked members of his party and spoke at the Earth Summit in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. Bush said he had come with a climate plan in hand. It would focus on energy efficiency, forestry, new technologies and clean air.He signed an agreement to create a "framework convention on climate change" — the U.N. body that would go on to become the UNFCCC."I invite my colleagues from the industrialized world to join in a prompt start on the convention's implementation," Bush said. "Let us join in translating the words spoken here into concrete action to protect the planet."Bush pledged environmental funding to poorer nations. "We come to Rio recognizing that the developing countries must play a role in protecting the global environment but will need assistance in pursuing these cleaner growth," he said.But then, his administration did little to follow through with those pledges or to fight for something more concrete than a framework. In the end, Bush balked at the most meaningful part of the Rio gathering — setting specific emissions reduction targets.It turns out Bush was correct. The models showing warming have been borne out, and the problem has worsened, as Hansen predicted. According to the most recent version of the National Climate Assessment, the models may have underpredicted the worst effects. This year and the past three have been the warmest in recorded human history.So, for all his talk, Bush's climate legacy is that he walked away from pushing a policy that would restrict greenhouse gases at the very moment that the top scientists in the world were saying it posed a crisis for humanity, said Oppenheimer, the Princeton professor.The resulting void was filled with political fights that have worsened under the Trump administration."The real shame is that we saw this coming and we had a chance to get ahead of the impacts of climate change before they manifest themselves, and we just didn't do it," Oppenheimer said.=<a href="https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/files/Pal-review-by-John-Mashey.pdf">https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/files/Pal-review-by-John-Mashey.pdf</a>no lnxChris de Freitas, Pat Michaels and their palsJohn R. Mashey,JohnMasheyAT yahoo DOT com, 11/29/11Table of Contents1 Introduction 12 Active editors, tenure by received dates 33 People X Articles & Activities, Chronological 44 People X Organizations 55 Social Network of the pals, a few hints 66 Conclusion 7A.1 – Papers from Climate Research 8A.2 –Chris de Freitas, Papers and Other Activities 15A.3 –Pat Michaels - Publications 181 IntroductionGood peer review is crucial, but not sufficient for credible scientificpublishing. It is merely an early hurdle. Even in carefully-run journals,mistakes occur, to be found later by the broader reviews followingpublication of anything interesting. In most fields, real junk is ignored. Inclimate, such junk gets widely endlessly publicized, forcing debunking.For a few years, Climate Research, a generally-credible journal, publishedsome weak or even awful articles. The journal had no Editor-in-Chief, soauthors sent manuscripts to an Associate Editor of their choice. Eachselected reviewers, handled the whole process and accepted papers with nofurther oversight. From 1990 to 1996, CR published zero papers fromany of the following, called pals hereafter: Sallie Baliunas, RobertBalling, John Christy, Robert Davis, (Chris de Freitas), David Douglass,Vincent Gray, Sherwood Idso, PJ Knappenberger, Ross McKitrick, PatMichaels, Eric Posmentier, Arthur Robinson, Willie Soon, and GerdRainer Weber.2 Chris de Freitas became an editor and then accepted 14papers from the pals 1997-2003....[much more]11/30/11Von Storch seemed the obvious choice to become Editor-in-Chief, givenhis handling of 110 papers. The identities of the reviewers used by deFreitas are (properly) unknown, but one might wonder: Did dubious papers often get reviewed by pals (or their friends)? Were there negative reviews by others and how much did they count?The table on next page shows the authors, their papers and other activities,chronologically. The varied year-widths here align this table with the next.The pals arrived with de Freitas, sent him most of their papers andessentially departed after the von Storch resignation.The papers are listed in Appendix A.1 and then briefly analyzed....People X Articles & Activities, ChronologicalThe following lists pal authors, plus Fred Singer and the George MarshallInstitute (GMI) as key connectors. Most are extracted from MAS2010pp.97-102. Activities are listed in the Index and described there in moredetail. Higher numbers show stronger involvement. Pals’ CR articles areshown in red, with relevant climate anti-science activities in black, roughlychronologically, although some activities continued over years, so thatparticipation does not imply a specific year. Singer was a close ally of theGMI founders, of whom two were on his SEPP board (Naomi Oreskes &Erik Conway, Merchants of Doubt, 2010.)Editorial tenures, by visible received dates, are shown in gray.Most are noted in www.desmogblog.com/global-warming-denier-database...4 sallie is hub?!balling. michaels4 People X OrganizationsThis lists the 15 pals plus Fred Singer, a connection for many, and MadhavKhandekar. Most are extracted from MAS2010 pp.96-102. A few werenot involved enough in the MAS2010 story to be listed there, but werefound in a more inclusive 600-person table. Higher numbers implystronger involvement, described p.96. Organizations are described in moredetail and listed in the MAS2010 Index, p.4. Some people have publishedreal science (a necessity to build any credibility and access to the researchcommunity), but all have shown persistent involvement with organizationsthat do climate anti-science, most of which also have tobacco connections.Almost everyone has been involved with CATO, (GMI) or Heartland,usually more than one. Baliunas  18 , Balling  11, Michaels  10 , Soon  9 and Singer  13 eachare listed 9+ times. Knappenberger seems the least involved, but wasMichaels‘ student and has worked for him for decades.Khandekar arrived at the end of the de Freitas era, so was not included inthe pals group, although he surely knew them well. He did not stay long.Most pals have been involved in many organizations that do climateanti-science. The same people appear again and again....6 ConclusionWhen de Freitas became editor, CR was ―open for business‖ and it arrivedquickly from the pals, a group of people who have accumulated a longhistory of climate anti-science activities, papers and involvement withorganizations that promote anti-science, not just for climate, but often forother areas.17Some papers seemed fine, if not necessarily very important, but some verydubious papers were accepted. Michaels‘ 7 papers accounted for half ofhis entire peer-reviewed production during the period.When de Freitas left, the flow of papers from pals effectively dried up.One need know nothing about climate science to see the patterns here.It is a fine example of lax processes allowing a ―rogue editor‖ to subvertthe normal peer review process. The scientists were not only right to beworried about CR, but may well have underestimated the extent of theproblem.AcknowledgementsThanks to various reviewers and help from DeSmogBlog.Thanks to CR for giving open access to its older papers.Most all of all, I thank the legions of scientists who tirelessly do the oftenthankless task of peer review and do it well. Most of the articles in CRseemed reasonable, meaning that editors and reviewers did much work onother people‘s publications. This case seems a real outlier.==2x?
https://www.science.org/news/2019/05/us-think-tank-shuts-down-prominent-center-challenged-climate-scienceo<a href="https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2019/05/29/stories/1060419123" style="font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" background-color="background-color" transparent="transparent" outline="outline" word-break="word-break" break-word="break-word" background-image="background-image" linear-gradient="linear-gradient" var="var" secondary="secondary" background-position="background-position" px="px" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" background-size="background-size" transition="transition" background="background" s="s" ease-in-out="ease-in-out">riginally published by E&E News</a><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">The Cato Institute in Washington, D.C., quietly shut down a program that for years sought to raise uncertainty about climate science, leaving the libertarian think tank co-founded by Charles Koch without an office dedicated to global warming.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">The move came after Pat Michaels, a climate scientist who rejects mainstream researchers' concerns about rising temperatures, left Cato earlier this year amid disagreements with officials in the organization.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">"They informed me that they didn't think their vision of a think tank was in the science business, and so I said, ‘OK, bye,'" Michaels said in an interview yesterday. "There had been some controversy going around the building for some time, so things got to a situation where they didn't work out."<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">A spokeswoman said Cato's shuttering of the Center for the Study of Science does not represent a shift in the institute's position on human-caused climate change. But the think tank moved decisively to close down the science wing that was overseen by Michaels. Ryan Maue, a meteorologist and former adjunct scholar, also left the center.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">"While it is true that, with the departure of Pat Michaels, we have deactivated our Center for the Study of Science, we continue to work on science policy issues," Khristine Brookes, the spokeswomen, wrote in an email. She didn't mention climate change.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">Michaels is among a small number of academics with legitimate climate science credentials who downplay the human contribution to rising temperatures. He is a frequent guest on Fox News and other conservative outlets, and he has spent years attacking efforts to address climate change. He was influential in the administration of President George H.W. Bush, and he helped turn the GOP away from climate policy at a time when conservatives were embracing it (<a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060108785/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; word-break: break-word; background-image: linear-gradient(var(--secondary),var(--secondary)); background-position: 0px 90%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0px 0px; transition: background 0.25s ease-in-out 0s;">Climatewire</a>, Dec. 5, 2018). That shift has endured.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-family: " pt="PT" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" line-height="line-height" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color">Cato also is no longer affiliated with Richard Lindzen, an emeritus professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who has long been critical of established climate science. Lindzen was a distinguished fellow at the think tank. It's unclear when he left Cato, and Brookes declined to comment on personnel issues.Maue, who worked with Michaels, said other think tanks cultivated closer relationships with the Trump White House."In terms of climate change and regulation, Cato was not a big player at all in the Trump administration," he said.Michaels was not asked to take part in the White House plan for an "adversarial" review of climate science related to the National Climate Assessment. Michaels has been critical of government climate reports for decades and has published research in major scientific journals. Both of those are seen as attributes by recruiters in charge of finding experts for the White House panel.<div></div><div><a href="https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=94-P13-00008&segmentID=1">https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=94-P13-00008&segmentID=1</a></div><div>
</div><div><h2 style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 10px 5px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> Week of February 25, 1994</h2>Roger Revelle is the grandfather of global warming theory. Shortly before his death, he co-authored an article which downplays the certainty and severity of the greenhouse effect. A former student claims that Revelle was coerced for political reasons into lending his name to the article. Co-author Fred Singer is suing for libel. He claims the article is an accurate reflection of Revelle's ideas. David Baron from member station WBUR reports.<div class="clr" style="clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><div class="bg" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 226, 226); clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 10px 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><h2 style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 10px 5px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Transcript</h2>NUNLEY: This is Living on Earth. I'm Jan Nunley, in this week for Steve Curwood.How real is the threat of global warming? And how seriously should the Federal Government try to reduce the production of greenhouse gases? Those are two of the biggest issues in environmental policy today. And they're at the center of a bitter legal battle brewing in a state court in Massachusetts. Although they're not actually involved in the dispute, two of its major figures are Vice President Al Gore, who's an advocate of strong action to reduce greenhouse gases, and Roger Revelle, often called the Grandfather of the Greenhouse Effect and the man most influential in shaping Gore's position. The lawsuit involves a much-discussed article which some claim shows that Revelle changed his mind on global warming shortly before his death. Others say the article misrepresented Revelle's views for political purposes. David Barron of member station WBUR in Boston explains.BARON: Roger Revelle wasn't the first person to suggest that carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels might build up in the atmosphere and cause a warming of the Earth's climate. But in the 1950s he performed critical experiments that convinced scientists the threat was real. Revelle wrote ominously that mankind was embarking on a great, one-time geophysical experiment. Vice President Al Gore wrote in his 1992 book, Earth in the Balance, that Revelle inspired his efforts to counter the Greenhouse Effect. Revelle was Gore's professor at Harvard. But after Revelle's death in 1991, some politicians and commentators tried to use Revelle's legacy against Gore, who was calling for strict international curbs on emissions of greenhouse gases. Gore's critics claimed that Revelle changed his mind about global warming in his final years. Gore was asked about the issue during the 1992 Vice Presidential debate.<blockquote>GORE: ... how he had been misquoted and had his remarks taken completely out of context just before he died. He believed up until the day he died (audience groans) - No, it's true.
MODERATOR: If the audience would stop please.
GORE: He died last year, and just before he died he co-authored an article which had statements taken completely out of context...</blockquote>BARON: That article appeared in an obscure journal published by the Cosmos Club, a private, Washington-based organization with about 3,000 members. The article was titled, "What To Do About Greenhouse Warming: Look Before You Leap."<blockquote>SINGER: Which means that we should think or a moment before we take drastic action. And this is further emphasized in the article itself.</blockquote>BARON: That's Fred Singer. He co-wrote the article with Roger Revelle and Chauncy Starr, former president of the Electric Power Research Institute. Singer directs the nonprofit Science and Environmental Policy Project, and is a frequent critic of environmental activists. He explains that the article wasn't meant to dismiss the possibility of global warming, but it was intended to show that no one knows how serious a threat global warming poses.<blockquote>SINGER: We say the scientific base for greenhouse warming includes some facts, lots of uncertainty, and just plain lack of knowledge.</blockquote>BARON: The article argues there's no good evidence to suggest the Earth is heating up, despite predictions that global warming should already be underway. The paper questions the dangers of global warming, raising the possibility that the Earth's environment might in fact benefit from a warmed climate. The authors conclude that nations should take only modest and inexpensive steps to ward off possible global warming until more research is done.<blockquote>LANCASTER: I don't see that Roger Revelle wrote this article.</blockquote>BARON: That's Justin Lancaster, Revelle's former student and colleague at Scripps. Lancaster is being sued for libel, for claiming that Revelle's name was placed on the Cosmos Journal article despite Revelle's objections. The person suing Lancaster is Fred Singer. Like Singer, Lancaster directs a nonprofit organization devoted to environmental policy, but he considers global warming a much greater threat.<blockquote>LANCASTER: I see a group of people taking this article, saying it's the last testimony of Roger Revelle, and essentially using it against his career. And I think it's a terrible thing. I'm as close a colleague as anybody on this issue of global warming, in the last years of Roger's life, and I'm not going to sit silently and let this happen.</blockquote>BARON: Lancaster has been far from silent. In 1992 he complained repeatedly about the article to the editors of a book that was to include the controversial paper.Lancaster tried unsuccessfully to block republication of the article, calling it "misleading" and "unscholarly." He claimed that Fred Singer had taken advantage of Revelle at a time when he was weak. When the article was written, Revelle was 81 and had recently undergone open heart surgery. Though Lancaster admits Revelle's mind remained sharp until the end. Lancaster suggested in his letters that Singer had pressured Revelle into accepting co-authorship so Singer could use the article for political purposes in his fight against environmentalists trying to combat global warming. It's because of these statements that Fred Singer is suing Lancaster for libel. The lawsuit is expected to go to trial some time next year. Lancaster stands by what he wrote in those letters, though he admits the article isn't completely out of line with Revelle's thinking.<blockquote>LANCASTER: That's the cleverness, in my mind, of this article, is that it incorporates enough of what is consistent with Roger Revelle's view to get him to pass on authorship. And then it's used after that against Roger Revelle's effect as a scientist trying to reach policy.</blockquote>BARON: Lancaster's rival Fred Singer admits he wrote the first draft of the article. In fact, many of the key sentences expressing skepticism about global warming were copied verbatim from an earlier paper Singer authored alone for an American Chemical Society publication. But Singer adds both co-authors revised his draft to their liking. Justin Lancaster counters he has galley proofs showing that some of Revelle's desired changes in the manuscript never made it into the final version. But co-author Chauncy Starr, who is not a party to the lawsuit, says that's not true.<blockquote>STARR: The very last changes were made by Roger Revelle and were sent to me for approval and I approved them and that's what printed in the article. There was no question that he was actively engaged, and that whatever appeared in that article, he agreed with.</blockquote>BARON: In fact, many of Revelle's former colleague say the Cosmos Journal article is perfectly consistent with this previous writings. While Revelle was concerned about global warming, they say, he wasn't dogmatic. He believed public policy should be based on hard data, not speculation. In earlier articles, Revelle had questioned the accuracy of computer models that predict dramatic climate change in the next century, and he had speculated increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere might actually benefit crops. University of Virginia climatologist Pat Michaels, the well-known global warming skeptic, charges it's Justin Lancaster, Revelle's former student, who's misrepresenting his late professor's beliefs.<blockquote>MICHAELS: To me it is astounding. It's absolutely astounding, that we are having the living trying to take the names of the dead off papers that they wrote because the living don't agree with what the dead said when they authored the paper. That's straight out of a rather frightening book by George Orwell.</blockquote>BARON: But many of Revelle's former colleagues criticize Michaels and others who've used the Cosmos Journal article for political purposes. Michaels has cited the article in his attacks on Al Gore's proposals for combating global warming. Harvard professor Peter Rogers, who knew Revelle for almost 30 years, says his former colleague would not have been pleased to see the article used against the environmental movement.<blockquote>ROGERS: If he thought that it was going to be used in that way, I don't think he would have wanted to participate.</blockquote>BARON: Rogers contends that if Revelle were around today, he'd consider the debate over who really wrote the article with his name on it a waste of time. Rogers says Revelle would have wanted to see scientists discussing the issue at the heart of the controversial article. That is, how big a threat is global warming? And what should be done about it? For Living on Earth, I'm David Baron.</div><div></div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">=</div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">orig? picked up by zero hedge, then fwd on FB</div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the great failure of the climate models</div><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">by Patrick Michaels and Caleb Stewart Rossiter</div><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> | August 25, 2019</div></div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-great-failure-of-the-climate-models" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-great-failure-of-the-climate-models</a></div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">computer models of the climate are at the heart of calls to ban the cheap, reliable energy[COAL] that powers our thriving economy and promotes healthier, longer lives. For decades, these models have <a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/you-ought-have-look-dr-john-christys-testimony-house-testimony" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.cato.org/blog/you-ought-have-look-dr-john-christys-testimony-house-testimony&source=gmail&ust=1566755659204000&usg=AFQjCNFw90ZuBjpNmby_jPdc-FIPwqCfgg" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; touch-action: manipulation;">projected dramatic warming</a> from small, fossil-fueled increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, with catastrophic consequences.Yet, the real-world data aren’t cooperating. They show only slight warming, <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/beyond-data/climate-change-rule-thumb-cold-things-warming-faster-warm-things" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/beyond-data/climate-change-rule-thumb-cold-things-warming-faster-warm-things&source=gmail&ust=1566755659204000&usg=AFQjCNGXLOloVgiPLkuN6bfYBldvvCxuZw" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">mostly at night and in winter</a>. According to the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, and the ongoing rise in sea level that began with the end of the ice age continues with no great increase in magnitude. The constancy of land-based records is obvious in <a href="https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNFqiy76Xyc-j_mtsBH2U_TgekWxCw" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; touch-action: manipulation;">data</a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Should we trust these computer models of doom? Let’s find out by <a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/you-ought-have-look-dr-john-christys-testimony-house-testimony" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.cato.org/blog/you-ought-have-look-dr-john-christys-testimony-house-testimony&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNGTUhXzzUBVE7l4Kd2h-xRLijQhhA" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">comparing</a> the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.Atmospheric scientist John Christy developed a global temperature record of the lower atmosphere using highly accurate satellite soundings. NASA honored him for this achievement, and he was an author for a previous edition of the U.N. report. He told a House Science Committee hearing in March 2017 that the U.N. climate models have failed badly.Christy <a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/you-ought-have-look-dr-john-christys-testimony-house-testimony" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">compared</a> the average model projections since 1979 to the most reliable observations — those made by satellites and weather balloons over the vast tropics. The result? In the upper levels of the lower atmosphere, the models <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNF52BPd4IIQBf7Gjon6PR39mkwG0A" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">predicted</a> seven times as much warming as has been observed. Overprediction also occurred at all other levels. Christy recently concluded that, on average, the projected heating by the models is three times what has been observed.This is a critical error. Getting the tropical climate right is essential to understanding climate worldwide. Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere. That’s important. Most of Earth’s agriculture is dependent upon the transfer of moisture from the tropics to temperate regions.Christy is not looking at surface temperatures, as measured by thermometers at weather stations. Instead, he is looking at temperatures measured from calibrated thermistors carried by weather balloons and data from satellites. Why didn’t he simply look down here, where we all live? Because the records of the surface temperatures have been badly compromised.Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.The latest <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNEmoRho7WxftAH2E_gzEDa4B6MmhA" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">U.N. science compendium</a> asserts that the latter half-degree is at least half manmade. But the thermometer records showed that the warming stopped from 2000 to 2014. Until they didn’t. In two of the four global surface series, data were adjusted in two ways that wiped out the “pause” that had been observed.The <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6242/1469" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6242/1469&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNE0Ip4QwnkMstGJI5CJJcl_aMdVZg" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">first adjustment</a> changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake. The size of the ship determines how deep the intake tube is, and steel ships warm up tremendously under sunny, hot conditions. The buoy temperatures, which are measured by precise electronic thermistors, were adjusted upwards to match the questionable ship data. Given that the buoy network became more extensive during the pause, that’s guaranteed to put some artificial warming in the data.The second big <a href="https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/qj.2297" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/qj.2297&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNF5mgwTG2ONKJYyT0ONCU1PCDU9gg" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">adjustment</a> was over the Arctic Ocean, where there aren’t any weather stations. In this revision, temperatures were estimated from nearby land stations. This runs afoul of basic physics.Even in warm summers, there’s plenty of ice over much of the Arctic Ocean. <a href="https://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/csb/index.php?section=234" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/csb/index.php?section%3D234&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNEYRy6GFxak-3UNHtnk8LqEI13M-w" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">Now</a>, for example, when the sea ice is nearing its annual minimum, it still extends part way down Greenland’s east coast. As long as the ice-water mix is well-stirred (like a glass of ice water), the surface temperature stays at the freezing point until all the ice melts. So, extending land readings over the Arctic Ocean adds nonexistent warming to the record.Further, both global and United States data have been frequently adjusted. There is nothing scientifically wrong with adjusting data to correct for changes in the way temperatures are observed and for changes in the thermometers. But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend. That’s wildly improbable.In addition, thermometers are housed in standardized instrument shelters, which are to be kept a specified shade of white. Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy. It’s no surprise that <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e4b8/0f6d1026c7adada383917c4c9b7fa56aae27.pdf" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e4b8/0f6d1026c7adada383917c4c9b7fa56aae27.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1566755659205000&usg=AFQjCNHfGZ5oQetloYzqaA1YFSQDFQXXtg" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; touch-action: manipulation;">poor tropical countries show the largest warming from this effect.</a>All this is to say that the weather balloon and satellite temperatures used in Christy’s testimony are the best data we have, and they show that the U.N.’s climate models just aren’t ready for prime time...=Three greenhouse skeptics (Sherwood Idso, Robert Balling, and R. S. Cerveny) have challenged Emanuel's theories (Idso, Balling, and Cerveny 1990)</div></div><a href="https://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/washington-examiner-op-ed-cherry-picks-data-to-mislead-readers-about-climate-models-patrick-michaels-caleb-stewart-rossiter/">https://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/washington-examiner-op-ed-cherry-picks-data-to-mislead-readers-about-climate-models-patrick-michaels-caleb-stewart-rossiter/</a>
<h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">SUMMARY</h4>This op-ed article published by The Washington Examiner (and republished by Zero Hedge) claims to provide evidence that climate models are not valid scientific tools able to inform decisions about climate change by focusing on a comparison with specific datasets from the upper atmosphere in the tropics.Scientists who reviewed the article found that it is highly misleading, including a number of false factual assertions, cherry-picking datasets that support their point, failing to account for uncertainties in those datasets, and failing to assess the performance of climate models in an objective and rigorous manner.<a class="inline-btn" href="https://via.hypothes.is/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-great-failure-of-the-climate-models" target="blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 3px 4px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; overflow: hidden;">See all the scientists’ annotations in context.</a><span class="infoboxtext" style="box-sizing: border-box; visibility: hidden; background: rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.5); text-align: center; padding: 3px; border-radius: 4px; width: 120px; position: absolute; z-index: 1;"><a class="inline-btn" href="https://web.hypothes.is/start/" target="blank rel=" quot="quot" noopener="" noreferrer="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); text-decoration-line: none; padding: 3px 4px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; overflow: hidden;" /><a class="inline-btn" href="https://web.hypothes.is/start/" target="blank rel=" quot="quot" noopener="" noreferrer="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); text-decoration-line: none; padding: 3px 4px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; overflow: hidden;"> </a><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="inline-btn" href="https://web.hypothes.is/start/" target="blank rel=" quot="quot" noopener="" noreferrer="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); text-decoration-line: none; padding: 3px 4px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; overflow: hidden;">REVIEWERS’ OVERALL FEEDBACK</a></h4><a class="inline-btn" href="https://web.hypothes.is/start/" target="blank rel=" quot="quot" noopener="" noreferrer="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); text-decoration-line: none; padding: 3px 4px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; overflow: hidden;">These comments are the overall assessment of scientists on the article, they are substantiated by their knowledge in the field and by the content of the analysis in the annotations on the article.</a><a class="inline-btn" href="https://web.hypothes.is/start/" target="blank rel=" quot="quot" noopener="" noreferrer="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); text-decoration-line: none; padding: 3px 4px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; overflow: hidden;"></a><a target="blank" href="http://atmos.uw.edu/_pochedls/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Stephen Po-Chedley</a>, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: This article focuses only on specific lines of evidence that climate models disagree with observations. In doing so, the authors ignore research that helps to reconcile differences between models and observations. The authors do not consider alternate datasets and time periods in which models and observations agree. Models are one tool for understanding climate change; their overall credibility does not hinge on one variable, in one domain, over a specific time period, with respect to a set of imperfect observations.<a target="blank" href="http://www.remss.com/about/profiles/carl-mears" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Carl Mears</a>, Senior Research Scientist, Remote Sensing Systems (RSS): The article contains numerous inaccurate statements, and “cherry-picks” evidence to support its assertion about model accuracy.The article exaggerates the disagreement between the modeled and observed trends in the tropical lower troposphere. Depending on which satellite data set is used, the model-mean trend (1979-2017) in the tropical (30S to 30N) lower tropospheric temperature is 1.73 (RSS dataset) or 2.38 (UAH dataset) times larger than the trends observed by satellites, not 7 times as stated in the article.The article asserts that the satellite and radiosonde temperature records are more accurate than the surface temperature record. I consider this to be unlikely (even though I developed one of the satellite records) as indicated by the smaller spread in trends in the surface record than in the satellite record.The article asserts that the rate of sea level rise has not increased. Recent papers have clearly shown an acceleration in sea level rise, both in satellite altimeter data1 and in a sea level rise reconstruction based on tide gauges2.<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; list-style-position: inside; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">1- Nerem et al (2018) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717312115" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era</a>, PNAS</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">2- Dangendorf et al (2019) <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0531-8" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Persistent acceleration in global sea-level rise since the 1960s</a>, Nature Climate Change</li></ul><a target="blank" href="http://www2.meteo.uni-bonn.de/mitarbeiter/venema/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Victor Venema</a>, Scientist, University of Bonn, Germany: The article makes a large number of claims which have long been known to be wrong. The authors’ ignoring of the counterarguments makes it clear that bypassing the scientific debate and going directly to the public is not helpful for a better understanding of climate change.The main erroneous claim is that numerical climate models are wrong. Even if we would grant them that—or even if we did not have any models—it would still be clear that CO2 would warm the Earth, but we would know less-well how much it warms the Earth, and especially we would know much less about how this changes the rest of the climate system. (How this changes average and severe precipitation and in which regions, how this changes heat waves, the circulation, hurricanes, permafrost, etc.) The risks of climate change would thus be larger without climate models.<a target="blank" href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/MRichardson/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark Richardson</a>, Research Assistant, UCLA/NASA JPL:Measured global temperatures agree pretty well with climate model outputs since 18601 so why does this Washington Examiner article say the opposite?The article’s major argument relies heavily on satellite-based datasets of atmospheric temperatures since the 1970s. These particular satellites were not designed for climate monitoring and unlike with other records, we currently lack enough independent checks of their reliability for climate trends. In the lower atmosphere, for example, processing by Remote Sensing Systems gives about 60% more warming than processing by the University of Alabama Huntsville, even though they use the same raw data. As the developer of a satellite dataset, the Examiner article’s claim that this is the “most reliable” data is not remotely believable to me.The more-uncertain satellite series were preferred over the surface temperature data, based on the baseless accusation that the surface records are “badly compromised” by adjustments to the data, such as those to correct for changes in measurement times, locations and technology. On net, these adjustments <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-data-adjustments-affect-global-temperature-records" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">shrank reported warming since the 1800s</a>, but the Examiner article incorrectly claims the opposite: “…each serial adjustment has tended to [increase] the warming trend”....[grafs]<div style=""><div class="article-body-text" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.9em; padding: 0px 5px 10px 0px; margin-top: -30px;">Brian Maloney is the co-founder of the Media Equality Project. =ref to pat michaels WE<a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/facebook-has-another-go-at-climate-truth-arbitration" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/facebook-has-another-go-at-climate-truth-arbitration</a>no lnxFacebook has another go at climate truth arbitrationby Patrick Michaels  | June 29, 2020 Last year, Facebook briefly slapped a “false” label on an op-ed I wrote with statistician Caleb Rossiter on the poor performance of the computer models that predict future global temperatures. That label blocks Facebook users from seeing and sharing an article. We explained in detail in a letter to CEO Mark Zuckerberg that the label was “unsupported by the data and analysis of UN and U.S. government agencies.”I am a climate scientist. I know the U.N. data because I was an author and reviewer of many of the U.N. climate reports, even as I grew increasingly unsatisfied by their gradual evolution from real science into advocacy science.To its credit, Facebook removed the “false” label and indeed adopted a new policy of not “fact-checking” op-eds. But Facebook has slapped another “false” label on a YouTube video of my Oct. 21, 2018, interview on Life, Liberty & Levin. They probably would have let it pass except for the fact that nearly 3 million people have watched it.The arbiter of climate truth is a group contracted to Facebook called Climate Feedback, itself funded by professional climate alarmist Eric Michelman.[Michelman  is an experienced entrepreneur in the software industry. He is the Founder of the Climate Change Education Project and the Director of the More Than Scientists campaign.] It gets exercised about anything deviating from its apocalyptic religious view of climate change. It was particularly upset by Michael Moore’s recent film on the true environmental and financial costs of wind and solar projects, which turn out to be anything but “renewable.” In fact, as Moore showed in his folksy "Believe me; I’m an amateur" style, these boondoggles require massive fossil fuel energy inputs to build the infrastructure that provides their intermittent and costly power and so don’t even reduce net carbon dioxide emissions.Climate Feedback accused me of stating erroneously that “about half” of the warming of nearly a degree in Celsius since 1900 is caused by carbon dioxide. But this is a fact, not an opinion. There are two warming spells that occurred in the 20th century. The first one started in 1910, long before we had put enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to create much of a warming effect. And interestingly, the rate of warming in the early 20th century is indistinguishable from the rate of the second warming, beginning in 1976.In rebutting my assertion, Climate Feedback relies on a computer climate model simulation from the United Nation’s collection. The U.N. uses 105 model runs, and 104 of them are incapable of simulating the three-dimensional behavior of the entire global tropics. The one model that does work predicts hardly any global warming, but call the special prosecutor; it’s a Russian model.Climate Feedback was also upset that I said warming may have stopped from the late 1990s to the beginning of the big El Nino warming of 2014-16. In my extended piece on Climate Feedback’s shenanigans, I included a graph of global monthly surface temperatures from the most pristine scientific record we had at the time of the Levin taping. This clearly shows the “pause,” which was discussed a great deal at the time it happened.Is Facebook aware that all of those vaunted climate models are “parameterized” (i.e., fudged) to get the answer the modelers want? I’m exaggerating about this, right? Well, here’s what climate modeler Thorsten Mauritsen wrote in the Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems a mere two months ago:We have documented how we tuned the MPI-ESM1.2 [Max-Planck Institute Earth System Model 1.2] global climate model to match the instrumental record warming; an endeavor which has clearly been successful. Due to the historical order of events, the choice was to do this practically by targeting an ECS [equilibrium climate sensitivity—the amount of warming resulting from a doubling of carbon dioxide] about 3 [degrees celsius] using cloud feedbacks, as opposed to tuning the aerosol forcing.What this means is that his climate model (like everyone else’s) was unable to simulate the climate of the 20th century from first physical principles. So, he forced the issue by mucking around with the cloud parameters even though that was likely to induce massive errors in the tropics. After all, the only truly unpardonable sin would have been to come back with a model that stood out too much from everyone else's.Unfortunately, Facebook is back to censoring informed, defensible scientific opinion with less defensible scientific opinions.[does he mean his youtube vid]  It was a great platform when it upheld the free exchange of ideas.   Michaels is a former professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia and a former president of the American Association of State Climatologists. He is the author of Lukewarming (2016) and Scientocracy (2019) and a senior fellow with the CO2 Coalition in Arlington, Virginia.</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">o think i lost the WE where he complains about pulled</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">he says this guy is funding own site but no</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div>$5000 and more:</div><div>Eric Michelman</div><div>Eric Michelman is an experienced entrepreneur in the software industry. He is the Founder of the Climate Change Education Project and the Director of the More Than Scientists campaign.</div></div></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"></div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">cmd 7/20</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">
</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Facebook is “aiding and abetting the spread of climate misinformation,” said Robert Brulle, an environmental sociologist at Drexel University. “They have become the vehicle for climate misinformation, and thus should be held partially responsible for a lack of action on climate change.”Brulle was reacting to Facebook’s recent decision, made at the request of climate science deniers, to create a giant loophole in its fact-checking program. Last year, Facebook partnered with an organization, Science Feedback, that would bring in teams of Ph.D. climate scientists to evaluate the accuracy of viral content. It was an important expansion of the company’s third-party fact-checking program.But now Facebook has reportedly decided to <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063436369" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">allow its staffers to overrule the climate scientists</a> and make any climate disinformation ineligible for fact-checking by deeming it “opinion.”The organization that requested the change, the CO2 Coalition, is celebrating, <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063436369" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">E&E news reported on Monday</a>. The group, which has <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060122629" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">close ties to the fossil fuel industry</a>, says its views on climate change are increasingly ignored by the mainstream media. Now it plans to use Facebook to aggressively push climate misinformation on the public—without having to worry about fact checks from climate scientists.<h2 style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; word-spacing: 3.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How it all started</h2>A <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-great-failure-of-the-climate-models" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 102); box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">column</a> published in the Washington Examiner in August 2019 claimed that “climate models” were a “failure” that predicted exponentially more warming of the earth than has occurred. The piece, co-authored by notorious climate science denier Pat Michaels, was quickly shared more than 2,000 times on Facebook.There was just one issue: It wasn’t true.This is exactly the kind of mess that Facebook’s network of independent fact-checkers is supposed to solve. In <a href="https://sciencefeedback.co/science-feedback-partnering-with-facebook-in-fight-against-misinformation/" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">May 2019</a>, Facebook partnered with Science Feedback, a site dedicated to explaining “why information is or is not consistent with the science.” Science Feedback’s process is extremely rigorous. Each piece has multiple reviewers, and each reviewer “holds a Ph.D. and has recently published articles in top-tier peer-reviewed science journals.”Five scientists <a href="https://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/washington-examiner-op-ed-cherry-picks-data-to-mislead-readers-about-climate-models-patrick-michaels-caleb-stewart-rossiter/" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">reviewed</a> the Washington Examiner article for Science Feedback. The scientists identified a number of problems with the piece: “false factual assertions, cherry-picking datasets that support their point, failing to account for uncertainties in those datasets, and failing to assess the performance of climate models in an objective and rigorous manner.” The article was rated “false” by Science Feedback and logged in Facebook’s system.That should have been the end of the story. The Washington Examiner article should have had a warning overlaid each time it was shared on Facebook, and its distribution on Facebook should have been dramatically reduced.But that’s not what happened.Instead, an organization affiliated with Michaels, the CO2 Coalition, wrote Zuckerberg and complained about Science Feedback’s rating. Among other things, the coalition claims that Science Feedback’s analysis amounted to “simple differences of opinion.” The coalition asked Zuckerberg to “remove Facebook’s censorship, labeling, and restrictions on this article.”Amazingly, it worked. In September, Facebook <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-create-fact-checking-exemptions-for-opinion-and-satire-11569875314" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">removed the false rating</a>, overruling the judgment of Science Feedback. According to the Wall Street Journal, Facebook found that the misinformation about climate models was an “opinion” and, therefore, not eligible for fact-checking.Now, the CO2 Coalition has announced its intention to <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063436369" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">exploit this loophole</a> to spread climate misinformation on Facebook.<h2 style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; word-spacing: 3.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How Facebook’s fact-checking program is supposed to work</h2>The <a href="https://www.facebook.com/business/help/182222309230722" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">rules</a> for Facebook’s fact-checking program are clear. Facebook does not conduct the fact-checks itself. Instead, it has outsourced the process to third parties that are certified by Poynter’s International Fact-Checking Network.If a publisher has a dispute about a rating it receives on Facebook, it should “reach out directly to the third-party fact-checking organizations.” The rating can only be removed by the organization that issued the fact check — either because the fact checker is convinced by the publisher’s dispute or the publisher corrected the false information. There is no mechanism to appeal a fact-check directly to Facebook.According to Facebook’s rules, all “public, newsworthy Facebook and Instagram posts, including ads, with articles, photos, or videos,” are eligible for fact-checking. The only type of content that is listed as exempt is original content posted by politicians or political candidates.The Wall Street Journal <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-create-fact-checking-exemptions-for-opinion-and-satire-11569875314" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">reported</a> that, after receiving the complaint from the CO2 coalition, Facebook planned to create a new rule exempting “opinion pieces” from fact-checking. But Facebook did not “respond to requests for comment” on the new rule. No such rule has been publicly acknowledged by Facebook in the months that followed.In response to a request for comment, Facebook did little to clarify the situation, reiterating the company’s official fact-checking policies but not addressing its decision to overrule Science Feedback. “The focus of Facebook’s third-party fact-checking program is combating viral misinformation,” Facebook spokesperson Andy Stone said. “There’s an appeals process in place for publishers to appeal directly to fact-checkers to dispute ratings.”<h2 style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; word-spacing: 3.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How climate science deniers plan to exploit Facebook’s loophole</h2>Creating an unwritten exemption for “opinion” content, which is enforced by Facebook and not its fact-checking partners, creates a giant loophole for misinformation. The CO2 coalition told <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063436369" data-wpel-link="external" target="blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" style="background-image: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">E&E News</a> that they plan to exploit it.<blockquote style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 40px; word-spacing: 3.6px;">After the quiet decision by Facebook, the coalition says it and other groups that attack consensus climate science can share content that climate scientists have labeled as misleading because Facebook will consider it “opinion” and therefore immune to fact-checking.The CO2 Coalition is increasingly focused on using Facebook to reach more people with its message that climate change fears are overblown and that burning more fossil fuels would help humanity, Executive Director Caleb Rossiter told E&E News this week. He sees the battle over its climate-related posts as part of a larger proxy war over how to reach an audience outside of conservative media.</blockquote>Rossiter said Facebook was increasingly important because “the mainstream media” is no longer willing to amplify the group’s opinions. But the reason the “mainstream media” is not willing to amplify the group’s opinions is because they’re not opinions at all. They’re falsehoods.<h2 style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; word-spacing: 3.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Climate facts are not climate opinions</h2>Andrew Dessler is one of the five climate scientists who originally fact-checked the CO2 Coalition’s op-ed by Pat Michaels. It was “complete bullshit,” he said. “We gave it a bad review, which it 100 percent deserved.”The <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-great-failure-of-the-climate-models" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">article</a> claimed computer models used by climate scientists to predict warming have proved overblown, and thus shouldn’t be trusted. To prove it, Michaels compared “actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.”The comparison was flawed. Michaels compared the earth’s present temperature with past climate models that predicted more carbon pollution than actually occurred. If we had polluted as much as the models predicted, the world would have warmed as much as the models predicted.We know this because actual climate scientists have <a href="https://heated.world/p/climate-models-have-been-correct" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer external" data-wpel-link="external" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 500ms ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-line: none;">published research</a> assessing the accuracy of climate models. That research, which went through the rigorous peer-review process, says computer climate models have been largely accurate for the last 40 years. Michaels’ analysis, on the other hand, didn’t go through any peer-review process, nor is Michaels climate scientist himself. What Michaels did was amateur Google sleuthing. What the scientists did was science.Dessler thinks Michaels should be able to state his opinions about climate change without getting fact-checked. “Things like, ‘we should [implement] a carbon tax,’ or ‘subsidize nuclear energy, or even ‘we shouldn’t do anything about climate change,'” he said. “Those aren’t facts; they’re policy choices.”But statements about the physical condition of the planet; the effect of carbon on the atmosphere; the historical accuracy of climate models—those are scientific in nature. “Those are not opinions,” Dessler said. “They’re either true or false.”“The earth is warming. Climate models have done a good job,” he added. “That should be covered by fact-checking.”<h2 style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; word-spacing: 3.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The dire consequences of not fact-checking climate denial</h2>The CO2 Coalition told E&E News that it is getting assistance from a “‘conservative’ Facebook employee.” Facebook says that claim is not true, but did not specify who at Facebook reversed Science Feedback’s ruling.American political conservatives have a long, well-documented history of perpetuating climate disinformation in order to delay climate action. Disinformation—that is, the intentional spread of misinformation—has been a key strategy of the fossil fuel industry and its political allies for decades. The less people understand about climate science, the strategy goes, the less likely they will be to support aggressive climate policies, which threaten the fossil fuel industry’s immense profitability.The CO2 Coalition’s use of Facebook’s op-ed loophole “fits right back into that strategy of trying to promulgate misinformation to the public in order to keep alive the lack of public concern over climate change, to stop meaningful action to address it,” Brulle said. And by having the loophole, Brulle said, “Facebook is becoming part of the problem, not part of the solution, to climate change.”Naomi Oreskes, an acclaimed Harvard University professor who co-wrote “Merchants of Doubt,” agreed that Facebook’s op-ed loophole is “potentially very damaging.”“We know that many people, particularly young people, are getting their information heavily, or even primarily, from social media,” she said. “For social media to propagate disinformation, without any attempt at screening, is for them to become, in effect, part of the disinformation machine</div><div style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"></div><div>=</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/us-think-tank-shuts-down-prominent-center-challenged-climate-science">https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/us-think-tank-shuts-down-prominent-center-challenged-climate-science</a></div><div>
</div><div><div class="articlebody" style="box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2019/05/29/stories/1060419123" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px;">E&E News</a>The Cato Institute in Washington, D.C., quietly shut down a program that for years sought to raise uncertainty about climate science, leaving the libertarian think tank co-founded by Charles Koch without an office dedicated to global warming.The move came after Pat Michaels, a climate scientist who rejects mainstream researchers’ concerns about rising temperatures, left Cato earlier this year amid disagreements with officials in the organization.“They informed me that they didn’t think their vision of a think tank was in the science business, and so I said, ‘OK, bye,’” Michaels said in an interview yesterday. “There had been some controversy going around the building for some time, so things got to a situation where they didn’t work out.”A spokeswoman said Cato’s shuttering of the Center for the Study of Science does not represent a shift in the institute’s position on human-caused climate change. But the think tank moved decisively to close down the science wing that was overseen by Michaels. Ryan Maue, a meteorologist and former adjunct scholar, also left the center.“While it is true that, with the departure of Pat Michaels, we have deactivated our Center for the Study of Science, we continue to work on science policy issues,” Khristine Brookes, the spokeswomen, wrote in an email. She didn’t mention climate change.Michaels is among a small number of academics with legitimate climate science credentials who downplay the human contribution to rising temperatures. He is a frequent guest on Fox News and other conservative outlets, and he has spent years attacking efforts to address climate change. He was influential in the administration of President George H.W. Bush, and he helped turn the GOP away from climate policy at a time when conservatives were embracing it (<a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060108785/" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700;">Climatewire</a>, Dec. 5, 2018). That shift has endured.Cato also is no longer affiliated with Richard Lindzen, an emeritus professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who has long been critical of established climate science. Lindzen was a distinguished fellow at the think tank. It’s unclear when he left Cato, and Brookes declined to comment on personnel issues.Maue, who worked with Michaels, said other think tanks cultivated closer relationships with the Trump White House.“In terms of climate change and regulation, Cato was not a big player at all in the Trump administration,” he said.Michaels was not asked to take part in the White House plan for an “adversarial” review of climate science related to the National Climate Assessment. Michaels has been critical of government climate reports for decades and has published research in major scientific journals. Both of those are seen as attributes by recruiters in charge of finding experts for the White House panel.Michaels has spent years attacking climate modeling, which he claims ran hot, despite evidence from NASA that contradicted his claims and demonstrated that models were largely accurate. He has also portrayed academic researchers in climate-related fields as beholden to funding that incentivizes them to produce alarming research. The Cato Institute has received millions of dollars from the Koch network, the Mercer Family Foundation, Exxon Mobil Corp. and other foundations that oppose regulations.Maue said the Niskanen Center, which was founded by Cato alumnus Jerry Taylor, has attracted conservative followers with its middle-of-the-road climate policy. That’s appealing to businesses that help fund think tanks and to those that might support policy positions on climate in the post-Trump era, he said.“That’s attractive to business and politicians who don’t really want to see the climate flame wars continuing on,” Maue said in an interview. “I think many businesses have taken an approach to what’s going to happen and, assuming Trump isn’t around in 2021, what’s coming down the pike.”Still, Maue said that one of Michaels’ lasting contributions in the climate policy debate was to create a position where one can accept that humans are affecting the climate but not as much as the vast majority of scientists claim. It’s now a de facto position for many Republican lawmakers who acknowledge that humans are contributing to climate change but don’t want to restrict fossil fuel use.“Where Pat’s influence is is in the term ‘lukewarming,’” Maue said. “Lukewarming is not climate denial; it’s just that he’s taking, and most of us on this side of the issue believe in lower climate sensitivity. We don’t believe there’s going to be 5 degrees of warming; we figure it’s at the lower end of 1.5 degrees.”The vast majority of climate scientists believe that the world could warm 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels within the next two decades and accelerate through the end of the century, with some estimates placing warming above 5°C.Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from E&E News. Copyright 2019. E&E provides essential news for energy and environment professionals at <a href="http://www.eenews.net/" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700;">www.eenews.net</a></div></div><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels">https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels</a>missing on main?<h1 style="line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 0.75em;">Patrick J. Michaels</h1><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Credentials</h2><ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li>S.M. Biology, University of Chicago (1975). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></li><li>Biological Sciences, University of Chicago (1971). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></li><li>Special Graduate Committee on Ecological Climatology (1979). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></li></ul><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Background</h2>Patrick J. Michaels is the <a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">director of the Center for the Study of Science</a> at the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cato-institute" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Cato Institute</a>. Michaels is a regular commentator on climate change issues <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/02/25/scientist-global-warming-evidence-claims-exaggerated.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">on Fox News</a> and other conservative news outlets. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s2" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a>,<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s3" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [3]</a>He also <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmichaels/#208c5175334a" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">writes regularly for Forbes,</a> contributes opinion articles to US newspapers and has written several books critical of climate change science and the risks of rising greenhouse gas emissions. Michaels' columns often suggest climate scientists who accept the risks of rising greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by the availability of taxpayer funds.<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s4" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [4]</a><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2010/02/pat-michaels-climate-skeptic" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Mother Jones magazine reported in 2010 </a>that “Michaels' credibility on climate is called into question by a trove of documents from a 2007 court case that attracted almost no scrutiny at the time. Those documents show that Michaels has financial ties to big energy interests—ties that he's worked hard to keep secret.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s5" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a>In a leaked 2006 memo of the Intermountain Rural Electric Association (IREA), Michaels is listed as a recipient of at least $100,000 from IREA to combat global warming “alarmists.” The IREA memo outlines a coordinated strategy by <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-industries-inc" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Koch Industries</a>, the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>, Michaels, and other key groups. “We have met with Koch, CEI and Dr. Michaels, and they meet among themselves periodically to discuss their activities,” NERA's General Manager Stan Lewandowski wrote. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s97" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a><h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">New Hope Environmental Services</h3>Patrick Michaels founded the consulting firm New Hope Environmental Services. Michaels <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/e/e5/GreenMtDoc521-3.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">described (PDF)</a> the firm's purpose as to “publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social perspectives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media. This entails both response research and public commentary.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s6" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a>SourceWatch describes <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/New_Hope_Environmental_Services" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">New Hope Environmental Services</a> as “in effect … a PR firm.” New Hope is secretive about its funding sources, and fought a Greenpeace motion seeking disclosure.  It is known to have received funds from electrical utilities in the past. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s7" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a>New Hope Environmental Services also ran a climate change bulletin titled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970227021847/http://www.nhes.com/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The World Climate Report </a>which was <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970418150600/http://www.nhes.com/subscriptions.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">edited by Patrick Michaels and funded by coal group Western Fuels Association</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s8" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a>Analysis of the tax records of the Cato Institute found that in 2006 and 2007 <a href="http://www.prwatch.org/news/2009/05/8382/cato-institutes-generous-funding-patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">the think tank paid Michaels' New Hope more than $240,000</a> in fees. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s9" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a><h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Patrick Michaels & Tobacco</h3>Pat Michaels was a “member scientist” and “individual supporter” at <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASCC)</a>, an organisation created and funded by the tobacco industry to fight anti-tobacco legislation. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s10" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a>

Michaels was also an “Academic Member” of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/European_Science_and_Environment_Forum" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF)</a>, a group created by the tobacco industry to frame legitimate science as “junk science” on matters pertaining to health and environment, particularly secondhand smoke health impacts. Michaels was listed as an academic member on the ESEF's March 1998 working paper titled “<a href="https://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/docs/#id=rsmx0078" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Environmental Tobacco Smoke Revisited: The reliability of the evidence for risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease</a>.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s11" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a><h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;">Fossil Fuel Funding</h3>Patrick Michaels once estimated that “40 percent” of his funding comes from the oil industry. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s12" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[12] </a>

<h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Stance on Climate Change</h2>December 8, 2016<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“Probably the best solution is to do nothing, because doing nothing is doing something.”<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s90" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [90]</a></blockquote>2016<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“Surface temperatures are indeed increasing slightly: They’ve been going up, in fits and starts, for more than 150 years, or since a miserably cold and pestilential period known as the Little Ice Age. Before carbon dioxide from economic activity could have warmed us up, temperatures rose three-quarters of a degree Fahrenheit between 1910 and World War II. They then cooled down a bit, only to warm again from the mid-1970s to the late ’90s, about the same amount as earlier in the century.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s13" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></blockquote>2007<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“It's hardly news that human beings have had a hand in the planetary warming that began more than 30 years ago. For nearly a century, scientists have known that increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide would eventually result in warming that was most pronounced in winter, especially on winter's coldest days, and a cooling of the stratosphere. All of these have been observed… .“… the best policy is to live with some modest climate change now and encourage economic development, which will generate the capital necessary for investment in the more efficient technologies of the future.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s14" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></blockquote><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Key Quotes</h2>December 8, 2016<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“You properly account for the fact that the earth is getting greener, the more co2 we put in—you can see it on satellite—it is God's getting greener Earth. If you account for all of those, what happens is the social cost of carbon becomes the social benefit of carbon.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s90" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></blockquote>December, 2016<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“[Trump's] nomination of Scott Pruitt is further evidence that the president-elect is serious, and circumstantial evidence that the influence of Al Gore’s recent visit was of little consequence.”  <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s83" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></blockquote>April 27, 2015Patrick Michaels published <a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/417520/if-pope-wants-have-truly-moral-climate-change-debate-here-are-few-ideas-patrick-j" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">a piece in the National Review</a> one day prior to a <a href="http://www.un.org/climatechange/blog/2015/05/leaders-gather-vatican-historic-meeting-climate-change-sustainable-development/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">meeting between Pope Francis and the Secretary-General at the Vatican to dicuss climate change</a>. Michaels writes:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“The conference also has a moral duty to examine the corruption of science that can be caused by massive amounts of money. The United States has disbursed tens of billions of dollars to climate scientists who would not have received those funds had their research shown climate change to be beneficial or even modest in its effects. Are these scientists being tempted by money? And are the very, very few climate scientists whose research is supported by industry somehow less virtuous?”<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s15" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [15]</a></blockquote>June 3, 2014Patrick Michaels wrote an opinion piece in The Washington Times one day following the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140603231430/https://www.epa.gov/carbon-pollution-standards/clean-power-plan-proposed-rule" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">EPA's release of its Clean Power Plan Proposed Rule</a>:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) own computer model easily shows that President Obama’s proposed regulations would reduce global warming by around 0.02 of a degree Celsius by the year 2100. Actually, the true number is probably even smaller because that calculation assumes a future rate of warming — there hasn’t been any for 17 years now — quite a bit higher than it is likely to be.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s16" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></blockquote>August 22, 2013“The U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is nearing the final stages of its Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)—the latest, greatest version of its assessment of the science of climate change. Information is leaking out, with some regularity, as to what the final report will contain (why it is secretive in the first place is beyond us).” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s17" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">The IPCC has three options: 1. Round-file the entire AR5 as it now stands and start again. 2. Release the current AR5with a statement that indicates that all the climate change and impacts described within are likely overestimated by around 50%, or 3. Do nothing and mislead policymakers and the rest of the world. We’re betting on door number 3.”<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s18" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [18]</a></blockquote><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“Reports of rapid disintegration of Greenland’s ice ignore the fact that the region was warmer than it is now for several decades in the early 20th century, before humans could have had much influence on climate. Similar stories concerning Antarctica neglect the fact that the net temperature trend in recent decades is negative, or that warming the surrounding ocean can serve only to enhance snowfall, resulting in a gain in ice. Global warming affects hurricanes in both positive and negative fashions, and there is no relationship between the severity of storms and ocean-surface temperature, once a commonly exceeded threshold temperature is reached. Reports of massive species extinction also turn out to be impressively flawed.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s19" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></blockquote><div style="line-height: 17.6px;"><div>May 1, 2001</div><div><div>Patrick Michaels published an article in the Virginia Viewpoint, a publication of the Virginia Institute for Public Policy, titled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205223807/http://www.virginiainstitute.org/viewpoint/vvmichaels.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">“Win The Kyoto Fight, Save Your Money.”</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s20" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> [20]</a></div><div><div>Michaels makes the following assertions:</div><ol style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li>“Kyoto does nothing.”</li><li>“Kyoto costs a fortune.”</li><li>“Global warming is overblown. […] historical records show that about two-thirds of this warming will be<div>in the cold portion of the year, and the lion's share will be in the coldest, most deadly air. Does this sound like something we should spend a fortune trying to stop?”</div></li><li>“Kyoto is fiscally irresponsible. “</li><li>“Kyoto would harm the environment. […] the feds are likely to take the taxes meant to force us to stop burning gasoline, and literally throw them at windmills, or burn them in one of our dumbest technologies (because it can't ever work on a large scale), solar energy.”</li></ol><div>In conclusion, Michaels says “[W]e could just save our dough because the climate change issue is an overblown bunch of hooey, which is why President Bush killed Kyoto.“ <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s20" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></div></div><h2 style="line-height: 2em; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Key Deeds</h2>May 29, 2018Patrick Michaels spoke at a conference of the Institute of Engineering of Spain. Hhis talk translated to the “The Benefits of moderate heating.” According to Emilio de las Heras who attended the conference and offered a<a href="http://www.expansion.com/blogs/cambioclimatico/2018/05/29/surrealismo-en-el-iie.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> thorough rebuttal in Spanish</a>, the conference was “surreal” and included innumerable falsehoods. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s101" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a>Michaels claimed “The UN climate models (IPCC) are all rigged” with the exception of one from a Russian scientist. Michaels reiterated many of his regular talking points, utilizing data from <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/roy-spencer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Roy Spencer</a>, to argue that “the world is greener” thanks to CO2's effect “as a natural fertilizer.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s101" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a>Spencer is an advisor to the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cornwall-alliance-stewardship-creation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Cornwall Alliance</a>, an evangelical Christian group that claims environmentalism is “one of the greatest threats to society and the church today.” He has argued that climate change <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Asj-3efMVB8" rel="nofollow" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">isn't something we should be terribly worried about</a>. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s102" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a>“The Social Cost of Carbon is negative if correct discount rates are used,” Michaels argued. He also contended there have been “fewer tornadoes in the US and fewer people die” due to the capacity for human adaptation, citing the fourth National Climate Assessment as supposed evidence “there is no link between extreme [weather] events and warming.” Emilio noted the NCA4 report's findings were diametrically opposed to Michaels' claim. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s101" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a>April 25, 2018Michaels promoted a study by climate change deniers Nic Lewis and Judith Curry. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427180935/https://www.cato.org/blog/some-more-insensitivity-about-global-warming" rel="nofollow" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Writing at the Cato Institute</a>, Michaels wrote that the paper found equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) would be roughly half that found by mainstream scientific sources like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s100" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a>“It seems the long-range temperature forecast most consistent with these findings would be about half of what the IPCC is forecasting. That would put total human warming to 2100 right around the top goal of the Paris Accord, or 2.0⁰C,” Michaels claimed. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s100" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a>April 17, 2018Patrick Michaels spoke at an American Enterprise Institute (AEI) event titled “<a href="https://www.aei.org/events/what-did-they-know-and-when-did-they-know-it-the-municipal-climate-litigation-the-fossil-fuel-industry-and-the-municipal-bond-market/" rel="nofollow" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">What did they know, and when did they know it? The municipal climate litigation, the fossil-fuel industry, and the municipal bond market</a>” to discuss the ongoing legal actions as cities and municipalities sue large oil companies for damage caused by fossil fuels. Michaels using his time to criticize the reliability of climate models.  See video below: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s99" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[99</a>[vid]In extreme weather, Michaels claims we are adapting, saying for death statistics of tornadoes in the United States where “you can see this wonderful example of adaptation.”<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“You have more people living in the way of bad weather and all of a sudden around the 1950s, the deaths begin to drop,” Michaels said.</blockquote><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“As heat waves become more frequent in urban areas, and they do with or without global warming, in the United States, the mortality from heat waves drop. People get used to them and they adapt.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s99" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></blockquote>In conclusion, Michaels declared:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“It’s a mess. What do we know? Not very much. And less than we knew, less than we thought we knew, when the models first came out.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s99" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></blockquote>2017Patrick Michaels is listed as a contributor to the upcoming release of <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/04/09/australian-climate-denial-think-tank-picks-cat-author-moonman-ken-ring-climate-expert" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Climate Change: The Facts 2017</a>, a book released by the<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/institute-public-affairs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> Institute for Public Affairs (IPA)</a> and edited by <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jennifer_Marohasy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Jennifer Marohasy</a>. While investigating the authors, DeSmog noted that one of the IPA's listed “leading experts” involved in the book is New Zealand’s Ken Ring, who in addition to being a described “long range weather forecaster” has written “two, possibly three, books about cats” including Pawmistry: How to Read Your Cat’s Paws in 1998. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s95" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410183823/https://payments.ipa.org.au/cctf/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">According to the book description</a>: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s96" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“Climate Change: The Facts 2017 brings together contributions on the latest climate science from some of the world’s leading experts in the field including John Abbot, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Sallie Baliunas</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/paul-driessen" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Paul Driessen</a>, Tony Heller, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig Idso</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_James" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Clive James</a>, Pat Michaels,<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joanne-nova" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> Jo Nova</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/ian-plimer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Ian Plimer</a>, Tom Quirk, Peter Ridd, Ken Ring, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/nicola-scafetta" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Nicola Scafetta</a>, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a>,<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/roy-spencer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> Roy Spencer</a>, and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/anthony-watts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Anthony Watts</a>.There are also essays by <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/matt-ridley" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Matt Ridley</a>, and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/bjorn-lomborg" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Bjørn Lomborg</a> on the economics of climate change, and by Simon Breheny on how the freedom to discuss climate change science is under threat.”<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s96" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></blockquote>Prior versions of the book featured contributions from a range of prominent climate change deniers, and describes mainstream climate change research as “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031182709/http://catallaxyfiles.com/2014/12/16/55806/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">pseudo-science</a>.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s39" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a>March 23, 2017Michaels was a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021314/http://climateconference.heartland.org/Speakers/patrick-michaels/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">speaker</a> at the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>'s 12th International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC12). His keynote speech was titled “Vacating the Endangerment Finding.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s94" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a>....<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">t will resume warming,” Michaels said on the show, “but you don't really care if it warms a degree in the next 60 years. It warmed a degree in the last 100 years. Life epectancy doubled.” “Admit it, it's a religion,” Michaels added later in the program.</blockquote>December 12, 2016Patrick Michaels was an attendee at a private meeting also attended by Trump's EPA Transition team lead <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Myron Ebell</a> on Capitol Hill. E&E News reported that the event was not open to the public or to the press and Ebell refused to give any details. The event was hosted by the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) </a>and held in the hearing room of the Senate Environment and Public Works (EPW) Committee. The EPW committee is chaired by Senator<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-inhofe" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> James Inhofe</a> who, like Trump, has described human-caused climate change as a hoax. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s84" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/12/13/exclusive-myron-ebell-donald-trump-s-aide-epa-meets-who-s-who-long-serving-climate-science-deniers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">DeSmog reported </a>that the event featured the “<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/12/13/exclusive-myron-ebell-donald-trump-s-aide-epa-meets-who-s-who-long-serving-climate-science-deniers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Who's Who of Climate Science Deniers</a>.”  Australian Senator <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/malcolm-roberts" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Malcolm Roberts</a>, who spoke at the event, also wrote that the meeting was a gathering of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/cooler-heads-coalition" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Cooler Heads Coalition</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/malcolmrobertsonenation/posts/984456478364899" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">listed some of the participants on Facebook</a>: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s85" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[85],</a> <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s86" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a><img alt="Malcolm Roberts Facebook Post" src="https://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/malcolm%20roberts%20ebell.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 756px; width: 652px;" />Names mentioned above included:<ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steven-goddard" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Tony Heller</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/timothy-f-ball-tim-ball" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Tim Ball</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/s-fred-singer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Fred Singer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/ken-haapala" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Ken Haapala</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-rucker" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig Rucker</a></li><li>Randy Randall</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/steve-milloy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Steve Milloy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marc-morano" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Marc Morano</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-delingpole" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Delingpole</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/chris-horner" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Chris Horner</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/myron-ebell" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Myron Ebell</a></li><li>Tom de Weise</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-taylor" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Taylor</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Pat Michaels</a></li><li>Austin Smithson</li><li>Brandon Middleton</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/marlo-lewis-jr" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Marlo Lewis</a></li></ul>DeSmog also noted that three of the attendees—Myron Ebell, Randy Randol, and Steve Milloy—had all been part of the<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Global_Climate_Science_Communications_Plan(1998)" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Global Climate Science Communications Team in the late 1990s</a>, a group organized by the American Petroleum Institute. According to an <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/documents/Global%20Climate%20Science%20Communications%20Plan%20(1998).pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">early memo</a>, the group said “victory will be achieved when […] Average citizens 'understand' (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom'.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s87" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a>December 8, 2016 J. Michaels was a speaker at the “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222233521/http://www.heritage.org/events/2016/12/at-the-crossroads-iii" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">At the Crossroads III Energy and Climate Summit,</a>” an event co-hosted by the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heritage-foundation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heritage Foundation </a>and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/texas-public-policy-foundation" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF)</a>. The event was billed as “the premier energy-and-climate policy event in America,” and attracted a range of prominent climate change deniers as well as a range of names connected to Donald Trump and his transition team. Video and choice quotes below. <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s88" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a>...<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">n the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences you have an international team of authors who publishes a paper and then they add an American author to their next paper the chance that it will report a positive result doubles. This is very, very bad, science is very very sick.” <a href="https://youtu.be/FhywwFqxMS8?t=17m35s" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[17:35]</a>“Probably the best solution is to do nothing, because doing nothing is doing something.” <a href="https://youtu.be/FhywwFqxMS8?t=20m52s" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[20:52]</a>“The future belongs to the efficient, if you just get out of the way. Lesson number one, if you want to clean world, you want a vibrant economy.” <a href="https://youtu.be/FhywwFqxMS8?t=21m09s" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[21:09]</a>“You properly account for the fact that the earth is getting greener, the more co2 we put in—you can see it on satellite—it is God's getting greener Earth. If you account for all of those, what happens is the social cost of carbon becomes the social benefit of carbon.” <a href="https://youtu.be/FhywwFqxMS8?t=28m01s" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[28:01]</a>“So what's going to have to happen is the endangerment finding is going to have to be torn apart.” <a href="https://youtu.be/FhywwFqxMS8?t=29m27s" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[29:27]</a></blockquote><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/doug-domenech" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Doug Domenech</a>, director of the Texas Public Policy Foundation's “Fueling Freedom” project, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221180918/https://origin-nyi.thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-environment/310068-climate-change-speaking-truth-to-power" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">wrote about the proceedings at </a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221180918/https://origin-nyi.thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-environment/310068-climate-change-speaking-truth-to-power" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Hill</a>. Domenech outlined the common climate change denial message shared among the speakers: “Is climate change real? Yes, it has happened in the past and will happen in the future. Is man making an impact on the climate? Perhaps but in very small ways. But the overarching consensus remains the climate change we are experiencing is by no means catastrophic.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s89" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a>Speakers included:<ul style="margin: 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brooke_L.Rollins" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Brooke Rollins</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Becky_Norton_Dunlop" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Becky Norton Dunlop</a></li><li>Mike Lee</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/lamar-smith" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Lamar Smith</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pete_Olson" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Pete Olson</a></li><li>Gary Palmer</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-inhofe" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Inhofe</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/kathleen-hartnett-white" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Kathleen Hartnett White</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/stephen-moore" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Stephen Moore</a></li><li>Bud Brigham</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Kreutzer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">David Kreutzer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick J. Michaels</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mark_P.Mills" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Mark P. Mills</a></li><li>Horace Cooper</li><li>Patrick Forkin</li><li>Allen Gilmer</li><li>Dan Byers</li><li>Nicolas Loris</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/richard-lindzen" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Richard Lindzen</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a></li><li>Andrew M. Grossman</li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/william-happer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">William Happer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/craig-idso" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Craig Idso</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/roy-spencer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Roy Spencer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick J. Michaels</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brooke_L.Rollins" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Brooke Rollins</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Becky_Norton_Dunlop" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Becky Norton Dunlop</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/david-legates" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">David Legates</a></li><li><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/james-taylor" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">James Taylor</a></li></ul>December 8, 2016Patrick Michaels wrote an article at The Hill titled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219215803/http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/energy-environment/309484-trumps-epa-pick-will-make-obama-regret-his" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">“Trump's EPA pick will make Obama regret his environmental overreach</a>” applauding President-elect Donald Trump's choice of <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/12/07/donald-trump-confirms-climate-science-denier-and-fossil-fuel-industry-stenographer-scott-pruitt-lead-epa" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">climate change denier Scott Pruitt </a>for administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s83" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a>Michaels writes that it is a sign that the new administration “is on a clear mission not just to stop, but to reverse many of the actions of Obama’s EPA.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s83" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">He adds that the new administration is “going to have to find people willing to expose the current regime’s blatant abuse of logic in generating inflated 'costs' of global warming, while largely ignoring the co-benefits of fossil fuel power.” Michaels concludes that “The nomination of Scott Pruitt is further evidence that the president-elect is serious, and circumstantial evidence that the influence of Al Gore’s recent visit was of little consequence.” <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s83" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></blockquote>June 20, 2016<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick J. Michaels</a> debated at <a href="http://www.cato.org/multimedia/media-highlights-tv/patrick-j-michaels-debates-conservative-economic-quarterly-lecture" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">the Conservative Economic Quarterly Lecture series on the topic of climate change</a>, reports the Cato Institute. Video below: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels#s21" style="text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a>no lnxchaels also participated in the Conservative Economic Quarterly Lecture Series on the topic of “Luke Warming”: [22]

May 2, 2016
Patrick Michaels was listed among “Key Scientists” appearing in Marc Morano's movie, Climate Hustle. The full list included the following: [23] 
Robert GiegengackJudith CurryRichard TolCaleb RossiterIvar GiaeverRoy SpencerDaniel B. BotkinPatrick MooreDon J. EasterbrookRobert M. CarterJohn TheonDennis RancourtWilliam M. BriggsRoger Pielke Sr.Walter CunninghamPatrick J. MichaelsLord Christopher MoncktonAnthony WattsLeighton StewardPhilip StottWill HapperMarc Morano's Climate Hustle was released in U.S. theatres on May 2, 2016. Bill Nye described it as  “not in our national interest and the world’s interest.” [24]
The film was produced by the Committee for Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) and CDRCommunications. As noted at Desmog's project, ClimateHustler.org,  CFACT has received funding from ExxonMobil, Chevron, as well as hundreds of thousands of dollars from foundations associated with Richard Mellon Scaife. CFACT has also received at least $7.8 million in “dark money” through DonorsTrust and Donors Capital Fund. [25], [26]
CDR Communications was behind the 2010 video by the Cornwall Alliance titled Resisting the Green Dragon, which claimed environmentalism was a “false religion” and a “global government” power grab. Chris Rogers of CDR Communictions is also chairman of The James Partnership, the umbrella arm that includes the Cornwall Alliance as one of its projects and pays the salary of Calvin Beisner, Cornwall’s founder and spokesperson. [27]
Climate Hustle initially premiered on December 7, 2015 in Paris, France during the COP21 United Nations summit on climate change. [28], [29]
“We are putting together what I think is the most comprehensive, unique, entertaining and humorous climate documentary that has ever been done or attempted,” Morano had said before the film was released. [30]
“The reason that this is a unique film,” Morano has said, “is that we are going for a pop culture-friendly… sarcastic approach and we actually give both sides in this movie.”  [30]
In an interview with Ezra Levant, Morano said:
“I am not interviewing a lot of the main climate sceptical scientists because I feel like they have been interviewed by many other people and their stories have been told. I am trying to find another layer of scientist whose stories have not been out there yet. You will see a lot of new names in this.” [30]
See a preview of the film below:


At the Paris premier of the film, reporters from Desmog and the Irish Times were denied entrance after having their RSVPs accepted days earlier. [31]
January 24, 2016Patrick Michaels published an op-ed at the Wall Street Journal, titled “The Climate Snow Job” where he claims that the NOAA manipulated data to make it look like the planet is warming faster than it is:
“NOAA's alteration of its measurement standard and other changes produced a result that could have been predicted: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain. Yet the increase remains far below what had been expected,” Michaels writes. [13]Michaels also suggests that temperatures in 2015, while still being “the highest average surface temperature in the 160-year global history since reliable records started being available,” had a “de minimis” effect on the global economy.Ten scientists at Climate Feedback reviewed Michaels' claims, and concluded that “The article misleads readers with a series of sweeping claims about distinct aspects of climate science and the implications of global warming for the global economy. Most of the article is devoted to casting doubt over the accuracy of the global temperature record. The author uses detailed technical descriptions to distract readers from the inaccuracies of the article, which involve cherry-picking data to support multiple unsubstantiated and discredited claims.” [32]Emmanuel Vincent, who holds a PhD in climate science, writes in LiveScience that “[Michaels's] essay ignores the preponderance of evidence that now leads businesses, economists, and even the recent World Economic Forum to recognize climate change as one of the top sources of financial risk.” [33]July 22, 2015
Patrick Michaels testified in front of the House Natural Resources Committee hearing on “An Analysis of the Obama Administration’s Social Cost of Carbon.”  During questioning from Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA), Michaels confirms that he served as a “member scientist” for the tobacco industry front group The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASCC). [34]


June 23, 2015
Patrick Michaels participated in a panel discussion hosted by the Heritage Foundation as part of an event titled “The Social Cost of Carbon: A Controversial Tool for Misguided Policy.” The event was moderated by David Kreutzer and featured Climate Change deniers Jim Inhofe and Marlo Lewis, Jr. Video below. [91]


June 11-12, 2015
Patrick Michaels was a speaker on Panel 1: “Climate Science,” at the Heartland Institute’s Tenth International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC10) in Washington, D.C., with Willie Soon and David Legates. [35]
View Patrick Michaels’ Panel 1 presentation at the Heartland Institute’s ICCC10, below: [36]


March, 2015
Patrick Michaels is one of several climate change skeptics cc'd on an email from S. Fred Singer in hopes of countering the documentary film “Merchants of Doubt,” which exposes the network of climate change skeptics and deniers trying to delay legislative action on climate change. [37]
The October, 2014 email was leaked to journalists before the documentary was released. “Can I sue for damages?” Singer asked in the email. “Can we get an injunction against the documentary?”
InsideClimate News reports in their article “Leaked Email Reveals Who's Who List of Climate Denialists,” how “Many of those copied on the email thread, such as Singer and communications specialist Steven Milloy, have financial ties to the tobacco, chemical, and oil and gas industries and have worked to defend them since the 1990s.” [37]
InsideClimate News also documented all those who were cc'd on the email, including the following skeptics and groups:
Ron ArnoldTimothy BallJoseph “Joe” BastJoe BastardiMichael BastaschWilliam BriggsRussell CookJudith CurryJoe D'AleoJames DelingpoleDavid Paul DriessenJames EnstromSteve GoddardPierre GosselinGreenie WatchWilliam HapperJim LakelyPatrick J. MichaelsSteven J. MilloyChristopher MoncktonMarc MoranoJoanne NovaRoger Pielke Sr. (Or Roger Pielke Jr. - Unclear in Email)Thomas P. SheahenS. Fred SingerWei-Hock (Willie) SoonRoy SpencerJames TaylorAnthony WattsDeSmogBlog covered the emails here: “Merchants of Doubt Film Debuts, Textbook Denial Attack Campaign Led By Fred Singer Ensues” and DeSmogBlog also archived a full copy of the Singer email thread (PDF). 
December, 2014
Patrick Michaels is a contributor to the book Climate Change: The Facts published by the Institute of Public Affairs and featuring “22 essays on the science, politics and economics of the climate change debate.” The Institute of Public Affairs, while not revealing most of its funders, is known to have received funding from mining magnate Gina Rinehart and at least one major tobacco company. [38]
The book includes essays and articles from a range of climate change skeptics, with contributors including the following:
Alan MoranAndrew BoltAnthony WattsBernard LewinChristopher EssexDonna LaframboiseGarth W. PaltridgeIan PlimerJ. Scott ArmstrongJames DelingpoleJennifer MarohasyJoanne NovaJohn AbbotKesten GreenMark SteynNigel LawsonPatrick J. MichaelsRichard S. LindzenRobert M. CarterRoss McKitrickRupert DarwallStewart FranksWillie SoonAccording to Editor Alan Moran in a post at Catallaxy Files blog on Climate Change: the facts 2014, Patrick Michaels “examines the contrast between the predictions of the IPCC and outcomes. And he details and demolishes the manifold excuses for this put forward by Obama adviser, formerly a Club of Rome alarmist, John Holdren, and other IPCC faithful.” [39]
July 7 - 9, 2014
Patrick Michaels was a speaker at the Heartland Institute’s Ninth International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC9) in Las Vegas, Nevada. [40]
DeSmogBlog has done in-depth research on the other speakers and sponsors from Heartland's ICCC9. [41]
August 22, 2013
Patrick Michaels co-published a report with Paul C. “Chip” Knappenberger entitled, “IPCC Chooses Option No. 3.“ [17]
“Option No. 3,” references an earlier report written by Michaels, in Cato At Liberty, stating one of the IPCC's options is to mislead policy makers and the rest of the word with AR5. This was “the door” they were betting on. [17]
January 17, 2013
Patrick Michaels published a piece in The Washington Times which asserts that “there has been no significant warming trend since the fall of 1996,” and that “it's a pretty good bet that we are going to go nearly a quarter of a century without warming.” [42]
Michaels' article was published at the same time as a Washington Times editorial which similarly asserts that “There has been no appreciable warming since 1998.” The editorial cites a recent paper by renowned climate scientist James E. Hansen, producing just one statement from Hansen's report as evidence: “The 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.” [43]
Based on this statement, the paper claims that “Mr. Hansen has just acknowledged more than the lack of warming. His words confirm nature, not mankind, played the decisive role in directing global temperatures over the past 10 years.” A number of other climate change skeptics have already pointed to this statement as an “admission” that they were right all along. [44]
This is just one statement from Hansen's actual report (PDF). If one were to read further, they would discover that the assertion of “no appreciable warming” is not necessarily supported (emphasis added): [45]
“These short-term global fluctuations are associated principally with natural oscillations of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures summarized in the Nino index in the lower part of the figure. 2012 is nominally the 9th warmest year, but it is indistinguishable in rank with several other years, as shown by the error estimate for comparing nearby years.  Note that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.
The long-term warming trend, including continual warming since the mid-1970s, has been conclusively associated with the predominant global climate forcing, human-made greenhouse gases, which began to grow substantially early in the 20th century. The approximate stand-still of global temperature during 1940-1975 is generally attributed to an approximate balance of aerosol cooling and greenhouse gas warming during a period of rapid growth of fossil fuel use with little control on particulate air pollution […]”
October, 2012
Authors of a 2009 US Federal Advisory Committee report Global Climate Change Impacts on the United States criticised the Cato Institute for producing a document using near identical cover images and layout to their own report in a “deceptive and misleading way.” In a statement, members of the federally-funded US Global Change Research Program, which produced the original report, said they were “dismayed” by the Cato Institute's effort: [46]
“The Cato report is in no way an addendum to our 2009 report.  It is not an update, explanation, or supplement by the authors of the original report.  Rather, it is a completely separate document lacking rigorous scientific analysis and review,” the original report authors write.“The authors of the Cato Institute report say that their report has more references than our report, but this is a meaningless distinction that does not reflect relative thoroughness. Our 2009 report was intentionally written to be accessible to a general audience and, consequently, cited only the most authoritative and comprehensive sources.  The Cato Institute report includes numerous citations of marginal relevance and excludes or misrepresents key publications that, in fact, contradict its interpretations.”Michaels was the editor-in-chief of the Cato Institute report, titled ADDENDUM: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. The addendum concluded climate change was a “minor overlay” on US society and that sea level rise would be “easily adapted to.” [47] 
The Cato report accused the authors of the original report of “systematic bias,” claiming they had made the climate change problem appear worse than it really was in order to sustain further research income.The Cato report is in no way an addendum to our 2009 report.  It is not an update, explanation, or supplement by the authors of the original report.  Rather, it is a completely separate document lacking rigorous scientific analysis and review.
In a report on The Daily Climate, John Abraham, an associate professor at the University of Saint Thomas in Minnesota, said of the Cato report: [48]
It's not an addendum. It's a counterfeit. It's a continued effort to kick the can down the road: A steady drip, drip, drip of fake reports by false scientists to create a false sense of debate.
May 21 - 23, 2012
Patrick Michaels was a speaker at the Heartland Institute's 7th International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC7). [49]
DeSmogBlog researched the co-sponsors behind Heartland's ICCC7 and found that they had collectively received over $67 million from ExxonMobil, the Koch Brothers and the conservative Scaife family foundations. [50]
At the time, Heartland's president Joe Bast revealed at the end of the conference that the Institute has no plans for future ICCCs. This could be in part due to the defections of corporate sponsors following Heartland's unsuccessful Unabomber billboard campaign and the unintended release of their confidential documents. Heartland's ICCCs, nevertheless, have continued.
June 30 - July 1, 2011
Michaels was a speaker at the Heartland Institute's Sixth International Conference on Climate Change. His speech was titled “Hotheads, Lukewarmers, History, and the Future.” Video below. [51], [52]


November, 2010
Patrick Michaels testified on Climate Change to the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment at the United States House of Representatives on November 17, 2010. Michaels listed four objectives for his testimony: [53]
“1) Demonstration that the rate greenhouse-related warming is clearly below the mean of climate forecasts from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that are based upon changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations that are closest to what is actually being observed,
2) demonstration that the Finding of Endangerment from greenhouse gases by the Environmental Protection Agency is based upon a very dubious and critical assumption,
3) demonstration that the definition of science as a public good induces certain biases that substantially devalue efforts to synthesize science, such as those undertaken by the IPCC and the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), and
4) demonstration that there is substantial discontent with governmental and intergovernmental syntheses of climate change and with policies passed by this House of Representatives.”
According to an analysis by climate scientist Benjamin Santer (PDF), Michaels' testimony that human GHG emissions caused less than half of the warming since 1950 was not credible. [54]
June 2, 2009
Speaker at the Heartland Institute's Third International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC3). [52]
The conference’s theme was “Climate Change: Scientific Debate and Economic Analysis” to reflect Heartland's belief that that “scientific debate is not over,” and it was designed to “call attention to widespread dissent to the asserted 'consensus' on various aspects of climate change and global warming.”
February 12, 2009
Patrick Michaels testified before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Environment during their hearing, “The Climate Crisis: National Security, Public Health, and Economic Threats.” [55]
According to the World Climate Report,  “Dr. MIchaels' general message was that the recent behavior of global temperatures is starting to push the (lower) bounds of climate models’ expectations of such behavior and that if the current slowdown in the rate of global warming continues for much longer, we must start to question the reliability of climate projections of the future state of our climate.” [55]
2009
Patrick Michaels Participated in the “Climate Chains” video along with fellow climate change skeptics Myron Ebell, Marlo Lewis, Chris Horner, and Todd Wynn. The video claims that “One of the greatest threats to freedom and prosperity in America is climate change legislation.” The video was organized by the Cascade Policy Institute. [56]
March 2 - 4, 2008
Patrick Michaels was a speaker at the Heartland Institute's First International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC1). [52], [57]
According to conference's invitation letter, “The purpose of the conference is to generate international media attention to the fact that many scientists believe forecasts of rapid warming and catastrophic events are not supported by sound science, and that expensive campaigns to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are not necessary or cost-effective”(emphasis added).
July, 2007
Patrick Michaels stated in an affidavit to a Vermont court that he is withdrawing from a case in which he was to be an expert witness to avoid having to disclose the funders of New Hope Environmental Services Inc., a company he solely owns. In the case, car makers were trying to block legislation limiting greenhouse gas emissions from the auto industry. [58]
In the affidavit, Michaels states his company is “a consultancy whose mission is to publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social persepctives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media.” Michaels stated: [58]
Public disclosure of a company's funding of New Hope and its employees has already caused considerable financial loss to New Hope. For example, in 2006 Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association, Inc., an electric utility, had requested that its support of $50,000 to New Hope be held confidential. After this support was inadvertently made public by another New Hope client, Tri-State informed me that it would no longer support New Hope because of adverse publicity. Also, in 2006, when a $100,000 contract between New Hope and electric utility Intermountain Rural Electric Association to synthesize and research new findings on global warming became public knowledge, a public campaign was initiated to change the composition of the board of directors so that there would be no additional funding. That campaign was successful, as Intermountain has not provided further funding. [58]
May 2, 2007
Patrick Michaels was an “Expert” on Appeared on Glenn Beck's special “Exposed: The Climate of Fear” (PDF). Beck promised the program would present the “other side of the climate debate that you don't hear anywhere.” Media Transparency recorded a list of falsehoods that were propagated by the program. [59]
March 8, 2007
Michaels appeared in The Great Global Warming Swindle along with other prominent climate change skeptics such as Tim Ball, Roy Spencer, Fred Singer and others.
The Great Global Warming Swindle received critical response from the scientific community, including a letter to ABC signed by thirty-seven British Scientists that claimed: [60]
“the misrepresentations of facts and views, both of which occur in your programme, are so serious that repeat broadcasts of the programme, without amendment, are not in the public interest. In view of the seriousness of climate change as an issue, it is crucial that public debate about it is balanced and well-informed.” 
An interview between ABC Australia’s Tony Jones and the film’s director Martin Durkin also brought the film’s validity and scientific accuracy into question. [61]
January 2007
A report by the Union of Concerned Scientists titled “Smoke, Mirrors and Hot Air: how ExxonMobil uses big tobacco to manufacture uncertainty on climate science,” found that in the preceding years, Patrick Michaels had been connected to at least 11 think-tanks and groups that had received money from ExxonMobil, many of which had gone on to sow doubt about human-induced global warming. [62]
July 17 - 19, 2006
Michaels attended the International Conference on Global Warming and the Next Ice Age which convenes every five years, with the most recent (PDF) being in 2006 (which included an extensive workshop on “climate prediction uncertainties”). [63]
Organizer Petr Chylek claims its purpose is to “promote open discussion” regarding climate issues. The conference suggests that global warming is a natural process and possibly even “a blessing.” [64]
Other climate skeptics who have attended the conference include Fred Singer, Chris De Freitas, Roger Pielke Sr., and Ross McKitrick.
July 17, 2006
DeSmogBlog and ABC News uncovered a leaked memo written by the president of the Intermountain Rural Electrical Association that linked to Patrick Michaels' consulting firm. [65]
In the memo, Stan Lewandowski, General Manager of IREA discusses a coordinated campaign by Koch Industries, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, Michaels, and other key groups to push back against “alarmism” on climate change: (emphasis added). [97]
“There are other groups that are interested in the issue of global warming and the concerns about its costs. Koch Industries is working with other large corporations, including AEP and the Southern Company, on possibly financing a film that would counteract An Inconvenient Truth. Koch has also decided to finance a coalition that very likely will be administered through the National Association of Manufacturers. The Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) has been running two ads in ten states that were financed by General Motors and the Ford Motor Company. CEI has a director on climate change and other employees working on the issue. We have met with Koch, CEI and Dr. Michaels, and they meet among themselves periodically to discuss their activities.”
The memo shows that New Hope Environmental Services received $100,000 from the IREA and “other electrical cooperatives” in the past. Controversy ensued, with the Virginia governor's office voicing its concern over Michaels use of the title of “state climatologist.” The following from the Richmond Times-Dispatch: [66]
“The governor’s office has sent a letter to the University of Virginia requesting that Patrick J. Michaels not use his title of state climatologist when conducting his private consulting business.
The state is concerned that the U.Va. professor’s controversial views on global warming could be mistaken for the state’s views…The governor’s office has repeatedly said that Michaels does not represent the state with his opinions about global warming.”
The Washington Post reports: [67]
“Michaels, a professor at the University of Virginia, also moonlights as one of the country's most aggressive and, in some circles, most reviled skeptics about the scientific consensus on climate change. It was that role that landed Michaels in the center of a small controversy in Richmond last month, when the administration of Gov. Timothy M. Kaine (D) asked him to be clear that he is not speaking for the state when discussing issues such as global warming.”
August 19, 2002
Patrick Michaels appeared on CNN's “Capital Gang,” arguing against the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and that global warming, if it is happening, could be beneficial. [68]
December 31, 1998
Patrick Michaels published a study entitled “Long Hot Year: Latest Science Debunks Global Warming Hysteria” as part of the Cato Institute's “Policy Analysis” series. [69]
July 15, 1997
Michaels was in a debate with Alan Robock on “the implications are of current climate science, and whether or not we need to act right now” (PDF) moderated by Ben Wattenberg of the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). [92], [93]
Michaels points satellite data, claiming that “ you see it's really not global warming, obviously […]  In fact, because there is a net statistically significant cooling of the whole record, it almost looks to me, as a scientist, like what's really going on here is the planet has remained in the slight cooling phase that it was in since World War II […]” [93]
In conclusion, Michaels finished with what he described as “a little one-minute diatribe on how federal climatologists don't really tell you the truth, and how your government is trying to mislead you.” [93]
Before Robock started on his portion of the debate, Wattenberg asks Michaels “I'm working under the general proposition, Pat, that your answer to the question, must we act now to avert a climate catastrophe is no.” Michaels confirms that his answer is “No.” [93]
May, 1995Patrick Michaels was one of several expert witnesses who testified on behalf of the Western Fuels Assocaition in St. Paul, Minnesota, to determine the environmental cost of coal burning by state power plants. [70]
Experts provided written testimony (document id 183819 and 183820 [“Dear Dr. Haar,” Doherty Rumble & Butler, March 15, 1995. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.], [“Curriculum Vita” (PDF), March 6, 1995. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.]) and verbal testimony, about which Ross Gelbspan'sThe Heat Is On (1995) is a key source. [70]
1994
Patrick Michaels helped The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition develop a set of “five guiding scientific principles” aimed at “offering federal and state government a yardstick against which to measure science in public policy.” Michaels is listed in a TASSC newsletter as a “member scientist” who had helped to draft the guidelines. [71]
TASSC was a front group created in 1993 by specialist crisis PR company APCO Worldwide and cigarette firm Philip Morris to fight tobacco legislation and discredit science linking smoking to health concerns.
1991
Patrick Michaels lended “expert” advice on the impacts of global warming to a public relations campaign conceived and funded by a coalition of coal companies and electric utilities.  The campaign, under the title “Information Council on the Environment,” aimed to “reposition global warming as theory (not fact).” [72]
Western Fuels Association and The Southern Company joined utilities association Edison Electric Institute to develop the campaign. [72]
Michaels was to be one of three members of a science advisory panel to lend credibility to the campaign and would make broadcast media appearances, do interviews and provide his signature to a letter sent to members of the public who had responded to the campaign.  [72]
AffiliationsThe George C Marshall Institute — “Expert” and “Visiting Scientist” (1996 - 2007). [1], [73]Cato Institute —  “Expert” and “Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies.” [2], [62]Heritage Foundation — Policy Expert and lecturer in 1992 and 2006. [62], [1]The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) — Past “Supporter” and “member scientist.” The TASSC is now defunct. [74], [75]Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) — Member, “Advisory Board.” [76]Greening Earth Society (GES) — Former “Scientific Advisor.” (GES is now defunct). [77]American Council on Science and Health — “Science Advisor.” [62]American Legislative Exchange Council — Report Author. [62]Consumer Alert — Advisory Council Member. [62]Tech Central Station — Science Roundtable Member. [62]Weidenbaum Center — Study Author. [62]CO2 Coalition — Member, Advisory Committee. [78]Galileo Movement — “Independent Adviser.” [79]Australian Taxpayer Alliance — Member, Academic Advisory Board. “Chief Scientific Adviser” to the affiliated website www.StopGillard'sCarbonTax.Com. [80]The European Science and Environmental Forum (ESEF - Now Defunct) — Former “Academic Member.” [11]PublicationsMichaels has published numerous research papers in peer-reviewed journals in the area of climate. Michaels has co-published many of his studies with well known climate skeptics. He was co-published numerous papers with Paul C. Knappenberger, Robert E. Davis, David Douglass, and S. Fred Singer.
Some of Michaels's papers were published in Climate Research journal around the time that climate skeptic Chris de Freitas was serving as one of the journal's editors. Half of the journal's editors resigned over poor quality control in mid-2003. [81]
Additionally, he has published some of his papers in the journal Energy and Environment, run by climate skeptic Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen. Christiansen has described (PDF) her journal as a place for skeptics to go when their papers are rejected by more mainstream science journals. [82]
For example:
Robert E. Davis, Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, Wendy M. Novicoff. “Seasonality of climate–human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change” (PDF), Climate Research, Vol. 26 (April 19, 2004).Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, Robert E. Davis. “Nature of observed temperature changes across the United States during the 20th century,” Climate Research, Vol. 17, No. 1 (July 4, 2001).Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger, and Robert E. Davis. “Sea-surface temperatures and tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin” (PDF), Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33 (May, 2006).Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger, Oliver W. Frauenfeld, Robert E. Davis. “Trends in precipitation on the wettest days of the year across the contiguous USA,” International Journal of Climatology, Volume 24, Issue 15 (December 2004), pages 1873–1882.David H. Douglass, Benjamin D. Pearson, S. Fred Singer, Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels. “Disparity of tropospheric and surface temperature trends: New evidence,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31 (2004).Patrick J. Michaels. “Evidence for 'publication Bias' Concerning Global Warming in Science and Nature,” Energy & Environment, Vol. 19, No. 2 (March, 2008).Sample Forbes Articles by Patrick Michaels
The Rise And Fall Of Earth Day, A Day No One Notices Anymore - Apr 22, 2014Obamacare For Lunch - Apr 11, 2014Global Warming Scientists Scrap Real Science, Bow Before President Obama Instead - Mar 27, 2014Will The Overselling Of Global Warming Lead To A New Scientific Dark Age? - Feb 03, 2014The Latest Epidemic To Infect The Scientific Community? Bad Science - Jan 09, 2014Global Warming Activism: Another Year, Another U.N. Flop - Nov 24, 2013Supertyphoon Haiyan Brings Lots Of Sound And Fury, Little Scientific Information - Nov 12, 2013Climate Change And Natural Gas Combine To Reduce U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Oct 29, 2013The Public Demonization Of Bisphenol-A: I Smell A Rat - Oct 10, 2013When It Comes To The Truth About Drug Addiction Scientists Are 'Breaking Bad' - Sep 20, 2013High School Science Discredits The New York Times' Latest Global Warming Whopper - Aug 29, 2013Why Everything You Know About Cancer And The Environment Is Wrong - Aug 13, 2013Reduce U.S. Carbon Emissions To Zero, And The Temperature Decrease By 2100 Will Be Undetectable - Jul 25, 2013The Carbon Tax: Washington's Latest Bad Idea, Oddly Shepherded By Republicans - Jul 05, 2013If Tesla Would Stop Selling Cars, We'd All Save Some Money - May 27, 2013A Dangerous Storm Brews As Washington Mixes Weather And Politics - Apr 28, 2013The Climate Horror Picture Show, Brought To You By Dodgy Science - Apr 18, 2013Countdown To Climate Change: It's Only 297 Years Away! - Apr 01, 2013The Anatomy Of D.C.'s Snowstorm Forecast Bust: When Good Science And Good People Go Wrong - Mar 10, 2013Asymetric Coverage Of Climate Science Fools Very Few, and It's Not the Koch Brothers' Fault - Mar 01, 2013Mother Nature To Keystone Pipeline Protesters: Chill Out! - Feb 15, 2013In D.C .,'Skip The Bag, Save The River' Is Making Us All Sick - Jan 23, 20132012 Was The Warmest Year In U.S. Temperature History – Barely - Jan 03, 2013The UN's Global Warming Forecasts Are Performing Very, Very Badly - Dec 18, 2012It's The Holiday Season, And Global Warming Hype Is Filling The Air - Nov 30, 2012For Al Gore, The Lack Of Any Increase In Hurricanes Related To Global Warming Is An Inconvenient Truth - Nov 04, 2012Why Do We Fear The Harmless While Irrationally Putting Ourselves In Harm's Way? - Oct 25, 2012Public Misperception Of Climate Change Is A Function Of Too Much Tv - Oct 16, 2012Notwithstanding GM's Protests, No One Wants The Chevy Volt - Sep 19, 2012Climate Change Alarmists Can't Seem To Buy A Major Hurricane - Aug 31, 2012President Obama Should Heed Mayor Daley's Words, And Stop Backing Losers - Aug 09, 2012A Hungry World Population? Oh Well, Let Them Eat Ethanol! - Jul 22, 2012Associated Press On Global Warming: No Fact Checks, Please! - Jul 08, 2012The Silver Lining In the SCOTUS Ruling? A Restrained EPA - Jun 29, 2012Correcting The EPA's Record On Global Warming And Climate Change - Jun 22, 2012Guided By Questionable Science, The Epa Seeks To “Necessarily Bankrupt” The People - Jun 17, 2012With Scientists Predicting The Worlds End (Again), The Un Rattles Its Cup - Jun 08, 2012With Alaska's Pebble Partnership, The Epa Waves The Precaution Flag - May 24, 2012Mitt Romney Completely Misreads The Hopes And Dreams Of Youth Voters - May 03, 2012Will Mitt Romney Recycle George W. Bush's Global Warming Fiasco? - Apr 26, 2012Celebrating Earth Day: Is Another Half Acid Apocalypse On The Way? - Apr 20, 2012The Dinosaur Media Prematurely Buries Climate Warming Skeptics – Again - Apr 08, 2012Can Republicans Play The Climate Alarmist Green Card? - Apr 02, 2012Climate Science From The Onion? - Mar 19, 2012Maybe It Should Be Called The Chevrolet 'Vote' - Mar 08, 2012The Environmental Protection Agency Vs. Hybrid Cars? - Mar 02, 2012Training Academic Foxes To Guard The Policy Henhouse - Feb 26, 2012An Unsettling Week For Global Warming's 'Settled Science' - Feb 10, 2012What Happens When You Rub Two Climatologists Together? - Feb 03, 2012Watts Up? Who Killed Climated Change? - Jan 27, 2012The Great Renewable Energy Scam: Is There A Change In The Wind? - Jan 19, 2012Is Global Warming A Bipolar Disorder? - Jan 05, 2012Energy And Fracking Misinformation From Our Friends At NASA - Dec 16, 2011Hey Newt: Get Off Of The Couch! - Dec 09, 2011Climategate II: An Open Letter To The Director Of The National Center For Atmospheric Research - Dec 02, 2011Throwing Cold Water On The U.N.'s Fat Tail - Nov 14, 2011Honey, They Shrunk The Climate Science! - Nov 07, 2011Keep This Bit Of News On The QT: The Earth Is Round!!! - Oct 28, 2011The Great Green Energy Crack-Up - Oct 21, 2011Debunking The Phony Beliefs Of The Modern Green Movement - Oct 13, 2011The EPA's Endangerment Finding Is Very Endangered - Sep 30, 2011The Lessons Of Solyndra: Green Swans, Opportunity Cost And Fast Neutrinos - Sep 27, 2011The EPA To The Greens: So Sue Us! - Sep 19, 2011Get Real: Hurricane Irene Should Be Renamed “Hurricane Hype” - Aug 26, 2011Chevy Volt: Flagship Model Of The Government-Industrial Complex - Aug 19, 2011Placing A Grade On Al Gore's “B.S.” Speech - Aug 12, 2011Global Warming Gomorrah In Hell: Welcome To Washington! - Aug 05, 2011Drowning Polar Bears And The Return Of Ursus Bogus - Jul 29, 2011When Mr. Heat Comes To Washington - Jul 21, 2011Why Hasn't The Earth Warmed In Nearly 15 Years? - Jul 15, 2011Big Science, Big Government - Jul 08, 2011Global Warming And Global Food Security - Jun 30, 2011Peer Review And 'Pal Review' In Climate Science - Jun 16, 2011Fewer French Fried: The Paradox Of Urban (And Global) Warming - Jun 10, 2011Bringing Some Empirical Sense To All The Hurricane Hype - Jun 03, 2011The Great Tornadoes Of 2011 Put In Perspective - May 26, 2011Sound Fury, And The Policy Of Climate Change - May 19, 2011The Environmental Protection Agency Comes-A-Copper - May 12, 2011China Talks A Green Line While The U.S. Walks One - May 06, 2011Global Warming Flatliners - Apr 28, 2011Voodoo Economics? How About Voodoo Climate Science? - Apr 21, 2011Draconian Energy Regulation Will Never Die - Apr 14, 2011Global Warming: Hotheads, Flatliners, And Lukewarmers Part One - Apr 07, 2011Chevrolet: Where Federal Subsidies Run Deep - Mar 31, 2011Resources...<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels">https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels</a>
alway fun<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;">Patrick Michaels (born 1950) is a climatologist at <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Mason University</a>, though he is currently listed as a "Distinguished Senior Fellow in Public Policy" at the university and a "Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies" at the <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cato Institute</a>. Michaels used to be the <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">token</a> <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">global warming</a> <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">denier</a> among real climatologists, though he seems to have been replaced by <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen" title="Richard Lindzen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Lindzen</a> in more recent years due to some of his notorious cases of screw-ups and outright fraud, such that he has lost any semblance of <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Deceit" title="Deceit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">plausible deniability</a> at this point.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Heat_sinks_and_flunking_math" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Heat sinks and flunking math</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#If_the_data_don.27t_comply.2C_you_must_falsify.21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2If the data don't comply, you must falsify!</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Admission_of_shilling" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Admission of shilling</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4External links</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5References</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;">Heat sinks and flunking math[<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Michaels&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Heat sinks and flunking math" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Michaels is a big proponent of the <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/PRATT" title="PRATT" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">repeatedly debunked</a> denialist talking point about "urban heat sinks." The "urban heat sinks" or "urban heat islands" hypothesis claims that warming is an artifact of weather stations placed too close to cities, which radiate excess heat and cause the stations to pick up misleadingly high temperatures. (<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Anthony_Watts" title="Anthony Watts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Anthony Watts</a> is famous for making similar claims and utterly failing to prove it.) In 2004, he published a paper with economist <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Ross_McKitrick" title="Ross McKitrick" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ross McKitrick</a> (previously known for his <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Cherry-picking" title="Cherry-picking" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cherry-picking</a> in an earlier paper with <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Steve_McIntyre" title="Steve McIntyre" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Steve McIntyre</a>) that found a correlation between warming and <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/GDP" title="GDP" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GDP</a> levels. Michaels trumpeted this as proof of the urban heat sink hypothesis, saying the paper had gone through "four years of one of the most rigorous <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">peer reviews</a> ever."<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>The paper was published in the journal Climate Research, which subsequently ran another paper showing that their models didn't reproduce the independent data.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> The reason for this goof? The input for latitude measurements in the program Michaels was using expected input in radians instead of degrees!<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>The urban heat island effect also fails to explain a number of other things, including the fact that rural weather stations show the same warming trend as urban ones,<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> tropospheric warming,<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> and <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ocean</a> warming.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a>Climate Research had already been at the center of a controversy in 2003 after the <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy" title="Soon and Baliunas controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Soon & Baliunas paper</a> was published, which put the review process of the <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">journal</a> into question. Apparently, the review process got even worse as Michaels' terrifically flawed work was published. Michaels and Climate Research were mentioned in the <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climategate" title="Climategate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climategate</a> e-mails, which were subsequently <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Quote_mine" title="Quote mine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">quote mined</a> by deniers to find "evidence" that climatologists were "redefining the peer-reviewed literature." One e-mail from Tom Wigley is a common quote mine used to imply that the scientists were attempting to get Michaels' doctorate revoked (emphasis added to distinguish quote mine):<table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none;"><tbody><tr><td><div style="padding: 4px 50px; position: relative;">“”You may be interesting [sic] in this snippet of information about Pat Michaels. Perhaps the University of Wisconsin ought to open up a public comment period to decide whether Pat Michaels, PhD needs re-assessing?Michaels' PhD was, I believe, supervised by Reid Bryson. It dealt with statistical (regression-based) modeling of crop-climate relationships. In his thesis, Michaels claims that his statistical model showed that weather/climate variations could explain 95% of the inter-annual variability in crop yields. Had this been correct, it would have been a remarkable results. Certainly, it was at odds with all previous studies of crop-climate relationships, which generally showed that weather/climate could only explain about 50% of inter-annual yield variability.How did result come about? The answer is simple. In Michaels' regressions he included a trend term. This was at the time a common way to account for the effects of changing technology on yield. It turns out that the trend term accounts for 90% of the variability, so that, in Michaels' regressions, weather/climate explains just 5 of the remaining 10%. In other words, Michaels' claim that weather/climate explains 95% of the variability is completely bogus.Apparently, none of Michaels' thesis examiners noticed this. We are left with wondering whether this was deliberate misrepresentation by Michaels, or whether it was simply ignorance.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;">If the data don't comply, you must falsify!</h2>Michaels, however, had earlier disabused those paying attention of any notion that he was merely <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">ignorant</a> or a humongous screw-up. In testimony before <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Congress" title="Congress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Congress</a> in 1998, Michaels presented a graph from a 1988 paper by <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">NASA</a>'s <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">James Hansen</a> predicting future carbon dioxide levels and temperature changes. Michaels attempted to use this to show that "<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">the models were broken</a>," but neglected to mention that the original graph included three scenarios and that he had just <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Deceit" title="Deceit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">erased</a> all the lines but the least accurate one. Stand back, this is science!Michaels' graph rose from the dead in 2006 after <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Al Gore's</a> <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">An Inconvenient Truth</a> was released. Soon after, <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Paul Krugman</a> wrote an op-ed in the New York Times noting that Michaels had just erased the lines and called it "fraud, pure and simple," which caused a bout of denier drama.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a> Willis Eschenbach of McIntyre's Climate Audit blog tried his hand at falsifying Hansen's graph. Tim Lambert of <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Scienceblogs" title="Scienceblogs" class="mw-redirect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Deltoid</a> took Michaels and Eschenbach to task, labeling it yet another case of "Climate Fraudit." A couple of years later, McIntyre himself defended Michaels' graph and Lambert debunked it yet again.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a>After this fiasco, Michaels claimed he had found "proof" that models were massively flawed by arguing that southern <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Greenland</a> had shown very little warming...except this was actually in line with predictions, which he conveniently "forgot" to mention.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>Of course, none of this has cost Michaels his job nor has it kept him from continuing to churn out this crap. Nor has it stopped the zombie lies about Hansen's "failed predictions" from becoming doctrine among deniers.<h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;">Admission of shilling[<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Michaels&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Admission of shilling" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In an interview with Fareed Zakaria on <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/CNN" title="CNN" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CNN</a>, Michaels admitted to being bankrolled by <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">oil</a> interests:<table class="cquote" style="background-color: transparent; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none;"><tbody><tr><td><div style="padding: 4px 50px; position: relative;">“”ZAKARIA: Let me ask you what people wonder about, advocates like you. They say —MICHAELS: I’m advocating for efficiency.ZAKARIA: Right. But people say that you’re advocating also for the current petroleum-based industry to stand pat, to stay as it is, and that a lot of your research is funded by these industries.MICHAELS: Oh, no, no. First of all, what I’m saying is —ZAKARIA: Well, is your research funded by these industries?MICHAELS: Not largely. The fact of the matter is —ZAKARIA: Can I ask you what percentage of your work is funded by the petroleum industry?MICHAELS: I don’t know. 40 percent? I don’t know.<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Michaels&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Deltoid category for Michaels</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/michaels-mischief-1-continued-warming-and-aerosols.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Michaels Mischief</a>, Skeptical Science</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/node/8382" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">The Cato Institute's Generous Funding of Patrick Michaels</a>, PRWatch</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2006/10/01/pat-michaels-virginia-state-climatologist-a-critical-perspective-on-the-issues/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Pat Michaels, Virginia “State Climatologist”? A critical perspective on the issues</a>, Climate Science Watch</li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3;">References[<a href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Michaels&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="references-small" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); column-count: 2;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/HoldrenRPCClimateComments.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Holdren on Michaels</a>, Stanford University</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideasinactiontv.com/tcs_daily/2004/08/settling-global-warming-science.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Settling Global Warming Science</a>, TCS Daily</li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/Benestad04_CR_c027p171.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">R.E. Benestad's reply in Climate Research</a></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crookedtimber.org/2004/08/25/mckitrick-mucks-it-up/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">McKitrick mucks it up</a>, Crooked Timber</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/urban-heat-island-effect-intermediate.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Does urban heat island effect exaggerate global warming trends?</a>, Skeptical Science</li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/satellite-measurements-warming-troposphere.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Satellite measurements of warming in the troposphere</a>, Skeptical Science</li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/cooling-oceans.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Cooling oceans?</a> Skeptical Science</li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/primary-sources/cru-e-mail-tom-wigley-revoking-catos-pat-michaels-phd" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Wigley's e-mail</a></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E4DE1F3EF93AA15756C0A9609C8B63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Swift Boating the Planet</a>, New York Times</li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> Deltoid: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2006/06/pat_michaels_fraud_pure_and_si.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Fraud, pure and simple</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2006/08/climate_fraudit.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Climate Fraudit</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2008/01/steve_mcintyre_defends_pat_mic.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Steve McIntyre defends Pat Michaels' fraud</a></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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Michaels received his PhD in ecological climatology from UW-Madison in 1979 after he earned his A.B. and S.M. degrees in biological sciences and plant ecology from the University of Chicago.  Since then he's served as a climatologist for the state of Virginia, a professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, and was a contributing author and reviewer of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).  He's currently a senior fellow at the CATO Institute and is a Distinguished Senior Fellow in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University.
According to his official biography, Michaels' writing has been published in the major scientific journals, including Climate Research, Climatic Change, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Climate, Nature, and Science, as well as in newspapers such as The Washington Post, Washington Times, Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Houston Chronicle, and Journal of Commerce.He was an author of the climate "paper of the year" awarded by the Association of American Geographers in 2004.
With all these bona fides, why would his peers contemplate waging a campaign to undermine his credibility?
Michaels is also a global warming skeptic.
Questioning Man Made Global Warming
In September, he wrote an article for National Review accusing Phil Jones, a climatologist at the United Kingdom's University of East Anglia, and his colleagues of losing or destroying surface temperature data they used to develop their theories.  You can read the whole article by clickinghere.
The Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia explained on their website "Since the 1980s, we have merged the data we have received into existing series or begun new ones, so it is impossible to say if all stations within a particular country or if all of an individual record should be freely available. Data storage availability in the 1980s meant that we were not able to keep the multiple sources for some sites, only the station series after adjustment for homogeneity issues. We, therefore, do not hold the original raw data but only the value-added (i.e. quality controlled and homogenized) data."
That data was incorporated into a report by the IPCC in the 1990s, which in turn was used by the EPA in drafting its "Endangerment Findings."  The endangerment findings determined that greenhouse gases are at unprecedented levels and are endangering the health and welfare of the public.
Now, Michaels and the Competitive Enterprise Institute are petitioning the EPA to reopen the public comment period, because the data supporting the findings are unreliable.
That allegation did not sit well with Phil Jones and his colleagues.
Ben Santer, a climatologist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, told  Jones in an email on October 9, 2009 "I'm really sorry that you have to go through all this stuff, Phil. Next time I see Pat Michaels at a scientific meeting, I'll be tempted to beat the crap out of him. Very tempted."
Long-running feud
In an interview with the MacIver Institute on Tuesday, Michaels said that was not the first time Santer had threatened him with bodily harm.  Michaels explained he and Santer have been critical of each other since the mid-1990s.
The feud dates back to at least 1996 when Santer, Jones and others published a paper in the academic journal Nature entitled "A Search For Human Influences On The Thermal Structure Of The Atmosphere."  The authors believed it was supposed to settle the global warming debate once and for all.
Michaels said "It was a blatant attempt to manipulate public opinion." He went on to write an article for Nature about the questionable scientific practices behind Santer and Jones' work.
It is clear Jones, Santer and others continue to hold a grudge against Michaels. Examples of that grudge can be found in emails leaked from the University of East Anglia.  On October 8, 2009, Santer emailed Rick Piltz, director of Climate Science Watch, questioning Michaels' own research methods.
Santer wrote "I'm sure that Pat Michaels does not have the primary source data used in his Ph.D. thesis. Perhaps one of us should request the datasets used in Michaels' Ph.D. work, and then ask the University of Wisconsin to withdraw Michaels' Ph.D. if he fails to produce every dataset and computer program used in the course of his thesis research."
Michaels told the MacIver Institute "The funny thing is I could reproduce every data set.  It's not that complicated."
As the recently-revealed email conversations continued, Santer defended the reliability of the IPCC study.
"The integrity and reliability of this story does NOT rest on a single observational dataset, as Michaels and the CEI incorrectly claim," Santer emailed.  "Michaels should and does know better. I can only conclude from his behavior - and from his participation in this legal action - that he is being intentionally dishonest."
Defending Jones, Santer wrote "The sad thing here is that Phil Jones is one of the true gentlemen of our field. I have known Phil for most of my scientific career. He is the antithesis of the secretive, 'data destroying' character the CEI and Michaels are trying to portray to the outside world."
The UW Connection
But the issue of Michaels' PhD from the University of Wisconsin continued to come up in subsequent emails. The next week, emails from other climatologists continued to speculate about the possibility of revoking Michaels' Doctorate.
One email asked "Perhaps the University of Wisconsin ought to open up a public comment period to decide whether Pat Michaels' PhD needs re-assessing?"
This week the MacIver Institute filed an open records request with the University of Wisconsin to see if any formal effort against Michaels was undertaken.In response, John C. Dowling UW's Senior University Legal Counsel, wrote, "According to the current Chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, there has been no correspondence concerning the Ph.D. granted to Patrick Michael in 1979."The intrigue continues, however. Just today it was reported that Phil Jones has stepped down from his position at the University of East Anglia, pending the results of an investigation of allegations, stemming from the leaked emails, that he overstated case for man-made global warming.
The MacIver Institute will continue to report on developments of this story, including other Wisconsin connections to the controversy.
By Bill Osmulski
MacIver News Service<h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Conservative Op-Eds Argued Wrongly That China and India Are Not Taking Action</h4>Right-wing op-eds falsely claimed that China, India and other developing nations were not committed to Paris goals.In a syndicated column that appeared in <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/05/23/trump-keep-climate-deal-promise/102017252/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">USA Today</a> and USA Today Network newspapers, Phil Kerpen, president of American Commitment and a former vice president of Americans for Prosperity, wrote, "The Paris treaty effectively bans coal-fired power plants in the United States—while China has 368 coal plants under construction and more than 800 in the planning stage. India's coal production under the deal is allowed to double by 2020—and they are likely to have emissions much higher than what they promised." And in his anti-Paris op-ed in the<a href="http://www.bostonherald.com/opinion/op_ed/2017/05/loris_prez_should_keep_vow_dump_paris_climate_pact" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;"> Boston Herald</a>, Loris wrote, "Developing nations want affordable, dependable energy to raise their standards of living, and countries such as India, China and Indonesia need to use a lot of coal to get there."China and India are on pace to meet their emissions targets ahead of schedule.The <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/05/15/trump-may-not-be-able-to-halt-the-worlds-climate-progress-thanks-to-china-and-india/?utm_term=.3521a1e85016" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Washington Post</a> recently reported that an analysis conducted by the Climate Action Tracker found that "China and India are on track to overachieve on their climate pledges" and quoted Bill Hare, CEO of the nonprofit science and policy institute Climate Analytics, saying that China and India "are going to slow the global growth in CO2 emissions significantly." A <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/22/opinion/paris-agreement-climate-china-india.html?ref=opinion" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">New York Times</a> editorial discussing the same analysis noted, "The shift from fossil fuels has ... been much faster and more pronounced than most experts expected. China has reduced coal use for three years in a row and recently scrapped plans to build more than 100 coal power plants. Indian officials have estimated that country might no longer need to build new coal plants beyond those that are already under construction."China and India are taking big steps to develop clean energy and scale back coal plants.In January of this year, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/world/asia/china-renewable-energy-investment.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">China</a> announced that it plans to spend more than $360 billion through 2020 on renewable energy sources and is <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/world/asia/china-coal-power-plants-pollution.html?r=0" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">canceling plans</a> to build more than 100 coal-fired power plants. Last year, India <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/21/india-renewable-energy-paris-climate-summit-target" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">announced</a> that it plans to get 57 percent of its total electricity capacity from renewable sources by 2027 and <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2016/11/17/india-will-launch-2-billion-renewable-energy-equity-fund/?utm_source=Inside+Climate+News&utm_campaign=87a9ee131a-Clean_Economy_Wire12_10_2014&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_29c928ffb5-87a9ee131a-327780849" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">launch a $2 billion equity fund</a> to boost renewable energy development. According to <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/report-climate-outlook-improves-as-fewer-coal-plants-built/3776691.html" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">The Associated Press</a>, a March report by the groups CoalSwarm, the Sierra Club and Greenpeace found that "construction starts for coal-fired plants in China and India were down by 62 percent in January from a year earlier while new facilities starting operation declined 29 percent." Additionally, a May 22 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/22/opinion/paris-agreement-climate-china-india.html?ref=opinion" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">New York Times</a> editorial noted, "Electric vehicle sales in China jumped 70 percent last year, thanks in large part to generous government incentives. India is much further behind in this area, but the country's minister of power said last month that all cars sold in the country should be electric by 2030.Developing nations pushed for a strong Paris agreement and were "crucial" to its adoption.Developing countries, including the least developed countries, were a key part of the "<a href="http://www.climatechangenews.com/2016/07/22/paris-high-ambition-coalition-to-tackle-unfinished-business/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">high ambition coalition</a>" that called for tougher climate change policies and "was widely credited with ensuring the Paris meeting ended in agreement," according to Climate Change News. Far from pushing for a weak agreement and wanting leeway to burn coal, the <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-the-paris-climate-agreement-means-for-vulnerable-nations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">developing nations</a> have been insistent on the need for fast action to deal with climate change, and have <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/16/climate/corporations-global-climate-talks-bonn-germany.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">sounded alarms</a> about the role of corporations and lobbyists in UN climate negotiations, fearing that they might weaken emissions goals.Developing nations committed to cutting emissions even though it's more difficult for them and they have less responsibility to do so.The world's developing countries have emitted <a href="https://wri.org/blog/2014/11/6-graphs-explain-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-emitters" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">only a small proportion</a> of the climate-warming gases that humans have sent into the atmosphere over the past 160 years, and so they're responsible for only a small proportion of the global warming the world is experiencing. And yet all but two of the world's developing nations signed onto the Paris agreement and submitted action plans, many of which experts said were <a href="http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/developing_countries_surprise_with_ambitious_climate_plans_for_paris/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">ambitious</a>. Yet developing countries face a tougher challenge reducing emissions than their wealthier counterparts do. As Robert Lempert of the RAND Corporation explained to the <a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/science/ct-paris-climate-agreement-trump-20170516-story.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Chicago Tribune</a>, "The richest countries have much of their economy in lower-emitting sectors. ... The U.S. can grow their economy and improve their quality of life without increasing energy use. But in developing countries, you can't do that."<h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Op-Eds Against the Agreement Pushed Climate Science Denial</h4>Anti-Paris agreement op-eds spread climate science misinformation.In an op-ed for <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/paris-agreement-should-be-nixed/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">The Washington Times</a>, Princeton emeritus physics professor and <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/climate-denier" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">climate denier</a> William Happer wrote that the U.S. "should withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement," claiming, "For too long, well-meaning policymakers have been misled by propaganda, masquerading as science, that more atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will harm the planet ... More CO2 is not a pollutant but is a benefit to humanity." In an op-ed in <a href="http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/energy-environment/335002-the-scientific-argument-against-the-paris-climate" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">The Hill</a>, Patrick J. Michaels of the Cato Institute attempted to undermine the scientific rationale behind the Paris agreement by disputing that human activity is the dominant cause of recent global warming.Slate's Phil Plait: Claiming CO2 is not a pollutant is "ridiculous" and "in-your-face wrong."In a Feb. 18 column, science journalist Phil Plait wrote in Slate that the frequently used climate-denier claim that <a href="https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2016/02/19/slate-destroys-climate-denier-myth-that-co2-is/208696" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">CO2 is not a pollutant</a> is "ridiculous," "in-your-face wrong" and a "typical denier distraction technique, trying to downplay or distract you from what's really going on." He summarized the overwhelming scientific consensus: While some carbon dioxide is necessary for plant life, burning fossil fuels and thus releasing excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is warming up the globe "too quickly for many living things to adapt." Carbon pollution is causing rapid changes to the Earth's climate, and, as Plait explained, that speed is the "danger; the rate at which we are heating the planet is unprecedented."Humans are "by far" the dominant cause of global warming.<a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14042016/climate-change-consensus-affirmed-global-warming-manmade-scientists" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">InsideClimate News</a> reported in 2016 that "ninety to 100 percent of climate scientists agree that the planet is warming due to human activity, according to a peer-reviewed paper published Wednesday in the journal Environmental Research Letters. The study, called a 'consensus on consensus' synthesizes findings from prior published research." In 2013, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines "extremely likely" as having 95 to 100 percent probability. A <a href="https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/migrate/uploads/1021climate_letter1.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">2009 letter</a> signed by 18 U.S. scientific organizations stated that "greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver" of climate change. In a 2012 literature review for the blog <a href="https://skepticalscience.com/a-comprehensive-review-of-the-causes-of-global-warming.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Skeptical Science</a>, Dana Nuccitelli laid out the overwhelming evidence that humans are the primary driver of climate change, writing, "A wide variety of statistical and physical approaches all arrived at the same conclusion: that humans are the dominant cause of the global warming over the past century, and particularly over the past 50 years. This robust scientific evidence is why there is a consensus among scientific experts that humans are the dominant cause of global warming."Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2017/06/01/EPA-reportedly-helped-Paris-agreement-opponents-place-op-eds-in-newspapers/216727" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Media Matters for America</a>.did damage control attacking von storch in WSJ after jrnl punk exposed:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Willie_Soon" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy
</a> 6 eds resigned, incl main2003 bogus paper allowed B43 pivot?
guardian.com/environment/2010/feb/02/hacked-climate-emails-flaws-peer-reviewguard uk no links
...The head of the CRU, Professor Phil Jones, as a top expert in his field, was regularly asked to review papers and he sometimes wrote critical reviews that may have had the effect of blackballing papers criticising his work.
Here is how it worked in one case.
A key component in the story of 20th-century warming is data from sparse weather stations in Siberia. This huge area appears to have seen exceptional warming of up to 2C in the past century. But in such a remote region, actual data is sparse. So how reliable is that data, and do scientists interpret it correctly?
In March 2004, Jones wrote to Professor Michael Mann, a leading climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University, saying that he had "recently rejected two papers [one for the Journal of Geophysical Research and one for Geophysical Research Letters] from people saying CRU has it wrong over Siberia. Went to town in both reviews, hopefully successfully. If either appears I will be very surprised".
He did not specify which papers he had reviewed, nor what his grounds for rejecting them were. But the Guardian has established that one was probably from Lars Kamel a Swedish astrophysicist formerly of the University of Uppsala. It is the only paper published on the topic in the journal that year.
Kamel analysed the temperature records from weather stations in part of southern Siberia, around Lake Baikal. He claimed to find much less warming than Jones, despite analysing much the same data.
Kamel told the Guardian: "Siberia is a test case, because it is supposed to be the land area with most warming in the 20th century." The finding sounded important, but his paper was rejected by Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) that year.Kamel was leaving academic science and never tried to publish it elsewhere. But the draft seen by the Guardian asserts that the difference between his findings on Siberia temperatures and that of Jones is "probably because the CRU compilation contains too little correction for urban warming." He does not, however, justify that conclusion with any data or analysis.Kamel says he no longer has a copy of the anonymous referee judgments on the paper, so we don't know why it was rejected. The paper could be criticised for being slight and for not revealing details about its methods of analysis. A reviewer such as Jones would certainly have been aware of Kamel's views about mainstream climate research, which he had called "pseudo-science". He would also have known that its publication in a journal like GRL would have attracted the attention of professional climate sceptics. Nonetheless, the paper raised important questions about the quality of CRU's Siberian data, and was a rare example of someone trying to replicate Jones's analysis. On those grounds alone, some would have recommended its publication.
Kamel's paper admits the discrepancy "does not necessarily mean the CRU surface record for the entire globe is in error". But it argues that the result suggests it "should be checked in more regions and even globally". Jones was not able to comment on the incident.
Critics of Jones such as the prominent sceptical Stephen McIntyre, who runs the Climate Audit blog have long accused him of preventing critical research from having an airing. McIntyre wrote on his web site in December: "CRU's policies of obstructing critical articles in the peer-reviewed literature and withholding data from critics have unfortunately placed issues into play that might otherwise have been settled long ago." He also says obstructing publication undermine claims that all is well in scientific peer review.Dr Myles Allen, a climate modeller at the University of Oxford and Professor Hans von Storch, a climate scientist at the Institute for Coastal Research, in Geesthacht, Germany signed a joint column in Nature when the email hacking story broke, in which they said that "no grounds have arisen to doubt the validity of the thermometer-based temperature record since it began in about 1850." But that argument is harder to make if such evidence, flawed though it might be, is actively being kept out of the journals.In another email exchange CRU scientist Dr Keith Briffa initiates what looks like an attempt to have a paper rejected. In June 2003, as an editor of an unnamed journal, Briffa emailed fellow tree-ring researcher Edward Cook, a researcher at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York, saying: "Confidentially I now need a hard and if required extensive case for rejecting [an unnamed paper] – to support Dave Stahle's and really as soon as you can. Please."Stahle is a tree-ring professor from the University of Arkansas. This request appears to subvert the convention that reviewers should be both independent and anonymous.
Cook replied later that day: "OK, today. Promise. Now, something to ask from you." The favour was to provide some data to help Cook review a paper that attacked his own tree-ring work. "If published as is, this paper could really do some damage," he said. "It won't be easy to dismiss out of hand as the math appears to be correct theoretically, but it suffers from the classic problem of pointing out theoretical deficiencies, without showing that their improved [inverse regression] method is actually better in a practical sense."
Briffa was unable to comment. Cook told the Guardian: "These emails are from a long time ago and the details are not terribly fresh in my mind."
Jones did not restrict his harsh criticism of papers he saw as flawed to pre-publication reviews. He and Mann also had a reputation for harsh criticism of journals that published papers they disagreed with.
In March 2003, Mann discussed encouraging colleagues to "no longer submit [papers] to, or cite papers in" Climate Research. He was angry about that journal's publication of a series of sceptical papers "that couldn't get published in a reputable journal", according to Mann. His anger at the journal had evidently been building for some time, but was focused in 2003 on a paper published in January that year and written by the Harvard astrophysicists Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas. The pair claimed that Mann's famous hockey stick graph of global temperatures over the past 1,000 years was wrong. After analysing 240 studies of past temperatures from tree rings and other sources, they said "the 20th century is neither the warmest century over the last 1,000 years, nor is it the most extreme". It could have been warmer a thousand years before, they suggested.Harvard press-released the paper under the headline "20th century climate not so hot", which would have pleased lobbyists against the climate change consensus from the American Petroleum Institute and George C Marshall Institute, both of which had helped pay for the research. Mann told me at the time the paper was "absurd, almost laughable". He said Soon and Baliunas made no attempt in the paper to show whether the warmth they found at different places and times round the world in past eras was contemporaneous in the way current global warming is. If they were just one-off scattered warm events they did not demonstrate any kind of warm era at all. Soon did not respond to Guardian requests to discuss the paper.The emails show Mann debating with others what he should do. In March 2003, he told Jones: "I believed our only choice was to ignore this paper. They've already achieved what they wanted – the claim of a peer-reviewed paper. There is nothing we can do about that now, but the last thing we want to do is bring attention to this paper"But Jones told Mann: "I think the sceptics will use this paper to their own ends and it will set [the field of paleoclimate research] back a number of years if it goes unchallenged." He was right. The Soon and Baliunas paper was later read into the Senate record and taken up by the Bush administration, which attempted to get it cited in a report from the Environmental Protection Agency against the wishes of the report's authors.Persuaded that the paper could not be ignored, Mann assembled a group of colleagues to review it. The group included regular CRU emailers Jones, Dr Keith Briffa, Dr Tom Wigley and Dr Kevin Trenberth. They sent their findings to the journal's editorial board, arguing that Soon's study was little more than anecdote. It had cherry-picked data showing warm periods in different places over several centuries and had provided no evidence that they demonstrated any overall warming of the kind seen in the 20th century.The emails reveal that when the journal failed to disown the paper, the scientists figured a "coup" had taken place, and that one editor in particular, a New Zealander called Chris de Freitas, was fast-tracking sceptical papers on to its pages. Mann saw an irony in what had happened. "This was the danger of always criticising the sceptics for not publishing in the peer-reviewed literature. Obviously, they found a solution to that – take over a journal." But Mann had a solution. "I think we have to stop considering Climate Research as a legitimate peer-reviewed journal. Perhaps we should encourage our colleagues … to no longer submit to, or cite papers in, this journal. We would also need to consider what we tell or request of our more reasonable colleagues who currently sit on the editorial board."Was this improper pressure? Bloggers responding to the leaking of these emails believe so. Mann denies wanting to "stifle legitimate sceptical views". He maintains that he merely wanted to uphold scientific standards. "Please understand the context of this," he told the Guardian after the scandal broke. "This was in response to a very specific, particularly egregious incident in which one editor of the journal was letting in a paper that clearly did not meet the standards of quality for the journal."Naturally de Freitas defends his actions during the incident. "I was never ever found to have done anything wrong, even in the rumpus over the Soon and Baliunas paper. All accusations against me were fully investigated and my performance as editor of this journal was shown to be flawless."But many on the 10-man editorial board agreed with Mann. There was a revolt. Their chief editor von Storch wrote an editorial saying the Soon paper shouldn't have appeared because of "severe methodological flaws". After their publisher Otto Kinne refused to publish the editorial, von Storch and four other board members resigned in protest. Subsequently Kinne himself admitted that publication had been an error and promised to strengthen the peer review process. Mann had won his argument.Sceptical climatologist and Cato Institute fellow Pat Michaels alleged in the Wall Street Journal in December last year that the resignations by von Storch and his colleagues were a counter-coup initiated by Mann and Jones. This is vehemently denied by von Storch. While one of the editors who resigned was a colleague of Jones at CRU, von Storch had a track record of independence. If anything, he was regarded as a moderate sceptic. Certainly, he had annoyed both mainstream climate scientists and sceptics.Also writing in the Wall Street Journal in December, he said: "I am in the pocket of neither Exxon nor Greenpeace, and for this I come under fire from both sides – the sceptics and alarmists – who have fiercely opposing views but are otherwise siblings in their methods and contempt ... I left the post [as chief editor of Climate Research] with no outside pressure, because of insufficient quality control on a bad paper – a sceptic's paper, at that."The bad blood over this paper lingered. A year later, in July 2004, Jones wrote an email to Mann about two papers recently published in Climate Research – the Soon and Baliunas paper and another he identified as by "MM". This was almost certainly a paper from the Canadian economist Ross McKitrick and Michaels that returned to an old sceptics' theme. It claimed to find urbanisation dominating global warming trends on land. Jones called it "garbage".
More damagingly, he added in an email to Mann with the subject line "HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL": "I can't see either of these papers being in the next IPCC report. Kevin [Trenberth] and I will keep them out somehow – even if we have to redefine what the peer review literature is!"
This has, rightly, become one of the most famous of the emails. And for once, it means what it seems to mean. Jones and Trenberth, of the National Centre for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, had recently become joint lead authors for a key chapter in the next IPCC assessment report, called AR4....... Cato Institute: Three Op-Eds. The Wall Street Journal published three climate- or energy-related op-eds by members of the Cato Institute, which was co-founded by the oil billionaire Koch brothers and has received millions of dollars from the Koch family. One of the op-eds falsely attacked attorneys general investigations of Exxon, and the other two op-eds promoted climate science denial. In an August 21 op-ed, Cato's Elizabeth Price Foley wrongly claimed that a group of attorneys general, who have committed to holding fossil fuel companies -- including Exxon -- accountable if they obfuscated climate change research in order to protect their financial interests, had pledged to take action against "climate wrongthink." A March 4, 2015, op-ed by Cato's Richard Lindzen questioned “the popular alarm over allegedly man-made global warming,” and criticized world leaders for “demonizing carbon dioxide.” And a January 24 piece by Cato's Patrick Michaels, titled “The Climate Snow Job,” was critiqued by Climate Feedback, an organization that publishes scientists’ assessments of the accuracy of news articles and opinion pieces. Ten scientists analyzed the op-ed and in their summary wrote, “Most of the article is devoted to casting doubt over the accuracy of the global temperature record. The author uses detailed technical descriptions to distract readers from the inaccuracies of the article, which involve cherry-picking data to support multiple unsubstantiated and discredited claims.” They rated its scientific credibility to be “low" to "very low.” [<em times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Media Matters, <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1bRDqPd8Dt4Z64s13dcdyGbcfVHROb4KrAX50qlM_ttQ/edit#gid=0" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border-bottom="border-bottom" solid="solid" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none;">Frequent Misinformers Spreadsheet</a>,<a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1PnvucqIBBWlAOgAyBP_G7QLLdtqOIoj0nlW12adewVk/edit#gid=0" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border-bottom="border-bottom" solid="solid" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none;">Climate Denial/Misinformation Spreadsheet</a>, <a href="http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/07/31/media-disclosure-guide-here-are-the-industry-fu/204708#cato" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border-bottom="border-bottom" solid="solid" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none;">7/31/15</a>; Florida International University Law School, accessed<a href="https://law.fiu.edu/faculty/directory/elizabeth-price-foley/" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border-bottom="border-bottom" solid="solid" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none;">9/1/16</a>; InsideClimate News, <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30032016/climate-change-fraud-investigation-exxon-eric-shneiderman-18-attorneys-general" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border-bottom="border-bottom" solid="solid" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none;">3/30/16</a>; Climate Feedback, <a href="http://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/patrick-michaels-the-climate-snow-job-the-wall-street-journal/" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" line-height="line-height" px="px" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border-bottom="border-bottom" solid="solid" rgb="rgb" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; outline: none;">1/24/16</a>] <a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-climate-snow-job-1453664732">http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-climate-snow-job-1453664732</a> East Coast blizzard howling, global temperatures peaking, the desert Southwest flooding, drought-stricken California drying up—surely there’s a common thread tying together this “extreme” weather. There is. But it has little to do with what recent headlines have been saying about the hottest year ever. It is called business as usual.
Surface temperatures are indeed increasing slightly: They’ve been going up, in fits and starts, for more than 150 years, or since a miserably cold and pestilential period known as the Little Ice Age. Before carbon dioxide from economic activity could have warmed us up, temperatures rose three-quarters of a degree Fahrenheit between 1910 and World War II. They then cooled down a bit, only to warm again from the mid-1970s to the late ’90s, about the same amount as earlier in the century.
Whether temperatures have warmed much since then depends on what you look at. Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s, and since then had plateaued in a “hiatus.” There are about 60 different explanations for this in the refereed literature.
That changed last summer, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) decided to overhaul its data, throwing out satellite-sensed sea-surface temperatures since the late 1970s and instead relying on, among other sources, readings taken from the cooling-water-intake tubes of oceangoing vessels. The scientific literature is replete with articles about the large measurement errors that accrue in this data owing to the fact that a ship’s infrastructure conducts heat, absorbs a tremendous amount of the sun’s energy, and vessels’ intake tubes are at different ocean depths. See, for instance, John J. Kennedy’s “A review of uncertainty in in situ measurements and data sets of sea surface temperature,” published Jan. 24, 2014, by the journal Reviews of Geophysics.
NOAA’s alteration of its measurement standard and other changes produced a result that could have been predicted: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain. Yet the increase remains far below what had been expected.It is nonetheless true that 2015 shows the highest average surface temperature in the 160-year global history since reliable records started being available, with or without the “hiatus.” But that is also not very surprising. Early in 2015, a massive El Niño broke out. These quasiperiodic reversals of Pacific trade winds and deep-ocean currents are well-documented but poorly understood. They suppress the normally massive upwelling of cold water off South America that spreads across the ocean (and is the reason that Lima may be the most pleasant equatorial city on the planet). The Pacific reversal releases massive amounts of heat, and therefore surface temperature spikes. El Niño years in a warm plateau usually set a global-temperature record. What happened this year also happened with the last big one, in 1998.
Global average surface temperature in 2015 popped up by a bit more than a quarter of a degree Fahrenheit compared with the previous year. In 1998 the temperature rose by slightly less than a quarter-degree from 1997.
When the Pacific circulation returns to its more customary mode, all that suppressed cold water will surge to the surface with a vengeance, and global temperatures will drop. Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year. Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.
There are two real concerns about warming, neither of which has anything to do with the El Niño-enhanced recent peak. How much more is the world likely to warm as civilization continues to exhale carbon dioxide, and does warming make the weather more “extreme,” which means more costly?
Instead of relying on debatable surface-temperature information, consider instead readings in the free atmosphere (technically, the lower troposphere) taken by two independent sensors: satellite sounders and weather balloons. As has been shown repeatedly by University of Alabama climate scientist John Christy, since late 1978 (when the satellite record begins), the rate of warming in the satellite-sensed data is barely a third of what it was supposed to have been, according to the large family of global climate models now in existence. Balloon data, averaged over the four extant data sets, shows the same.
It is therefore probably prudent to cut by 50% the modeled temperature forecasts for the rest of this century. Doing so would mean that the world—without any political effort at all—won’t warm by the dreaded 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 that the United Nations regards as the climate apocalypse.
The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis. As data from the world’s biggest reinsurer, Munich Re, and University of Colorado environmental-studies professor Roger Pielke Jr. have shown, weather-related losses haven’t increased at all over the past quarter-century. In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward. Last year showed the second-smallest weather-related loss of Global World Productivity, or GWP, in the entire record.
Without El Niño, temperatures in 2015 would have been typical of the post-1998 regime. And, even with El Niño, the effect those temperatures had on the global economy was de minimis.
Mr. Michaels, a climatologist, is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the Cato Institute.man bk: ch 14 climategate
11/17/09 bs pr sez "random" but targeted scrape of names: MM santer, briffa, trenberth, jones
1st www link by McI (hack from N Am via turkey), then saudi (used at Cop 15) --> USSR server
"smoking gun" ebell --> meme ~ AGWalo pat michaels "gate-keeper" final nail in coffin)
--> inhohe igloo bs, Palin WaPobamunism Mo d 253<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels</a>
 cv <a href="http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CV-Michaels-2009-2-12.pdf">http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CV-Michaels-2009-2-12.pdf</a> ---<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 28px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Center for the Study of Science</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Federal government involvement in science, particularly physical science, grew during World War II through the Office of Scientific Research and Development, created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941. After the war the OSRD ended; but Vannevar Bush, who oversaw the Manhattan Project and the OSRD, strongly advocated the creation of a peacetime agency to fund and promote scientific R&D, as well as to heavily involve the federal government in research and educational funding for science activities in academia. The result was the establishment of the National Science Foundation, which was soon followed by the development of scientific programs in several cabinet departments. The ensuing government presence creates the potential for politicization by officials with policy goals. The Center for the Study of Science,established by the Cato Institute in 2012, is dedicated to exploring this process. The Cato Institute, which does not accept government funding, has the independence to shine light on this little-studied issue.[odd so late?  not needed when b43 suppressed sci?]<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: outside; list-style-image: initial; line-height: 28px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><li style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: none;"><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">Affiliated "Scholars":</h3></li><li style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153);">Patrick J. Michaels</a>, Director, Center for the Study of Science</li><li style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/chip-knappenberger" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Paul C. "Chip" Knappenberger</a>, Assistant Director, Center for the Study of Science, hanger on (OMB?)</li><li style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/richard-lindzen" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153);">Richard</a><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/richard-lindzen" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153);"> Lindzen</a>, Distinguished Senior Fellow, best rep/cred for hack MIT</li><li style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/edward-calabrese" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Edward Calabrese</a>, Adjunct Scholar TP, primary</li><li style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/terence-kealey" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Terence Kealey</a>, Adjunct Scholar uk wacko 1 art'l</li></ul><h3 id="a16" style="outline-style: none; margin: 0px; line-height: 18px; background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The World Climate Report</h3><div style="">
</div>In Dr. Soon’s Curriculum Vitae in 2005 he lists himself as a “contributing editor” to the World Climate Report, a blog run by prominent climate change skeptic <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/patrick-michaels" class="zoom" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; background-image: url(" http="http" www.greenpeace.org="www.greenpeace.org" usa="usa" templates="Templates" planet3="Planet3" styles="Styles" images="images" bg-zoom.gif="bg-zoom.gif" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" background-position="background-position" px="px">Patrick Michaels</a>, published by his company, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=New_Hope_Environmental_Services#cite_note-PMAffadavit-1" class="zoom" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; background-image: url(" http="http" www.greenpeace.org="www.greenpeace.org" usa="usa" templates="Templates" planet3="Planet3" styles="Styles" images="images" bg-zoom.gif="bg-zoom.gif" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" background-position="background-position" px="px">New Hope Environmental Services</a>. New Hope has been described as a PR company and, while secretive about its funding sources, it received support from the “non-profit fuel supply co-operative” Western Fuels Association which supports coal mining in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and the railroads that transport that coal to the powerplants built to burn it. Between 1997 and 2000, Dr. Soon wrote 21 articles for the website, mostly co-written with Sallie Baliunas.  CRYPTO Western Fuels itself funded and controlled another similar group called the “Greening Earth Society” which ran a newsletter called “World Climate Alert.” According to his CV, Dr. Soon wrote at least three articles for World Climate Alert.=mojo climategate booster:Many of the think tanks that seized upon the scandal in weeks that followed were the same anti-regulation, oil-coated outlets that have been promoting climate change denial for years. The Cato Institute, which has received funding from oil giants Koch Industries and ExxonMobil, was a key player—Cato senior fellow Patrick Michaels got prime real estate in the <a target="blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/science/earth/21climate.html">New York Times</a> [96], on the opinion pages of the <a target="blank" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574598230426037244.html">Wall Street Journal</a> [106], and on <a target="blank" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffgj6Deni_Y">CNN's Anderson Cooper 360</a> [107]. In a January 2010 newsletter, <a target="blank" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v32n1/cpr32n1-4.html">Cato boasted</a> [108] that its senior fellow was at the "center of the 'Climategate' controversy."Sr Fellow at cato --- <h1 class="entry-title" style="">Pat Michaels, Virginia “State Climatologist”? A critical perspective on the issues</h1><div class="entry-meta" style="">Posted on <a href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2006/10/01/pat-michaels-virginia-state-climatologist-a-critical-perspective-on-the-issues/" title="6:18 pm" rel="bookmark">October 1, 2006</a> by <a class="url fn n" href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/author/joseph-a-davis/" title="View all posts by Joseph A. Davis">Joseph A. Davis</a></div>The Washington Post ran an article on September 17 on the controversy over whether Pat Michaels, long-time voice of the global warming denial machine, was entitled to continue to identify himself as the Virginia State Climatologist.  Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine doesn’t want Michaels appearing to speak for the state on global warming issues.  This guest contribution provides a critical perspective that goes beyond what was developed in the Post’s coverage—about the legitimacy of Michaels’ designation as state climatologist, about Michaels’ funding sources and think tank affiliation, and about the meaning of “climatologist” in the contemporary scientific context. An environmental journalist writes:GIVING PAT MICHAELS A PASS<div style="">
I’m a huge fan and loyal reader of the Washington Post‘s Juliet Eilperin and David Farenthold, and think the world of most of their work, but I was disappointed in their Sept. 17, 2006, <a title="story" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/16/AR2006091600644.html" class="external external_icon" target="blank">story</a> about Patrick J. Michaels, “Climatologist Draws Heat From Critics.” </div><div style="">
The problems began before the first sentence was over—as the story began by identifying Michaels as “the Virginia state climatologist”—when one of the big disputes discussed in the story was whether Michaels can, in fact, legitimately be called the Virginia state climatologist. By stating that without any...<a href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2006/10/01/pat-michaels-virginia-state-climatologist-a-critical-perspective-on-the-issues/">http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2006/10/01/pat-michaels-virginia-state-climatologist-a-critical-perspective-on-the-issues/</a> ----carbon war; paid by Cyprus Minerals, largest funder of wise use <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="">Patrick J. Michaels</h1><div id="bodyContent" style=""><h3 id="siteSub">From SourceWatch</h3><div id="contentSub"><div style="width: 100px; margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; float: right;"><a class="image" title="Source: Cato Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=File:Michaels.jpg"><img src="file:///C:/DATAleno/BRAINS/webodec3_brain/Files/40323D12-BA76-0CB1-9F49-E02468903DE7/PersonalBrain%20Notes/downloadedimagefile2.jpg" alt="Source: Cato Institute" border="0" height="151" width="100" /></a></div>Patrick J. Michaels (±1942- ), also known as Pat Michaels, is a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming skeptic" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_warming_skeptic">global warming skeptic</a> who argues that <a title="Global warming" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_warming">global warming</a> models are fatally flawed and, in any event, we should take no action because new technologies will soon replace those that emit greenhouse gases.Michaels is Editor of the <a title="World Climate Report" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=World_Climate_Report">World Climate Report</a>, a blog published by <a title="New Hope Environmental Services" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=New_Hope_Environmental_Services">New Hope Environmental Services</a>, "an advocacy science consulting firm"<a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-0">[1]</a> he founded and runs. In an affidavit in a Vermont court case, Michaels described the "mission" of the firm as being to "publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social perspectives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media. This entails both response research and public commentary."<a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-PMAffadavit-1">[2]</a> In effect, New Hope Environmental Services is a PR firm.[//STATS?]Michaels' firm does not disclose who its clients are, but leaked documents have revealed that several were power utilities which operate coal power stations. On a 2007 academic CV, Michaels disclosed that prior to creating his firm he had received funding from the <a title="Edison Electric Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edison_Electric_Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a> and the <a title="Western Fuels Association" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Western_Fuels_Association">Western Fuels Association</a>. He has also been a frequent speaker with leading coal and energy companies as well as coal and other industry lobby groups.<a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-2">[3]</a>Michaels is also associated with a number of <a title="Think tanks" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Think_tanks">think tanks</a> and advocacy groups which dispute global warming. He is a Visiting Scientist with the <a title="George C. Marshall Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C.Marshall_Institute">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, a Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies with the <a title="Cato Institute" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute">Cato Institute</a><a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-3">[4]</a> and a member of the Advisory Board of the <a title="Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a>.<a title="" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-CFACT-4">[5]</a></div>...---update:Patrick J. Michaels (±1942- ), also known as Pat Michaels, is a largely oil-funded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_warming_skeptic" title="Global warming skeptic" class="mw-redirect">global warming skeptic</a> who argues that <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> models are fatally flawed and, in any event, we should take no action because new technologies will soon replace those that emit greenhouse gases. Patrick Michaels of the University of Virginia served as an Expert Reviewer to Working Group I of the Fourth Assessment Report of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=IPCC" title="IPCC" class="mw-redirect">IPCC</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a>.<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2>[<a class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#New_Hope_Environmental_Services.22advocacy_science.22_consulting_firm">1 New Hope Environmental Services "advocacy science" consulting firm</a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Mission">1.1 Mission</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Clientele">1.2 Clientele</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Other_affiliations">2 Other affiliations</a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Marshall.2C_Cato.2C_CFACT.2C_ACSH">2.1 Marshall, Cato, CFACT, ACSH</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Past_affiliations-TASSC.2C_Greening_Earth_Society">2.2 Past affiliations - TASSC, Greening Earth Society</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#List_by_date">2.3 List by date</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Education">3 Education</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#History-from_the_Halls_of_Academe_To_the_Speaker_Circuit">4 History - from the Halls of Academe To the Speaker Circuit</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Funding-including_varying.28year.26content.29_statements_by_Michaels_re_source_of_funding">5 Funding - including varying (year&content) statements by Michaels re source of funding</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Climate_change-playing_down_importance">6 Climate change - playing down importance</a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Climate_views">6.1 Climate views</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Controversies_and_criticisms">6.2 Controversies and criticisms</a><ul><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In_2011:Rep.Waxman_calls_for_inquiry.2C_re_possibly_misleading_testimony_on_industry_ties.2C_funding_sources">6.2.1 In 2011: Rep. Waxman calls for inquiry, re possibly misleading testimony on industry ties, funding sources</a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In_2010:Assertion_in_climate_testimony_that_humans_caused_less_than_half_1950.2B_warming.28termed.22not_credible.22.29">6.2.2 In 2010: Assertion in climate testimony that humans caused less than half 1950+ warming (termed "not credible")</a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In2009:Cato_Institute.22just_not_true.22_ad.2C_and_WSJ_Op-ed_misdirection_re_von_Storch_resignation">6.2.3 In2009: Cato Institute "just not true" ad, and WSJ Op-ed misdirection re von Storch resignation</a><ul><li class="toclevel-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Dec.2009:Wall_Street_Journal.22tip_of_iceberg.22_op-ed_misrepresentation.2C_and_silence">6.2.3.1 Dec. 2009: Wall Street Journal "tip of iceberg" op-ed misrepresentation, and silence</a></li><li class="toclevel-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#March_2009:Cato_Institute_ad.2C_and_RealClimate_rebuttal">6.2.3.2 March 2009: Cato Institute ad, and RealClimate rebuttal</a><ul><li class="toclevel-5"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Followup_to_Cato_ad:RealClimate_rebuttal_of_Feb_2009_Michaels_testimony">6.2.3.2.1 Followup to Cato ad: RealClimate rebuttal of Feb 2009 Michaels testimony</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In_2006-7:Use_of.22State_Climatologist_for_Virginia.22_Title">6.2.4 In 2006-7: Use of "State Climatologist for Virginia" Title</a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In_2004:Michaels-McKitrick_Climate_paper_basic_error">6.2.5 In 2004: Michaels-McKitrick Climate paper basic error</a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In_2000-2003:Gleick_and_suit_threat.2C_Holdren.2C_Social_Epistemology.2C_IPCC.27s_Wigley">6.2.6 In 2000-2003: Gleick and suit threat, Holdren, Social Epistemology, IPCC's Wigley</a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#In_1995:Industry_scientists:Michaels.27_temperature_record_objections_not_cogent">6.2.7 In 1995: Industry scientists: Michaels' temperature record objections not cogent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Books_by_Michaels">7 Books by Michaels</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Articles_and_resources">8 Articles and resources</a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#References">8.1 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Related_SourceWatch_articles">8.2 Related SourceWatch articles</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#External_resources">8.3 External resources</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#External_articles">8.4 External articles</a><ul><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#By_Michaels">8.4.1 By Michaels</a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#General_articles">8.4.2 General articles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2>New Hope Environmental Services "advocacy science" consulting firm</h2>Michaels is Editor of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=World_Climate_Report" title="World Climate Report">World Climate Report</a>, a blog published by the "advocacy science consulting firm" <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=New_Hope_Environmental_Services" title="New Hope Environmental Services">New Hope Environmental Services</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a>, which he founded and runs.<a name="Mission" id="Mission"> </a><h3>Mission</h3>In an affidavit in a Vermont court case, Michaels described his firm's "mission" as being to "publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social perspectives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media. This entails both response research and public commentary."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-PMAffadavit-2" title="">[3]</a> In effect, New Hope Environmental Services is a PR firm.<a name="Clientele" id="Clientele"> </a><h3>Clientele</h3>Michaels' firm does not disclose who its clients are, but leaked documents have revealed that several were power utilities which operate coal power stations. On a 2007 academic CV, Michaels disclosed that prior to creating his firm he had received funding from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">Edison Electric Institute</a> and the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Western_Fuels_Association" title="Western Fuels Association">Western Fuels Association</a>. He has also been a frequent speaker with leading coal and energy companies as well as coal and other industry lobby groups.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a>(For more information, see <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-career_history" title="Patrick J. Michaels - career history">Patrick J. Michaels - career history</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-funding" title="Patrick J. Michaels - funding">Patrick J. Michaels - funding</a>.)<a name="Other_affiliations" id="Other_affiliations"> </a><h2>Other affiliations</h2><h3>Marshall, Cato, CFACT, ACSH</h3>Michaels is also associated with a number of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Think_tanks" title="Think tanks">think tanks</a> and advocacy groups which dispute global warming. He is a Visiting Scientist with the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, a Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies with the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a> and a member of the Advisory Board of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow" title="Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a>.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-CFACT-5" title="">[6]</a>Michaels is also a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ACSH_Scientific_advisors" title="ACSH Scientific advisors">Scientific Advisor</a> of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Science_and_Health" title="American Council on Science and Health">American Council on Science and Health</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-6" title="">[7]</a>.<a name="Past_affiliations-TASSC.2C_Greening_Earth_Society" id="Past_affiliations-TASSC.2C_Greening_Earth_Society"> </a><h3>Past affiliations - TASSC, Greening Earth Society</h3>Michaels was a "supporter" of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition" title="The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a>, an industry-funded PR <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Front_group" title="Front group" class="mw-redirect">front group</a> created in 1993 and run by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=APCO_Worldwide" title="APCO Worldwide">APCO Worldwide</a> public relations firm. It worked to hang the label of "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Junk_science" title="Junk science">junk science</a>" on environmentalists. The group is now defunct.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-TASSC_Supporters-7" title="">[8]</a>Between December 1998<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-8" title="">[9]</a> and September 2001<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-9" title="">[10]</a> he was listed as a "Scientific Advisor" to the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Greening_Earth_Society" title="Greening Earth Society">Greening Earth Society</a>, a group that was funded and controlled by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Western_Fuels_Association" title="Western Fuels Association">Western Fuels Association</a> (WFA), an association of coal-burning utility companies. WFA founded the group in 1997, according to an archived version of its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-10" title="">[11]</a><a name="List_by_date" id="List_by_date"> </a><h3>List by date</h3>Much of this duplicates the text above.<ul><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Coalition" title="The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition</a>, "supporter", 1993;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-TASSC_Supporters-7" title="">[8]</a></li><li>Lecturer, European Academy of Ecology, Germany, 1993.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-APCO-11" title="">[12]</a></li><li>Lecturer, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=World_Coal_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Coal Conference (page does not exist)">World Coal Conference</a>, New Orleans, LA, 1993.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-APCO-11" title="">[12]</a></li><li>Advisory Board, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow" title="Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-CFACT-5" title="">[6]</a></li><li>Center for Climatic Research, ?? University of Wisconsin, 1976-1979; Research and Project Assistant;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=University_of_Virginia_Department_of_Environmental_Sciences" title="University of Virginia Department of Environmental Sciences">University of Virginia Department of Environmental Sciences</a> (Assistant Professor, l980-1986; Associate Professor, 1986-1995; Professor, 1996 -2007);<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a></li><li>Virginia State Climatologist 1980- 2007;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a></li><li>Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, 1992 - Present<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a></li><li>Visiting Scientist, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Marshall_Institute" title="Marshall Institute" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Institute</a>, 1996 - 2007 (at least).<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a></li></ul><a name="Education" id="Education"> </a><h2>Education</h2>Michaels completed a bachelors degree in biological sciences degree in 1971 and a Masters degree in Biology in 1975 at the University of Chicago. He completed a Ph.D. in Ecological Climatology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1979 on the topic of "Atmospheric Anomalies and Crop Yields in North America".<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-SEJ-3" title="">[4]</a><a name="History-from_the_Halls_of_Academe_To_the_Speaker_Circuit" id="History-from_the_Halls_of_Academe_To_the_Speaker_Circuit"> </a><h2>History - from the Halls of Academe To the Speaker Circuit</h2>See <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-career_history" title="Patrick J. Michaels - career history">Patrick J. Michaels - career history</a>.<a name="Funding-including_varying.28year.26content.29_statements_by_Michaels_re_source_of_funding" id="Funding-including_varying.28year.26content.29_statements_by_Michaels_re_source_of_funding"> </a><h2>Funding - including varying (year&content) statements by Michaels re source of funding</h2>See <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-funding" title="Patrick J. Michaels - funding" style="">Patrick J. Michaels - funding</a> - includes "expert witness" stint for 2007 Vermont auto industry lawsuit<a name="Climate_change-playing_down_importance" id="Climate_change-playing_down_importance"> </a><h2>Climate change - playing down importance</h2><h3>Climate views</h3>In August 2004, Michaels told Business Week "We know how much the planet is going to warm. It is a small amount, and we can't do anything about it."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-12" title="">[13]</a>In a July 2010 Wall Street Journal article entitled "The Climategate Whitewash Continues" Pat Michaels said "It's impossible to find anything wrong if you really aren't looking."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-13" title="">[14]</a>In a 1992 opinion column, Michaels wrote of government agencies that they "exist to perpetuate themselves, and to expand their territory and their political influence. Government agencies behave just like people. The agency goals cannot be accomplished without the largesse of Congress. Thus begins a peculiar back-scratching in which political patrons define a particular problem as The Most Important in History. The agency responds by testifying that the end is near unless a few billion is spent pronto-and then it probably will be even worse than we thought. Such issues and constituencies include the ozone "hole" (NASA, NSF, EPA); global warming (NASA, NSF, DOE, EPA); sexually transmitted diseases (National Institutes of Health, NSF); or roughage shortages (NIH, U.S. Department of Agriculture). The list is as infinite as is the predilection for Homo sapiens to have nightmares."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-14" title="">[15]</a><a name="Controversies_and_criticisms" id="Controversies_and_criticisms"> </a><h3>Controversies and criticisms</h3><h4>In 2011: Rep. Waxman calls for inquiry, re possibly misleading testimony on industry ties, funding sources</h4>On January 25, 2011, Rep. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Henry_Waxman" title="Henry Waxman" class="mw-redirect">Henry Waxman</a> sent a letter to Rep. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Fred Upton</a> seeking to call in Michaels for questioning about his science and funding. In the letter, Waxman wrote that Pat Michaels testified before the Energy and Commerce Committee in February 2009 "that widely accepted scientific data had 'overestimated' global warming and that regulation enacted in response to that data could have 'a very counterproductive effect.' Among the scientists who testified before this Committee on the issue of climate change in the last Congress, Pat Michaels was the only one to dismiss the need to act on climate change ... Dr. Michaels may have provided misleading information about the sources of his funding and his ties to industries opposed to regulation of emissions responsible for climate change."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-kd-15" title="">[16]</a><h4>In 2010: Assertion in climate testimony that humans caused less than half 1950+ warming (termed "not credible")</h4>Climate scientist Benjamin Santer noted that in Michaels' Congressional testimony of November 2010, Michaels had claimed human GHG emissions caused less then half the warming (since 1950), but that this assertion was not credible:<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-16" title="">[17]</a><blockquote>"...Professor Patrick Michaels (in Congressional testimony of November 2010) claimed that human-caused changes in greenhouse gases explain less than half of the post-1950 warming. This claim [by Michaels] is not credible. Michaels arrives at this incorrect result by completely ignoring the cooling effects of sulfate aerosol particles."</blockquote><a name="In2009:Cato_Institute.22just_not_true.22_ad.2C_and_WSJ_Op-ed_misdirection_re_von_Storch_resignation" id="In2009:Cato_Institute.22just_not_true.22_ad.2C_and_WSJ_Op-ed_misdirection_re_von_Storch_resignation"> </a><h4>In 2009: Cato Institute "just not true" ad, and WSJ Op-ed misdirection re von Storch resignation</h4><h5>Dec. 2009: Wall Street Journal "tip of iceberg" op-ed misrepresentation, and silence</h5>An op-ed<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-17" title="">[18]</a> by Michaels in the December 17, 2009 Wall Street Journal argued that the climate science consensus was illusory. Among his arguments was a selective recounting of the Climate Research episode<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-stormytimes-18" title="">[19]</a>: Michaels noted that the "skeptic" paper appeared, whereupon "Messrs. Jones and Mann" threatened to boycott the journal; then half its editorial board resigned. This recounting is chronologically accurate but causally misleading; the resignations had been "because of insufficient quality control on a bad paper — a skeptic’s paper, at that."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-19" title="">[20]</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-stormytimes-18" title="">[19]</a>Multiple emails sent to Michaels asking whether he'd been aware this was why the editors resigned, before he composed the Wall Street Journal op-ed, did not elicit a response.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-20" title="">[21]</a><a name="March_2009:Cato_Institute_ad.2C_and_RealClimate_rebuttal" id="March_2009:Cato_Institute_ad.2C_and_RealClimate_rebuttal"> </a><h5>March 2009: Cato Institute ad, and RealClimate rebuttal</h5>In March 2009, Michaels, under the auspices of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, circulated a draft advertisement that stated: "Surface temperature changes over the past century have been episodic and modest and there has been no net global warming for over a decade now ... The computer models forecasting rapid temperature change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behavior."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-21" title="">[22]</a> The ad statements were analyzed and criticized in detail at the RealClimate blog.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-22" title="">[23]</a><a name="Followup_to_Cato_ad:RealClimate_rebuttal_of_Feb_2009_Michaels_testimony" id="Followup_to_Cato_ad:RealClimate_rebuttal_of_Feb_2009_Michaels_testimony"> </a><h6>Followup to Cato ad: RealClimate rebuttal of Feb 2009 Michaels testimony</h6>In support of the statements, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chip_Knappenberger" title="Chip Knappenberger">Chip Knappenberger</a> of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=World_Climate_Report" title="World Climate Report">World Climate Report</a> referred readers to recent (Feb.) testimony by Michaels to the House of Representatives Energy and Environment sub-committee<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-23" title="">[24]</a> That too was responded to at length by Gavin Schmidt of RealClimate.org.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-24" title="">[25]</a><a name="In_2006-7:Use_of.22State_Climatologist_for_Virginia.22_Title" id="In_2006-7:Use_of.22State_Climatologist_for_Virginia.22_Title"> </a><h4>In 2006-7: Use of "State Climatologist for Virginia" Title</h4>While Michaels referred to himself as the State Climatologist for Virginia, in August 2006 the Governor, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Timothy_M.Kaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy M. Kaine (page does not exist)">Timothy M. Kaine</a>, clarified that the appointment was one by the University for its accredited climatology office but not an appointment by the state administration. "The Code of Virginia does not provide for the governor to appoint a state climatologist. My office has been unable to find evidence that any governor since 1980 has made such an appointment," Hanley wrote. While Michaels had been appointed to the position in 1980 by the then Governor John Dalton, in 2000 the American Association of State Climatologists assumed responsibility for certifying climatologists. "Therefore, it is the prerogative of the university to make that appointment," Hanley wrote.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-25" title="">[26]</a>When Michaels left the university in September 2007, UVa professor James N. Galloway explained that Michaels' "utility industry funding, private research and controversial views on global warming made him a lightning rod on climate change issues," and "left the [climatologist's] office too politicized."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-26" title="">[27]</a><a name="In_2004:Michaels-McKitrick_Climate_paper_basic_error" id="In_2004:Michaels-McKitrick_Climate_paper_basic_error"> </a><h4>In 2004: Michaels-McKitrick Climate paper basic error</h4>Michaels "co-operated with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ross_McKitrick" title="Ross McKitrick">Ross McKitrick</a> on another paper that managed to "prove" that global warming wasn't happening by mixing up degrees with radians."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-27" title="">[28]</a><a name="In_2000-2003:Gleick_and_suit_threat.2C_Holdren.2C_Social_Epistemology.2C_IPCC.27s_Wigley" id="In_2000-2003:Gleick_and_suit_threat.2C_Holdren.2C_Social_Epistemology.2C_IPCC.27s_Wigley"> </a><h4>In 2000-2003: Gleick and suit threat, Holdren, Social Epistemology, IPCC's Wigley</h4>In 2003 <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Peter_Gleick" title="Peter Gleick" class="mw-redirect">Peter Gleick</a>, a conservation analyst and president of the Oakland-based <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Pacific_Institute_for_Studies_in_Development,Environment_and_Security" title="Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security" class="mw-redirect">Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security</a>, said "Pat Michaels is not one of the nation's leading researchers on climate change. On the contrary, he is one of a very small minority of nay-sayers who continue to dispute the facts and science about climate change in the face of compelling, overwhelming, and growing evidence."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-28" title="">[29]</a> Michaels responded by threatening to sue. (Michaels had gotten another scientist to withdraw similar remarks.)<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-29" title="">[30]</a> But Gleick stood by his statement and others have joined him.Dr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a> of Harvard University told the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S.Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee (page does not exist)">U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee</a>, "Michaels is another of the handful of US climate-change contrarians... He has published little if anything of distinction in the professional literature, being noted rather for his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations of virtually every finding of mainstream climate science."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-30" title="">[31]</a>An article in the journal Social Epistemology concluded "...the observations upon which PM [Patrick Michaels] draws his case are not good enough to bear the weight of the argument he wishes to make."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-31" title="">[32]</a>Dr. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tom_Wigley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Wigley (page does not exist)">Tom Wigley</a>, lead author of parts of the report of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> and one of the world's leading climate scientists, was quoted by Ross Gelbspan as stating that "Michaels' statements on [the subject of computer models] are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation… Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-32" title="">[33]</a><a name="In_1995:Industry_scientists:Michaels.27_temperature_record_objections_not_cogent" id="In_1995:Industry_scientists:Michaels.27_temperature_record_objections_not_cogent"> </a><h4>In 1995: Industry scientists: Michaels' temperature record objections not cogent</h4>An internal 1995 document (pdf) of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a> (GCC) -- an industry front group that disbanded in 2002 -- reviewed some of the "contrarian" arguments used by Patrick Michaels and other climate change skeptics.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-33" title="">[34]</a> The document concluded that:<dl><dd>...contrarian theories raise interesting questions about our total understanding of climate processes, but they do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change. ... Michaels' questions about the temperature record are not convincing arguments against any conclusion that we are currently experiencing warming as the result of greenhouse gas emissions. ...[And] anomalies in the temperature record [do not] offer a mechanism for off-setting the much larger rise in temperature which might occur if the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases were to double or quadruple."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_note-34" title="">[35]</a></dd></dl><a name="Books_by_Michaels" id="Books_by_Michaels"> </a><h2>Books by Michaels</h2><ul><li>Patrick J. Michaels, <a href="http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&pid=144088" class="external text" title="http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&pid=144088" rel="nofollow">Sound and Fury: The Science and Politics of Global Warming</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, October 1992. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0932790895" class="internal">ISBN 0932790895</a></li><li>Patrick J. Michaels and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Paul_C.Knappenberger" title="Paul C. Knappenberger" class="mw-redirect">Paul C. Knappenberger</a>, <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lca04a99/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lca04a99/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" rel="nofollow">The Satanic Gases</a>, Cato Institute, May 15, 2000. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1882577922" class="internal">ISBN 1882577922</a></li><li>Patrick J. Michaels, <a href="http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&pid=1441216" class="external text" title="http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&pid=1441216" rel="nofollow">Meltdown: The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians, and the Media</a>, Cato Institute, October 25, 2005. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1930865791" class="internal">ISBN 1930865791</a></li><li>Patrick J. Michaels, <a href="http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/357.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/357.pdf" rel="nofollow">Shattered Consensus: The True State of Global Warming</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Rowman%26_Littlefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowman & Littlefield (page does not exist)">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, December 28, 2005. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0742549232" class="internal">ISBN 0742549232</a></li><li>Patrick J. Michaels, <a href="http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=&pid=1441420" class="external text" title="http://www.catostore.org/index.asp?fa=ProductDetails&method=&pid=1441420" rel="nofollow">Climate of Extremes: Global Warming Science They Don't Want You to Know</a>, Cato Institute, January 25, 2009. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1933995238" class="internal">ISBN 1933995238</a></li></ul><a name="Articles_and_resources" id="Articles_and_resources"> </a><h2>Articles and resources</h2><h3>References</h3><div class="references-small" style="column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a> "<a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annexessannex-iii.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annexessannex-iii.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>"</li><li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-1" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.nhes.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.nhes.com/" rel="nofollow">"New Hope Environmental Services"</a>, New Hope Environmental Services website, accessed May 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-PMAffadavit-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-PMAffadavit_2-0" title="">↑</a> Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/e/e5/GreenMtDoc521-3.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/e/e5/GreenMtDoc521-3.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Affidavit of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels"</a>, United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007.(Pdf)</li><li id="cite_note-SEJ-3">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-0" title="">4.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-1" title="">4.1</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-2" title="">4.2</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-3" title="">4.3</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-4" title="">4.4</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-5" title="">4.5</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-SEJ_3-6" title="">4.6</a> <a href="http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont" class="external text" title="http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont" rel="nofollow">"Patrick Michaels CV Plain Text File-Climate Change Guide/Skeptics and Contrarians"</a>, Society of Environmental Journalists, accessed May 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-4" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" class="external text" title="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" rel="nofollow">"Patrick J. Michaels: Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies"</a>, Cato Institute, accessed May 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-CFACT-5">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-CFACT_5-0" title="">6.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-CFACT_5-1" title="">6.1</a> <a href="http://www.cfact.org/site/advisors.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.cfact.org/site/advisors.asp" rel="nofollow">Advisory Board</a>, Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, accessed May 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-6"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-6" title="">↑</a> No byline (Undated). <a href="http://www.acsh.org/about/pageID.89/default.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.acsh.org/about/pageID.89/default.asp" rel="nofollow">Scientific Advisors > About ACSH</a>. ACSH. Retrieved on 2010-12-08. “Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D.; University of Virginia”</li><li id="cite_note-TASSC_Supporters-7">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-TASSC_Supporters_7-0" title="">8.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-TASSC_Supporters_7-1" title="">8.1</a> <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mdp02a00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mdp02a00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" rel="nofollow">"Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) Supporters List"</a>, June 30, 1993. Bates Number 2024233615/3618.</li><li id="cite_note-8"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-8" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/" rel="nofollow">"Scientific Advisers"</a>, Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</li><li id="cite_note-9"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-9" title="">↑</a> Greening Earth Society, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/" rel="nofollow">"Scientific Advisers"</a>, Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</li><li id="cite_note-10"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-10" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html" rel="nofollow">"Join GES"</a>, Greening Earth Society website, archived from March 2005.</li><li id="cite_note-APCO-11">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-APCO_11-0" title="">12.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-APCO_11-1" title="">12.1</a> Tom Hockaday, <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/awf22d00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/awf22d00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" rel="nofollow">"International Meeting in Europe on Sound Science"</a>, APCO Associates/GCI Group, May 9, 1994.</li><li id="cite_note-12"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-12" title="">↑</a> John Carey and Sarah R. Shapiro, <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm" rel="nofollow">"Global Warming"</a>, Businessweek, August 16, 2004.</li><li id="cite_note-13"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-13" title="">↑</a> "<a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704075604575356611173414140.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704075604575356611173414140.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a>"</li><li id="cite_note-14"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-14" title="">↑</a> Patrick J. Michaels, <a href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" class="external text" title="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pmc52c00/pdf?search=%22patrick%20j%20michaels%22" rel="nofollow">"Give Industry a Bigger Role (Title incomplete"</a>, Roanoke Times, December 29, 1992.</li><li id="cite_note-kd-15"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-kd_15-0" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kert-davies/rep-waxman-presses-for-in_b_813251.html" class="external text" title="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kert-davies/rep-waxman-presses-for-in_b_813251.html" rel="nofollow">"Rep. Waxman Presses for Inquiry on Global Warming Denier Pat Michaels"</a>HuffPo, Jan. 25, 2011.</li><li id="cite_note-16"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-16" title="">↑</a> Anna Haynes (2011-05-25). <a href="http://warming101.blogspot.com/2011/05/ben-santer-clarifies-his-legitimate.html" class="external text" title="http://warming101.blogspot.com/2011/05/ben-santer-clarifies-his-legitimate.html" rel="nofollow">Ben Santer clarifies his "...legitimate debate..." statement from last fall's climate testimony</a>. Warming101 blog. Retrieved on 2011-05-28. “(2011-05-25 correspondence)”</li><li id="cite_note-17"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-17" title="">↑</a> Pat Michaels (2009-12-17). <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574598230426037244.html" class="external text" title="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704398304574598230426037244.html" rel="nofollow">How to Manufacture a Climate Consensus</a>. WSJ.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-13.</li><li id="cite_note-stormytimes-18">↑ <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-stormytimes_18-0" title="">19.0</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-stormytimes_18-1" title="">19.1</a> Clare Goodess (2003-11). <a href="http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/StormyTimes_NL28.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.sgr.org.uk/climate/StormyTimes_NL28.htm" rel="nofollow">Stormy Times for Climate Research</a>. SGR. Retrieved on 2009-12-26. “...Hans von Storch and I were also aware of three earlier Climate Research papers about which people had raised concerns over the review process. In all these cases, de Freitas had had editorial responsibility.”</li><li id="cite_note-19"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-19" title="">↑</a> Things Break (pseudonym) (2009-12-18). <a href="http://thingsbreak.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/pat-michaels-lying-in-the-wall-street-journal/#comment-3556" class="external text" title="http://thingsbreak.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/pat-michaels-lying-in-the-wall-street-journal/#comment-3556" rel="nofollow">Pat Michaels lying in the Wall Street Journal</a>. The Way Things Break. Retrieved on 2011-10-13.</li><li id="cite_note-20"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-20" title="">↑</a> Emails from ahaynes, 2009 and 2010</li><li id="cite_note-21"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-21" title="">↑</a> Cato Institute, <a href="http://www.realclimate.org/docs/cato_ad.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.realclimate.org/docs/cato_ad.pdf" rel="nofollow">"With all due respect Mr.President, that is not true."</a>, Real Climate, March 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-22"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-22" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/with-all-due-respect" class="external text" title="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/with-all-due-respect" rel="nofollow">"With all due respect…"</a>, RealClimate, March 24, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-23"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-23" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090212/testimony_michaels.pdf" class="external text" title="http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090212/testimony_michaels.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Testimony of Patrick J. Michaels"</a>, House of Representatives Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, February 12, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-24"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-24" title="">↑</a> Gavin Schmidt, <a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/michaels-new-graph" class="external text" title="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/03/michaels-new-graph" rel="nofollow">"Michaels’ new graph"</a>, RealClimate, March 26, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-25"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-25" title="">↑</a> Aaron Kessler, <a href="http://www.tjcenter.org/2007/04/10/censuring-the-censors/" class="external text" title="http://www.tjcenter.org/2007/04/10/censuring-the-censors/" rel="nofollow">State: Climatologist appointed by university: Michaels no longer Virginia official"</a>, Daily Progress, August 19, 2006. (Scroll down).</li><li id="cite_note-26"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-26" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=6633&Method=Full" class="external text" title="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=6633&Method=Full" rel="nofollow">"Michaels Out As Virginia State Climatologist: Controversial state climatologist steps down"</a>, Newport News (Va.) Daily Press, September 27, 2007. (This is an Associated Press story.)</li><li id="cite_note-27"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-27" title="">↑</a> Tim Lambert, <a href="http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2004/08/mckitrick6.php" class="external text" title="http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2004/08/mckitrick6.php" rel="nofollow">"McKitrick screws up yet again"</a>, Deltoid, August 26, 2004.</li><li id="cite_note-28"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-28" title="">↑</a> Seth Slabaugh, <a href="http://www.pacinst.org/climate_change/star_press.html" class="external text" title="http://www.pacinst.org/climate_change/star_press.html" rel="nofollow">"Global warming speaker under fire"</a>, Star Press (Muncie, IN), November 18, 2003.</li><li id="cite_note-29"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-29" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/" class="external text" title="http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/" rel="nofollow">"Science, Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and the science of climate change"</a>, Pacific Institute, undated but approx late 2003.</li><li id="cite_note-30"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-30" title="">↑</a> John Holdren, <a href="http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/HoldrenRPCClimateComments.pdf" class="external text" title="http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/HoldrenRPCClimateComments.pdf" rel="nofollow">"The Shaky Science Behind the Climate Change Sense of the Congress Resolution"</a>, US Senate Republican Policy Committee, June 2, 2003.</li><li id="cite_note-31"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-31" title="">↑</a> Simon Shackley, <a href="http://www.pitt.edu/_{gordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf}" class="external text" title="http://www.pitt.edu/%7Egordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Commentary on the debate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998"</a>, Social Epistemology, 2000, vol. 14, nos. 2/3, pages 181–186.</li><li id="cite_note-32"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-32" title="">↑</a> Ross Gelbspan, <a href="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=4473&Method=Full" class="external text" title="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=4473&Method=Full" rel="nofollow">"Global Warmers"</a>, The Nation, March 20, 2001.</li><li id="cite_note-33"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-33" title="">↑</a> Andrew C. Revkin, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/earth/24deny.html?r=1&pagewanted=1&am" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/earth/24deny.html?r=1&pagewanted=1&am" rel="nofollow">"Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate"</a>, New York Times, April 23, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-34"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#cite_ref-34" title="">↑</a> Global Climate Coalition, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/8/82/GCC_Primer_Draft.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/8/82/GCC_Primer_Draft.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Primer on Climate Change Science· Final Draft"</a>, January 18, 1996, pages 16-17.</li></ol></div><a name="Related_SourceWatch_articles" id="Related_SourceWatch_articles"> </a><h3>Related SourceWatch articles</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-career_history" title="Patrick J. Michaels - career history">Patrick J. Michaels - career history</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-funding" title="Patrick J. Michaels - funding">Patrick J. Michaels - funding</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-his_articles_and_papers" title="Patrick J. Michaels - his articles and papers">Patrick J. Michaels - his articles and papers</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-his_testimony" title="Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony">Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=New_Hope_Environmental_Services" title="New Hope Environmental Services">New Hope Environmental Services</a></li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Climate_change_sceptics" title="Climate change sceptics" class="mw-redirect">Climate change sceptics</a></li></ul><a name="External_resources" id="External_resources"> </a><h3>External resources</h3><ul><li>John R. Mashey (2011-11-30). <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/skeptics-prefer-pal-review-over-peer-review-chris-de-freitas-pat-michaels-and-their-pals-1997-2003" class="external text" title="http://www.desmogblog.com/skeptics-prefer-pal-review-over-peer-review-chris-de-freitas-pat-michaels-and-their-pals-1997-2003" rel="nofollow">Skeptics Prefer Pal Review Over Peer Review: Chris de Freitas, Pat Michaels And Their Pals, 1997-2003</a>. DeSmogBlog.</li></ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont" class="external text" title="http://www.sej.org/initiatives/climate-change/patrick-michaels-cv-plain-text-file-climate-change-guideskeptics-and-cont" rel="nofollow">"Patrick Michaels CV Plain Text File-Climate Change Guide/Skeptics and Contrarians"</a>, Society of Environmental Journalists, accessed May 2009.</li><li><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" class="external text" title="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" rel="nofollow">"Patrick J. Michaels: Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies"</a>, Cato Institute, accessed March 2009</li><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071109231413/http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/faculty/people/michaels.shtml" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20071109231413/http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/faculty/people/michaels.shtml" rel="nofollow">University. of Virginia bio</a>, archived from November 2007.</li><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000416151701/www.greeningearthsociety.org/advisors.htm#Patrick" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20000416151701/www.greeningearthsociety.org/advisors.htm#Patrick" rel="nofollow">"Scientific advisors"</a>, Greening Earth Society website, archived from April 2000</li><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050407231607/http://www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20050407231607/http://www.co2andclimate.org/editors.html" rel="nofollow">"Editors and Contributors</a>", <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CO2andclimate.org&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO2andclimate.org (page does not exist)">CO2andclimate.org</a>, archived from April 2005.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" class="extiw" title="w:Patrick Michaels">"Patrick Michaels"</a>, Wikipedia</li><li>"<a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4" class="external text" title="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=4" rel="nofollow">Factsheet:Patrick J. Michaels</a>", ExxonSecrets, accessed January 2005.</li></ul><a name="External_articles" id="External_articles"> </a><h3>External articles</h3><a name="By_Michaels" id="By_Michaels"> </a><h4>By Michaels</h4>See <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-his_articles_and_papers" title="Patrick J. Michaels - his articles and papers" style="">Patrick J. Michaels - his articles and papers</a> for articles and papers by Pat Michaels.See <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels-his_testimony" title="Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony" style="">Patrick J. Michaels - his testimony</a> for testimony by Pat Michaels.<a name="General_articles" id="General_articles"> </a><h4>General articles</h4><ul><li>Ross Gelbspan, "<a href="http://dieoff.org/page82.htm" class="external text" title="http://dieoff.org/page82.htm" rel="nofollow">The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial</a>", Harpers Magazine, December 1995.</li><li>Simon Shackley, <a href="http://www.pitt.edu/_{gordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf}" class="external text" title="http://www.pitt.edu/%7Egordonm/Pubdeb/Shackley.pdf" rel="nofollow">Commentary on the debate between James Hansen and Patrick Michaels, November 1998</a> Social Epistemology, 2000, Vol. 14. Nos. 2/3, 181-186.</li><li>Kate O'Beirne, <a href="http://www.cato.org/research/articles/michaels-020819.html" class="external text" title="http://www.cato.org/research/articles/michaels-020819.html" rel="nofollow">Interview with Pat Michaels</a>, "Capital Gang", CNN, August 19, 2002.</li><li>Seth Slabaugh, <a href="http://www.pacinst.org/climate_change/star_press.html" class="external text" title="http://www.pacinst.org/climate_change/star_press.html" rel="nofollow">Global warming speaker under fire</a>, The Star Press, November 18, 2003.</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Gabriel_Wildau" title="Gabriel Wildau">Gabriel Wildau</a>, <a href="http://mediamatters.org/items/200405200001" class="external text" title="http://mediamatters.org/items/200405200001" rel="nofollow">Pat Michaels: scientist, energy industry lackey, Washington Post contributor</a>, Media Matters for America, May 20, 2004.</li><li>Tim Lambert, <a href="http://cgi.cse.unsw.edu.au/_{lambert/cgi-bin/blog/science/gwarming2.html}" class="external text" title="http://cgi.cse.unsw.edu.au/_{lambert/cgi-bin/blog/science/gwarming2.html}" rel="nofollow">Global warming distortions by Singer and Michaels</a>, Deltoid (weblog), August 17, 2004.</li><li>John Carey, "<a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_33/b3896001_mz001.htm" rel="nofollow">Global Warming</a>", Business Week, August 16, 2004.</li><li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Joel_Achenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Achenbach (page does not exist)">Joel Achenbach</a>, "<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301305.html" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301305.html" rel="nofollow">The Tempest:</a> As evidence mounts that humans are causing dangerous changes in Earth's climate, a handful of skeptics are providing some serious blowback", The Washington Post Magazine, May 28, 2006.</li><li>Stanley Lewandowski Jr. "<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/b/b0/Irea.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/b/b0/Irea.pdf" rel="nofollow">Memo Intermountain Rural Electric Association memo</a>", July 17, 2006. (This leaked memo describes IMEA's funding Michaels to the tune of $100,000 in February 2006.) (1MB PDF)</li><li>Clayton Sandell and Bill Blakemore, "<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/print?id=2242565" class="external text" title="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/print?id=2242565" rel="nofollow">Making Money by Feeding Confusion Over Global Warming: Electric Utility Pays $100,000 to Global Warming Naysayer</a>", ABC News, July 27, 2006.</li><li><a href="http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/" class="external text" title="http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/censorship/" rel="nofollow">Science, Climate Change, and Censorship: The Pacific Institute, Patrick Michaels, and the science of climate change</a>", Pacific Institute, undated, accessed July 2006.</li><li>Aaron Kessler, "<a href="http://www.dailyprogress.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=CDP%2FMGArticle%2FCDP_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1149190060797&path=" class="external text" title="http://www.dailyprogress.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=CDP%2FMGArticle%2FCDP_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1149190060797&path=" rel="nofollow">State: Climatologist appointed by university: Michaels no longer Virginia official</a>", Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Virginia), August 19, 2006.</li><li><a href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/index.php/csw/details/pat-michaels/" class="external text" title="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/index.php/csw/details/pat-michaels/" rel="nofollow">"Pat Michaels, Virginia “State Climatologist”? A critical perspective on the issues"</a>, ClimateScienceWatch, October 01, 2006.</li><li>"<a href="http://www.logicalscience.com/skeptics/patMichaels.html" class="external text" title="http://www.logicalscience.com/skeptics/patMichaels.html" rel="nofollow">Pat Michaels</a>", Logical Science, undated, accessed October 2006.</li><li>Bob Gibson, "<a href="http://www.dailyprogress.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=CDP/MGArticle/CDP_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173352906917" class="external text" title="http://www.dailyprogress.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=CDP/MGArticle/CDP_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173352906917" rel="nofollow">UVa hands off duties of climatologist</a>," The Daily Progress (Charlottesville, VA), September 27, 2007.</li><li>Robert McClure, <a href="http://blog.seattlepi.com/environment/archives/122175.asp" class="external text" title="http://blog.seattlepi.com/environment/archives/122175.asp" rel="nofollow">"Leading climate-change skeptic won't reveal sources of funding"</a>, "Dateline Earth" (Blog), Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 19, 2007.</li></ul><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Climate change</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Coal_Issues" title="Category:Coal Issues">Coal Issues</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Energy" title="Category:Energy">Energy</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Leipzig_Declaration_signers" title="Category:Leipzig Declaration signers">Leipzig Declaration signers</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Global_warming_skeptics" title="Category:Global warming skeptics">Global warming skeptics</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Science" title="Category:Science">Science</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Secrecy" title="Category:Secrecy">Secrecy</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Public_relations_professionals" title="Category:Public relations professionals">Public relations professionals</a> | <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Category:Speaker_at_the_Heartland_Institute%27s_Third_International_Conference_on_Climate_Change" title="Category:Speaker at the Heartland Institute's Third International Conference on Climate Change">Speaker at the Heartland Institute's Third International Conference on Climate Change</a></div></div> ----1992: Chamber Sponsors Global Warming Denier Pat Michaels To ‘Refute The Global Warming Warnings.’ “Bankrolled partly by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the Global Climate Coalition, a group of manufacturers fearful of new environmental regulations, Patrick Michaels and Washington, D.C., attorney Eugene M. Trisko have been traveling cross-country to refute the global warming warnings from environmentalists.” [Chicago Sun-Times, 5/13/1992]</div> =8/14<ul style=""><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="28" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick J. Michaels | Cato Institute</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _PC" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="ie" style="font-style: normal;">www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels</cite> <div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: none;"><a class="Qt ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b0" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CB4Q7B0wAA" style="border-radius: 0px; 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display: inline-block;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CCEQHzAA" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Cato Institute</a></div></div></div><div class="f slp" style=""><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CCEQHzAA" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Patrick J. Michaels is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the CatoInstitute. Michaels is a past president of the American Association of State ...</a></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="35" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">‎</a><a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Education</a> - ‎<a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Views_on_climate_change" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Views on climate change</a> - ‎<a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Advocacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Advocacy</a> - ‎<a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Michaels#Funding_from_energy_or_fossil_fuel_companies" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Funding from energy or fossil ...</a></div></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="47" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/patrick-michaels-history-getting-climate-wrong.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick Michaels: Cato's Climate Expert Has History Of ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv PC" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="ie" style="font-style: normal;">www.skepticalscience.com/patrick-michaels-history-gettin...</cite> <div class="crc" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; margin-left: 4px;"><div class="crl" data-async-context="res:2;ri:;site:skepticalscience.com" data-async-trigger="cra-2" jsaction="crd.tglpop" data-ved="0CDEQ5CswAg" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;">Skeptical Science</div></div></div><div class="f slp" style="">Jul 13, 2013 - A review of claims made by the Cato Institute's Patrick Michaels over the last quarter century shows that he has repeatedly been proven wrong ...</div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Patrick J. Michaels is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the CatoInstitute. Michaels is a past president of the American Association of State ...</a></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="72" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/tag/patrick-michaels/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick Michaels | Watts Up With That?</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv PC" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="ie" style="font-style: normal;">wattsupwiththat.com/tag/patrick-michaels/</cite> <div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"></a><a class="gl" href="https://plus.google.com/107982938951633078553" style="white-space: nowrap; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">by Anthony Watts</a> - Dec 18, 2013 - Climate History: Cato Boffins Discovered “Anti-information” By Patrick J. Michaels and Paul C. “Chip” Knappenberger While doing some  ...</div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="80" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/07/22/509090/patrick-michaels-and-the-cato-institute-unwittingly-accept-the-climate-threat/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Pat Michaels And Cato Institute Unwittingly Accept Climate ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">ThinkProgress</a></div></div></div><div class="f slp" style=""><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/07/22/509090/patrick-michaels-and-the-cato-institute-unwittingly-accept-the-climate-threat/+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CFUQHzAH" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Pat Michaels And Cato Institute Unwittingly Accept Climate Threat. by Climate Guest Contributor Posted on July 22, 2012 at 9:39 am Updated: July 22, 2012 at ...</a></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="87" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.climatedepot.com/2013/10/11/listen-now-climatologist-dr-patrick-michaels-on-global-warming-and-the-ipcc/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Listen Now: Climatologist Dr. Patrick Michaels on Global ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv PC" style="height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="ie" style="font-style: normal;">www.climatedepot.com/.../listen-now-climatologist-dr-patr...</cite> <div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: none;"><a class="Qt ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b8" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CFkQ7B0wCA" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; 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position: relative; margin-left: 4px;"><div class="crl" data-async-context="res:8;ri:;site:climatedepot.com" data-async-trigger="cra-8" jsaction="crd.tglpop" data-ved="0CF0Q5CswCA" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:www.climatedepot.com/2013/10/11/listen-now-climatologist-dr-patrick-michaels-on-global-warming-and-the-ipcc/+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CFwQHzAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Climate Depot</a></div></div></div><div class="f slp" style=""><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:www.climatedepot.com/2013/10/11/listen-now-climatologist-dr-patrick-michaels-on-global-warming-and-the-ipcc/+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CFwQHzAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Oct 11, 2013 - Dr. Michaels is Director of the Center for the Study of Science at theCato Institute. He taught Environmental Science for 30 years at University of  ...</a></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="95" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Patrick J. Michaels - SourceWatch</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv PC" style="text-align: left; height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="ie" style="font-style: normal;">www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=PatrickJ.Michaels</cite> <div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: none;"><a class="Qt ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b9" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CGEQ7B0wCQ" style="border-radius: 0px; 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padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:www.sourcewatch.org/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPatrick_J.Michaels+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CGQQHzAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="f slp" style=""><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?espv=2&biw=1530&bih=724&q=related:www.sourcewatch.org/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPatrick_J.Michaels+patrick+michaels+cato&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=BDvkU_WTCeb-8AG6kYCIBw&ved=0CGQQHzAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Jump to </a><a class="fl" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Patrick_J.Michaels#Followup_to_Cato_ad:_RealClimate_rebuttal_of_Feb_2009_Michaels_testimony" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Followup to Cato ad: RealClimate rebuttal of Feb 2009 ...</a> - In support of the statements, Chip Knappenberger of World Climate Report ...</div></div></div></li><li style="list-style: none;">cato bsPatrick J. Michaels is the director of the Center for the Study of Science at the Cato Institute. Michaels is a past president of the American Association of State Climatologists and was program chair for the Committee on Applied Climatology of the American Meteorological Society. He was a research professor of Environmental Sciences at University of Virginia for thirty years. Michaels was a contributing author and is a reviewer of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. His writing has been published in the major scientific journals, including Climate Research, Climatic Change, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Climate, Nature, and Science, as well as in popular serials worldwide. He is the author or editor of six books on climate and its impact, and he was an author of the climate “paper of the year” awarded by the Association of American Geographers in 2004. He has appeared on most of the worldwide major media. Michaels holds A.B. and S.M. degrees in biological sciences and plant ecology from the University of Chicago, and he received a Ph.D. in ecological climatology from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1979.===eg<article class="side-article" http="http" object.cato.org="object.cato.org" sites="sites" all="all" themes="themes" cato="cato" styles="styles" images="images" xline.png="xline.png" no-repeat="no-repeat" rgb="rgb" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 40px; padding: 0px 0px 40px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.003px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip"><h4 class="sans-h4" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 19.5001px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/our-weird-energy-politics" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Our Weird Energy Politics</a></h4><div class="byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" typeof="foaf:Person" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:publications" html="1" class="active" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Patrick J. Michaels</a> in National Review (Online)</div><div class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">When it comes to energy fecklessness, Barack Obama’s policies are in Jimmy Carter’s league.</div></article><article class="side-article" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 40px; padding: 0px 0px 40px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 16.003px; background: none 50% 100% no-repeat rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h4 class="sans-h4" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 19.5001px; background: transparent;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/blog/should-us-take-lead-climate-change-policies" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Should the U.S. Take the Lead on Climate Change Policies?</a></h4><div class="byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; background: transparent;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/people/chip-knappenberger" typeof="foaf:Person" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:publications" html="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Paul C. "Chip" Knappenberger</a> and <a href="http://www.cato.org/people/patrick-michaels" typeof="foaf:Person" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:publications" html="1" class="active" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Patrick J. Michaels</a></div><div class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background: transparent;">Should the United States “take the lead” on climate change, an issue that science says is overblown and one that big, developing nations surely will not embrace (or, at least, not in a meaningful way)? Probaby not!</div></article><div class="experts-more-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px 0px 20px 45px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; float: left; width: 394.984px; clear: left; line-height: 16.003px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><h3 class="page-h2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 33px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Commentary</h3><div class="view view-publications view-id-publications view-display-id-oped_bio_block view-dom-id-0a4019a283f010196cce33cb72d07365" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><div class="view-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/our-weird-energy-politics" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Our Weird Energy Politics</a><p class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">National Review (Online). <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-08-04T09:55:00-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">August 4, 2014.<p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/threat-scientific-method" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Threat to the Scientific Method</a><p class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Townhall. <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-07-21T09:55:00-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">July 21, 2014.<p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/forecast-mcauliffes-revived-climate-commission" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Forecast On </a><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/forecast-mcauliffes-revived-climate-commission" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">McAuliffe’s</a><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/forecast-mcauliffes-revived-climate-commission" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"> Revived Climate Commission</a><p class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Daily Caller. <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-07-03T10:13:00-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">July 3, 2014.</div></div></div><div class="experts-more-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px 0px 20px 45px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; float: left; width: 394.984px; line-height: 16.003px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h3 class="page-h2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 33px; background: transparent;">Blog Posts</h3><div class="view view-blog view-id-blog view-display-id-bio_block view-dom-id-ddcc411dc82f5b6b2de514b4764d854e" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><div class="view-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background: transparent;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/blog/should-us-take-lead-climate-change-policies" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Should the U.S. Take the Lead on Climate Change Policies?</a><span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-08-01T09:38:00-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">August 1, 2014.<p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background: transparent;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/blog/molehill-antarctic-ice-becomes-mountain" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Molehill of Antarctic Ice Becomes a Mountain</a><span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-07-22T17:00:58-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">July 22, 2014.<p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background: transparent;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/blog/influencing-climate-policy-back-lame-horse" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: transparent;">Influencing Climate Policy on the Back of a Lame Horse</a><span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2014-07-11T16:25:34-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">July 11, 2014.</div></div></div><div class="experts-more-block" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px 0px 20px 45px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; float: left; width: 394.984px; line-height: 16.003px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><h3 class="page-h2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 33px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Cato Studies</h3><div class="view view-publications view-id-publications view-display-id-studies_bio_block view-dom-id-067ea8b3be28af81490570cebaf44bc2" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><div class="view-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/is-sky-really-falling-review-recent-global-warming-scare-stories" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Is the Sky Really Falling? A Review of Recent </a><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/is-sky-really-falling-review-recent-global-warming-scare-stories" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Global Warming Scare Stories</a><p class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Policy Analysis No. 576. <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2006-08-23T00:00:00-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">August 23, 2006.<p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/review-2001-us-climate-action-report" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Review of the 2001 U.S. Climate Action Report</a><p class="text-sans" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">White Paper. <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2002-06-03T00:00:00-04:00" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">June 3, 2002.<p class="text-large experts-more-h" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; line-height: 19.2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/long-hot-year-latest-science-debunks-global-warming-hysteria" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Long Hot Year: Latest Science Debunks Global Warming Hysteria

...Miffed Climatologists want UW-Madison to Revoke Global Warming Skeptic's PhD</a><div class="meta" style="margin-bottom: 25px;"><a href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/long-hot-year-latest-science-debunks-global-warming-hysteria" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 94, 153); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">1 Comments | Posted in </a><a class="tag" href="http://www.maciverinstitute.com/news/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">News</a>, <a class="tag" href="http://www.maciverinstitute.com/mi-investigations/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">mi investigations</a> | By Staff | Posted December 1, 2009 9:22 AM</div></div><div class="inner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(202, 202, 202); border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.118) 0px 0px 5px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.098) 0px -1px 0px inset; padding: 0px 20px 20px; line-height: 18px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="story-content" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(202, 202, 202);"><div class="content-content" style="padding-top: 20px;"><div>MacIver News Service</div><div><blockquote style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);">"Next time I see Pat Michaels at a scientific meeting, I'll be tempted to beat the crap out of him." -Ben Santer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</blockquote>Some prominent Climatologists who subscribe to the theory of man-made global warming want the University of Wisconsin to consider revoking Patrick Michaels' Doctorate, according to leaked emails uncovered as part of the brewing 'climategate' scandal.Who is Patrick Michaels?

Michaels received his PhD in ecological climatology from UW-Madison in 1979 after he earned his A.B. and S.M. degrees in biological sciences and plant ecology from the University of Chicago.  Since then he's served as a climatologist for the state of Virginia, a professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, and was a contributing author and reviewer of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).  He's currently a senior fellow at the CATO Institute and is a Distinguished Senior Fellow in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University.According to his official biography, Michaels' writing has been published in the major scientific journals, including Climate Research, Climatic Change, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Climate, Nature, and Science, as well as in newspapers such as The Washington Post, Washington Times, Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Houston Chronicle, and Journal of Commerce.He was an author of the climate "paper of the year" awarded by the Association of American Geographers in 2004.With all these bona fides, why would his peers contemplate waging a campaign to undermine his credibility?Michaels is also a global warming skeptic.Questioning Man Made Global Warming

In September, he wrote an article for National Review accusing Phil Jones, a climatologist at the United Kingdom's University of East Anglia, and his colleagues of losing or destroying surface temperature data they used to develop their theories.  You can read the whole article by clicking<a href="http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZTBiMTRlMDQxNzEyMmRhZjU3ZmYzODI5MGY4ZWI5OWM=#more" style="text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>.The Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia explained on their website "Since the 1980s, we have merged the data we have received into existing series or begun new ones, so it is impossible to say if all stations within a particular country or if all of an individual record should be freely available. Data storage availability in the 1980s meant that we were not able to keep the multiple sources for some sites, only the station series after adjustment for homogeneity issues. We, therefore, do not hold the original raw data but only the value-added (i.e. quality controlled and homogenized) data."That data was incorporated into a report by the IPCC in the 1990s, which in turn was used by the EPA in drafting its "<a href="http://epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/downloads/GHGEndangermentProposal.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Endangerment Findings</a>."  The endangerment findings determined that greenhouse gases are at unprecedented levels and are endangering the health and welfare of the public.Now, Michaels and the Competitive Enterprise Institute are petitioning the EPA to reopen the public comment period, because the data supporting the findings are unreliable.That allegation did not sit well with Phil Jones and his colleagues.Ben Santer, a climatologist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, told  Jones in an email on October 9, 2009 "I'm really sorry that you have to go through all this stuff, Phil. Next time I see Pat Michaels at a scientific meeting, I'll be tempted to beat the crap out of him. Very tempted."Long-running feud

In an interview with the MacIver Institute on Tuesday, Michaels said that was not the first time Santer had threatened him with bodily harm.  Michaels explained he and Santer have been critical of each other since the mid-1990s.The feud dates back to at least 1996 when Santer, Jones and others published a paper in the academic journal Nature entitled "A Search For Human Influences On The Thermal Structure Of The Atmosphere."  The authors believed it was supposed to settle the global warming debate once and for all.Michaels said "It was a blatant attempt to manipulate public opinion." He went on to write an article for Nature about the questionable scientific practices behind Santer and Jones' work.It is clear Jones, Santer and others continue to hold a grudge against Michaels. Examples of that grudge can be found in emails leaked from the University of East Anglia.  On October 8, 2009, Santer emailed Rick Piltz, director of Climate Science Watch, questioning Michaels' own research methods.Santer wrote "I'm sure that Pat Michaels does not have the primary source data used in his Ph.D. thesis. Perhaps one of us should request the datasets used in Michaels' Ph.D. work, and then ask the University of Wisconsin to withdraw Michaels' Ph.D. if he fails to produce every dataset and computer program used in the course of his thesis research."Michaels told the MacIver Institute "The funny thing is I could reproduce every data set.  It's not that complicated."As the recently-revealed email conversations continued, Santer defended the reliability of the IPCC study."The integrity and reliability of this story does NOT rest on a single observational dataset, as Michaels and the CEI incorrectly claim," Santer emailed.  "Michaels should and does know better. I can only conclude from his behavior - and from his participation in this legal action - that he is being intentionally dishonest."Defending Jones, Santer wrote "The sad thing here is that Phil Jones is one of the true gentlemen of our field. I have known Phil for most of my scientific career. He is the antithesis of the secretive, 'data destroying' character the CEI and Michaels are trying to portray to the outside world."The UW Connection

But the issue of Michaels' PhD from the University of Wisconsin continued to come up in subsequent emails. The next week, emails from other climatologists continued to speculate about the possibility of revoking Michaels' Doctorate.One email asked "Perhaps the University of Wisconsin ought to open up a public comment period to decide whether Pat Michaels' PhD needs re-assessing?"This week the MacIver Institute filed an open records request with the University of Wisconsin to see if any formal effort against Michaels was undertaken.In response, John C. Dowling UW's Senior University Legal Counsel, wrote, "According to the current Chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, there has been no correspondence concerning the Ph.D. granted to Patrick Michael in 1979."The intrigue continues, however. Just today it was reported that Phil Jones has stepped down from his position at the University of East Anglia, pending the results of an investigation of allegations, stemming from the leaked emails, that he overstated case for man-made global warming.The MacIver Institute will continue to report on developments of this story, including other Wisconsin connections to the controversy.
 <div style="text-align: left;">By Bill Osmulski</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">MacIver News Service</div></div><div>
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