Ray, Dixie Lee

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no notes? notes color below</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.c-span.org/video/?18418-1/book-discussion-trashing-planet</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1990 book</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09644010802055576</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">environmental scepticism</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Peter J. Jacques a</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">, Riley E. Dunlapb and Mark Freeman</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental Politics</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Vol. 17, No. 3, June 2008, 349–385</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CTTjacques&d.pdf</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">sent by paul weyrich (heritage) w/ rept cred to observe Rio;also by  fred smith fdr CEI; <b>Free Congress fdn, origin of agenda 21</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Dixy Lee Ray</b> (September 3, 1914 – January 2, 1994) was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington" title="List of Governors of Washington" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">17th Governor</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.State" title="U.S. State" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. State</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington(U.S.state)" title="Washington (U.S. state)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Washington</a>. She was Washington State's first female governor.</font><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-align="text-align" center="center" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> </span></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Biography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></font></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Early_years" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Academic_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Academic career</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Political_career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political career</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Death_and_legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Death and legacy</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Footnotes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">She was born <b>Marguerite Ray</b> in Tacoma, Washington to Frances Adams Ray and Alvis Marion Ray (a commercial printer).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> Marguerite was second in a family of five girls. In 1930 she changed her name to "Dixy Lee". She attended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tacoma's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_High_School" title="Stadium High School" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Stadium High School</a>, graduated as valedictorian from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College" title="Mills College" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mills College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,California" title="Oakland, California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oakland, California</a> in 1937 and with a master's degree in 1938 with her thesis entitled "A Comparative Study of the Life Habits of Some Species of Burrowing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eumalacostraca</a>". She earned her PhD from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Stanford University</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,California" title="Palo Alto, California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Palo Alto</a>. Her doctoral dissertation was "The peripheral nervous system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampanyctus" title="Lampanyctus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Lampanyctus leucopsarus</a>," completed in 1945 at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station" title="Hopkins Marine Station" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hopkins Marine Station</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Grove,California" title="Pacific Grove, California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pacific Grove</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Academic_career">Academic career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ray was a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biologist" title="Marine biologist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">marine biologist</a> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and taught at the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">University of Washington</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> from 1947 until 1972. In 1952 she received a prestigious </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation" title="John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> fellowship grant for Biology.</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">From 1963 until 1972, Dr. Ray became the director of Seattle's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Science_Center" title="Pacific Science Center" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pacific Science Center</a>, guiding its future after the founding as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_21_Exposition" title="Century 21 Exposition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1962 World's Fair</a>. An advocate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">nuclear power</a>, she was </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">appointed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Richard Nixon</a> to chair the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a> in 1973 and was<b> the only woman to serve as chair of the AEC.</b></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1975, Dr. Ray was appointed and served as the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Oceans_and_International_Environmental_and_Scientific_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs</a>.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_career">Political career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ray was elected governor of Washington in 1976 as a Democrat. She quickly alienated Democrats with her strongly conservative views, particularly with regard to environmental and energy policy</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. She was governor when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St.Helens" title="Mount St. Helens" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mount St. Helens</a> started <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">volcanic activity</a> after a 123 year dormant or inactive phase. As volcanic activity increased, the mountain attracted scientists and sightseers. On April 3, 1980, she declared a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">state of emergency</a> and urged people to stay away from the mountain. This declaration allowed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_National_Guard" title="Washington National Guard" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Guard</a> to assist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">State Patrol</a> troopers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_sheriff" title="Deputy sheriff" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">sheriffs deputies</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowlitz_County,Washington" title="Cowlitz County, Washington" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Cowlitz County</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skamania_County,Washington" title="Skamania County, Washington" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Skamania County</a>. Ray also issued an executive order that restricted access to extremely dangerous areas of Mount St. Helens and its surrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-eo80-05_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_note-eo80-05-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> The "red zone" restrictions would be credited by Forest Service respondents to a post-eruption 'Warning and Response Survey' with keeping between 5,000 and 30,000 potential decedents out of the blast area.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1980, she lost in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Democratic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">primary election</a> to then-State Senator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McDermott" title="Jim McDermott" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jim McDermott</a>, who went on to lose in the general election to moderate Republican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D.Spellman" title="John D. Spellman" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John D. Spellman</a><b>. Ray left the governor's office in January 1981 </b>when her successor took the Oath of Office.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dixie Lee Ray died on January 2, 1994 at her home in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Island,Washington" title="Fox Island, Washington" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Fox Island, Washington</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> (ASME) established an award in Dixy Lee Ray's honor for engineering contributions to the field of environmental protection in 1998. The award, which consists of a bronze medal with the governor's likeness and $1000 was first given to Clyde W. Frank in 1999 and has been made annually since.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">She co-authored two books critical of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">environmentalist</a> movement with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo" title="Lou Guzzo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Lou Guzzo</a>. In one of those books, (<b>"Trashing the Planet" 1992), she claimed that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Rachel Carson</a> was to blame for global malarial deaths because of Carson's opposition to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">DDT</a>.</b></font></span></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=601" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">HistoryLink.org</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cdkUAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:Dixy+inauthor:Lee+inauthor:Ray&pgis=1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">reference</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gf.org/52fellow.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Guggenheim reference</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-eo80-05-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_ref-eo80-05_4-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Governor Dixy Lee Ray (30 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governor.wa.gov/execorders/eoarchive/eo80-05.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">"Executive Order 80-05"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 July 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.au=Governor+Dixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aulast=Governor+Dixy+Lee+Ray&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+80-05&rft.date=30+April+1980&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.wa.gov%2Fexecorders%2Feoarchive%2Feo80-05.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Thomas Frederick Saarinen, James L. Sell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=VT6BAVlPUUAC&pg=PA72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><i>Warning and response to the Mount St. Helens eruption</i></a>. p. 72.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aulast=Thomas+Frederick+Saarinen%2C+James+L.+Sell&rft.au=Thomas+Frederick+Saarinen%2C+James+L.+Sell&rft.btitle=Warning+and+response+to+the+Mount+St.+Helens+eruption&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVT6BAVlPUUAC%26pg%3DPA72&rft.pages=72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asme.org/Governance/Honors/SocietyAwards/Dixy_Lee_Ray_Award.cfm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">ASME reference</a></span></font></li></ol></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); color: rgb(37, 37, 37);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ware, Susan; Lorraine Braukman; Stacy Braukman (2004). <i>Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century</i>. Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University Press. pp. 538–539. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01488-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01488-X" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">0-674-01488-X</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.au=Lorraine+Braukman&rft.au=Stacy+Braukman&rft.au=Ware%2C+Susan&rft.btitle=Notable+American+Women%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+Completing+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-01488-X&rft.pages=538-539&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Radcliffe+Institute+for+Advanced+Study%2C+Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Grinstein, Louise S; Carol A. Biermann; Rose K. Rose (1997). <i>Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group,. pp. 424–432. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29180-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">0-313-29180-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.au=Carol+A.+Biermann&rft.aufirst=Louise+S&rft.au=Grinstein%2C+Louise+S&rft.aulast=Grinstein&rft.au=Rose+K.+Rose&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Biological+Sciences%3A+A+Biobibliographic+Sourcebook&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-313-29180-2&rft.pages=424-432&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span class="citation book" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ray, Dixy Lee; Louis R. Guzzo (1994). <i style="">Environmental Overkill</i>. New York:<b> Harper Perennial</b>. pp. 260 pages. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097598-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097598-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">0-06-097598-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Louis+R.+Guzzo&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.btitle=Environmental+Overkill&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-097598-9&rft.pages=260+pages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" style="" /></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span class="citation book" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ray, Dixy Lee; Louis R. Guzzo (1992). <i style="">Trashing the Planet: How Science Can Help Us Deal With Acid Rain, Depletion of the Ozone, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things)</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 206 pages. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097490-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097490-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);">0-06-097490-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Louis+R.+Guzzo&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.btitle=Trashing+the+Planet%3A+How+Science+Can+Help+Us+Deal+With+Acid+Rain%2C+Depletion+of+the+Ozone%2C+and+Nuclear+Waste+%28Among+Other+Things%29&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-097490-7&rft.pages=206+pages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ray, Dixy Lee (1973). <i>The Nation's Energy Future: A Report to Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States</i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.). pp. 175 pages.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Energy+Future%3A+A+Report+to+Richard+M.+Nixon%2C+President+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=175+pages&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Atomic+Energy+Commission+%28for+sale+by+the+Supt.+of+Docs.%2C+U.S.+Govt.+Print.+Off.%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ray, Dixy Lee (1959). <i>Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms</i>. Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.btitle=Marine+Boring+and+Fouling+Organisms&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Seattle+WA&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ray, Dixy Lee (1950). "The peripheral nervous system of lampanyctus leucopsarus". <i>Journal of Morphology</i> <b>87</b> (1) (Wiley Interscience). pp. 61–178. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1050870104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">10.1002/jmor.1050870104</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.atitle=The+peripheral+nervous+system+of+lampanyctus+leucopsarus&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.date=1950&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1050870104&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.pages=61-178&rft.pub=Wiley+Interscience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=87" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ray, Dixy Lee (1945). <i>The peripheral nervous system of lampanyctus leucopsarus</i>. Pacific Grove, CA: Hopkins Marine Station. pp. 360 pages.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.btitle=The+peripheral+nervous+system+of+lampanyctus+leucopsarus&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=360+pages&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA&rft.pub=Hopkins+Marine+Station&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ray, Dixy Lee (1938). <i>A Comparative Study of the Life Habits of Some Species of Burrowing Eumalacostraca</i>. Oakland CA: Mills College. pp. 24 pages.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADixy+Lee+Ray&rft.aufirst=Dixy+Lee&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.au=Ray%2C+Dixy+Lee&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Life+Habits+of+Some+Species+of+Burrowing+Eumalacostraca&rft.date=1938&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=24+pages&rft.place=Oakland+CA&rft.pub=Mills+College&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></font></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixy_Lee_Ray&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=601" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
"Ray, Dixy Lee (1914-1994)" historylink.org Essay 601</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952777,00.html?promoid=googlep" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">"Defeat for Dixy Lee Ray"</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_magazine" title="TIME magazine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">TIME magazine</a></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/dixy-lee-ray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Biography: Dixy Lee Ray</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf3199n5v9/?&query=Dixy%20Lee%20Ray&brand=oac&hit.rank=2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Register of the Dixy Lee Ray Papers, 1937-1982</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800EED9133EF930A35752C0A962958260" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>New York Times</i> obituary "Dixy Lee Ray, 79, Ex-Governor; Led Atomic Energy Commission"</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcascades.org/public_html/1977%20Summer%20KK.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 18px; background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif) 100% 50% no-repeat;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">North Cascades Conservation Council (NCCC) 1977 commentary on Dixy Lee Ray's promotion of the ill-fated High Ross Dam project</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcascades.org/public_html/1977%20Fall%20KK.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 18px; background: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif) 100% 50% no-repeat;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NCCC 1977 commentary on Dixy Lee Ray's efforts to stop the Skagit River system from being designated a Wild and Scenic River</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/18418-1/Dixy+Lee+Ray.aspx" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Ray on <i>Trashing the Planet</i>, June 16, 1991.</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailblazinggovernors.net/2011/11/dixy-lee-ray/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brief Profile of Governor Dixy Lee Ra
y</font></a></li></ul></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>lou Guzzo</b> (1918 or 1919 - June 29, 2013) was a former journalist, author, and television commentator in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,Washington" title="Seattle, Washington" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Seattle, Washington</a>. He was an art and theater critic for 20 years at the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Times" title="Seattle Times" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Seattle Times</a></i>, then served as the managing editor of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> where his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">investigative</a> team wrote stories that led to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">indictments</a> of more than fifty corrupt government officials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Guzzo was closely associated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixy_Lee_Ray" title="Dixy Lee Ray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Dixy Lee Ray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup> He worked with her when she was at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="U.S. Atomic Energy Commission" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a>, co-authored books with her, and helped her in her successful bid for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Washington" title="Governor of Washington" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Governor of Washington</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Guzzo appeared regularly on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIRO-TV" title="KIRO-TV" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">KIRO-TV</a> and Radio, where he was also an editorial consultant.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He had several e-books published, and has had numerous speeches, talks, and commentaries posted to YouTube.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 1986, his commentaries caught the attention of the punk-metal band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dehumanizers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Dehumanizers (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">The Dehumanizers</a>, who named their debut <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7" EP</a> (and its title track) "Kill Lou Guzzo."</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After his retirement from KIRO, Guzzo maintained a website where he continued to write a daily commentary on the events of the day.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He died on June 29, 2013 at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-left: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lou_Guzzo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Connelly, Joel (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/connelly/332901_joel24.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg) 100% 50%;">"Sizing up a rerun of Rossi, Gregoire match"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 9, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALou+Guzzo&rft.atitle=Sizing+up+a+rerun+of+Rossi%2C+Gregoire+match&rft.au=Connelly%2C+Joel&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.date=September+23%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fconnelly%2F332901_joel24.html&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Andersen, Peggy (January 3, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/71990618.html?dids=71990618:71990618&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+03%2C+1994&author=Peggy+Andersen&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Dixy+Lee+Ray%2C+Former+Governor%2C+U.S.+Atomic+Energy+Chief%2C+Dies&pqatl=google" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">"Dixy Lee Ray, Former Governor, US Atomic Energy Chief, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post" title="Washington Post" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Washington Post</a></i> (in Pay-per-View)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 9, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALou+Guzzo&rft.atitle=Dixy+Lee+Ray%2C+Former+Governor%2C+US+Atomic+Energy+Chief%2C+Dies&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Peggy&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.date=January+3%2C+1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost%2Faccess%2F71990618.html%3Fdids%3D71990618%3A71990618%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DJan%2B03%252C%2B1994%26author%3DPeggy%2BAndersen%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%2B%28pre-1997%2BFulltext%29%26desc%3DDixy%2BLee%2BRay%252C%2BFormer%2BGovernor%252C%2BU.S.%2BAtomic%2BEnergy%2BChief%252C%2BDies%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Guzzo#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up</span>^{</a></b></span> }<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">O'Hagan, Maureen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021315561_guzzoobitxml.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">"Washington journalist Lou Guzzo dead at 94 | Local News"</a>. The Seattle Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-07-03</span>.</span></span></font></li></ol></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rick-Anderson/e/B0027MKMXY" title="RICK ANDERSON" target="blank" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(147, 145, 111); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background: transparent;">RICK ANDERSON</a>: I had to laugh at <a href="http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2013/07/03/rip-lou-guzzo-a-new-breed-of-amazons/" title="this SeattlePI.com obit" target="blank" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(147, 145, 111); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background: transparent;">this SeattlePI.com obit</a> of former editor Lou Guzzo – not exactly the typical reverent tribute to a former executive editor, kissing off his career in the first graph and mocking him in the second – and for the rest of the obit. (The Times did <a href="http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021315561_guzzoobitxml.html" title="a straightaway obit" target="blank" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(147, 145, 111); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background: transparent;">a straightaway obit</a>, interviewing his daughter, etc).</font></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From SeattlePI.com’s obit:</font></p><blockquote style="border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 0px 65px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline; quotes: none; color: rgb(107, 101, 101); line-height: 1.5; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://jimromenesko.com/2013/07/05/letter-no-love-for-lou-guzzo-in-seattlepi-com-obit/lou-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-46575" style="border-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(147, 145, 111); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background: transparent;"><img src="http://jimromenesko.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/lou.gif" alt="lou" width="124" height="124" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-46575" style="border: 0px; margin: 4px 15px 12px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 8px 8px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: auto; float: left; display: inline; background: transparent;" /></a>Onetime Seattle Post-Intelligencer executive editor Lou Guzzo, who died Saturday at age 94, worked as an arts critic, newspaper editor, KIRO-TV commentator, aide to Gov. Dixy Lee Ray, co-author (with Ray) of a book called “Trashing the Planet” that trashed environmentalists, and adviser to 2008 Republican gubernatorial candidate Dino Rossi.</font></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Guzzo is, however, best remembered for his memo warning that the women’s movement would “promote” what he called a “new breed of Amazons.</b>”</font></p></blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And it is a funny story, although I best remember him as the editor who tried for months to change the name of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the P-I, to the Seattle Post, because he was in love with the Washington Post. But Hearst wouldn’t let him, aware that critics would likely end up calling it the Seattle P.</font></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <a href="http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2013/07/03/rip-lou-guzzo-a-new-breed-of-amazons/" title="RIP Lou Guzzo: “A new breed of Amazons” (seattlepi.com)" target="blank" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(147, 145, 111); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background: transparent;">RIP Lou Guzzo: “A new breed of Amazons” (seattlepi.com)</a>
* <a href="http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021315561_guzzoobitxml.html" title="Washington journalist Lou Guzzo dead at 94 (seattletimes.com)" target="blank" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(147, 145, 111); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background: transparent;">Washington journalist Lou Guzzo dead at 94 (seattletimes.com)</a></font></p><h3 style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Comments</font></h3></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.<b>asme.org/</b>about-asme/get-involved/honors-awards/achievement-awards/dixy-lee-ray-award</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><table class="gridtable" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 700px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 18px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nomination Sent To:</font></strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dixy Lee Ray Award Committee Chair</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Committee Chair:</font></strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">R.K. Blauvelt</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Phone Number:</font></strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">513-423-9258</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">E-mail:</font></strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><a href="mailto:dickblauvelt@yahoo.com" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(31, 157, 209); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">dickblauvelt@yahoo.com</font></a></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Awarded By:</font></strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Committee on Honors (COH)</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><h3 class="big" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 21px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DIXY LEE RAY AWARD RECIPIENTS</font></h3><table class="gridtable" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 700px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 18px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td width="60" style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1999</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Clyde W. Frank</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2000</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Seymour K. Padnos</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2001</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John F. Elter</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2002</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mohammad A. Al-Sarawi</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2003</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ines R. Triay</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2004</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pedro A. Gelabert</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2005</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Goetz K. Oertel</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><b><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman">2006</font></b></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><b style=""><font color="#ff0000" size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Richard<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Pombo</span></font></b></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2007</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Richard Wilson</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2008</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Peter Maggiore

</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2009</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robert G. Watts</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2011</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Thad W. Allen</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2012</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Goshi Hosono</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2013</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Aníbal L. Taboas</font></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2014</font></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Leo P. Duffy</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Peter Maggiore is Senior Vice President and environmental consultant with North Wind Inc. Peter has </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">significant executive level significant experience in environmental management, hydrogeology and </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">geology, and is a strong supporter of independent peer review. Mr. Maggiore has assisted a wide range of </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">clients, including serving as senior advisor to the Environmental Management and the Civilian </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Radioactive Waste Management programs at the US Department of Energy, and serving in the </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commission for Assessments and Reviews for the Institute for Regulatory Science. Mr. Maggiore served </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">as Cabinet Secretary for the New Mexico Environment Department, and also served as Chairman of the </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Water Quality Control Commission, and as Vice-Chairman of the Mining Commission. In 1999, Mr. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maggiore signed the RCRA Part B Permit for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, which allowed the facility </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to start receiving “mixed TRU waste.” Prior activities include hydrogeology and project management in </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">relation to landfill investigations, permitting for mining operations, hydro-geological and geochemical </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">studies, leaking underground storage tank site assessments and cleanups, long-term water supply </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">evaluations, hazardous and medical waste treatment facility citing studies and environmental assessments. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mr. Maggiore was awarded the Dr. Dixy Lee Ray Memorial Medal by the American Society of </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mechanical Engineers. Mr. Maggiore has an MS degree in Geology, and certification as Professional </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Geologist. Mr. Maggiore serves in the ETR Mercury Issues Team, and can be reached via electronic mail </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">at: PMaggiore@northwind-inc</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><article class="post-22720 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-climatechange category-uncategorized" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; position: relative;"><header style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 class="title" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OzoneGate</font></h1></header><div class="post-meta" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.8em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="small" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: lowercase;">by</span> <span class="author vcard" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: capitalize;"><span class="fn" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><a class="eric" href="http://volokh.com/author/eric/" title="Posts by Eric Posner" rel="author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">Eric Posner</a></span></span> <span class="small" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: lowercase;">on</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <abbr class="date time published" title="2009-12-07T06:31:06-0500" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: help;">December 7, 2009</abbr> </span> <span class="small" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: lowercase;">in</span> <span class="categories" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://volokh.com/category/climatechange/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">Climate Change</a>, <a href="http://volokh.com/category/uncategorized/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">Uncategorized</a></span></font></div><section class="entry" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em;"><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 1974, a pair of scientists published a paper claiming that chlorofluorocarbons, a compound used in refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol spray cans, and other devices, migrated into the atmosphere, where they damaged the ozone layer.</b>  The ozone layer protects human beings from some of the harmful effects of the sun; the predictable consequence of its loss would be millions of skin cancer cases.  The scientists’ work was hotly contested; it eventually gained support in the scientific community, but there were also dissenters.  EPA would later regulate the use of CFCs in aerosols, but it was clear that unilateral regulation by the U.S. government would not solve the problem.  CFCs manufactured and used in any country could damage the ozone layer.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The American government turned to the Europeans, the other major manufacturers and users of CFCs.  Europeans, however, did not trust the science and expressed skepticism about the CFC theory.  After further scientific research established that an ozone hole had opened up above Antarctica, and that the likely cause was the emission of CFCs, the Americans dragged the still skeptical Europeans into a treaty regime that tightly regulated the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting gases.  The <b>Montreal Protocol </b>is the most successful environmental treaty ever (the only successful environmental treaty?).  The hole has been gradually shrinking and is expected to disappear later this century.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The odd part of this story is that, while not everyone agreed with the scientists who found the link between CFCs and ozone depletion, and that indeed, like everything else, the link was uncertain, albeit likely, governments were able to agree on a treaty regime.  The leading supporters of a treaty were<b> those tree-huggers in the Reagan administration, who were persuaded by a cost-benefit analysis </b>that the benefits from a ban on CFC greatly exceeded the costs—with the benefits properly discounted given residual scientific uncertainty.</span>  <b>There were ozone skeptics, but no Ozone Skeptics</b>.  There was a reasonable scientific theory but no models that got everything right all the time.  There was an observable hole (if you believed the scientists who measured it) but the physical processes that linked it to refrigerators and aerosol cans could obviously not be demonstrated to the public.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Where were the Climate Skeptics back then?  Or was ozonegate, like <a href="http://volokh.com/2009/12/03/asteroidgate/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">asteroidgate</a>, a non-event because the climate is a “complex system” whereas, um….  Why didn’t “hierarchical and individualist” citizens find the Montreal Protocol “threatening to their identities”?  (Cf. <a href="http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/12/asteroidgate-the-rocket-not-the-asteroid-packs-the-punch.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Dave Hoffman </a>on asteroidgate.)  Were scientists more honest in those days?  Commentators more sober?  The public more credulous?</font></p></section><div class="fix" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"><div class="post-utility" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></div></article><div class="post-entries" style="margin: -20px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: both;"><div class="nav-prev fl" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; float: left;"><a href="http://volokh.com/2009/12/07/physicists-ask-americal-physical-society-to-rescind-its-statement-on-global-warming-because-it-was-based-on-cheating-and-corrupted-work/" rel="prev" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="icon-angle-left" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: none 0px 0px repeat transparent; text-decoration: inherit; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: normal;"> Physicists Ask American Physical Society to Rescind Its Statement on Global Warming Because It Was Based on “Cheat[ing]” and “Corrupted” Work</span></font></a></div></div></div><div><a href="http://volokh.com/2009/12/07/ozonegate-and-climategate/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://volokh.com/2009/12/07/ozonegate-and-climategate/</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><header style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 class="title" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OzoneGate and ClimateGate</font></h1></header><div class="post-meta" style="margin: 0px 0px 1.8em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 18px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="small" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-transform: lowercase;">by</span> <span class="author vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-transform: capitalize;"><span class="fn" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><a class="jonathan" href="http://volokh.com/author/jonathan/" title="Posts by Jonathan H. Adler" rel="author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">Jonathan H. Adler</a></span></span> <span class="small" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-transform: lowercase;">on</span> <abbr class="date time published" title="2009-12-07T09:06:07-0500" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; cursor: help;">December 7, 2009</abbr> <abbr class="time published" title="2009-12-07T09:06:07-0500" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; cursor: help;">9:06 am</abbr> <span class="small" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-transform: lowercase;">in</span> <span class="categories" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;"><a href="http://volokh.com/category/climatechange/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">Climate Change</a>, <a href="http://volokh.com/category/environment/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold;">Environment</a></span></font></div><section class="entry" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em;"><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In his post below, <a href="http://volokh.com/2009/12/07/ozonegate/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Eric Posner asks</a> why ozone depletion and the phaseout of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances did not produce the same degree of backlash as does global warming.</font></p><blockquote style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 50px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; quotes: none; position: relative;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Where were the Climate Skeptics back then?  Or was ozonegate, like <a href="http://volokh.com/2009/12/2009/12/03/asteroidgate/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">asteroidgate</a>, a non-event because the climate is a “complex system” whereas, um….  Why didn’t “hierarchical and individualist” citizens find the Montreal Protocol “threatening to their identities”?  (Cf. <a href="http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/12/asteroidgate-the-rocket-not-the-asteroid-packs-the-punch.html" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Dave Hoffman </a>on asteroidgate.)  Were scientists more honest in those days?  Commentators more sober?  The public more credulous?</font></p></blockquote><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>I would challenge some of Eric’s assumptions.  There were climate skeptics back then </b>(<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">indeed, some of the ozone skeptics back then are climate skeptics now) </span>and “hierarchical and individualist” citizens (as represented by right-of-center authors, commentators, and think tanks) challenged the scientific claims.  Accepting his implicit assumption that the scientific case for a link between CFCs and ozone depletion at the time was no greater than for apocalyptic climate change today, there was still much less at stake, so the scientific debate had less salience, and there was less political controversy.  I’ll briefly expand on each point.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">First, there was significant skepticism about initial ozone depletion claims, skepticism that was echoed and amplified by those who opposed government regulation.  Questions about ozone depletion were raised in </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Dixy Lee Ray’s best-selling <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895265443/amazon0156-20/" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Trashing the Planet</em></a> and <a href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1895" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">echoed by Rush Limbaugh</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> In 1989, <em style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">National Review </em>published the article “My Adventures in the Ozone Layer” by Dr. Fred Singer,</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> a prominent skeptic of both ozone depletion concerns and climate change</span>.  Early on, such skepticism was warranted, but as scientific evidence accumulated, many of those inclined toward skepticism accepted the basic claim that CFCs could and did cause ozone depletion.  <b>Ronald Bailey’s 1993 <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312109717/amazon0156-20/" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Eco-Scam</em></a>, for instance, accepted the basic scientific claims and acknowledged that ozone depletion could have been a significant concern.</b>  Still, even today there are pockets of skepticism related to ozone depletion, particularly about the contribution of certain chemicals, such as methyl bromide.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Second, policies to control ozone depletion are not nearly as far-reaching or intrusive as policies to limit the emission of greenhouse gases.  CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances were always specialized chemicals.  They were in widespread use as coolants, but they still don’t compare to carbon dioxide, the most ubiquitous by-product of modern industrial civilization.  Buying new refrigerators and retrofitting car air-conditioners may be expensive or inconvenient, but it hardly compares to the sorts of measures contemplated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.   So it’s not surprising that there was less outrage or resistance to the scientific claims.  [This also highlights an important difference between climate change and <a href="http://volokh.com/2009/12/2009/12/03/asteroidgate/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Eric’s asteroid example</a>: the anti-asteroid rockets would presumably be financed by general tax revenues and provided as a public good, whereas climate policies will impose disproportionate costs and controls on specific sectors of the economy.]</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Third, there’s an important wrinkle in the history of U.S. policy on ozone depletion that Eric omits.  Initially, the U.S. government was adamantly opposed to controlling CFCs, beyond the initial 1978 ban on their use in aerosol cans.  In the 1980s, however, the U.S. government did not support a CFC phase-out until industry was on board.  And industry was not on board until the leading CFC manufacturer, DuPont, faced significant competition for its patented CFC compounds and and was well-positioned to dominate the replacement market. When DuPont joined the call for a complete phaseout in 1988, the CFC trade industry still voiced some  skepticism about the science, but DuPont was ready to sell more expensive CFC substitutes — compounds for which there would have been no real market without the phaseout.  [For those interested, I summarized this history near the end of my 1996 article, <a href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv19n4/v19n4-4.pdf" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Rent-Seeking Behind the Green Curtain</em></a>.]</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In retrospect, the CFC phaseout was a good idea, but even assuming that the level of scientific certainty was no greater when the CFC phaseout was adopted than there is with climate change today, there are many important differences between the two policy debates.  First,there was less reason for skepticism to blossom into sustained political opposition because there was less at stake — the phaseout’s costs were concentrated on a few industries, not spread economy wide, and a CFC phaseout did not threaten regulatory controls on ordinary Americans.  Second, the potential economic benefits to dominant industry players meant powerful economic  interests supported the phaseout, interests that far outweighed those sectors likely to experience significant costs (and, in these sectors as well, groups rapidly emerged to capture the rents a phaseout could produce).  So there were powerful “bootleggers” to support the environmental “baptists.”  Third, the most significant effects of a phaseout were likely to be felt overseas, in those nations in which a CFC phaseout would diminish the availability of affordable refrigeration technologies, and those nations could be easily bought off.  I also think the nature of the CFC threat — a potential increased risk of skin cancer — generates more political traction than a change in temperature.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another important difference between ozone depletion and climate change, is that there was reason to believe that a near-total phaseout of CFCs was the only meaningful way to address the threat of ozone depletion, whereas there may be ways to address climate change concerns that don’t involve empowering a massive regulatory bureaucracy.  While most climate policy proponents advocate far-reaching regulatory programs, covering everything from industrial emissions and transportation to product design and land-use, there are alternative ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric concentrations, or the threat of enhanced greenhouse warming (if not all three), ranging from revenue-neutral carbon taxes to technological fixes, to various forms of geoengineering.  Because there is a disproportionate emphasis on regulatory controls, some opponents of clmate policies suspect some climate policy advocates are as interested in imposing such controls as they are in saving the planet — as then-Senator Tim Wirth said some 20 years ago, global warming was an excuse to “do the right thing” even if the problem wasn’t real.</font></p><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.2em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline; text-indent: 20px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>To reiterate my own views, I believe that human activity contributes to global warming, and that it is a serious concern (even if I don’t accept claims that global warming threatens human civilization).</b> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> ClimateGate is a real scientific scandal that may justify increased caution about some of the more definitive or apocalyptic statements about climate science, but I do not see it compromising the essential case for a human contribution to climate change.</span>  My policy preference is for measures that do the most to address the actual threats posed by warming while minimizing consequent restrictions on liberty or the imposition of costs on those who have not contributed signficantly to the problem. <b> I think massive regulatory programs are ill-adivsed, and that proposed cap-and-trade programs will provide massive opportunities for rent-seeking while doing little to reduce actual emissions or enhance our capacity to deal with the problem.</b> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> On the other hand, I would welcome a revenue-neutral carbon tax, combined with other policies to enhance technological innovation, and believe that industrialized nations should help more vulnerable nations adapt to the inevitable, and at this point unavoidable, near to medium term effects of projected warming.  I’ve also argued (in <a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=6B83C9C5B71539382B41003E75FADD77.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=5878664" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">this article</a>) that principled adherence to libertarian principles justifies greater action on climate change.</span></font></p></section></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div>